The document discusses Luca Peretti's presentation on clean wind power generation. It provides an overview of wind energy trends, including the growth of the sector globally and in Europe. It also discusses ABB's role as a supplier of components for wind turbines, including different types of generators that can be used in various drive train concepts.

1. Luca Peretti - ABB Corporate Research, 2012-04-04
“Clean“ wind power generation
Electric/mechatronic aspects and
trends

2. Overview
 Presentations
 The wind energy sector – a bird’s eye view
 What is ”clean” wind energy?
 Mechatronic aspects of wind turbines
 Control aspects of wind turbines
 Reflections
 Soft conclusion
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 2

3. Presentations
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 3

4. Some about myself….
 Born in Udine, Italy, in 1980
 M.Sc. In Electronic Engineering, University of Udine (Italy), 2005
 Ph.D. in Mechatronics and Industrial Systems, University of Padova in
Vicenza (Italy), 2009
 Post-doc, University of Padova in Vicenza (Italy), 2009-2010
 Scientist, ABB Corporate Research, Västerås (Sweden), 2010-today
 Member of the technical steering committee in the SWPTC
 Member of reference group for Vindforsk projects
 Member of the IET
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 4

5. ABB – a multinational corporation
Power and automation technologies
 ~133,600 employees in about 100 countries
 2011 revenue: $ 38 billion
 Formed in 1988, merger of Swiss and Swedish
engineering companies
 Predecessors founded in 1883 (ASEA) and
1891 (Brown Boveri)
 Publicly owned company with head office in
Switzerland
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 5

6. ABB offers
Divisional structure and portfolio
Discrete
Power Systems Low Voltage Process
Power Products Automation and
Products Automation
Motion
$9.9 billion $7.6 billion $8.0 billion $4.9 billion $7.6 billion
 ultrahigh, high and  electricals, • machines  contactors  control systems
medium voltage automation and • motors  instrumentation and application-
products (switchgear, control for power • drives  panels specific
capacitors, …); generation • robotics  softstarters automation
 distribution  transmission solutions for
automation; systems and process
 transformers substations industries
 network
management
Based on 2011 revenues
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 6

7. Innovation: key to ABB’s competitiveness
Consistent R&D investment
 More than $1 billion invested annually in R&D*
 Approx. 6,000 scientists and engineers
 Collaboration with approx. 70 universities
 MIT (US), Tsinghua (China), KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden), Indian
Institute of Science (Bangalore), ETH (Switzerland), Karlsruhe (Germany), …
* Comprises non-order related R&D and order-related development
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 7

8. ABB Corporate R&D – globally distributed
SECRC - Västerås (Oslo)
CHCRC - Baden-Dättwil
DECRC - Ladenburg
PLCRC - Krakow
USCRC - Raleigh
INCRC - Bangalore
CNCRC - Beijing and Shanghai
Power Technologies Automation Technologies
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 8

9. ABB Corporate Research, Västerås
Resources: brains and muscles
 Approx. 260 Employees
 240 Scientists and engineers
 135 Ph.D.
 Power Technologies labs
 High Voltage
 High Power
 Motor/machines test benches
 Power electronics test benches
c
 Insulation systems and materials
 Automation Technologies labs
 Mechatronics
 Communications
 Technology Support labs
 Chemistry
 Mechanics
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 9

10. Wind energy sector
A bird’s eye view on the market and (ABB’s) technologies
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 10

11. Wind energy sector
Growing… ?
From: http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=345&Itemid=43
 China number 1, and growing
 Very politically-driven market (financial crisis has a big impact)
 Germany’s very ambitious plans are interesting… (but already behind schedule)
(http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/energy/german-
wind-energy-plans-in-the-doldrums)
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 11

12. Offshore wind
Mainly a European challenge so far
From [1]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 12

13. Offshore wind in Europe
From [1]
From [1]
 Lot of plans, few installations done
 Offshore is still a small percentage
 Technological reasons behind it?
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 13

