Authoritarian regimes emerged in many parts of the world following the end of the Cold War. A new regime type, called "competitive authoritarianism", allows some democratic institutions like elections to exist, but power is consolidated through manipulation of these systems. Incumbents in competitive authoritarian regimes are more likely to use subtle means like harassment through state agencies rather than openly violating democratic rules. These regimes exist in a gray area between democracy and authoritarianism.

1. Authoritarian
What are the characteristics of authoritarian government?
Answer:
this is a form of government that doesn't consider it's people's opinions and thoughts. they use force
often and do not hold elections. there is usually one person or a smal group in charge of the
government.
Authoritarianism
Most simply, authoritarianism denotes the absence of free elections and the presence of
unconstrained power. In this form of non–democratic government, the power and authority wielded
by the leader(s) is not contingent upon popular support from the citizenry. Authoritarian leadership
may be single or group headed. When a single person heads the government, it is known as an
autocracy. When an elite group of individuals head the government, it ... Show more content on
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Consequently, authoritarian regimes, out of necessity, must tightly control the army and the police
which are the primary means by which political opponents can be harassed, exiled, or even
executed.
Although there is no elaborate or guiding ideology of authoritarianism, there are defining
commonalties. Authoritarian regimes do not attempt to control every aspect of society and their
main goal is simply the preservation of their own political power. Nonetheless, authoritarian states
all tend to possess the following features, although they may vary greatly in the: 1) degree of
oppression they impose upon the citizens. 2) amount of force, repression, and violence they use to
achieve their goals. 3) degree of enforced public conformity through such means as suppression of
intellectual freedom. 4) degree of public support that they enjoy.
Authoritarian regimes express principles which are fundamentally at odds with democracy such as
rule by a select few, suppression of the opposition, and so on. However, this does not necessarily
mean that they are seen as lacking legitimacy in the countries in which they govern. They may be
legitimized and also gain popularity from a variety of means. For example, they may secure both
legitimacy and popularity by bringing much needed stability and/or economic growth to the state.
The presence of a charismatic leader can also be an
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3. Authoritarism in Argentina in the Last Fifty Years Essay
Latin America politics in the past 50 years have been regarded as being unstable with military
regimes, authoritarian rule, and violent. Latin America has been considered an authoritarian region
with rulers either military or civilian directed. 3 governments are important to stabilize countries
with tension of nation crisis by eliminating the popular sector in the national politics. In Argentina
the prevalence of authoritarian changed the principal lines of the former government in their social,
economic, and political ideas. Argentina in the early 1930s was led by a "populist" government,
which was the dominant national political coalition, then converted to an authoritarianism
government with alternative economic strategies, and improved ... Show more content on
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Not all Latin America countries had the same rules and policies when they were authoritarian.
Several differences between regimes are the role of leadership; intersect groups or coalitions in
supporting their government. Latin countries had different strategies in how a government should
move forwards towards the future. Similarities that regimes had were " interest representation based
on enforces limited pluralism "(Malloy, James M, pages 4). When viewing Latin Americas
perspective on authoritarian rule can be broken down into three levels " (1) regime–type
authoritarianism running from old–fashioned caudillo, (2) overarching subtypes " corporation"
structural and organizational principles, (3) leaders, supporting coalitions and policy strategies."
(Malloy, James M, pages 3). Overall different countries had differences authoritarian rule but there
similarities in structure and organization in principles were still the identical. Colonel Juan D. Peron
merged rapidly as a political figure and a person that could take over the country. Peron was closely
associated with General Edelmiro Farrell, who became president. With the backing of the new
president Peron had his target the vice presidency, also the ministry of war Peron was gaining power
in the military and the citizens of Argentina. Peron was becoming popular rapidly as prominent
political figure. He
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5. The Potential Effects Of Democracy On The Middle East
The Potential Effects of Democracy in the Middle East
Democracy has often been affiliated with reflective notions such as freedom and liberty, as well as
the belief that people deserve a voice to represent their demands and the majority of a population
should have its way. The first idea of democracy promotion started with Wilsonian ideas, the
democratic peace theorem, and the long–term security interests of all democracies (Huber, 2008). It
is often regarded as an abstract concept with varying definitions that change based on the area the
concept is being applied in. Fundamentally, the democracy practiced in the U.S. is inconceivable to
apply to a region that is drastically different in a wide array of aspects. As a result, any associations
with the concept of democracy in regions such as the Middle East must be regarded subjectively due
to a different social, cultural, economic, and political environment. Furthermore, the manner in
which states with undemocratic political systems are portrayed as being 'failed' states carries the
connotation that being undemocratic is thus backward (Al–Jarrah, 2007). Given that the vast
majority of the countries in the Middle East are predominantly Islamic, have diverse economies, and
share a common Middle Eastern culture, these influences must be acknowledged for the respective
roles they play in order to form an adequate definition for democracy in this region.
In order to gain an understanding of what has prevented the Middle East
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7. Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regime
Perceived Threat, Economic Development Policy, and State Repression in
Bureaucratic–Authoritarian Regimes
A Comparative Study of Brazil and Chile
Just a few short decades ago, bureaucratic–authoritarian (BA) regimes were a common feature of
many Southern Cone states. Economic crises in the 1960s and 1970s gave rise to military regimes
that ultimately abandoned import–substituting, inward–looking developmental models in favor of
neoliberal, outward–looking strategies (Kurtz, 142). Market liberalization and participation in the
global economy became state priorities, a significant departure from policies that focused on
production for the domestic market under more leftist regimes. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the effects of
a fundamental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Boundaries of Antipoverty Policy: Economic Ideas, Political Coalitions, and the Structure of
Social Provision in Chile and Mexico. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan, 2003. Print.
O'Donnell, Guillermo. Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina 1966–1973 in Comparative
Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1988 1988.
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4v19n9n2/
Pereira, Anthony W. Political (in)justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and
Argentina. Print.
Pereira, Luiz Carlos Bresser, and Jose Maravall. Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social–
democratic Approach. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.
Pion–Berlin, David. "Military Dictatorships of Brazil and the Southern Cone." Military
Dictatorships of Brazil and the Southern Cone. Web. 22 Apr. 2015.
Remmer, Karen L. Military Rule in Latin America. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Print.
Roett, Riordan Joseph Allenby. Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society. Rev. ed. New York:
Praeger, 1978. Print.
Skidmore, Thomas. "Politics and Economic Policy Making in Authoritarian Brazil, 1967–71."
Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973.
