1. The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary body functions. It has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
2. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and prepares the body for "fight or flight" through processes like increased heart rate and dilation of airways.
3. The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine and activates "rest and digest" functions like slowed heart rate and constricted pupils.
Pharmacology of Adrenergic System , Agonist and Antagonist Drugs by Dr. PawanDr. Pawan Kumar B
This document discusses the adrenergic system and its divisions. It describes the sympathetic nervous system, also called the adrenergic nervous system, which uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. It is involved in the "fight or flight" response and increases blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, and glycogen stores to prepare the body for stress. The document outlines the different types of adrenergic receptors, including alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors, and their locations and functions. It also discusses adrenergic drugs that either stimulate or block these receptors, their mechanisms and indications.
The document provides information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes that the ANS acts involuntarily to control organs like the heart, lungs, intestines and glands. The ANS has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which generally work in opposition. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system helps with "rest and digest" functions. Key neurotransmitters that are discussed are norepinephrine for the sympathetic system and acetylcholine for the parasympathetic system. Drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to affect ANS functions.
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work to regulate involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic uses acetylcholine and allows the body to "rest and digest". The document discusses how drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to stimulate or inhibit the ANS.
This document summarizes adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents. It describes how adrenergic agents mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by stimulating alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors located throughout the body. It also describes how adrenergic-blocking agents, also called sympatholytics, inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by blocking these same receptors. Examples of different types of adrenergic and adrenergic-blocking agents are provided along with their therapeutic uses and important monitoring parameters.
Adrenergic receptor and mechanism of action by yehia matter yehiamatter
The document discusses adrenergic receptors and the mechanisms of action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It describes how the sympathetic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter to stimulate alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, while the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors. Agonists that mimic these neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, dopamine, and bethanechol are used to stimulate the respective systems. Antagonists that block adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, like propranolol and atropine, are used to inhibit the systems.
This document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then focuses on the autonomic nervous system and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The rest of the document discusses the anatomy and functions of adrenergic receptors, the effects of adrenergic and adrenergic blocking drugs, and important nursing considerations for these drug classes.
This document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then focuses on the autonomic nervous system and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The rest of the document discusses drugs that stimulate or block the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents, adrenergic receptors, catecholamines, and adrenergic blocking agents. Their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, side effects, and nursing implications are explained.
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents. It describes how adrenergic agents stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. It also discusses the different types of adrenergic receptors, their locations, and their responses to stimulation. Finally, it covers the therapeutic uses, side effects, and interactions of both adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents.
Pharmacology of Adrenergic System , Agonist and Antagonist Drugs by Dr. PawanDr. Pawan Kumar B
This document discusses the adrenergic system and its divisions. It describes the sympathetic nervous system, also called the adrenergic nervous system, which uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. It is involved in the "fight or flight" response and increases blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, and glycogen stores to prepare the body for stress. The document outlines the different types of adrenergic receptors, including alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 receptors, and their locations and functions. It also discusses adrenergic drugs that either stimulate or block these receptors, their mechanisms and indications.
The document provides information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes that the ANS acts involuntarily to control organs like the heart, lungs, intestines and glands. The ANS has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which generally work in opposition. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system helps with "rest and digest" functions. Key neurotransmitters that are discussed are norepinephrine for the sympathetic system and acetylcholine for the parasympathetic system. Drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to affect ANS functions.
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as having sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work to regulate involuntary body functions like heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic uses acetylcholine and allows the body to "rest and digest". The document discusses how drugs can mimic or block these neurotransmitters to stimulate or inhibit the ANS.
This document summarizes adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents. It describes how adrenergic agents mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by stimulating alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors located throughout the body. It also describes how adrenergic-blocking agents, also called sympatholytics, inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by blocking these same receptors. Examples of different types of adrenergic and adrenergic-blocking agents are provided along with their therapeutic uses and important monitoring parameters.
Adrenergic receptor and mechanism of action by yehia matter yehiamatter
The document discusses adrenergic receptors and the mechanisms of action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It describes how the sympathetic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter to stimulate alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, while the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors. Agonists that mimic these neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, dopamine, and bethanechol are used to stimulate the respective systems. Antagonists that block adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, like propranolol and atropine, are used to inhibit the systems.
This document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then focuses on the autonomic nervous system and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The rest of the document discusses the anatomy and functions of adrenergic receptors, the effects of adrenergic and adrenergic blocking drugs, and important nursing considerations for these drug classes.