14. ABB contribution to renewable energy
Component supplier for wind power
Offering to wind turbine
manufacturers:
 Generators and motors
 LV and MV converters
 LV and MV switchgears
 Transformers
 Control and protections
 Low voltage products
 Full life cycle management
to all products delivered
Sales to wind farm owners,
operators or developers:
 Sub-stations
 Transformers
 Grid connections
 AC and HVDC underground
and sea
 Cables
 System studies
 Full life cycle management
to all products delivered
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 14

15. Generators for different drive train concepts
A complete coverage
Doubly-fed induction machine (±30% speed) Squirrel-cage induction machine (0-100% speed)
Permanent magnet machine (0-100% speed) Permanent magnet DD machine (0-100% speed)
© ABB Group From [6]
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 15

16. Induction generators
Fixed-speed generators
 Generator directly coupled to the grid
 From single- to two-speed, air- and water-cooling, cast iron and welded housings
 Typical rated speed 1000 – 1500 rpm, 4 – 6 poles
 Normally powers from 1 MW to 2 MW
Doubly-fed generators
 Direct on-line stator and a wound rotor connected to the grid using a frequency
converter, torque and speed ranges limited by the converter power rating
 Typical rated speed 1000 – 1500 rpm, 4 – 6 poles
 Normally powers from 1,5 MW to 5 MW
Full-speed generators
 Welded modular construction
 Fully controlled with variable speed, reactive power supply
 High power quality and efficiency for the end user
 Typical rated speed 1000 – 1500 rpm, 4 - 6 poles
 Normally powers from 2 MW to 5 MW
© ABB Group From [7]
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 16

17. Synchronous (PM) generators
Low-speed generators
 Integration of turbine and generator.
 Simple and robust low speed rotor design with no separate excitation or cooling system
 High efficiency, simple and robust, lowest maintenance demand, maximum reliability
 Typical rated speed 14 – 30 rpm, multi-pole
 Normally powers from 1,5 MW to 3 MW
Medium-speed generators
 Slow speed system, single-stage gearbox.
 Same simple and robust low speed rotor design with no separate excitation or cooling system
 High power with small space requirement
 High efficiency, simple and robust, low maintenance demand
 Typical rated speed 120 – 450 rpm, multi-pole
 Normally powers from 1 MW to 7 MW
High-speed generators
 Mechanically similar to the doubly-fed type with smaller space requirements
 Highest power density with well-proven, high speed gear solution
 High efficiency, no slip rings, low maintenance demand
 Typical rated speed 1000 – 2000 rpm, 4 to 8 poles
 Normally powers from 2 MW to 5 MW
© ABB Group From [7]
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 17

18. Low-voltage (<1 kV) drives: ABB ACS800 family
ACS800-77LC - 0,6 to 3,3 MW ACS800-87LC - 1, 5 to 6 MW ACS800-67LC - 1,7 to 3,8 MW
 Robust grid code compliance  Robust grid code compliance  Small and light weight
 Nacelle or tower installation  Compact size, back-to-back configuration  Lowest harmonics and highest
efficiency at rated point
 Redundant configuration  Optimized for tower base installation
available at higher ratings
© ABB Group From [6]
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 18

19. Medium voltage (~3 kV) drives: ABB PCS6000 family
 2011-08-23: first order from Global Tech I project (400 MW offshore wind farm, 110km
north-west of Cuxhaven, Germany)
 80 wind turbines (Multibrid) of 5 MW each - provided by AREVA
 $ 30 millions from AREVA Wind to provide 5MW-MV drives
© ABB Group From [6,8]
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 19

20. What is “clean” wind
energy?
...or the “behind the scene” aspect
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 20

21. “Clean” energy
Is it this...?
From: http://www.cbc.ca/news/pointofview/WindTurbine.jpg
From: http://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/Global/eu-
unit/image/2011%20pix/December%202011/turbine%20on%20the%20beach.jpg
From: http://www.bettergeneration.co.uk/images/stories/blog/wind-eolic-turbine-in-hands.jpg
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 21