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9. Authoritarianism In Russia
Throughout its long history, Russia has been trapped in a continuous cycle of authoritarian regimes;
only interrupted briefly with periods of tumultuous democratic transitions that were plagued by poor
bureaucracy and weak institutions. Therefore, time and time again, Russia has turned towards
authoritarianism. In the late 1900's to early 2000's, Russia again saw the fall of democracy coincide
with the rise of a competitive authoritarian regime. This rise of competitive authoritarianism in
Russia in the late 1900's to early 2000's was largely the result of the resource curse which granted
Putin's Administration false economic performance legitimacy. This in turn reinvigorated past
strongman ideals, while at the same time solidified negative ... Show more content on
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Democracy was already viewed poorly in Russia, whose only other experience plunged them deeper
into the depths of World War 1. This is significant because a majority of the Russian people felt
during that time that their voices were not heard. Therefore, it should be noted then, that when
Yeltsin took power, Russian's had not seen true representative democracy. When, Yeltsin took power
after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians were wary. This illegitimate view towards democracy
was one of the reasons the resource curse had such a profound effect. The other that the economy
was weak and the government was unstable. This in part was attributed to the loss of over 15 states
when the Soviet Union fell, and the trade and overall economic problems that the new Yeltsin
government assumed when this occurred. Even if Putin had been in power during this time, he
would have faced similar problems, the regime was not to blame. When the Soviet Union fell, it was
during a time where oil prices where falling, in fact, they would continue to fall until around 1996.
The falling oil prices dramatically hurt the Yeltsin administration. When Putin took over, world
prices has begun to rise, further Putin privatized part of the oil industry, which allowed new
technologies to form, thus causing a booming oil economy in
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11. Research Proposal Essay
Statement of Research Proposal
My broader research interests lie in the areas of international and comaparative political economy,
applied game theory and quanttitative methodology. My current research projects focus on the
simultaneous interaction between politics and economy at both the national and the international
levels. I am particularly interested in the dynamic relationship between economic liberalization and
political survival of authoritarian regimes. I also have a special interest in East Asian politics,
particularly Chinese politics. During the fellowship years, I plan to develop my dissertation on
foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization and the political economy of authoritarianism into a
book manuscript after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[UNCTAD2003] As a result, global FDI grew much faster than either trade or income in the last two
decades. Whereas world real GDP increased at an average rate of 3.00% between 1985 and 2004
and world exports by 6.29%, world real inflows of FDI increased by 9.85%. The liberalization
processes varied considerably, however, across countries in timing, speed, and magnitude.
Previous literature has examined the economic causes and consequences of international and
domestic financial sector liberalization. However, the political causes and consequences of
economic liberalization have received less attention [Abiad2005]. Few theoretical work addresses
whether an increase in financial liberalization leads to democratic transition [Milner2009, p175], or
why large–scale policy changes regarding capital account liberalization took place in developing
countries in 1990s [Cohen1996]. My research project addresses this gap in the literature. Using both
formal theory and quantitative methods, I develop and test a unified theory that investigates the
short–run and long–run political effects of international financial liberalization, and explains the
causes, timing, speed, magnitude of liberalization.
The current research proposal is focused on completing this project, which began as a dissertation
project at
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13. Essay Compare And Contrast Altemeyer's Approach To...
Outline the similarities and differences between Adorno et al.'s (1950) and Altemeyer's (1981)
approach to authoritarianism
The rise of fascism in Germany in the 1930's and the acts of aggression and atrocities committed by
the Nazis during the Second World War led to questions being asked as to why some people where
prone to such levels of violence and hate in the name of political ideology. The 'Authoritarian
Personality' was a concept suggested in 1950 by German sociologist Theodor Adorno and
colleagues following their research identifying the personality traits believed to allow an individual
to be bias towards and follow a fascist ideology. Although initially met with great excitement, over
time the authoritarian personality alone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2012). Although Altemeyer's research also recognised and supported these findings his concept of
authoritarianism was different. He defined RWA not as personality type with fixed characteristics
but as a set of three attitudes similar to three of the characteristics Adorno et al also used to describe
the authoritarian personality:
Authoritarian submission: A high level of respect and submission to perceived legitimate authority
figures or establishments. Authoritarian aggression: Aggressiveness directed against targets
identified by the established authorities. Conventionalism: The aversion to new ideas with a
preference towards social norms which should be adhered to by all of the individual's society
(Bobbio et al 2007).
Although Altemeyer agreed with Adorno et al on what the behavioral and attitudinal features of
authoritarianism were, a key difference he put forward was his interpretation of where it actually
came from. Adorno et al took a psychoanalytical approach, as first popularised by Sigmund Freud in
the late 19th century to the explanation of the causes of authoritarianism. They claimed children
who experienced a strong level of parental discipline
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15. Competitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism
1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism
Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks
proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to
only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. In competitive
authoritarianism regimes, elections are normally rigged, power figures regularly misuse state
resources while oppressed are denied simple liberties. Anyone who is opposed is often killed or
jailed. Competitive Authoritarianism is not an authoritarian and is not quite a democracy, but it has
democratic institutions in place and incumbents cannot reduce them.
2. perils of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political reform is often resulting in increased demands of oppressed and weaken state. New
democracies tend to have security problems and questions of the democratic governance. The state
must instill stability and social control; thus a weak state will fail. Democracy, however, can achieve
peace by allocating power through elections, manage diversity without violence, and create political
positions. State and nation–building, integration, and a development of a unified ideology can be a
strategy to promote democratic consolidation.
5. "resource curse" and the transition to democracy
Countries that do not promote accountability and state competence to benefit from resource booms
are at risk of the resource curse. The resource curse is when resource–rich countries benefit from its
wealthy natural resources (i.e. oil) and do not help with its people welfare. Its government officials
are less likely to meet the demands of its people because they are too busy pocketing the cash. These
countries are more deceptable to authoritarianism, low levels of economic growth and stability.
Wealthy natural resources can promote power conflicts and corrupt governments. Countries that
have a resource curse are more likely to transition to democracy when its large revenue comes from
citizens ' taxes.