This document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then focuses on the autonomic nervous system and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The rest of the document discusses drugs that stimulate or block the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents, adrenergic receptors, catecholamines, and adrenergic blocking agents. Their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, side effects, and nursing implications are explained.
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents. It describes how adrenergic agents stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. It also discusses the different types of adrenergic receptors, their locations, and their responses to stimulation. Finally, it covers the therapeutic uses, side effects, and interactions of both adrenergic agents and adrenergic-blocking agents.
drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.ppt [autosaved] [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and discusses various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. It defines the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describes how adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic system while cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, effects and uses of various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs including catecholamines, alpha and beta receptor agonists and antagonists, anticholinesterases and direct acting cholinergic drugs. It also touches on myasthenia gravis and organophosphorus poisoning.
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic blocking agents that inhibit sympathetic stimulation. It describes the locations and functions of alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1/2 receptors, examples of adrenergic drugs, their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses, side effects, and nursing considerations.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by stimulating norepinephrine release, or through a mixed action. They are used for conditions like shock and hypertension. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and include alpha blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and beta blockers. Specific drugs like epinephrine, clonidine, and propranolol are discussed along with their mechanisms and indications.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by increasing norepinephrine release, or through a mixed mechanism. Examples provided are epinephrine, phenylephrine, and ephedrine. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and are divided into alpha and beta blockers such as prazosin, propranolol, and labetalol. Specific indications, mechanisms of action, and considerations for use are described for various adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs.
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors or indirectly by increasing neurotransmitter levels. Examples provided include epinephrine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol. Anti-adrenergic drugs block receptor responses and include alpha blockers like prazosin and terazosin as well as beta blockers like propranolol. Specific drug mechanisms, effects, indications and side effects are outlined for various adrenergic and anti-adrenergic medications.
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter and is active during stress responses, while the parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine and is active at rest. Together they control functions like heart rate, digestion, and gland secretion through complementary actions on target organs like the heart and intestines. Pharmacological agents can either mimic or block the neurotransmitters of each division to modulate autonomic functions.
Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) DrParthiban1
The document discusses the nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS). It notes that the nervous system coordinates actions and sensory information through signal transmission. The fundamental unit is the neuron, which consists of a nucleus, cell body, axon and dendrites. The ANS is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which work in opposition to increase and decrease functions like heart rate. Adrenergic drugs act on sympathetic sites to produce effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure. Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter released by neurons to bind to receptors and produce autonomic effects.
The document summarizes the sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic receptors and their ligands. It describes the key neurotransmitter norepinephrine and its receptors (alpha and beta). It then discusses various adrenergic drugs including agonists like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and antagonists/blockers like phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, prazosin and their mechanisms and uses.
This document discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and acetylcholine. It focuses on antimuscarinic agents like atropine, describing their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Atropine is a competitive inhibitor of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine. It has various clinical uses including as a bronchodilator for asthma, to dilate the pupils, and to treat Parkinson's disease. Common side effects include dry mouth and blurred vision. The document provides details on the pharmacology of atropine and other anticholinergic drugs.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, describing the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It explains that the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and targets muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, while the sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. The actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are contrasted, with the sympathetic system preparing the body for "fight or flight" and the parasympathetic inducing "rest and digest".
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, and their components. It then compares the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are described. Cholinergic and adrenergic receptors are explained. The document concludes by discussing cholinergic and adrenergic drugs, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their functions, and the types of receptors they act on. It then covers cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in more detail. The rest of the document discusses cholinergic and adrenergic drugs, including cholinomimetics, anticholinesterases, antimuscarinics, adrenomimetics, and adrenoceptor antagonists. Key therapeutic uses and side effects of various drugs are provided as examples.
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including:
- Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. This includes both catecholamines and non-catecholamines.
- Adrenergic blockers that block the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites. This includes both alpha-blockers and beta-blockers.
- Cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, and anticholinergic drugs that block acetylcholine's actions. Cholinergic drugs can be direct-acting or indirect-
Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...drraju928
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions through its two main branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's fight or flight response and activates processes like increased heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. Drugs can target the autonomic nervous system by acting on receptors in its pathways, like adrenergic receptors modulated by sympathomimetic drugs that mimic sympathetic effects or sympatholytic drugs that block sympathetic effects. These drugs have clinical applications in conditions like low blood pressure, asthma, and hypertension.