22. “Clean” energy
...or this?
From: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/11/08/opinion/08rfd-image1/08rfd-
image1-custom2.jpg
From: http://andysrant.typepad.com/.a/6a01538f1adeb1970b0154361c515e970c-500wi
From: http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2011/07/07/li-rare-earth-mine-620rtxu1.jpg
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 22

23. Mechatronics aspects
...or wind turbines from the view of a power electronics engineer
(no grid aspects included)
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 23

24. Wind turbines structures
How did we get here
Picture from [2]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 24

25. Growing and growing…
Foreseen problems?
Picture from [2]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 25

26. Inside a wind turbine
The real mechatronic application
Picture from [2]
 The turbine rotor rotates at low speed – approx. 5 rpm nominal
 Depending on the drive train concept, the generator rotates either at low (15 rpm), medium-(300-
400 rpm) or high (1000-1800 rpm) speed
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 26

27. A true mechatronic vision is needed
Material
Electrics Electronics Mechanics Civil
science
Maximum
efficiency
control
Light-weight Foundations
materials for offshore
 Results in each field stimulate
Flexible
blades design and benefit all other fields
Design of
Grid-fault
larger
generators
compensation  Interdisciplinary exchange
control
and circulation of ideas is
New essential
Reliable generator
electrical concepts
contacts
Mechanical
Vibration vibration
damping damping
algorithms
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 27

28. Let’s start: cost breakdown of a wind turbine
Picture from [2]
 Generator and power converter do not account for much of the cost… (so far)
 The gearbox is indeed quite a big part of it
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 28

29. The gearbox
One of the most unknown things ever (for electrical guys)
From: http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=230485 From: http://eetweb.com/wind/gearbox-failure-fig1.jpg
 Mature product trying to enter a new market
 One or more stages between the turbine rotor and the electric generator (epicyclical or
parallel axis type)
 Mechanical multi-body simulations are performed by suppliers (but not available)
 Source of noise (and failures)
 Today, closer interaction with turbine manufacturers
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 29

30. Noise from the gearbox
 There might be some vibrations (mesh frequency and maybe others)
 What happens during normal operation? And during a fault?
From: S. Li, D. Jiang, M. Zhao, "Experimental investigation and analysis for gearbox fault", Proc. of the World
Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power and Energy Conference (WNWEC), Nanjing, China, Nov. 5th-7th, 2010.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 30

31. The mechanical drive train
 A classic mechanical engineering work
 Quite different structures for different concepts (direct-drive, gearbox-based)
 Surprisingly (or not?), few information available for high-frequency behaviour (above 100 Hz)
 There might be some resonances... what happens when they are hit?
𝑑𝜔 𝑟𝑜𝑡 1 𝑑𝜙
= 𝜏 𝑟𝑜𝑡 − 𝜙𝐾 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡 − 𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝐽 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝜔 𝑔𝑒𝑛 1 1 𝑑𝜙
= −𝜏 𝑔𝑒𝑛 + 𝜙𝐾 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡 + 𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝐽 𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑁 𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝜙 1
= 𝜔 𝑟𝑜𝑡 − 𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝑁 𝑔𝑒𝑛
From: J. D. Grunnet, M. Soltani, T. Knudsen, M. From: J. Sopanen, V. Ruuskanen, J. Nerg, J.
Kragelund, T. Bak, “Aeolus toolbox for dynamic wind Pyrhönen, "Dynamic torque analysis of a wind
farm model, simulation and control”, Proceedings of turbine drive train including a direct-driven
the European Wind Energy Conference and permanent magnet generator", IEEE Trans. Ind.
Exhibition (EWEC) 2010, 20th-23rd April 2010, El., vol. 58, no. 9, Sept. 2011.
Warsaw, Poland.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 31

