The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human auditory system, including the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear includes the tragus and auricle. The middle ear contains the tympanic membrane, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), and Eustachian tube. The inner ear is made up of the labyrinth, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. It also lists relevant CPT procedure codes for removal of foreign bodies from the external ear, procedures on the middle ear like tympanostomy and mastoidectomy, and surgeries on the inner ear.
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human ear. It describes the major divisions of the outer, middle and inner ear. The outer ear collects and amplifies sound. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit sound to the inner ear. The inner ear converts sound waves into neural signals for hearing and balance. It contains the cochlea for hearing and vestibular system for balance. The auditory nerve then carries signals from the inner ear to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
Surgical approach to middle ear,mastoid mamoonMamoon Ameen
The three main surgical approaches to the middle ear are transcanal, endaural, and postaural. The appropriate approach depends on factors like the planned extent of surgery and anatomical findings. Transcanal is commonly used for tympanoplasty and is less traumatic than postaural, but has limited access to mastoid cells. Endaural is best for infants due to easy graft access and visibility of epitympanum, but difficult for mastoid procedures. Postaural provides full mastoid exposure and is used for extensive procedures like radical mastoidectomy.
The document provides information on the management of acoustic neuromas. It discusses the various surgical approaches used including the middle cranial fossa approach, translabyrinthine approach, suboccipital approach, and combined approaches. Factors such as tumor size, location, and hearing quality/preservation help determine the surgical approach. It also mentions radiotherapy options like gamma knife or cyberknife radiosurgery which can be used for smaller tumors or residual tumors after surgery.
This document provides information on the management of acoustic neuromas. It discusses the various surgical approaches used including the middle cranial fossa approach, translabyrinthine approach, suboccipital approach, and combined approaches. Factors such as tumor size, location, and hearing quality help determine which surgical approach is most appropriate. For larger tumors or when surgery is not possible, radiotherapy options like gamma knife or cyberknife procedures are discussed. The goal of treatment is complete removal of the tumor while preserving vital structures like the facial nerve.
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
This document discusses the history of stapes surgery and recent concepts. It covers the key individuals who advanced the field from the 1700s onwards, including the development of stapedectomy and stapedotomy procedures. It then describes different types of otosclerosis, techniques for stapes surgery including laser vs drill fenestration and prosthesis options. Potential complications of surgery are outlined such as perilymphatic gusher, sensorineural hearing loss and vertigo. Outcomes of stapedectomy versus stapedotomy are compared.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human ear. It describes the major divisions of the outer, middle and inner ear. The outer ear collects and amplifies sound. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit sound to the inner ear. The inner ear converts sound waves into neural signals for hearing and balance. It contains the cochlea for hearing and vestibular system for balance. The auditory nerve then carries signals from the inner ear to the brainstem and auditory cortex for processing.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
Surgical approach to middle ear,mastoid mamoonMamoon Ameen
The three main surgical approaches to the middle ear are transcanal, endaural, and postaural. The appropriate approach depends on factors like the planned extent of surgery and anatomical findings. Transcanal is commonly used for tympanoplasty and is less traumatic than postaural, but has limited access to mastoid cells. Endaural is best for infants due to easy graft access and visibility of epitympanum, but difficult for mastoid procedures. Postaural provides full mastoid exposure and is used for extensive procedures like radical mastoidectomy.
The document provides information on the management of acoustic neuromas. It discusses the various surgical approaches used including the middle cranial fossa approach, translabyrinthine approach, suboccipital approach, and combined approaches. Factors such as tumor size, location, and hearing quality/preservation help determine the surgical approach. It also mentions radiotherapy options like gamma knife or cyberknife radiosurgery which can be used for smaller tumors or residual tumors after surgery.
This document provides information on the management of acoustic neuromas. It discusses the various surgical approaches used including the middle cranial fossa approach, translabyrinthine approach, suboccipital approach, and combined approaches. Factors such as tumor size, location, and hearing quality help determine which surgical approach is most appropriate. For larger tumors or when surgery is not possible, radiotherapy options like gamma knife or cyberknife procedures are discussed. The goal of treatment is complete removal of the tumor while preserving vital structures like the facial nerve.