Adrenergic agonists and antagonists act on adrenergic receptors. Agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine directly stimulate receptors, whereas antagonists like prazosin competitively block receptor activation. These drugs have widespread effects throughout the body due to the sympathetic nervous system's role in functions like heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation and uterine contraction. Care must be taken with certain drugs that can cause severe side effects like hypotension or bronchospasm.
The document discusses synapses and the autonomic nervous system. It describes two types of synapses - chemical and electrical. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which regulate organs through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The effects of these systems are described for various organs. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at cholinergic and adrenergic receptors to influence the autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses sympathomimetic drugs and adrenergic agonists. It describes how sympathomimetics mimic the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation by acting on adrenergic receptors. It classifies adrenergic agonists as catecholamines or non-catecholamines and discusses their differences. It also summarizes the endogenous catecholamines, their synthesis, storage, and release. Additionally, it provides details on adrenergic receptors and the therapeutic uses, pharmacological actions, and side effects of various adrenergic drugs including epinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, ephedrine, and mephenteramine.
The document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms of action. It notes that some adrenergic drugs act directly on adrenergic receptors to activate them, while others block receptor action. It provides tables listing examples of direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed-action adrenergic agonists. The document then discusses specific adrenergic drugs in more detail, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, methoxamine, and clonidine. It explains their structures, receptor selectivities, and physiological effects.
The document summarizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates the "rest and digest" response. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects.
drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.ppt [autosaved] [autosaved]Sujit Karpe
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and discusses various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. It defines the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describes how adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic system while cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, effects and uses of various adrenergic and cholinergic drugs including catecholamines, alpha and beta receptor agonists and antagonists, anticholinesterases and direct acting cholinergic drugs. It also touches on myasthenia gravis and organophosphorus poisoning.
The document discusses drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system, including adrenergic agents that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic blocking agents that inhibit sympathetic stimulation. It describes the locations and functions of alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1/2 receptors, examples of adrenergic drugs, their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses, side effects, and nursing considerations.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by stimulating norepinephrine release, or through a mixed action. They are used for conditions like shock and hypertension. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and include alpha blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and beta blockers. Specific drugs like epinephrine, clonidine, and propranolol are discussed along with their mechanisms and indications.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by increasing norepinephrine release, or through a mixed mechanism. Examples provided are epinephrine, phenylephrine, and ephedrine. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and are divided into alpha and beta blockers such as prazosin, propranolol, and labetalol. Specific indications, mechanisms of action, and considerations for use are described for various adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs.
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors or indirectly by increasing neurotransmitter levels. Examples provided include epinephrine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol. Anti-adrenergic drugs block receptor responses and include alpha blockers like prazosin and terazosin as well as beta blockers like propranolol. Specific drug mechanisms, effects, indications and side effects are outlined for various adrenergic and anti-adrenergic medications.
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter and is active during stress responses, while the parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine and is active at rest. Together they control functions like heart rate, digestion, and gland secretion through complementary actions on target organs like the heart and intestines. Pharmacological agents can either mimic or block the neurotransmitters of each division to modulate autonomic functions.
Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) DrParthiban1
The document discusses the nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS). It notes that the nervous system coordinates actions and sensory information through signal transmission. The fundamental unit is the neuron, which consists of a nucleus, cell body, axon and dendrites. The ANS is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which work in opposition to increase and decrease functions like heart rate. Adrenergic drugs act on sympathetic sites to produce effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure. Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter released by neurons to bind to receptors and produce autonomic effects.
The document summarizes the sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic receptors and their ligands. It describes the key neurotransmitter norepinephrine and its receptors (alpha and beta). It then discusses various adrenergic drugs including agonists like epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and antagonists/blockers like phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, prazosin and their mechanisms and uses.
This document discusses the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and acetylcholine. It focuses on antimuscarinic agents like atropine, describing their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. Atropine is a competitive inhibitor of muscarinic receptors that blocks the effects of acetylcholine. It has various clinical uses including as a bronchodilator for asthma, to dilate the pupils, and to treat Parkinson's disease. Common side effects include dry mouth and blurred vision. The document provides details on the pharmacology of atropine and other anticholinergic drugs.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system, describing the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. It explains that the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and targets muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, while the sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters. The actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are contrasted, with the sympathetic system preparing the body for "fight or flight" and the parasympathetic inducing "rest and digest".
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, and their components. It then compares the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are described. Cholinergic and adrenergic receptors are explained. The document concludes by discussing cholinergic and adrenergic drugs, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, uses and side effects.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It begins by defining the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their functions, and the types of receptors they act on. It then covers cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in more detail. The rest of the document discusses cholinergic and adrenergic drugs, including cholinomimetics, anticholinesterases, antimuscarinics, adrenomimetics, and adrenoceptor antagonists. Key therapeutic uses and side effects of various drugs are provided as examples.