32. The (twisting) tower…
 Side-to-side and fore-aft oscillations: impact on power generation
Side-to-side oscillations:
The sideways oscillation of the tower causes an
oscillating angular deflection of the nacelle and
thereby superimposes an apparent oscillation in the
rotating magnetic flux. This leads to a corresponding
power fluctuation.
From: T. Thiringer, J.-Å. Dahlberg, "Periodic pulsations from a three-bladed wind turbine", IEEE Trans. En. Conv., vol. 16, no. 2,
Jun. 2001
Fore-aft oscillations:
Change of the equivalent wind speed over the rotor: change of torque
contribution from the wind source.
1 𝑣3
𝑟𝑜𝑡
Torque produced on the shaft: 𝜏 𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐶 𝑝 𝜆, 𝛽
2 𝜔 𝑟𝑜𝑡
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 32

33. The nature adds some wind effects
Wind shear and tower shadow effects
Variation of the wind field with the height Disturbance related to tower presence
From: D. S. L. Dolan, P. W. Lehn, “Simulation Model of wind turbine 3p torque oscillations due to wind shear and tower
shadow”, IEEE Trans. En. Conv., vol. 21, no. 3, Sept. 2006
 That’s what individual pitch control is used for! http://www.geograph.
org.uk/photo/754033
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 33 Pitch systems

34. Designing the best generator…the PMSG case
 Let’s not consider issues like size or weight or mounting procedures
 Cogging torque (for synchronous generators) could be an issue
Q: number of slots
p: pole pairs
+∞
𝜏 𝑐𝑜𝑔 𝜗 𝑚 = 𝑇 𝑘 sin 𝑘𝑁 𝑝 𝑄𝜗 𝑚 + 𝜑 𝑘𝑁 𝑝
𝑘=1
2𝑝
𝑁𝑝 =
𝐻𝐶𝐹 𝑄, 2𝑝
From: N. Bianchi, S. Bolognani, “Design Techniques for Reducing the Cogging Torque in Surface-Mounted PM Motors”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. 38, no. 5, Sept./Oct. 2002, pp. 1259-1265.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 34

35. Designing the best generator…the PM case
 Best design for cogging torque reduction,
but not elimination
From: J. Sopanen, V. Ruuskanen, J. Nerg, J. Pyrhönen, "Dynamic torque analysis of a wind turbine drive train including a
direct-driven permanent magnet generator", IEEE Trans. Ind. El., vol. 58, no. 9, Sept. 2011.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 35

36. The grid…why should it be perfect?
 Weak grids could introduce voltage asymmetries
 Issue for doubly-fed generators (a superimposed 2nd-harmonic torque is generated)
± 2% voltage unbalance
± 10,1% torque unbalance
± 8,7% stator current unbalance
± 0,5% DC-bus voltage unbalance
±7,8% stator active power unbalance
From: L. Xu, Y. Wang, "Dynamic modeling and control of DFIG-based wind turbines under unbalanced network
conditions", IEEE Trans. Pow. Syst., vol. 22, no. 1, Feb. 2007
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 36

37. Put it all together
 An engineering miracle that it actually works
 …but how do the components affect the turbine reliability?
 ReliaWind Project: http://www.reliawind.eu/
 EU funding within the frame of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
for RTD (FP7)
 450 wind-farm months’ worth of data
 350 onshore wind turbines operating for varying lengths of time
 35,000 downtime events
 ”old type” turbines (probably no direct-drive concepts)
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 37

38. Reliability & maintenance aspects
ReliaWind project – turbine failure rate
From: http://www.reliawind.eu/files/file-inline/110502_Reliawind_Deliverable_D.1.3ReliabilityProfilesResults.pdf
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 38

39. Reliability & maintenance aspects
Reliawind project - downtime
From: http://www.reliawind.eu/files/file-inline/110502_Reliawind_Deliverable_D.1.3ReliabilityProfilesResults.pdf
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 39

40. Reliability & maintenance aspects
Previous studies
From: http://www.reliawind.eu/files/file-inline/110502_Reliawind_Deliverable_D.1.3ReliabilityProfilesResults.pdf
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 40

41. Interpreting the reliability figures...
 Converters’ reliability should be improved
 Pitch control is also very sensitive
 Gearbox impact: to be further analysed (lot of effort from manufacturers
reported)
 We should also don’t forget the scheduled maintenance (i.e. change of the oil
in the gearbox)
Do we gain something by changing the drive train concept?
 High-speed, medium-speed or low-speed generators?
 With or without gearbox?
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 41