Discuss the role of civil society, political culture and culture shifts in
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17. Authoritarianism In The Cold War
The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union resulted in major shift in United
States foreign policy. For years, the United States supported tyrannical dictators in return for stable
anti–communist government receptive to United States interests. The Cold War resulted in a new
world order with the United States as the lone global hegemonic power. In Eastern Europe in
particular, the end of the Cold War ushered in an era of economic growth and a large increase in the
number of liberal democracies. Although the world saw a large increase in liberal democracies, a
new regime type referred to as competitive authoritarianism began to emerge. According to Levitsky
and Way, "In competitive authoritarian regimes, formal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these systems, the regimes possess some of these characteristics but have found ways to
manipulate the system to consolidate their power. "Rather than openly violating democratic rules
(for example, by banning or repressing the opposition and the media), incumbents are more likely to
use bribery, co–optation, and more subtle forms of persecution, such as the use of tax authorities,
compliant judiciaries, and other state agencies to 'legally' harass, persecute, or extort cooperative
behavior from critics" . While it is apparent that these regimes are not fully democratic, it would be
unfair to label them as fully authoritarian either. Unlike traditional totalitarian governments, the
persistence of true democratic institutions in competitive authoritarian regimes allows the opposition
to contest, weaken and occasionally even defeat autocratic incumbents. While these situations are
generally uncommon, these situations are possible in competitive authoritarianism due to four
independent means, the electoral arena, the legislature, the judiciary and the media. These four
branches are virtually independent of the executive control however, unlike in democracies, the
competitive authoritarian regimes use its power to undermine their independence. "In regards to the
electoral arena, large–scale abuses of state power, biased media coverage, harassment of opposition
candidates and activists are widespread, legislatures tend to be relatively weak, the
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19. The Rise Of Authoritarianism
If I was able to sit down with the world's most knowledgeable Psychologist, I would have many
questions. However, there would be several main themes or topics that I would enjoy discussing
with them in general. One would be about the rise of authoritarianism in the world today and what
kinds of aspects of today's world might be driving that kind of behavior to be dominant. Another
topic would be about exponential technology and the potential for this kind of technology to disrupt
the processes of the brain, or to be too advanced for the biological brain to handle for a wide swath
of humanity. Moving from that topic, I would go directly into transhumanism and discuss the effects
and challenges on psychology and the brain, but also the interesting
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21. Authoritarianism
In light of the reading assignment for chapters eleven and twelve, it is apparent that much of the
information presented in the two chapters provided significant clarification on the structural
characteristics of the regime transitions and the similarities in public policy implementation in
different countries. Based on the readings, it is evident that there is a significant connection between
the tendencies of development in the regime transition types of different countries in addition to the
manner in which policy types are debated of and implemented in in different national settings. For
example, each of the countries listed in chapter eleven followed a concept of engaging in
liberalization or democratization that has resulted in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Countries such the United Kingdom, Germany, and India followed a common theme of having
undergone a process of democratization that has entailed a divergence from or acceptance of
authoritarian rule before embracing a consolidated democratic system of government. Each of the
countries listed also experienced a level of economic instability or turmoil that is connected to their
past conflicts with authoritarian rule that acted as the catalyst to an eventual acceptance of an
improved democratic system that would yield greater economic stability. Countries such as Mexico,
Brazil, and Nigeria all followed the concept of being afflicted by influences of past or present
corruption that has prevented the governments of each country from yielding a more consolidated
democratic format. Regional identity divisions and unequal distributions of power and
representation for electoral arrangements have put each of the listed countries at risk for a
democratic breakdown if changes are not enacted for the sake of veritably hindering the causes
behind such instability. Moreover, countries such as China Iran, Russia both follow the concept of
operating under a system of creeping authoritarianism
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23. Essay about Authoritarianism: Prevail, or Not?
"History proves that all dictatorships, all authoritarian forms of government are transient. Only
democratic systems are not transient. Whatever the shortcomings, mankind has not devised anything
superior," Vladimir Putin once said this. With such a view of authoritarianism, there would be
assumption that the entire world is on its way to seek such democracy if it is such a clear, correct
choice. However, nothing is ever so simple, and this is not the case. In this essay I will take a look at
how authoritarianism fails, as well as why it is able to prevail is some areas. Authoritarian forms of
government do sometimes fail. The reasons for such failure include the public's dissatisfaction with
the current governmental regime, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After revealing such shortcomings, the goal of glasnost is to foster change and legitimacy in the
current regime. However, Gorbachev's plan backfired. Citizens of the Soviet Union began to
question the very political system in place and ethnic groups began seeking greater freedom from
Russian domination. Glasnost is the perfect example of how people began to unite in their
governmental dissatisfaction. Once citizens were able to speak openly about their opposition they
realized many others felt the same way. And so, the realization of like–minded thinking allowed
people to unite in their dissatisfaction. However, such dissatisfaction must be followed up with real,
impactful action. Along with mere public discontent for the authoritarian regime, must come an
outlet for such thoughts. People only challenge an authoritarian regime when they believe they have
the means and support to prevail in breaking that regime down. Without a strong, united, and
capable opposition there is little hope in taking down a nondemocratic regime. However, with
enough support, as well as the right support, citizens will sometimes be able to overthrow such a
regime. In the case of Serbia, the creation of the Otpor (Resistance) group allowed Serbians that
opposed the current regime under Milosevic to realize other citizens felt the same way, as seen in
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25. Strengths And Weaknesses Of Democratic Government
In the context of the strengths and weaknesses of Democratic and Authoritarian systems, which is
more appropriate for the Philippines? Valerie Lao De La Salle University In the context of the
strengths and weaknesses of Democratic and Authoritarian systems, which is more appropriate for
the Philippines? For many years, the Philippine government has been a democratic republic. Filipino
citizens have implemented this with the hopes of becoming liberated, but it isn't enough. A
democratic government will still be favourable and suitable than an authoritarian government, also
still beneficial for the discipline and economy of the Philippines.
Government
A government is a system where there is a manifestation of the policies of ... Show more content on
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Arvin Pareja (2008) details that the Philippines is among the few countries operating a separate
department on "Pop
ulation Control Program (PCP)" (para. 2). Mondonedo (2010) reports that "Pinoys are only
disciplined when they are in another country, especially in the Middle East..." (para. 3). Inside and
outside the Philippines, there are various commentators of the improper behavior of the Filipinos.
Hazy elucidation It is evident that the government system in the Philippines needs to be upgraded.
Even others have the same views and opinions towards the government of the Philippines. We were
wrong about some of our elected officials. Truthfully, it also has a little to do with our system. The
surreal kind of Democracy that we possess is not our "clear" solution right now. It is convincing that
the current Philippine government system is linking between democratic and authoritarian. It will be
more likely to achieve more improvement if we change our system gradually. The democracy we
have in our country is not the democracy it should be. People are becoming reckless and
undisciplined. Our country is not capable of providing us with some of our basic needs, especially
when it comes to our benefits – which are minimal. We deserve the right kind of
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27. Nashi: Pro-regime Youth Groups in Russia
Type "Nashi" into any search engine and you will come across videos of uniformly clad youth
chanting in unison, evoking bygone images of Komsomol or Hitler's Youth. Indeed, Nashi, a pro–
regime, state–supported youth organization, has often been likened to these organizations by the
media and scholars alike. Yet, is this simplistic comparison an accurate one? Are state–led youth
organizations in Russia merely puppets of the regime, lacking their own will or motivation? In the
following pages I trace the origins and purposes behind the organization of pro–regime youth groups
in Russia, arguing that while these movements undoubtedly perform many of the same functions as
youth groups of the past, they do have some measure of autonomy and ... Show more content on
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In authoritarian regimes, on the other hand, political participation is heavily restricted. In a system
where the rule of the regime is paramount, competing discourses and dissenting voices are heavily
constrained. Independent political and civil organization is pursued at extreme peril; active dissent is
weak and essentially non–existent. Political participation is co–opted by the regime and subject to
strict control and oversight. Authoritarian governments attempt to annihilate autonomous
organizations and replace them with organizations which are state controlled, whose activities are
closely monitored, and whose goals are prescribed by the regime. As such, society plays a limited
role in policymaking and control of information, repression, and censorship enforce "passivity and
conformity" (Evangelista 1995, 11). Komsomol, the state–sponsored youth organization of the
Soviet Union, and Hitler's Youth, a parallel organization under Nazi Germany, are two oft cited
examples of state–controlled participatory organizations in authoritarian systems. Both
organizations were founded for the purpose of socializing youth according to regime philosophy,
creating and mobilizing support for the regime, controlling opposition, and providing a pool from
which the elite could replenish their ranks. The desire of authoritarian regimes to co–opt civil
society and social organizations is facilitated by a range of controls aimed at stifling the
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29. Explain The Authoritarian System Of Government
+
INTRODUCTION
Authoritarian system of government in political science, can be defined as a system of government
that power is concentrated in the hands of a leader or elite which has strong central government and
limitations in political freedom as its features. The system strongly opposes the thoughts of
individuals. It operates under a single–party rule and military force may be needed for maintenance.