The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including:
- Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine. This includes both catecholamines and non-catecholamines.
- Adrenergic blockers that block the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic receptor sites. This includes both alpha-blockers and beta-blockers.
- Cholinergic drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, and anticholinergic drugs that block acetylcholine's actions. Cholinergic drugs can be direct-acting or indirect-
Drugs acting on ANS By MIW sir ,department of pharmacy,university of rajshahi...drraju928
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions through its two main branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the body's fight or flight response and activates processes like increased heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. Drugs can target the autonomic nervous system by acting on receptors in its pathways, like adrenergic receptors modulated by sympathomimetic drugs that mimic sympathetic effects or sympatholytic drugs that block sympathetic effects. These drugs have clinical applications in conditions like low blood pressure, asthma, and hypertension.
Adrenergic agonists and antagonists act on adrenergic receptors. Agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine directly stimulate receptors, whereas antagonists like prazosin competitively block receptor activation. These drugs have widespread effects throughout the body due to the sympathetic nervous system's role in functions like heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation and uterine contraction. Care must be taken with certain drugs that can cause severe side effects like hypotension or bronchospasm.
The document discusses synapses and the autonomic nervous system. It describes two types of synapses - chemical and electrical. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which regulate organs through the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The effects of these systems are described for various organs. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at cholinergic and adrenergic receptors to influence the autonomic nervous system.
This document discusses sympathomimetic drugs and adrenergic agonists. It describes how sympathomimetics mimic the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation by acting on adrenergic receptors. It classifies adrenergic agonists as catecholamines or non-catecholamines and discusses their differences. It also summarizes the endogenous catecholamines, their synthesis, storage, and release. Additionally, it provides details on adrenergic receptors and the therapeutic uses, pharmacological actions, and side effects of various adrenergic drugs including epinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, ephedrine, and mephenteramine.
The document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms of action. It notes that some adrenergic drugs act directly on adrenergic receptors to activate them, while others block receptor action. It provides tables listing examples of direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed-action adrenergic agonists. The document then discusses specific adrenergic drugs in more detail, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, methoxamine, and clonidine. It explains their structures, receptor selectivities, and physiological effects.
The document summarizes the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates the "rest and digest" response. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic system while anticholinergic drugs block parasympathetic effects.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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3. With neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and
acetylcholine
*Either “fight and flight”
mode or “rest and
digest”
Includes neurons and
ganglia outside of the
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral
Nervous
System
*Autonomic
Nervous System
(involuntary)
Sympathetic
Nervous System
(adrenergic)
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
(cholinergic)
Somatic
Nervous System
(voluntary)
4. Point of CNS Origin T1 L2
(thoracolumbar)
Brainstem,
S2 S4
(craniosacral)
Site of Peripheral
Ganglia
Paravertebral – in
sympathetic chain
On or near target
tissue
Length of
preganglionic fiber
Short Long
Length of
postganglionic fiber
Long Short
5.
6.
7. Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain and
spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Located
outside the brain & spinal cord
* Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) &
the somatic
The PNS receives stimuli from the CNS &
initiates responses to the stimuli after it’s
interpreted by the brain
8. ANS acts on smooth muscles & glands
- Controls & regulation of the heart,
respiratory. system, GI tract, bladder, eyes &
glands
- Involuntary - person has little or no control
Somatic - voluntary - person has control
(skeletal muscle)
9. ANS has 2 sets of neurons:
1. Afferent (sensory) - sends impulses to the
CNS for interpretation
2. Efferent - receives impulses (info.) from the
brain & transmits from the spinal cord to the
effector organ cells
- 2 branches - sympathetic &
parasympathetic nervous system
10.