Mastoid surgery is a commonly performed surgery by ENT surgeons. Although lots of modifications have been made in the techniques of mastoid surgery, the basic is cortical and modified radical mastoid surgery. In this lecture, I shall be discussing about different techniques of performing mastoid surgery, their advantages and disadvantages and complications of mastoid surgery.
Slides prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal , for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned.
He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students.
This presentation gives a lucid idea about different neoplasms of nose like inverted papilloma, ca maxilla, ethmoid and so on.
Slides prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal , for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned. He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students
Jugular foramen anatomy and approachesDikpal Singh
The jugular foramen is located at the skull base and formed by bones of the temporal and occipital bones. It contains nerves IX-XI and often the inferior petrosal sinus. Approaches to access the jugular foramen include posterior, lateral, and anterior. The posterior approach uses a suboccipital retrosigmoid, transcondylar, or supracondylar route. Lateral approaches are juxtacondylar or lateral skull base. Anterior approaches use a postauricular transtemporal or preauricular subtemporal route. Surgical techniques aim to expose the jugular foramen while preserving nearby structures like cranial nerves and vessels.
This document discusses sudden sensory neural hearing loss, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. It notes that sudden sensory neural hearing loss is defined as 30 dB or more of hearing loss over at least three frequencies within 3 days, and is mostly unilateral. The cause is often idiopathic but may be viral, vascular, or due to rupture of the cochlear membrane. Clinical evaluation includes audiometry and imaging. Treatment focuses on steroids, vasodilators, hyperbaric oxygen, and intratympanic steroids when the cause is unknown, as around half of patients recover spontaneously. Prognosis is better for younger patients and those with moderate losses.
Ear surgery can involve repairing or reconstructing parts of the middle ear like the tympanic membrane or ossicles, removing diseased tissue from the middle ear or mastoid, or addressing conditions of the inner ear like hearing loss or vertigo. Common types of ear surgery include tympanoplasty to reconstruct the tympanic membrane and middle ear structures, myringotomy to create an opening in the tympanic membrane, mastoidectomy to remove all or part of the mastoid bone, and stapedectomy to replace the stapes bone of the middle ear. The goal is to repair damage, drain infections, restore hearing, or relieve symptoms like dizziness.
Cochlear implants are electronic prosthetics that bypass damaged hair cells and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They consist of an internal component that is surgically implanted and an external component. The surgical technique involves making a post-auricular incision, performing a mastoidectomy to access the cochlea, drilling a recess for the internal receiver, inserting the electrode array into the cochlea, and closing layers. Proper patient selection involves assessing hearing loss severity and lack of benefit from hearing aids. Potential complications include facial nerve injury and infection. Outcomes are generally good for improving hearing and quality of life.
This document discusses the anatomy and procedures related to the eye and ocular adnexa. It describes the main anatomical structures of the eyeball, including the sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, choroid, retina, optic nerve and vitreous humor. It also discusses the three types of eye removals - evisceration, enucleation and exenteration. The majority of eye procedures today use lasers instead of knives and are performed microscopically through small incisions. Injections to numb the eye are included in the procedure codes.
This document discusses the anatomy and procedures related to the eye and ocular adnexa. It describes the main anatomical structures of the eyeball, including the sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, choroid, retina, optic nerve and vitreous humor. It also discusses the three types of eye removals - evisceration, enucleation and exenteration. The majority of eye procedures today use lasers instead of knives and are performed microscopically through small incisions. Common procedures include cataract surgery, injections to numb the eye, and surgeries on the iris and trabecular meshwork to treat glaucoma.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the human ear, which consists of three main sections - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the three smallest bones in the body known as the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear includes the cochlea, which converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the human ear, which consists of three main sections - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the three smallest bones in the body known as the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear includes the cochlea, which converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
The ear can be divided into three main parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones that transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear converts these vibrations into neural signals that are sent to the brain. It contains the cochlea for hearing and balance organs like the semicircular canals and vestibule. Together, these parts work to collect, transmit, and convert sound waves into signals the brain can interpret as sound and balance.
This document provides an overview of oculoplastics, focusing on the anatomy and pathologies of the orbit, eyelid, and lacrimal system. Key points include a detailed review of orbital anatomy and the bones that make up its walls. Common orbital pathologies are discussed such as inflammation from cellulitis or Graves' disease. Pediatric and adult orbital tumors are also summarized. Eyelid anatomy is reviewed including the layers, muscles, fat pads, and vascular supply. Common eyelid conditions like ectropion and its causes are defined.