42. Drive train concepts
The different approaches
 Traditional concept: high-speed generator with gearbox
 low raw material and investment costs
 high full-load efficiency of the drive train
 higher failure rate for high-speed components
(e.g. high-speed shaft and generator bearing)
 Direct-drive concept: low-speed generator, no gearbox
 no fast rotating parts, maybe higher reliability
 higher partial load efficiency
 more raw materials
 Medium-speed concept: medium-speed generator, reduced-stage gearbox
 Tries to combine the two above ?
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 42

43. Magnets’ price variability
Up and downs – direct impact on generators’ price
Picture from: http://aussiemagnets.com.au/pages/Rare-Earth-Magnet-Price-Increases.html Picture from: http://www.metal-pages.com/metalprices/neodymium/
 Rare-earth materials’ price is going up and down
 China dominates the market
 Future?
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 43

44. Control aspects
Mainly converter ones, not pitch control ones
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 44

45. The general picture
Pitch control and generator control
 Pitch control and torque control;
 Pitch control: PLC level (turbine
manufacturer);
 Torque control: frequency converter
(supplier)
 Power references are accepted as
well for the torque control;
 Speed-power-torque relationships
based on turbine and generator
characteristics;
 There is one drawback from the
electric drive point of view. Where?
Picture from [2]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 45

46. The two cases: DFIG and PMSG
 DFIG: converter connected to the rotor
windings, slip rings
 Stator connected to the grid
 Smaller converter size (roughly 30% of
the rated power)
Picture from [2]
 PMSG: grid/generator interaction
only through the converter
 Bigger size of the converter (rated
power)
Picture from [2]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 46

47. A conventional speed-power curve
Picture from [2]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 47

48. The importance of the limitations
The PMSG case
Picture from [3]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 48

49. The importance of the limitations
The DFIG case
Picture from [4]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 49

50. Grid-codes compliance
• Static and dynamic requirements to be fulfilled by a wind power installation
• Static requirements: voltage and power control, power quality (THD, flicker)
• Dynamic requirements: dynamic behavior under grid disturbance (fault ride-
through, FRT)
Picture from [3]
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 50

51. Fault ride-through capabilities
Turbine connected during temporary faults. Requirements:
 voltage dip length
 behaviour with a balanced (symmetrical) dip
 behaviour with an unbalanced (unsymmetrical) dip.
Depending on the country, the wind turbine:
 has to stay connected to the power system for a certain time
 may not take power from the power system
 must produce capacitive reactive current as much as required.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 51 Picture from [3]

52. Reflections
(Technical) tendencies and expectations on the turbine side
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 52

53. Challenge 1 – The scaling of generators
 Coping with: increased weight? Increased disturbances and vibrations? PM availability?
 It is not only a raw material problem; it is also a production capacity issue.
Drive train
Concept comparisons (3MW reference) Speed Full
Low Speed Full
Medium Speed Full High
Converter (LSFC) -
concept Converter (MSFC) Converter (HSFC)
Direct drive
Low Speed Full
Drive train Medium Speed Full High Speed Full
Converter (LSFC) -
Typical size
concept Converter (MSFC) Converter (HSFC)
Direct drive
70 tons 20 tons 8 tons
Relative
Typical size
Production 70 tons 20 tons 8 tons
capacity 4,5 1,5 1
Relative
need
Production (450%) (150%) (100%)
Per unit
capacity 4,5 1,5 1
need (450%) (150%) (100%)
Efficiency
Per unit
at nominal
95,1% 98,2% 97,7%
load
Efficiency
at nominal
Relative 95,1% 98,2% 97,7%
load
Magnet
weight 10 2,5 1
Relative
Magnet
weight 10 2,5 1
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 53