It is best operated to serve as a fix for economic stagnation. It fosters long–term economic progress.
According to Juan Linz (1975), who portrayed Authoritarian system of Government to have the
following features;
1. Limited plurality system: The system restricted institutions and groups like political parties,
legislatures.
2. It was termed to be a regime that was against easily understanding societal problems.
3. Limited political participation: The system allowed little or no political participation I.e. complete
restriction in the selection of heads of executive and very little limitations on the executive.
COUNTRIES THAT OPERATES ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The printing presses in Europe were privately owned until the 1850s, when the aristocracy sourced
for power and/or control to puppeteer what was printed about them. They had what it would take
them to decide what is to be printed. The Authoritarian system of government came up with
government restrictions due to Gutenberg's invention which was the printing press in the mid–
fifteenth century which they felt would stand against their power. According to Hachten, the press is
subject to the direct of implied control of the state or sovereign. It has a restriction against news that
can criticize the authority in anyway. The media in the old Soviet Union, present day China and
Russian Republic and Cuba and many of the Third World countries fall into this
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31. Vertical Authoritarianism
The vertical hierarchical structure and authoritarianism in bureaucratic organizations is what distorts
communication, and reduces accountability, responsiveness and commitment towards core activities
(Morris, Farrell, 2007). Instead a flatter hierarchy with decentralized management would be more
favourable. It would be cost–efficient as wages would be allocated to fewer levels of management.
For example, Call centres in the US adopted flat hierarchies to achieve minimization in costs
(Bozionelos, 2008). Subordinates at lower levels of management will be expanded which will
motivate staff and provide greater opportunities and sustainability wherein management leads and
engages, but does not control and delegate (Dhillon et al. 2015). And consequently,
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33. Political Regimes And Degree Of Pluralism
Introduction
The decolonization process after the Second World War brought a new hope for a more democratic
world. In Africa, however, the process did not provide the results expected by the West as most of
the African states turned rapidly into various forms of authoritarian regimes with only a few
adopting more democratic rule. Reasons for that are manifold. Authoritarianism, in the African
context, is defined by a lack of state and ruling elites' capacity to "transform [...] power into
effective political, economic, and cultural policies" thus undermining the presence of an overarching
authority and being often, but not always, repressive" (Fatton Jr, 1988, p. 255). The differences in
political regimes and degree of pluralism can be analysed during the transition period in early post–
independence years, determined by ways in which leaders centralized power differently across
Africa (Bratton & Van der Walle, 1994, p. 468). While some argue that colonial legacies have laid
the ground for the prevalence of authoritarianism after independence, others would see this
explanation as reductionist and simplistic, failing to consider other historical, social and cultural
aspects. This essay will review some of the structural limitations that emerged in the colonial period
and were reinforced by other factors such as the international environment and informal politics,
upholding authoritarian practices and corruption across almost all of the Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA).
First, I will
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35. Rise Of Competitive Authoritarianism
The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism: Main Features and Limits Steven Levitsky and Lucan
Way fashionably unveil the major features of this new political regime. As clearly explained by the
authors, Competitive Authoritarianism is a hybrid regime combining elements of Liberal Democracy
and Authoritarian rule, and, for this reason, many political philosophers like Fukuyama look upon it
as a "transitional diminished democracy" (Levitsky). However, political philosophers like Gat and
Levitsky, supported by other scholars including Roger Owen, argue that Competitive Authoritarian
regimes are promptly consolidating their political power in those country–areas where Liberal
Democracy is weakening like in Ukraine and Turkey, or it failed in some African countries and the
Middle East. In sight of this speculative research, Competitive Authoritarianism is the current
challenge to Liberal Democracy, therefore it minimizes the chance of being considered a transitional
political regime.
Although Fukuyama asserted that Competitive Authoritarian regimes naturally become either fully
democratic or completely authoritarian, Levitsky dares to say that "making the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This obsessive desire to reach a homogenous society pitches Liberal Democracies against all other
political regimes, ideologies, and religions, thus foreign societies often disagree with the United
States and Europe's foreign policies towards them. Furthermore, the imposition of democratic values
and beliefs is a contradiction in
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37. Adorno And Allum Similarities And Differences
'Outline the similarities and differences between the research studies of Adorno et al. (1950) and
Allum (2011) on personality types'
Allum's research revealed correlations to Adorno's personality scales, rationalizing three
hypothesized studies. Allum (2011), cited in McAvoy (2017), (pp. 33–38), studies included
pseudoscience ideologies such as Astrology to foretell events in individual's life, as well lack
scientific literacy from participants of how 'Astrology' and 'Astronomy' were etymologically
classified. Allum similarly supported Adorno's notion that people with authoritarian personalities
were more likely to believe in superstition and pseudo–sciences such as astrology, however, Allum
contrasting Adorno et al.'s authoritarian personality type analysis, questioned the inclination of this
study's sample, assuming a more generalized view among populations, Allum (2011), (p. 362).
Adorno leaned heavily upon Freud, using a systematic formula to directly observe measurable
aspects of personality, exploring latent fascist predisposition to prejudice theorizing the structure of
personality research, Adorno (1950), (p. 53). To further interpret Freudian similarities in both
researcher's work, in this essay, the reader will notice Adorno and Allum put in question the forces
of personality; its processes, how they were organized, and similar report methods used. The forces
of personality are primarily needs, (drives, wishes, emotional impulses), which varied from one
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39. Authoritarianism
Left and Right: Two Sides of the Same Coin Throughout history, different forms of government
have been used to control and lead the masses. One of the most powerful of these forms is
Authoritarianism which often aims to consolidate rule for one individual. This is shown through the
leaders Francisco Franco and Mao Zedong, who represent both sides of the political compass, and
they both gained authority using extremely similar methods. By using these two leaders it is possible
to see how whether left or right wing, Authoritarian leaders rise and control power in similar ways.