This document discusses surgical approaches for petroclival meningiomas. Petroclival meningiomas originate in the petroclival region anterior to the internal auditory canal and displace cranial nerves VII and VIII posteriorly. The anterior petrosal approach allows exposure of zone I of the petroclival region through a subtemporal or frontotemporal craniotomy and anterior petrosectomy. The posterior petrosal approach utilizes a temporal craniotomy with presigmoid craniectomy and retrosigmoid craniectomy to expose zone II. The lateral suboccipital approach provides exposure of zones I, II, and III through a keyhole inferior to the sigmoid sinus.
The document discusses various types of ear surgery including myringotomy, tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy, stapedectomy, and cochlear implantation. It provides details on the anatomy of the ear, surgical approaches, procedures, indications, techniques, complications, and postoperative care for each type of ear surgery. The goal of these surgeries is to treat conditions like infections, perforated eardrums, hearing loss and remove diseased tissue from the middle ear, mastoid bone or inner ear.
CONGENITAL MALFORATION OF EAR AND ITS MANAGEMENTabhijeet89singh
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF MIDDLE AND EXTERNAL EAR AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MICROTIA AND CONGENITAL AURAL ATRESIA PRESENTED AS A SEMINAR IN DEPARTMENT OF ENT PGIMER CHANDIGARH
Anatomy of Olfactory nerve, Optic Nerve, Trigeminal NervePiyushThombare
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and function of the olfactory and optic nerves and related structures. It discusses:
- The olfactory nerves arising from olfactory receptor cells and projecting to the olfactory bulb, where they synapse with mitral cells.
- The optic nerve consisting of ganglion cell axons that project from the retina to the optic chiasm and decussate. Some fibers continue to the ipsilateral optic tract while others cross to the contralateral tract.
- The optic tracts terminating in the lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) and projecting via the optic radiations to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
- Common lesions that can affect
The document provides details about the pterional craniotomy procedure, including:
- The pterional craniotomy allows exposure of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones and provides access to lesions in the anterior circulation.
- Key steps include patient positioning with 30-60 degree head rotation, a curvilinear scalp incision, temporalis muscle dissection, three burr holes with craniotomy, sphenoid bone drilling, dura opening, and Sylvian fissure dissection.
- Closure involves checking for bleeding, dural closure, bone flap replacement, and layered soft tissue closure. Limitations include exposure limitations depending on lesion size and location.
#Skull base radiology FOR #RADIATION ONCOLOGISTSKanhu Charan
This document provides an overview of skull base radiology for radiation oncologists. It discusses the complex anatomy of the skull base area and lists the important structures and contents, including bones, foramina, fissures, canals, ganglia, nerves, vessels, and more. It highlights key areas like the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and provides labeled images to illustrate important structures like foramina, canals, and the origins and paths of cranial nerves. Slice-by-slice views from different skull base levels are also included to demonstrate the anatomy in detail.
Radiological Imaging in Head and Neck and relevant anatomyVibhay Pareek
This document provides an overview of various radiology techniques used to image the head and neck region. It describes conventional x-ray views such as Law's view, Schullar's view, and Towne's view that image the temporal bone, paranasal sinuses, and neck. It also discusses specialized modalities like ultrasound, sialography, panoramic radiography, barium swallow, and CT that are used to further evaluate structures of the head and neck. Key anatomy visualized and clinical applications of each technique are outlined.
Hear-It Key Facts on hearing_final2020_0 (1).pptxfaheem411362
Hearing loss is a significant problem affecting approximately 1 in 10 people. It increases substantially with age, with over 30% of those over 65 experiencing some degree of hearing loss. Untreated hearing loss can negatively impact quality of life, social engagement, employment opportunities, and cognitive abilities. It poses substantial costs to societies, with annual costs of untreated hearing loss in the EU estimated at 185 billion euros. Treatment of hearing loss through the use of hearing aids has been shown to help address many of the negative impacts by improving quality of life, reducing social isolation and cognitive decline, and eliminating increased risks of other health issues associated with untreated hearing loss.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Mastoid surgery is a commonly performed surgery by ENT surgeons. Although lots of modifications have been made in the techniques of mastoid surgery, the basic is cortical and modified radical mastoid surgery. In this lecture, I shall be discussing about different techniques of performing mastoid surgery, their advantages and disadvantages and complications of mastoid surgery.