11. Fight or flight response results in:
1. Increased BP
2. Increased blood flow to brain, heart and
skeletal muscles
3. Increased muscle glycogen for energy
4. Increased rate of coagulation
5. Pupil dilation
12. Sympathetic Nervous System (adrenergic)
Norepinephrine = neurotransmitter
- Drugs that mimic = adrenergic drugs,
sympathomimetics, or adrenomemetics
* Adrenergic agonists - Drugs initiate a
response
- Drugs that block = adrenergic blockers,
sympatholytics or adrenolytics
* Adrenergic antagonists - prevent a
response
14. 4 types of adrenergic receptor organ cells:
1. Alpha-1 = vasoconstriction of blood vessels
inc. blood return to heart, inc. circulation, inc. BP
2. Alpha-2 = inhibits release of norepinephrine
dec. in vasoconstriction, dec. BP
3. Beta-1 = inc. in heart rate & force on contraction
4. Beta-2 = relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchi,
uterus, peripheral blood vessels
Dopaminergic = dilate vessels, inc. in blood flow -
only dopamine activates this receptor
15. Alpha 1—smooth muscle contraction
Alpha 2-negative feedback causes less
norepinephrine to be released so BP is
reduced
Beta 1—increased heart rate
Beta 2—bronchodilation
Beta 3—actual site for lipolysis
16. Parasympathetic or Cholinergic Nervous
System
Acetylcholine = neurotransmitter
- Drugs that mimic = cholinergic drugs,
parasympathomimetics
Cholinergic agonists - initiates a response
- Drugs that block = anticholinergic,
parasympatholytics
Cholinergic antagonists - prevents a
response
17. Sympathomimetic
pathway
Norepinephrine
From adrenergic fiber
Inc. heart rate
Pupil dilation
Adrenergic
(sympathomimetic)
agents
Fight or Flight
Parasymathomimetic
pathway
Acetylcholine
From cholinergic fibers
Dec. heart rate
pupil constriction
Cholinergic
(parasympathomimetic
agents)
18.
19. Stimulate adrenergic receptors: 3 categories
1. Direct-acting = directly stimulates
receptors
(epinephrine or norepinephrine)
2. Indirect-acting = stimulates release of
norep. from terminal nerve endings
(amphetamine)
3. Mixed-acting (indirect & direct) =
stimulates receptor sites & release of norep.
from nerve endings (Ephedrine)
20. Direct adrenergic drug action
Affects postsynaptic alpha 1 and beta
receptors on target effector organs
Examples: epinephrine, Isuprel,
norepinephrine, phenylephrine
21. 2. Indirect adrenergic drug action occurs by
stimulation of postsynaptic alpha 1, beta 1
and beta 2 receptors.Cause release of
norepinephrine into the synapse of nerve
endings or prevent reuptake of
norepinephrine.
Examples include cocaine and TCAs
22. 3. mixed action. Combination of direct and
indirect receptor stimulation
Examples are ephedrine and
pseudoephedrine
23. Action - Many of the adrenergic drugs
stimulate more than one of the adrenergic
receptor sites (alpha & Beta)
Response = Inc. BP, pupil dilation, inc. HR,
& bronchodilation
Use = Cardiac stimulation, bronchodilator,
decongestant
Side effects = Hyperness in body
24. Albuterol - Beta-2 agonist (bronchodilation)
Use - bronchospasm, asthma, bronchitis
SE - nervousness, restlessness
CI - severe cardiac disease, HTN
Epinephrine - stimulates alpha & beta
Use - allergic reaction, cardiac arrest
SE - nervousness, agitation
CI - cardiac dysrhythmias
25. Dopamine - alpha-1 & beta-1 stimulation
Use - Hypotension, shock, inc. cardiac
output, improve perfusion to vital organs
SE - N & V, headache
CI - V. Tach
26. Emergency drugs in treatment of acute
cardiovascular, respiratory and allergic
disorders
In children, epinephrine may be used to treat
bronchospasm due to asthma or allergic
reactions
Phenylephrine may be used to treat sinus
congestion
27. Cardiac dysrhythmias, angina pectoris
Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism
Cerebrovascular disease
Distal areas with a single blood supply such
as fingers, toes, nose and ears
Renal impairment use caution
29. Increased glucose, lactate, and fatty acids in
the blood due to metabolic effects
Increased leukocyte and increased
coagulation
Inhibition of insulin secretion
30. Affects both alpha and beta receptors
Usual doses, beta adenergic effects on heart
and vascular smooth muscle will
predominate, high doses, alpha adrenergic
effects will predominate
Drug of choice for bronchospasm and
laryngeal edema of anaphylaxis
31. Excellent for cardiac stimulant and
vasoconstrictive effects in cardiac arrest
Added to local anesthetic
May be given IV, inhalation, topically
Not PO
32. Ephedrine is a mixed acting adrenergic drug.
Stimulates alpha and beta receptors. Longer
lasting than epinephrine.
