This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on authority and the state. It discusses three types of legitimate authority: charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational. It also examines bureaucracy as a form of legal-rational organization. Additional topics covered include obedience to authority based on the Milgram experiment, the state's monopoly on legitimate use of force, citizenship rights, and theories of political participation and voter registration.
Health and Society (Chapter 11, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the social issues surrounding health, wellness and access to healthcare, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
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"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 11
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*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
Race and Society (Chapter 9, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the impact of society on race, racism, and racial equality, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
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"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 9
----
*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
Health and Society (Chapter 11, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the social issues surrounding health, wellness and access to healthcare, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
----
"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 11
----
*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
Race and Society (Chapter 9, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the impact of society on race, racism, and racial equality, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
----
"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 9
----
*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
Understanding Civil Society presentation by John Slifko, PhDJohn Slifko, Ph.D
John Slifko, PhD has dedicated his work to issues around the world for democratic civil society with major contributions to global efforts in improving the education of young women. He supports the study of the historic links between advancing women’s rights, education and democracy in the United States. In this presentation, he provides a brief overview of the concept of civil society.
Understanding Civil Society presentation by John Slifko, PhDJohn Slifko, Ph.D
John Slifko, PhD has dedicated his work to issues around the world for democratic civil society with major contributions to global efforts in improving the education of young women. He supports the study of the historic links between advancing women’s rights, education and democracy in the United States. In this presentation, he provides a brief overview of the concept of civil society.
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdfRommel Regala
"Introduction to Comparative Politics" is a foundational course that provides students with a comprehensive overview of political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries. The course aims to develop an understanding of the diverse ways in which societies organize and govern themselves. Topics covered often include the comparative analysis of political ideologies, government structures, electoral systems, political cultures, and policy outcomes. Students explore key concepts and theories that help them analyze and compare political systems, gaining insights into the factors influencing political development and behavior globally. Through case studies and cross-national comparisons, students develop critical thinking skills and a nuanced appreciation for the complexities of political dynamics in various regions. Overall, the course equips students with the tools to assess the similarities and differences among political systems, fostering a deeper understanding of the world's diverse political landscapes.
This course serves as an introduction to the foundational principles and concepts in political science. It covers the fundamental aspects of the discipline, including the study of political systems, government structures, political ideologies, and the behavior of individuals and groups within political contexts. Students will explore key theories, methods of analysis, and the diverse subfields within political science, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy. The course aims to provide a broad understanding of the principles shaping political phenomena and prepare students for more advanced studies in political science.
Similar to Authority & the State (Chapter 15 "You May Ask Yourself") (20)
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. TYPES OF LEGITIMATEAUTHORITY
Politics - power relations among people or other
social actors.
Authority - the justifiable right to exercise power.
Charismatic authority - authority that rests in the
superhuman appeal of an individual leader.
Traditional authority - authority based on appeals to
past tradition.
Legal-rational authority - a system of authority based
on impersonal rules; the rules rule.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
3. TYPES OF LEGITIMATEAUTHORITY
Characteristics of legal-rational authority
Routinization - the clear, rule-governed procedures used
repeatedly for decision-making.
Rationalization - an ever-expanding process of ordering
or organizing.
Role dependent - authority is attached to roles, not
individuals.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
4. Bureaucracy - a legal-rational organization or mode
of administration that governs with reference to rules
and roles and which emphasizes meritocracy.
Hierarchical organization
Specialized roles
Specialization - process of making work consist of specific,
delimited tasks.
Impersonal interactions
Meritocracy
Highly efficient
TYPES OF LEGITIMATEAUTHORITY
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
5. OBEDIENCETOAUTHORITY
The Miligram Experiment
An experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Miligram, a
psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary
people would go to obey a scientific authority figure
65% of the research subjects went on shocking the
“learner” to the highest voltage level, labeled “lethal”
Before the experiment, a group of psychologists estimated
that only 10% of the subjects would administer a “lethal”
dose of electricity.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
8. AUTHORITY,LEGITIMACY,&THESTATE
Power - the ability to carry out one’s own will despite
resistance.