Slides prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal , for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned.
He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students.
This presentation gives a lucid idea about different neoplasms of nose like inverted papilloma, ca maxilla, ethmoid and so on.
Slides prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal , for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned. He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students
Jugular foramen anatomy and approachesDikpal Singh
The jugular foramen is located at the skull base and formed by bones of the temporal and occipital bones. It contains nerves IX-XI and often the inferior petrosal sinus. Approaches to access the jugular foramen include posterior, lateral, and anterior. The posterior approach uses a suboccipital retrosigmoid, transcondylar, or supracondylar route. Lateral approaches are juxtacondylar or lateral skull base. Anterior approaches use a postauricular transtemporal or preauricular subtemporal route. Surgical techniques aim to expose the jugular foramen while preserving nearby structures like cranial nerves and vessels.
This document discusses sudden sensory neural hearing loss, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. It notes that sudden sensory neural hearing loss is defined as 30 dB or more of hearing loss over at least three frequencies within 3 days, and is mostly unilateral. The cause is often idiopathic but may be viral, vascular, or due to rupture of the cochlear membrane. Clinical evaluation includes audiometry and imaging. Treatment focuses on steroids, vasodilators, hyperbaric oxygen, and intratympanic steroids when the cause is unknown, as around half of patients recover spontaneously. Prognosis is better for younger patients and those with moderate losses.
Ear surgery can involve repairing or reconstructing parts of the middle ear like the tympanic membrane or ossicles, removing diseased tissue from the middle ear or mastoid, or addressing conditions of the inner ear like hearing loss or vertigo. Common types of ear surgery include tympanoplasty to reconstruct the tympanic membrane and middle ear structures, myringotomy to create an opening in the tympanic membrane, mastoidectomy to remove all or part of the mastoid bone, and stapedectomy to replace the stapes bone of the middle ear. The goal is to repair damage, drain infections, restore hearing, or relieve symptoms like dizziness.
Cochlear implants are electronic prosthetics that bypass damaged hair cells and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They consist of an internal component that is surgically implanted and an external component. The surgical technique involves making a post-auricular incision, performing a mastoidectomy to access the cochlea, drilling a recess for the internal receiver, inserting the electrode array into the cochlea, and closing layers. Proper patient selection involves assessing hearing loss severity and lack of benefit from hearing aids. Potential complications include facial nerve injury and infection. Outcomes are generally good for improving hearing and quality of life.
This document discusses the anatomy and procedures related to the eye and ocular adnexa. It describes the main anatomical structures of the eyeball, including the sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, choroid, retina, optic nerve and vitreous humor. It also discusses the three types of eye removals - evisceration, enucleation and exenteration. The majority of eye procedures today use lasers instead of knives and are performed microscopically through small incisions. Injections to numb the eye are included in the procedure codes.
This document discusses the anatomy and procedures related to the eye and ocular adnexa. It describes the main anatomical structures of the eyeball, including the sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, choroid, retina, optic nerve and vitreous humor. It also discusses the three types of eye removals - evisceration, enucleation and exenteration. The majority of eye procedures today use lasers instead of knives and are performed microscopically through small incisions. Common procedures include cataract surgery, injections to numb the eye, and surgeries on the iris and trabecular meshwork to treat glaucoma.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the human ear, which consists of three main sections - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the three smallest bones in the body known as the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear includes the cochlea, which converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the human ear, which consists of three main sections - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the three smallest bones in the body known as the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear includes the cochlea, which converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
The ear can be divided into three main parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones that transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear converts these vibrations into neural signals that are sent to the brain. It contains the cochlea for hearing and balance organs like the semicircular canals and vestibule. Together, these parts work to collect, transmit, and convert sound waves into signals the brain can interpret as sound and balance.