33. Used for bronchodilating and nasal
decongestant effects
34. Synthetic catecholamine that acts on beta 1
and 2 receptors
Stimulates heart, dilates blood vessels in
skeletal muscle and causes bronchodilation
No alpha stimulation
Used in heart blocks (when pacemaker not
available) and as a bronchodilator
35. Pure alpha
Decreases CO and renal perfusion
No B1 or B2 effects
Longer lasting than epinephrine
Can cause a reflex bradycardia
Useful as a mydriatic
36. Block alpha & beta receptor sites
(nonselective)
direct or indirect acting on the release of
norepinephrine and epinephrine
Use - Cardiac arrthymias (HR), HTN (
cardiac output), angina (O2 demand)
SE - CHF, bronchospasm, bradycardia,
wheezing
37. Act on skin, mucosa, intestines, lungs and
kidneys to prevent vasoconstriction
Effects: dilation of arterioles and veins,
decreased blood pressure, pupillary
constriction, and increased motility of GI tract
38. Nonselective have an equal inhibitory effect
on B1 & B2 receptors -
- Drugs have lots of interactions due to
lots of
alpha/beta receptor sites throughout
body
- use with caution on clients with cardiac
failure or asthma
Selective B1 helpful in asthma clients
39. Decreased heart rate
Decreased force of contraction
Decreased CO
Slow cardiac conduction
Decreased automaticity of ectopic
pacemakers
40. Inderal (Propranolol) - Nonselective
Use - angina, dysrhythmias, HTN, migraines
SE - Many d/t nonselective
CI - asthma, heart block > 1st degree
Minipress (Prazosin) - A blocker
Use - mild to mod. HTN
SE - orthostatic hypotension
Tenormin (Atenolol), Lopressor (Metoprolol)
B1 (cardio) selective
Use - mild to mod HTN, angina
41. Alpha 2 agonists are used for hypertension—
Catapres
Epidural route for severe pain in cancer
Investigationally for anger management,
alcohol withdrawal, postmenopausal hot
flashes, ADHD, in opioid withdrawal and as
adjunct in anesthesia
42. Cholinergics stimulate the
parasympathetic nervous system
Mimic the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
2 types of cholinergic receptors
1. muscarinic - stimulates smooth muscle &
slows HR
2. nicotinic - affect skeletal muscle
Many = nonselective & affect both
receptors
Some affect only the muscarinic
receptors and not the nicotinic receptors
43.
44. Direct acting - act on the receptors to
activate a tissue response
Indirect acting - inhibit the action of the
enzyme cholinesterase
(acetylcholinesterase - ACH)
Major uses = Stimulate bladder & GI tone,
constrict pupils (miosis), neuro-
muscular transmission
46. At recommended doses, the cholinergics
primarily affect the MUSCARINIC receptors.
At high doses, cholinergics stimulate the
NICOTINIC receptors.
49. Reversible
◦ Bind to cholinesterase for a period of
minutes to hours
Irreversible
◦ Bind to cholinesterase and form a permanent
covalent bond
◦ The body must make new cholinesterase
50. Direct-Acting Agents
Reduce intraocular pressure
Useful for glaucoma and intraocular surgery
Examples: acetylcholine, carbachol, pilocarpine
Topical application due to poor oral absorption
51. Direct-Acting Agent—bethanechol
Increases tone and motility of bladder and GI tract
Relaxes sphincters in bladder and GI tract, allowing
them to empty
Helpful for postsurgical atony of the bladder
and GI tract
Oral dose or SC injection
52. Indirect-Acting Agents
Cause skeletal muscle contractions
Used for diagnosis and treatment of
myasthenia gravis
Used to reverse neuromuscular blocking agents
Used to reverse anticholinergic poisoning (antidote)
Examples: physostigmine, pyridostigmine
53. Side effects are a result of overstimulation
of the PSNS.
Cardiovascular:
◦ Bradycardia, hypotension, conduction
abnormalities (AV block and cardiac arrest)
CNS:
◦ Headache, dizziness, convulsions
Gastrointestinal:
◦ Abdominal cramps, increased secretions,
nausea, vomiting
Editor's Notes
2. Decreased flow to viscera
Also increased rate and depth of respiration, increased blood sugar, increased mental acuity, increased muscle strength
Alpha 1 receptors are in blood vessels, kidney, liver, pregnant uterus, male sexual organs, intestinal smooth muscle. Causes vasoconstriction, decreased renin secretion , uterine contraction
Alpha 2—Inhibits release of norepinephrine. affects vascular smooth muscle, inhibits insulin secretion, platelet aggregation
B1—affects heart and kidneys
B2—affects lundgs, liver, blood vessel vasodilation, decreased motility and tone
Dopamine—blood vessels of kidneys, heart, viscera; brain