54. Challenge 2: the offshore
• Harsher conditions in offshore
• Wind AND waves effects!
• Water depth, soil stiffness: significant effect on
the fatigue load/bending
• Indirect effects on the drive train (vibrations)
• Control may have a bigger role
From: J. Sheng, S. Chen, "Fatigue Load Simulation for Foundation Design of Offshore Wind Turbines Due to Combined
Wind and Wave Loading“, Proc. of the Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power and energy Conference (WNWEC), Nanjing,
China, Nov. 5th-7th,2010.
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 54

55. Challenge 3: maintenance
http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/assets_c/2009/01/Eurocopter-EC135.html http://images.pennnet.com/articles/pe/cap/cap_0705pe-dsc06925.jpg
 Do we design with maintenance in mind?
 What does the offshore challenge require?
 How a different drive train topology affect
maintenance?
http://www.rope-access-photos.com/picture/number395.asp
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 55

56. Challenge 4 – Cold climate
 Research to enhance power production in cold regions
 Blades do play a big role
 New materials, new concepts needed
 Condition monitoring (not only for blades...)
 Converters, generators could be affected by altitude
From: Ø. Byrkjedal - Kjeller Vindteknikk, “Detailed national mapping of icing”, Seminar on wind energy aerodynamics - icing
and de-icing of WT blades, KTH, Sept. 5, 2011 - Chalmers, Sept. 6, 2011,
https://document.chalmers.se/workspaces/chalmers/energi-och-miljo/vindkraftstekniskt/icing-de-icing/oyvind_byrkjedal
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 56

57. Do not limit the fantasy
Airborne turbines?
Savonius style Twind
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_wind_turbine
Aerogenerator X KiteGen
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 57
http://www.windpower.ltd.uk/index.html http://kitegen.com/press/kiwicarusel_hd_logo.jpg

58. Soft conclusion
To ease the listeners before the discussion
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 58

59. ABB support to academia
The right time for knowledge
From: http://www.chalmers.se/ee/swptc-en
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 59

60. SWPTC partners
Universities
 Chalmers University of Technology
Industries
 ABB
 DIAB
 GE Wind
 Göteborgs Energi
 Marström Composite
 SKF Sweden
 Triventus Energiteknik
 WindVector
Municipal/Regional/Government
 Region Västra Götaland
 Swedish Energy Agency
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 60

61. SWPTC’s direct-drive wind turbine in Göteborg
Main technical data
Picture from Göteborg’s harbour
From: http://www.goteborgenergi.se/Foretag/Projekt_och_etableringar/Fornyelsebar_energi/Vindkraft/I_drift/Goteborg_Wind_Lab
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 61

62. Time-lapse video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHn1n2tdnRc
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 62

63. Thank you!
Picture from: http://blog.luciolepress.com/2010/08/05/funny-photo-a-sheep-a-wind-turbine-and-a-rainbow-in-germany.aspx
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 63

64. References
1. “Wind in our Sails - The coming of Europe's offshore wind energy industry”, EWEA report, November 2011,
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/reports/Offshore_report_web_01.pdf
2. ABB Technical application papers no. 13, ”Wind power plants”, ABB document 1SDC007112G0201 - 10/2011 - 4.000.
3. "ABB wind turbine converters - System description and start-up guide, ACS800-77LC wind turbine converters (840 to 3180
kW)", ABB document 3AFE68802237 Rev B EN 2010-10-25.
4. ABB wind turbine converters- System description and start-up guide, ACS800-67LC wind turbine converters, ABB document
3AUA0000059432 Rev A (EN) 2011-01-14
5. "ABB wind turbine converters - Firmware manual - Grid-side control program for ACS800 wind turbine converters", ABB
document 3AUA0000075077 Rev B EN 2011-05-26
6. “Products and services for wind turbines - Electrical drivetrain solutions and products for turbine subsystems”, ABB document
3AUA0000080942 REV A 18.5.2010 #14995
7. “Wind turbine generators - Reliable technology for all turbine applications”, ABB brochure 9AKK104735 EN 04-2009
Piirtek#14426
8. “Medium voltage for wind power PCS 6000 - full-scale converters up to 9 MVA”, ABB document 3BHS275725 E01
© ABB Group
April 4th, 2012 | Slide 64