This document provides an overview of oculoplastics, focusing on the anatomy and pathologies of the orbit, eyelid, and lacrimal system. Key points include a detailed review of orbital anatomy and the bones that make up its walls. Common orbital pathologies are discussed such as inflammation from cellulitis or Graves' disease. Pediatric and adult orbital tumors are also summarized. Eyelid anatomy is reviewed including the layers, muscles, fat pads, and vascular supply. Common eyelid conditions like ectropion and its causes are defined.
This document discusses surgical approaches for petroclival meningiomas. Petroclival meningiomas originate in the petroclival region anterior to the internal auditory canal and displace cranial nerves VII and VIII posteriorly. The anterior petrosal approach allows exposure of zone I of the petroclival region through a subtemporal or frontotemporal craniotomy and anterior petrosectomy. The posterior petrosal approach utilizes a temporal craniotomy with presigmoid craniectomy and retrosigmoid craniectomy to expose zone II. The lateral suboccipital approach provides exposure of zones I, II, and III through a keyhole inferior to the sigmoid sinus.
The document discusses various types of ear surgery including myringotomy, tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy, stapedectomy, and cochlear implantation. It provides details on the anatomy of the ear, surgical approaches, procedures, indications, techniques, complications, and postoperative care for each type of ear surgery. The goal of these surgeries is to treat conditions like infections, perforated eardrums, hearing loss and remove diseased tissue from the middle ear, mastoid bone or inner ear.
CONGENITAL MALFORATION OF EAR AND ITS MANAGEMENTabhijeet89singh
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF MIDDLE AND EXTERNAL EAR AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MICROTIA AND CONGENITAL AURAL ATRESIA PRESENTED AS A SEMINAR IN DEPARTMENT OF ENT PGIMER CHANDIGARH
Anatomy of Olfactory nerve, Optic Nerve, Trigeminal NervePiyushThombare
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and function of the olfactory and optic nerves and related structures. It discusses:
- The olfactory nerves arising from olfactory receptor cells and projecting to the olfactory bulb, where they synapse with mitral cells.
- The optic nerve consisting of ganglion cell axons that project from the retina to the optic chiasm and decussate. Some fibers continue to the ipsilateral optic tract while others cross to the contralateral tract.
- The optic tracts terminating in the lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) and projecting via the optic radiations to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
- Common lesions that can affect
The document provides details about the pterional craniotomy procedure, including:
- The pterional craniotomy allows exposure of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones and provides access to lesions in the anterior circulation.
- Key steps include patient positioning with 30-60 degree head rotation, a curvilinear scalp incision, temporalis muscle dissection, three burr holes with craniotomy, sphenoid bone drilling, dura opening, and Sylvian fissure dissection.
- Closure involves checking for bleeding, dural closure, bone flap replacement, and layered soft tissue closure. Limitations include exposure limitations depending on lesion size and location.
#Skull base radiology FOR #RADIATION ONCOLOGISTSKanhu Charan
This document provides an overview of skull base radiology for radiation oncologists. It discusses the complex anatomy of the skull base area and lists the important structures and contents, including bones, foramina, fissures, canals, ganglia, nerves, vessels, and more. It highlights key areas like the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and provides labeled images to illustrate important structures like foramina, canals, and the origins and paths of cranial nerves. Slice-by-slice views from different skull base levels are also included to demonstrate the anatomy in detail.
Radiological Imaging in Head and Neck and relevant anatomyVibhay Pareek
This document provides an overview of various radiology techniques used to image the head and neck region. It describes conventional x-ray views such as Law's view, Schullar's view, and Towne's view that image the temporal bone, paranasal sinuses, and neck. It also discusses specialized modalities like ultrasound, sialography, panoramic radiography, barium swallow, and CT that are used to further evaluate structures of the head and neck. Key anatomy visualized and clinical applications of each technique are outlined.
Hear-It Key Facts on hearing_final2020_0 (1).pptxfaheem411362
Hearing loss is a significant problem affecting approximately 1 in 10 people. It increases substantially with age, with over 30% of those over 65 experiencing some degree of hearing loss. Untreated hearing loss can negatively impact quality of life, social engagement, employment opportunities, and cognitive abilities. It poses substantial costs to societies, with annual costs of untreated hearing loss in the EU estimated at 185 billion euros. Treatment of hearing loss through the use of hearing aids has been shown to help address many of the negative impacts by improving quality of life, reducing social isolation and cognitive decline, and eliminating increased risks of other health issues associated with untreated hearing loss.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, including its definition, symptoms, classification, risk factors, and management approaches. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa induced by allergen exposure. Symptoms include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and pruritus. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and immunotherapy. The combination of antihistamines and leukotriene modifiers is more effective for moderate-severe symptoms than monotherapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are also effective but a chronic treatment approach is needed.