Authoritarianism is not bound to a single ideology or group, thus is can be used by both left and
right wing politicians. An example of the later is Francisco Franco ... Show more content on
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Mao founded the Chinese Communist Party and would later establish the People's Republic of
China, ruling China from 1945 to 1976 (The Asia Society, 1984). Mao had be an avid revolutionist,
beginning at young age at around 16 (Schram, S. R. 1967), which would be crucial later in his life. A
pivotal point before the Chinese Civil War was the setting up of a revolutionary base in 1931 by
Mao. This base was forced out of Kiangsi in 1934 and Mao's followers left with him, thus beginning
the Long March which ended in 1935. After the Long March, Mao had enough military power to
overcome the Kuomintang, or Chinese Nationalists Party, and gain control of China during the
Chinese Civil War (C N Trueman, 2015). During this civil war China received support from Soviet
Russia in the form of arms and military guidance. As Yang Kuisong, a Chinese historian from 1945,
stated "Soviet leader Joseph Stalin commanded Marshal Rodion Malinovskyto give Mao Zedong
most Imperial Japanese Army weapons that were captured." Clearly by having the support of a
foreign force it aided in the overthrowing of the Kuomintang. After the civil war concluded, Mao
began to purge the land of all Kuomintang influence. According to Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, of
the Arizona State University's Centre for Asian
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41. Assess The Difference Between Democracy And Totalitarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system in which a leader or a small elite group contains all real
power. Individual liberties such as freedom of speech, press, and religion are subordinate to the
authority of which citizens are blindly compliant to, as opposed to enjoying at will. Therefore, the
people's main role in the government is to execute rather than engage. Authoritarianism is described
as being a strong central government, which is essentially the exact opposite of democracy.
There are several types of authoritative regimes that can be divided up into two categories, which
are: autocracy and oligarchy. An autocracy is the rule by a single person and totalitarian government
or dictatorship, monarchy, and constitutional monarchy are all examples of this. A totalitarian
government or dictatorship is as the name implies when every part of the government is totally and
completely controlled by one person. Adolf Hitler of Germany, Joseph Stalin of Russia were both
dictators. A monarchy is when a king, queen, emperor or empress contains absolute power. An ...
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As a result, laws become legally binding faster. Authoritative leaders are able to administer long
term projects without the fear of running out of time in their term or not being reelected. This
political system creates discipline amongst the people. Citizens of authoritative government are
more aware and careful of not breaking rules and laws. Factually speaking, China is a good example
of a successful of an authoritarian regime. Despite China being controlled by the communist party, it
has a high GDP, great infrastructure and healthcare and high literacy rates. Singapore is another
great example of a successful authoritarian regime. Singapore is a one–party state, but it has high
rankings on a lot of international indexes and low levels of corruption
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43. Authoritarianism: Until the Resources Dry Out Essay
History has known far more authoritarian regimes than any other form of government.
Authoritarianism is a form of non–democratic rule defined by state power being centralized in a
single person or a small group of people. Unlike democracies, these individuals in power are not
dependent on the people for power. Thus, under authoritarianism, state leaders have little
accountability to the public and there is little individual freedom. Additionally, authoritarian regimes
are not bound by a constitution that might limit their power. Such democratic liberties such as the
right to assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are highly controlled or non–
existent. State policies are designed to maintain the power status quo in favor of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The elites are often more concerned with their own personal economic well being than regime type
and are successfully co–opted into the regime. For instance, in a society that lacks adequate
development to assure "relatively equitable distribution" of resources the elites may be "more
willing to share power" in exchange for economic incentives. In fact, for many regimes the
acquisition and control of the countries resources is crucial to maintaining power. Authoritarian
regimes do not need to rely on the unrepresented people for taxes and the regime "can effectively
ignore their political demands." Perhaps the most well known authoritarian regime of the past
century is the former Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union's form of authoritarianism can more
accurately be described as totalitarianism. Totalitarianism describes a regime that is centrally ruled,
promotes a "well–defined ideology" and "seeks to transform and fuse the institutions of state,
society, and the economy." The Soviet Union used totalitarianism to implement its communist
ideology. After the Bolshevik's came to power in 1917, the new regime, the Communist Party,
placed numerous restrictions on individuals to help promote their vision of "greater social equality."
This included the state takeover of infrastructure and virtually every aspect of society. Employment
was a function of the state and there was little choice as to where a person could work. Likewise, the
Communist
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45. Summary: Does Religion Affect A States Regime
Cassidy Lee
Hail
PSC 203
4/17/17
Does Religion Affect a States' Regime Outcome?
The word Democracy means that the people rule. Democracy may require things like freedom of
speech and universal suffrage but the notion of democracy sets no limits on what the people may do
in their sovereign capacity. The United States constitution is not a true democracy because it
enforces limits on what democratic government decides. All liberal constitutional democracies
enforce regulations on what private activity government can regulate, including religious behavior.
Since counties can be more democratic or authoritarian than others, I like to view the
differentiations through the data collected by Freedom House. While the number of countries
labeled "free" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many versions of why Islam is at the root of authoritarianism, backwardness and poverty
in these countries. Perhaps the most famous one argues that Islam, by failing to recognize the
separation of religion and state, naturally leads to authoritarianism. Though there are many burning
questions within a comparative political standpoint, I think that one of the most interesting aspects
of determining what regime type a state will be might correlate with the dominant religion within
the state. John Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration reads: "It is futile to attempt to coerce belief
because it does not fall to the will to accept or reject propositions, that it is wrong to restrict
religious practice so long as it does not interfere with the rights of others, and that allowing a wide
range of religious groups will likely prevent any one of them from becoming so powerful as to
threaten the peace (Callaway)." Essential to his arguments is a Protestant view of the whole religion
as a voluntary society made up of people who want to join it voluntarily. This view is very opposite
to the medieval view of the church as having authority over all people within a certain geographic
location. So, could
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47. The Cultural Conflicts Existing Within The Discipline Of...
Question # 1: Leaving aside assignment 6 (Gibson/Key) what reading(s) did you find most
compelling this week, and why?
This week, singling out one compelling piece was hard, as I now see how all the pieces are linked.
For example, I liked how Perestroika informs us of the trends existing within the discipline of
political science, particularly the overrated focus on methods and techniques in political inquiry. I
also liked how Perestroika highlights the cultural conflicts existing within the discipline, which is
demonstrated by the behavior of APSR and various administrations and departments of the
discipline. Perestroika dictates that the discipline needs to resolve its existing epistemological
differences through tolerance and increase the understanding of these differences. Gregory Bateson's
proposal for innovative thinking shows us new ways of dealing with knowledge and generating
ideas. He speaks of what he calls the "ecology of mind" that is the "aggregates of ideas." Bateson
stipulates that the world we see is the world we perceive "not necessarily because it exists, but
because we edit the reality we see." This idea speaks to the scientific mode of inquiry, as Perestroika
puts it: "causality" vs. "meaning," "objective" vs. "subjective," and "certainty" vs. "skepticism."