Domination - the probability that a command with a
specific content will be obeyed by a given group of
people.
State - “a human community that (successfully)
claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical
force within a given territory” (Max Weber)
Coercion - the use of force to get others to do what
you want
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
9. the paradox
of authority
although the state’s
authority derives from the
implicit threat of physical
force, resorting to coercion
strips the state of all
legitimate authority.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
11. AUTHORITY,LEGITIMACY,&THESTATE
Welfare State - a system in which the state is
responsible for the well-being of its citizens.
Theories on the development of welfare states
Logic of industrialization
Neo-Marxist theories
State-centered approaches
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
12. AUTHORITY,LEGITIMACY,&THESTATE
Citizenship rights - the rights guaranteed to each
law-abiding citizen in a nation-state.
Civil rights - the rights guaranteeing a citizen’s person
freedom from interference, including of speech and the
right to travel freely.
Political rights - the rights guaranteeing a citizen’s ability
to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the
right to hold an elected office.
Social rights - the rights guaranteeing a citizens
protection by the state.
Rights to contributory programs and rights to means-tests programs
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
13. RADICAL POWER & PERSUASION
Power as three-dimensional (Lukes)
Different agendas clash, conflict results, and one side
prevails.
Different agendas exist, but one side is so formidable that
resisting it seems pointless.
Conflict is averted through “influencing, shaping, or
determining” desires, wants, and preferences.
Shape the choice set. (Two-party political system)
Control the flow of information and construct interdependency.
(Coal mining towns)
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
14. RADICAL POWER & PERSUASION
Hard vs. soft power (Nye)
Hard power - physical control, violence, etc.
Soft power - power attained through the use of cultural
attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action.
“If a state can make its power seem legitimate in the eyes
of others, it will encounter less resistance to its wishes.”
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
15. RADICAL POWER & PERSUASION
Dictatorship or democracy?
Leviathan (1651) - Thomas Hobbes
No agreed-up authority leads to chaos and violence; the “war of
all against all.”
Social contract and submission to sovereign authority that
ensures peace by punishing deviance
Second Treatise of Government (1690) - John Locke
Without sovereign authority, people lived in a conflict-free state
as equals
The state as means of adjudicating discord over personal
property.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
16. RADICAL POWER & PERSUASION
Democracy - system of government wherein power
theoretically lies with the people
Dictatorship - form of government that restricts the
right to political participation to a small group or even
to a single individual
Game theory - the study of strategic decisions under
conditions of uncertainty and interdependence.
Collective action problem - the difficulty in
organizing large groups of people because of the
tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
17. RADICAL POWER & PERSUASION
Political rule in the United States
Three branches of government (checks and balances)
Two-party system (Democrats and Republicans)
Political party - an organization that seeks to gain power
in a government, generally by backing candidates for
office who subscribe (to the extent possible) to the
organization’s political ideals.
Interest group - an organization that seeks to gain power
in government and influence policy without direct election
or appointment to office.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
18. Political
Participation
activity that has the intent
or effect of influencing
government action.
• Voter registration
• Actual voting
• Volunteering
• Financial contributions
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
19. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Civic volunteerism model (Verba, et al.)
Political orientation
Resources
Mobilization efforts
American party system (Piven and Cloward, 1988)
“Apathy and lack of political skill”
“Party strategies and political culture... sustained by legal
and procedural barriers to electoral participation”
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
20. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Maybe voter participation hasn’t declined at all.
McDonald and Popkin (2001)
People don’t vote like the used to not because they are too
busy or too lazy to get to the polls on election day, but
because they are prohibited from voting.
1972 2000
Prisoners
Probationers
Parolees
196,429 1,381,892
455,093 1,924,548
616,189 4,019,140
Total
616,189
0.39%
4,019,140
1.43%
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
22. POLICY: NVRA
National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA)
“Motor voter” law; allowed voters to register at:
DMV data
Public assistance applicants
More accessible mail-in registration and voter registration drives
Effects
Increased voter registration at DMV offices resulted in 1%
increase in total voter registration
Other interventions had no effect.
Implications
If easier registration doesn’t always increase voter registration,
what does?
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