This document discusses maxillofacial trauma, specifically fractures of the frontal sinus, supraorbital ridge, frontal bone, nasal bones, septum, zygoma, and zygomatic arch. It describes the anatomy, types of fractures, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for each area, including closed and open reduction techniques. Fractures may require approaches through the brow, sinus, or intraorally depending on the specific location and degree of displacement.
This document provides an overview of the auditory and vestibular systems. It describes the anatomy and physiology of sound detection by the ear, including the outer, middle, and inner ear structures. Sound waves are detected by hair cells in the cochlea and transmitted along the auditory pathway to the brain. The vestibular system detects head movements using semicircular canals and otolith organs containing hair cells. Both systems preserve tonotopic maps from sensory receptors to the cortex and converge inputs at higher levels to produce more complex neuronal responses important for hearing, balance, and spatial orientation.
This document discusses the causes, management, and treatment of epistaxis (nosebleeds). Epistaxis is common and usually minor but can sometimes be severe or life-threatening. The nasal cavities have a rich blood supply which makes them susceptible to bleeding. Common causes include local trauma, inflammation, hypertension, and coagulation disorders. Treatment involves locating the bleeding site, cauterization, nasal packing, and controlling any underlying systemic issues. More severe cases may require arterial ligation or embolization procedures.
An audiometric test determines a person's hearing sensitivity by having them listen to tones of varying frequency and volume. The test identifies progressive noise-induced hearing loss before it becomes permanent. It is important to take regularly so any temporary losses can be addressed before becoming permanent. During the test, tones are played through headphones and the person indicates when they hear each tone. The results are shown on an audiogram and any standard threshold shifts would indicate worsening hearing that requires follow up action. Taking audiometric tests helps prevent permanent hearing loss and other issues like tinnitus that reduce quality of life.
The inner ear consists of two parts - the bony labyrinth within the temporal bone, and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The bony labyrinth includes the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts filled with endolymph. These structures contain specialized sensory cells that detect sound (organ of Corti in cochlear duct) and linear/angular acceleration (cristae in semicircular ducts and maculae in utricle/saccule). The inner ear allows for both hearing and balance.
This document discusses the causes, management, and treatment of epistaxis (nosebleeds). Epistaxis is common and usually minor but can sometimes be severe or life-threatening. The nasal cavities have a rich blood supply which makes them susceptible to bleeding. Common causes include local trauma, inflammation, hypertension, and coagulation disorders. Treatment involves locating the bleeding site, cauterization, nasal packing, and sometimes more advanced procedures like arterial ligation or embolization for refractory cases. Proper patient monitoring and follow-up care is important after treatment to prevent complications.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear, including the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear includes the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles, nerves and vessels. The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth containing the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals, as well as the membranous labyrinth and organ of Corti which is responsible for hearing.
This document discusses the auditory and vestibular systems. It begins by introducing the sense of hearing and balance. It then describes the nature of sound, including frequency, pitch, and intensity. It details the structure of the auditory system from the outer ear to the brain. It explains the physiology of the inner ear, including the cochlea and hair cells. It also discusses the vestibular system for sensing head movements and maintaining balance through structures like the semicircular canals and otolith organs. Key functions of both systems include sound localization, the vestibulo-ocular reflex, and processing in the auditory cortex.
Ganpati Kumar Choudhary Indian Ethos PPT.pptx, The Dilemma of Green Energy Corporation
Green Energy Corporation, a leading renewable energy company, faces a dilemma: balancing profitability and sustainability. Pressure to scale rapidly has led to ethical concerns, as the company's commitment to sustainable practices is tested by the need to satisfy shareholders and maintain a competitive edge.
A team is a group of individuals, all working together for a common purpose. This Ppt derives a detail information on team building process and ats type with effective example by Tuckmans Model. it also describes about team issues and effective team work. Unclear Roles and Responsibilities of teams as well as individuals.
