Authority refers to the formal right given to managers to make decisions and direct subordinates. It flows downward through the organizational hierarchy. Power, on the other hand, is the ability to influence others and events, which can flow in any direction. While authority depends on a manager's position, power resides in the person and does not necessarily correspond to levels of authority. The key difference is that authority is a formal and legitimate right, whereas power is not always official or legitimate.
Types of Authorities[edit]
The types of political authority were first defined by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" and his other writings in 1919-1920. In this essay he emphasized that the political authority that controlled the state can be composed of the following types of authority, or what is called in German as Herrschaft.[3]
Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Types of Authorities[edit]
The types of political authority were first defined by Max Weber in his essay "Politics as a Vocation" and his other writings in 1919-1920. In this essay he emphasized that the political authority that controlled the state can be composed of the following types of authority, or what is called in German as Herrschaft.[3]
Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns.
Charismatic Authority: Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
Rational-Legal Authority: Also known as bureaucratic authority, is when power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations such as governments.
Authority: Description of authority, Power, basics of power, difference between authority and power, delegation of authority, different organizational structures
Authority: Description of authority, Power, basics of power, difference between authority and power, delegation of authority, different organizational structures
The ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.
Power can be seen as evil or unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as endemic to humans as social beings.
Power as a means to make social actions possible as much as it may contain or prevent them.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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3. Authority
• Authority is the right given to a manager to
achieve the objectives of the organization.
• It is a right to get the things done through
others.
• It is a right to take decisions.
• It is a right to give orders to the subordinates
and to get obedience from them.
• A manager cannot do his work without
authority.
4. Cont…
• A manager gets his authority from his position or
post.
• He gets his authority from the higher authorities.
• The lower and middle-level managers get their
authority from the top-level managers.
• The top-level managers get their authority from
the shareholders.
• Authority always flows downwards. It is
delegated from the top to the bottom
5. Cont…
• According to Henri Fayol,
• "Authority is the right to give orders and
power to exact (get) obedience."
6. Power
• Power is a broader concept than authority.
Power is the ability of a person or a group to
influence the beliefs and actions of other
people.
• It is the ability to influence events. Power can
be personal power.
• A person gets his personal power from his
personality or from his expert knowledge
7. Cont…
• Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers, Programmers,
etc. get their power from their expertise and
professional knowledge.
• Power can also be legitimate or official power.
This power comes from a higher authority.
8. Differences
• In management, authority differs from power
in the following ways :-
1. Nature
• Authority is the formal right given to a
manager to make decisions or to command.
• Power is the personal ability to influence
others or events.
9. Cont…
2. Flow
• Authority flows downwards in the organization.
This is because it is delegated by the superiors to
the subordinates.
• Power can flow in any direction. Even
subordinates have power over their superiors, if
they can influence their behavior.
• So power can flow upwards, downwards or
horizontally.
10. Cont…
3. Organisational Charts
• Authority relationships (superior-subordinate
relationships) can be shown in the
organisation charts.
• Power relationships cannot be shown in
organisation charts.
11. Cont…
4. Level of Management
• Authority depends on the level of management.
Higher the level of management, higher will be
the authority and vice-versa.
• Power does not depend on the level of
management.
• Power can exist at any level of management. Even
a lower-level manager or a worker can have
power to influence the behaviour of a top-level
manager.
12. Cont…
5. Legitimacy
• Authority is always official in nature. So it is legitimate.
• Power need not be official in nature. So it need not be
legitimate.
6. Position and Person
• Authority is given to a position or post. The manager
gets the authority only when he holds that position.
• Power resides (lives) in the person who uses it.