Bates suggests that the scientific research must be interactive and inclusive of the various methods
of inquiry. While Bent Flyvbjerg starts with the question of whether "theory is possible in
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49. The Republican Party
After his receipt of the Republican nomination this summer, the ascent of Donald Trump has left
many commentators and political scientists in a stupor. How could this extremist, controversy–
inducing, suspiciously orange–toned man with little–to–no political experience succeed in
garnishing the support of the Republican electorate? How has the party that once abolished slavery
come to a point where it has justified the discrimination of minorities and the unfair treatment of
women? Over the past several decades, the Republican party has witnessed a significant shift and–
encouraged by an increase in social justice campaigns and the growing threat to societal norms–
authoritarianism has begun to claw its way out of the shadows. A largely overlooked theory in
political science, authoritarianism holds the key to explaining the Trump phenomenon and the
further polarization of the American political system that has attributed to it. After a long history of
toying with the idea of running for election, Donald Trump's announcement speech this June was
enough to get the nation talking. Not only because he was finally making good on a decade's worth
of promises, but also because his offensive declarations were unprecedented in the world of 'P.C.'
American politicians. Trump's claims of Mexican rapists, drug lords, and criminal cartels flooding
over our borders seemed completely outrageous coming from a man running for President.
Accordingly so, it wasn't long before the Trump campaign
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51. The Value Of Authoritarianism: Another Form Of Leadership
Authoritarianism is another form of leadership. Authoritarian leaders have qualities which include,
good decision making, giving commands; their decision making does not usually involve others and
they are motivational. According to Ballou & Landreneau (2010) they found that authoritarianism is
influenced by personality through childhood and family characteristics. Those who practice an
authoritarian leadership style believe in a hierarchy, where the 'most powerful sits at the top, and the
least powerful sits at the bottom' (Ballou & Landreneau, 2010). These leaders can be extremely
manipulative in order to achieve what they believe is necessary. Goals are devised by them alone,
and command others to conform and achieve them together. Ballou ... Show more content on
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Managers' delegate, control and problem solve, implement visions and maintain order. The
management cycle is an effective theory describing Management responsibilities in nursing and the
importance of having managers. Managers participate in many tasks that other staff members are
unaware of. Newly graduated registered nurses are not expected nor will they be able to become
managers immediately, but should be encouraged to begin developing their leadership qualities
which will aid their likelihood to become a manager in the future. The management cycle includes
the main areas of planning, organising, directing and controlling responsibilities in order to
effectively manage facility and ward staff. Managers are regarded to have a fundamental role in
health care delivery (Carney, 2004). Planning in nursing is fundamental; goals need to be devised as
well as budgeting plans, and the action that is needed to achieve these goals also is laid out.
Organising is another extremely important role for managers within the health care system. When
communication is poor the team lacks consistency and flow, this produces negative impacts not only
on staff but also patients (Carney, 2004). According to the research of Carney (2004) discusses
within some facilities where the hierarchy of managers and directors was extensively chaotic and
complex, it contributed to poor communication, affecting their ability to organise. Effective
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53. Best Route for Economic Development for Poor Countries
Whether liberal democracy, illiberal democracy or authoritarian rule is the best route to economic
development for low income countries
Introduction
Democracy and economic development are two concepts that were not related initially, however,
with the rise of democracies and the subsequent economic development there is an established
correlation between the two concepts. The question that this paper will seek to address is "which is
the best regime for economic development". In responding tothis question it is significant to first
distinguish between the different regimes that are available; liberal democracy, illiberal democracy
and authoritarianism. Additionally, is prudent to define development before arriving at a consensus
on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea is that there is a centrality between the mode of government and the economy. The
economy is a sub structure of society and this substructure determines the overall structure of the
society, including politics. Democracy is primary in economic development as it is a facilitator of
economic development. Democracy provides the basic foundation for economic development and
values such as the, freedom of speech, rule of law, freedom of association, separation of powers and
protection of human rights provide an institutional setting and process for economic development.
Democracy facilitates economic liberation, provides mobilization of resources and provides a better
environment for economic development (Gerring, Thacker & Alfaro 2012).
Democracy and development are complimentary and they reinforce each other and aids
development through the mechanism of accountability. Accountability acts to limit the abuse of
power by the executive and provides checks for undesired interventions in the economy.
Transparency is also another factor that is important in economic development and institutions that
operate with a greater degree of openness are more likely to develop. Political transparency is also
essential in liberal democracies as well as essential information dispensing institutions and press that
is free from political control. Such
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55. Authoritarianism In Nazi Germany
The events of Nazi Germany 1939–1945 influenced psychological research. Psychologists
considered "whether there was a particular type of person who is more likely to commit this type of
aggression" (McAvoy, 2012, p.24). Adorno et al from the University of California, "suggested that
some people have a specific kind of personality that makes them susceptible to extremist ideologies
and predispos–es them to commit acts of aggression and murder in the name of political ideology.
They called this the authoritarian personality" (McAvoy,2012, p.24). Nevis Sanford and a PhD
student Daniel Levin–son wanted to find a way to measure anti–Semitism. The pair recruited
Frenkel–Brunswick and Adorno who had witnessed the rise of fascism and anti–Semitism ... Show
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For ethical reasons, he could not ex–periment on human infants so decided on rhesus macaques, a
medium sized monkey. Early experi–ments saw the use of sanitary pads to line their cages and
observed that they would protest when it was removed(Custance,2012,p.201).He saw that despite
the monkeys having all their needs in food and shelter cared for they bonded with the only soft
object. From this he hypothesized that the specif–ic tactile qualities of the what provided stimuli
were more important than food. The monkeys share 94 percent of DNA which meant he could better
apply the research after to humans. In 1958 he conduct–ed an experiment with two different types of
surrogate mothers, one with a soft rubber outside and warmed by a lightbulb and the other being
wire mesh but having a milk bottle inserted. The soft moth–er was called a "terry cloth mother"
(Custance,2012,p.205).His experiment proved clear preference for the terry cloth mother, only
leaving it to feed when it did not have the bottle itself before returning to the warmth and comfort.