Designing and Sustaining Large-Scale Value-Centered Agile Ecosystems (powered...Alexey Krivitsky
Is Agile dead? It depends on what you mean by 'Agile'. If you mean that the organizations are not getting the promised benefits because they were focusing too much on the team-level agile "ways of working" instead of systemic global improvements -- then we are in agreement. It is a misunderstanding of Agility that led us down a dead-end. At Org Topologies, we see bright sparks -- the signs of the 'second wave of Agile' as we call it. The emphasis is shifting towards both in-team and inter-team collaboration. Away from false dichotomies. Both: team autonomy and shared broad product ownership are required to sustain true result-oriented organizational agility. Org Topologies is a package offering a visual language plus thinking tools required to communicate org development direction and can be used to help design and then sustain org change aiming at higher organizational archetypes.
Impact of Effective Performance Appraisal Systems on Employee Motivation and ...Dr. Nazrul Islam
Healthy economic development requires properly managing the banking industry of any
country. Along with state-owned banks, private banks play a critical role in the country's economy.
Managers in all types of banks now confront the same challenge: how to get the utmost output from
their employees. Therefore, Performance appraisal appears to be inevitable since it set the
standard for comparing actual performance to established objectives and recommending practical
solutions that help the organization achieve sustainable growth. Therefore, the purpose of this
research is to determine the effect of performance appraisal on employee motivation and retention.
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
In this talk we'll have a look to the cumulative effect of the constraints of a remote working environment and of the common countermeasures.
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Colby Hobson: Residential Construction Leader Building a Solid Reputation Thr...dsnow9802
Colby Hobson stands out as a dynamic leader in the residential construction industry. With a solid reputation built on his exceptional communication and presentation skills, Colby has proven himself to be an excellent team player, fostering a collaborative and efficient work environment.
The ears are sensory organs comprising the auditory system. The ear has three regions, external ear, middle ear and inner ear. All three regions are involved in hearing, only the inner ear is concerned with balance. You can see most of the external ear (external acoustic meatus, auricle or pinna); it serves to protect the eardrum and middle ear. It is also a sound collecting system funneling sound waves to travel through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane (or eardrum). It is composed of cartilage and loose fitting skin. The tragus is a small projection just in front of the ear canal. The lobule of the ear hangs inferiorly, piercing this structure is popular. The auricle opens into the external auditory canal providing a passageway for sound waves to enter the ear. The external auditory canal courses through the temporal bone of the skull approximately one inch in length and a half inch in diameter. This canal extends to the tympanic membrane or eardrum which separates the external ear from the middle ear. Tiny hairs and modified sweat glands line the canal; the glands secrete cerumen, or earwax preventing dust and other foreign objects from entering the ear. Too much earwax can impede sound transmission and hearing.
The middle ear begins at the tympanic membrane. It is an air filled chamber in the temporal bone. Besides the tympanic membrane, the middle ear contains three tiny bones and the eustachian tube. The tympanic membrane is made of connective tissue with rich blood vessels and nerves. It is connected to the throat and nasopharynx via the eustachian tube. Connection of the ear and throat make the ears susceptible to infections like otitis media due to bacteria traveling up the Eustachian tube to the ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves converted into mechanical vibrations. Vibrations are passed through the middle to the inner ear by the three tiny middle ear bones. Middle ear bones, or ossicles, are the smallest bones in the body and are called: malleus (hammer); incus (anvil); and stapes (stirrup) named for their shape. Vibration from the tympanic membrane is transferred to the ossicles and then to the oval window, a membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear. The auditory or eustachian tube functions to equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, this allows air to pass from the pharynx into the middle ear. This tube is normally collapsed, with swallowing or chewing the tube opens allowing air to move as needed.