In one experiment, he made the mother abusive. This mother he called 'iron maiden' which blew air
into the babies face as well as at intervals it prodding the baby away. He went on to see what would
happen if certain babies would have no access to the outside world. They
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57. The Debate For Democracy During The Middle East
In the debate for democracy in the middle east, many scholars suggest that Islamists are the main
obstacle to overcome. By the last decade, Islamist parties and candidates have engaged in elections
throughout in about eight Arab countries with almost modest results. Thus, Islamist may have a
heavy degree of support among most of the consitunets who agree with anti–regime sentiments. At
the same time, ruling elites also give overwhelming support to maintain security and other
privileges. There are regimes in which elites claim Islam as a basis for the regime while excluding
all other islamist groups from political participation. For Instance, The king in Saudi Arabi is the
leader, the imam of the Saudi–Wahabi community, and subordinate only to the shari'a. This is an
institutional challenge that these regions face, and need to comprehend in order to have a smooth
democratic transition. Some islamist groups still persist, with making domestic conflict within
society, like the Muslim Brotherhood. Another variable that may contribute to instutuinal challenges
to democratize, is the overarching existence of a credible threat. Given the essence surrounding the
Arab–Israel conflict within the regions, some researchers have suggested the force of the regions
authoritarianism to the threat posed by Israel and its Arab neighbors with large military forces.
Certain researchers who do agree with this explanation forget to account for the fact that for the
different robustness of Arab
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59. Essay About Authoritarianism
The development of the Philippines has always been criticized and keenly watched over by
economic specialists and the idea of changing or improving the system of how the government
works could be beneficial to the country. The study on the Authoritarian regime could be
advantageous to Filipinos because it could help open the eyes and minds to other good aspects and
qualities that can be drawn out from it. Being aware of the flourishing state of the Philippines during
the Marcos' regime, Authoritarianism is healthy for the country at present and the things that should
be considered are the country's growth, the risk of giving up freedom, and the Filipinos' perception
on the idea. Results show that Filipinos are accustomed to see Authoritarianism through the
stereotypical traits that are embedded with it, thus, making them in complete opposition to the idea
of incorporating the regime in the Philippine government. Although the positive traits of an ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An Authoritarian leader cannot be replaced by citizens by choosing freely among various
competitors in a democratic election. Authoritarianism in the Philippines is highly commended for
its vast effect on the country's economy and well being. Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No.
1081 declaring the Martial Law in the Philippines on September 21, 1972. He issued the said law to
justify the need for Authoritarian rule to foster economic growth and prevent leftist insurgencies
(Kushida, 2003). As Marcos imposes Authoritarianism in the Philippines, different reactions arise in
the Filipino citizens. Majority of the Filipino people learned to accept the new reform systems
proposed by the government. But even though these people support the martial law, there are still a
number of citizens who question the president's stated justification and continue to doubt in his true
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61. Competitive Authoritarianism
A. INTRODUCTION
In this article, Toby Dodge talks about the shift of Iraqi politics from imposition of democracy by
the United States after the invasion, and the transition to competitive authoritarianism after Nouri
al–Maliki's election as the Prime Minister in April 2006.
This critical review will first provide a summary of the arguments put forth by the author, and then
provide a critical analysis of the same in context of the article's persuasiveness.
B. SUMMARY
The author traces Iraqi politics from the US–led invasion of March 2003 to Maliki's attempts to
crush all opposition before the provincial elections of April 2013. Dodge's main argument focuses
on how Maliki has attempted to impose competitive authoritarianism by undermining ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
The article provides a comprehensive argument about how Maliki has turned Iraq into 'competitive
authoritarianism'. This claim has been supported through a multiplicity of instances. The author
clarifies why he calls Iraq a 'competitive authoritarianism' instead of terming it as complete
authoritarianism, by explaining how the latter involves removing the opportunities for opposition
completely, while the former shapes the field of competition to its own advantage(244). Such an
explanation, along with the use of various instances to support the claim, makes his main argument
very persuasive.
While he provides enough evidences to support his main claim, the author does not give sufficient
evidence to support his idea of the aims with which the Bush administration decided to invade
Iraq(243), thus raising doubts about the sections talking of the US's intentions in Iraq and hence, the
reasons why Iraq's reconstruction was carried out in such haste.
D. CONCLUSION
The author's main claim of Iraq being a competitive authoritarian regime is justified with ample
evidence. The author also talks about the reasons which led to the transformation of Iraq into
competitive authoritarianism. However, the author does not provide a very persuasive argument for
his sub–claim about the intent with which the US invaded
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63. Characteristics Of Authoritarianism In The Philippines
Figure 1 describes the perception of the Filipinos on the authoritarian way of governing a country.
As can be seen, the idea that usually goes inside one individual's mind is that
Authoritarianism means having no equal rights having 33.3% making it the majority in the
respondents' answers. Having fear and violence and making the decision–making of a government
faster and efficient ties at third most perceived idea of Authoritarianism with both having 20% from
the respondents' answers. The majority of the answers by the respondents' are the bad ideas and
traits that are stereotypically embedded in the term Authoritarianism. It can be seen that the Filipinos
will most probably reject the thought of welcoming a new governing system nor even make an
attempt of testing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results in Figure 1 state that majority of the Filipino respondents see Authoritarianism as a
government system that does not promote equal rights. Therefore, it can be assumed that majority of
the Filipinos believe in the bad ideas and traits that are stereotypically embedded in the term
Authoritarianism. In relation to this it can be explained through the numerous influences that affect
the perspective of the Filipinos as a whole nation. About forty three years ago, the
Philippines experienced the Authoritarian government when the late president Ferdinand Marcos
declared Proclamation No. 1081. He pointed out on the lack of discipline of the Philippine society
just to give justifications for imposing the Martial Law. According to David (2011), the imposition
of Martial Law brought about numerous bad effects on the country and bad perceptions on its
people. It brought fear to the whole nation because the soldiers or the policemen could pick up
anybody at any given time even on the absence of the warrant of arrest.
A simple protest against the government may bring too much chaos during that time. There
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65. The Misconceptions Of Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a regime type and, furthermore, a political vision that seeks to create compliance
in authority and establish order and peace by striving for absolute legitimacy. In an authoritarian
regime, power relations are vertically–organized, where there is little to no accountability for those
in power and where civil and political rights of citizens, if established, are restrictive and violated.
Two common misconceptions of authoritarianism are that they are durable and they have always
have a paternal figure as leader. To the first point: though an authoritarian regime would be
relatively simple to establish, the difficult task of legitimizing and consolidating absolute authority
makes authoritarian rule an incredibly arduous endeavour. Authoritarian regimes can easily be
snubbed out as quickly as they began to burn, pointing to how the legitimacy of authority is by far
the most essential tool to the authoritarian. But who is the authoritarian? Many see authoritarian
regimes as patrimonial, meaning that though there still might be complex institutions of
bureaucracy, security, and even political parties, all authority comes from the top and the top alone.