The ears are sensory organs comprising the auditory system. The ear has three regions, external ear, middle ear and inner ear. All three regions are involved in hearing, only the inner ear is concerned with balance. You can see most of the external ear (external acoustic meatus, auricle or pinna); it serves to protect the eardrum and middle ear. It is also a sound collecting system funneling sound waves to travel through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane (or eardrum). It is composed of cartilage and loose fitting skin. The tragus is a small projection just in front of the ear canal. The lobule of the ear hangs inferiorly, piercing this structure is popular. The auricle opens into the external auditory canal providing a passageway for sound waves to enter the ear. The external auditory canal courses through the temporal bone of the skull approximately one inch in length and a half inch in diameter. This canal extends to the tympanic membrane or eardrum which separates the external ear from the middle ear. Tiny hairs and modified sweat glands line the canal; the glands secrete cerumen, or earwax preventing dust and other foreign objects from entering the ear. Too much earwax can impede sound transmission and hearing.
The middle ear begins at the tympanic membrane. It is an air filled chamber in the temporal bone. Besides the tympanic membrane, the middle ear contains three tiny bones and the eustachian tube. The tympanic membrane is made of connective tissue with rich blood vessels and nerves. It is connected to the throat and nasopharynx via the eustachian tube. Connection of the ear and throat make the ears susceptible to infections like otitis media due to bacteria traveling up the Eustachian tube to the ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves converted into mechanical vibrations. Vibrations are passed through the middle to the inner ear by the three tiny middle ear bones. Middle ear bones, or ossicles, are the smallest bones in the body and are called: malleus (hammer); incus (anvil); and stapes (stirrup) named for their shape. Vibration from the tympanic membrane is transferred to the ossicles and then to the oval window, a membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear. The auditory or eustachian tube functions to equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, this allows air to pass from the pharynx into the middle ear. This tube is normally collapsed, with swallowing or chewing the tube opens allowing air to move as needed.
The inner ear is an intricate maze of fluid-filled tubes running through the temporal bone of the skull. This bony labyrinth is filled with fluid called perilymph. Inside this bony labyrinth is a second set of tubes called the membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph. This membranous labyrinth contains the actual hearing cells, or hair cells of the Organ of Corti. Movement of these hair cells converts the vibrations into a nerve impulse. The bony labyrinth has three parts; the front portion is the snail-shaped cochlea, the rear portion the semicircular canal; interconnecting the cochlea and the semicircular canal is the vestibule. The vestibule contains sense organs responsible for balance called the utricle and the saccule. The inner ear has two membrane covered outlets into the air filled middle ear, the oval window and the round window. The stapes in the middle ear vibrates on the oval window affecting fluid in the inner ear transmitting that vibration. The round window serves as the pressure valve bulging outward as fluid pressure rises in the inner ear. Nerve impulses from the inner ear travel along the cochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) for hearing and to the vestibular nerve (8th cranial nerve) for equilibrium. The semicircular canals and vestibule function to sense movement as an acceleration or deceleration with position changes.
Middle Ear (69400-69799) is a larger section of codes. It is grouped by Introduction, Incision, Excision, Repair and Other Procedures. Tympanostomy (69433-69436) is demonstrated very well with an illustration showing the tubes. Tympanostomy is synonymous with myringotomy which is creating a passageway through the tympanic membrane. Discussed earlier, placement of tubes in ears has become controversial. Previously children with recurrent middle early infections received “tubes” to help drain the ears and prevent recurrent infections. For many, it not only prevented repeated visits to the E.R. and pediatrician offices, it saved their hearing. Repeated infections cause scarring and damage to delicate structures in the middle ear impacting hearing.
Mastoidectomy; complete (69502) is removal of the mastoid bone. Malignancy or extremely serious infection necessitate this procedure. Listed next are more extreme procedures, modified radical (69505) and radical (69511).
Repair of the tympanic membrane, tympanoplasty (69635-69646) codes contain notes and instructions to be reviewed carefully. CPT® contains a good illustration of this in the Repair section of the middle ear.
Inner Ear (69801-69949) is grouped by Incision and/or Destruction, Excision, Introduction and Other Procedures. Few codes are listed here. These are extremely small structures. An excision code (69905) labyrinthectomy reports removal of the labyrinth in the middle ear. This is a very small, well protected structure, very difficult to get to.
Temporal Bone, Middle Fossa Approach (69950-69979) contains five codes. Decompression usually refers to a nerve that is under pressure. Decompression procedures are performed to relive the pressure.
At the end of this section is a long discussion in green writing (new this year) regarding the Operating Microscope. Microsurgery is of critical importance regarding the procedures performed in the ear and on the eyes. These instructions are worth review