However, there can also be authoritarian regimes run by an institution, whether through a military
junta or hegemonic political party. Authoritarianism can easily derive from civil society instead of
through the military, yet the coercive powers of military are essential for consolidating power. The
rise and
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67. The Problem Of Desertification
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CONCERNS Desertification is an environmental and socio–
economic problem. Environmental justice is characterized by the equal sharing of risks and benefits,
distributed equally without discrimination. The land affected falls in rural areas beyond the
mainland which are primarily occupied by non–Han ethnic minorities. These areas include the
autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet, which have historically been
oppressed. The social component of the problem creates a cycle in which "poverty exacerbates
desertification, and in turn, desertification aggravates poverty." The cycle will continue until the
wellbeing of people living in desertified areas is considerably improved to the point where they no
longer rely on degraded land for survival. Only then will they be able to limit their impact on
desertified land. Chen and Tang further explain "For degraded land, withdrawal of farmlands and
enclosing pastures in order to exclude grazing are undoubtedly the most effective ways to prevent
further desertification. These measures would deprive local people of their sole livelihood."
Attempts to reduce desertification have neglected the human component of the problem. As a
solution, Wang et al. suggest that "outward migration with a carefully considered relocation policy is
an important choice for desertified areas that are judged to be beyond ecological carrying capacity."
Miao et al. echo this idea, explaining that reclamation efforts
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69. Examples Of Self Awareness In Fahrenheit 451
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Authoritarianism, Knowledge, and Self–awareness in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451
Background and Rationale
Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel published in 1950. The novel takes place in the
futuristic American society where technology dominates in people's lives. This is an era of
prosperous technological advances, but people's life quality is bad. The people live their life without
knowledge, wisdom, and self–awareness. People are not critical because all books are banned, and
illegal. The people think the same thing and they look alike also. The government uses propaganda
to manipulate the people. Fear is the effective method the government uses to control them.
Bradbury got the motivation to write this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who are in power are not accountable to constituencies and public policy does not derive
from social consent. Within sociology and political science, particularly within comparative politics,
authoritarianism has been understood as a modern type of political regime. Therefore, the concept
focuses on the way of accessing, exercising, and organizing power, on the nature of the belief
system, and the role of citizens in the political
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71. The Criticism Of Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and
strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever it can be done. A distinctive
feature of totalitarian governments is an "elaborate ideology, a set of ideas that gives meaning and
direction to the society".
The concept was first developed in the 1920s by the Weimar German jurist, and later Nazi academic,
Carl Schmitt, and Italian fascists. Schmitt used the term, Totalstaat, in his influential work on the
legal basis of an all–powerful state, The Concept of the Political (1927). The concept became
prominent in Western political discourse as a concept that highlights similarities between Fascist
states and the Soviet Union.The notion of totalitarianism as a "total" political power by the state was
formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola, who described Italian Fascism as a system
fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. The term was later assigned a positive
meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist
of fascism. He used the term "totalitario" to refer to the structure and goals of the new state, which
were to give the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals." He
described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence, if not power,
over most of its citizens. According to Benito Mussolini, this system politicized everything
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73. Totalitarian Autocracy
First of all, Friedrich and Brzezinski (1965) distinguish between traditional autocracy and ancient
tyranny, and in the other hand, totalitarian dictatorship. In their view, totalitarian regimes
exemplified by communist and fascist dictatorships are qualitatively different from traditional
autocracy in that they harness modern means of communication and a mass party in systematic
effort to exert control over the subject population, primarily for ideological purposes. In all
autocratic regimes, the ruler is not accountable to anyone else for what he does and the one who
make the decisions. Totalitarianism is "an autocracy based upon modern technology and mass
legitimation. The Soviet Union and its East European satellites, Nazi Germany and fascist Italy,
Mao's China and Castro's Cuba are given as examples of totalitarian regimes. According to F &B,
totalitarian systems have 6 traits: 1–An ideology that is the declared enemy of religion, or which
seeks to subsume religion within itself, turning churches and clergy into collaborators of the regime;
2–A single mass party, typically led by one man, "the dictator," consisting a relatively small
percentage of total population (up to 10 percent) which acts as a political vanguard, infusing all
parts of society and state with official doctrine; 3– A system of physical and psychological terror
extending over the entire nation, including essential parts of the state such as the military, secret
police, bureaucracy and the cadres; 5–
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75. The Fall of Both Mubarak’s Regime and the Legal...
Introduction :
By the end of Mubarak's rule, the legalised political opposition in Egypt was already a mirror to the
regime it was presumed to challenge: discreditable, central, aging and undemocratic.
Systematic state repression and internal divisions fragmented the opposition and deviated it from the
role assumed by its counterparts in liberal democracies. Instead of competitive interaction with the
regime, the legal opposition stationed itself as an integral part of the authoritarian polity. Years of
regime–opposition dynamics ended with the latter's alignment with the regime and becoming more
of a domesticated opposition. This clientelist relationship was necessary for the survival of the
semi–authoritarian regime. It enabled it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 1990s were labeled as Egypt's "deliberalisation" period (Stacher, 2004).
They were regarded as the years when the regime gave birth to new forms of authoritarianism that
do not fit into classic categories of one–party, military, or personal dictatorship (Schedler, 2002).
Since the publication of Huntington's Third Wave in 1991, many analysts have anticipated a
democratic transition to occur in Egypt.
Indicators of the progress of the democratization process in Egypt included the emergence of
thousands of civil society groups, legal political parties, and numerous newspapers, as well as the
increasing role of the judiciary and rule of law. Yet, despite the arguments that Egypt's managed
process has a democratic endgame, the 1990s witnessed a rollback of civil society and political
opposition.
The "deliberalisation" process began in the early 1990s and was initially directed at Islamist
activism and political aspirations. When the regime successfully dealt with the Islamists, it began to
curtail its own weak opposition parties. Of the sixteen legalized opposition parties in Egypt, seven
have been closed since 1998. The regime also prevented prominent independent members of
parliament from using already existing parties to challenge the ruling party (Stacher, 2004).
As Kienle (1998) argues: Since the
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77. Analysis Of ' Paul 's Case '
From the subtle quirks and eccentricities in one's tone of speech, to the sensations of rancor and
bitterness that are palpable in a violent outbreak, all human activity is programmed by a complex
phenomenon known as the human personality. The case of what constitutes this enigma is one of the
many controversies that are analyzed and broken apart in Vincent Parrillo's chapter, "Causes of
Prejudice." In particular, human temperament is expounded in Parrillo's passage, and further
observed and experimented with in Willa Cather's short story "Paul's Case." Parrillo correlates one's
childhood upbringing and surroundings to the maturation of an authoritarian personality, akin to
Paul's rough development that contributes to his fervent prejudice of the middle class and ultimately,
himself. In essence, personality can be construed as something very flexible and compliant at an
early stage of one's life. Parrillo substantiates the relations between a parent and his child, as the
domestic atmosphere contributes largely to the development of authoritarian personality. Parrillo
explicates, "If parents assume an excessively domineering posture in their relations with a
child...when such children become adults, they may demonstrate displaced aggression, directing
their hostility against a powerless group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and fear"
(Parillo 581). The growth of authoritarianism is dictated by various social variables, such as the
aforementioned. Witnessing
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