This study depicts a profile of existence of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, and Pb) in some important medicinal plants such as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Eclipta alba, and Solanum nigrum using atomic absorption spectroscopy. H. rosa-sinensis, E. alba, and S. nigrum these are indigenous plants having tremendous medicinal properties. Extracts of these plants are already reported to have many pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study is to determine heavy metal contents in these medicinal plants. The findings of this study were compared with prescribed limits of these metals in the WHO guidelines, and the content of all these heavy metals was found to be within safe limits. These findings indicate that the extract of H. rosa-sinensis, E. alba, and S. nigrum is safe from the point of view of heavy metal toxicity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Involvement of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction by Molecularly Imprinted ...Michal Jablonsky
Substantial research activity has been focused on new modes of extraction and refining
processes during the last decades. In this field, coverage of the recovery of bioactive compounds and
the role of green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) also gradually increases. A specific
field of DESs involvement is represented by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The current state
and prospects of implementing DESs in MIPs chemistry are, based on the accumulated experimental
data so far, evaluated and discussed in this minireview.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Pixe for Elemental Analysis of Domestic Medicinal Plants in Bangladeshijrap
The medicinal plants are a source of biologically important elements which are necessary both for animals
and plants. Present study investigates the concentration of elemental constituents of seven selected
medicinally important plants of Bangladesh, namely Terminalia bellirica, Centella asiatica, Pleurotus
ostreatus, Curcuma longa, Bombax ceiba and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Appropriately desiccated
samples (pellets) of these medicinal plants were bombarded with accelerated proton beam with the help of
3 MV Van de Graff accelerator at accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka. Eleven
different elements- P, S, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cd and I were detected by collecting the harvested X-rays
with [Si(Li)] detector. Data collection and analysis were performed using Maestro-32 and GUPIX
software
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis, Characterization, Spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass and UV) and B...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
Bio-potent ligands, 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazinecarbothioamide(HPHTSCZH2) and 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester (HPHCBESH2) have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide with hydrazinecarbothioamide and hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester, respectively and reacted with hydrated lanthanide chlorides. The coordination moieties of the ligands have been confirmed by various spectral studies. - See more at: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract.php?iid=271&id=16&aid=2488#sthash.6v3aFQIi.dpuf
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Comparison of ground water quality between CEPZ industrial area and Hathazari...IOSRJAC
Assessment of the quality of underground water is an important issue for the safety of mankind who uses this as drinking water and other purposes. For this reason, the present research activities have been focused on various essential physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total alkalinity, arsenic, iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead, magnesium, potassium, calcium, cobalt, mercury, copper and zinc of water samples from study area. In Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) industrial area, most of the values of physico-chemical parameters for collected samples have exceeded the acceptable range of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI). On the other hand, in Hathazari non-industrial area, almost all the values of both physical and chemical parameters as well as the trace metals have not crossed the acceptable limit according to WHO and BSTI.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)IJAEMSJORNAL
Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Pixe for Elemental Analysis of Domestic Medicinal Plants in Bangladeshijrap
The medicinal plants are a source of biologically important elements which are necessary both for animals
and plants. Present study investigates the concentration of elemental constituents of seven selected
medicinally important plants of Bangladesh, namely Terminalia bellirica, Centella asiatica, Pleurotus
ostreatus, Curcuma longa, Bombax ceiba and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Appropriately desiccated
samples (pellets) of these medicinal plants were bombarded with accelerated proton beam with the help of
3 MV Van de Graff accelerator at accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka. Eleven
different elements- P, S, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cd and I were detected by collecting the harvested X-rays
with [Si(Li)] detector. Data collection and analysis were performed using Maestro-32 and GUPIX
software
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis, Characterization, Spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass and UV) and B...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
Bio-potent ligands, 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazinecarbothioamide(HPHTSCZH2) and 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester (HPHCBESH2) have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide with hydrazinecarbothioamide and hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester, respectively and reacted with hydrated lanthanide chlorides. The coordination moieties of the ligands have been confirmed by various spectral studies. - See more at: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract.php?iid=271&id=16&aid=2488#sthash.6v3aFQIi.dpuf
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Comparison of ground water quality between CEPZ industrial area and Hathazari...IOSRJAC
Assessment of the quality of underground water is an important issue for the safety of mankind who uses this as drinking water and other purposes. For this reason, the present research activities have been focused on various essential physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, turbidity, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total alkalinity, arsenic, iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead, magnesium, potassium, calcium, cobalt, mercury, copper and zinc of water samples from study area. In Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) industrial area, most of the values of physico-chemical parameters for collected samples have exceeded the acceptable range of World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI). On the other hand, in Hathazari non-industrial area, almost all the values of both physical and chemical parameters as well as the trace metals have not crossed the acceptable limit according to WHO and BSTI.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Mukhopadhyay: Heavy metals in plants
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 9/Issue 3 176
E. alba is also used as medicine alterative, anti-
inflammatory, hemostatic, antipyretic, vulnerary,
tonic, cholagogue, and hepatoprotective.[8]
The aqueous ethanolic extract of aerial parts
of H. rosa-sinens was reported for its use in
constipation and diarrhea. The alcoholic extract
of flowers of H. rosa-sinensis has been proved
to possess anticonvulsant property. In traditional
medicine, the leaves of the plant are used in
fatigue and skin disease. Fresh root juice of the
plant is given for gonorrhea and powder root for
menorrhagia. Flowers of the plant are used in
epilepsy, leprosy, bronchial catarrh, and diabetes.
The berries and leaves of S. nigrum are mainly
used for medicinal purposes, besides the other
parts of the whole plant.[9]
The leaves are used as
poultice for rheumatic and gouty joints (disease
causing the joints to swell and become painful)
and skin diseases, used in the treatment of
antituberculosis, and are said to produce phoresis.
Leavesarealsousedindropsy,nausea,andnervous
disorders.[10-12]
The berries and flowers is useful in
cough and erysipelas as specific, acute, cutaneous
inflammatory disease caused by a hemolytic
streptococcus and are characterized by red hot.
These are a remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis,
bronchitis, and diuretic. The juice of the berries
is used as an antidiarrheal, ophthalmopathy, and
hydrophobia.[13-15]
The objective of the study is to evaluate the
presence of four toxic heavy metals in H. rosa-
sinensis, E. alba, and S. nigrum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Instrumentation of atomic absorption spectra
(AAS)
As early as 1860, Kirchhoff described the basic
principle of AAS. It was not until 1955, the
analyticalbackgroundforitsanalyticalapplications
was demonstrated by Walsh, Alkemade, and
Milatz. The simplicity of this technique marks
it an attractive tool for the analysis of many
elements. In AAS, the elements are transformed
into the atomic vapor form by drawing an aerosol
of the sample solution into an open flame. Most
of the freed atoms are then excited by exposure
to a suitable source of radiation. The radiation
absorbed by the unexcited atomizes related to
the sample concentration [Table 1]. In this sense,
atomic absorption spectrometry then could been
visage as the inverse of emission spectrometry
where the radiation emitted by the thermally
excited atoms is related to concentration. It should
be emphasized that usually the fraction of atoms
excited by heat (through flame or an electric arc)
is relatively small for most elements.
Anatomic absorption spectrometer consists of the
following elements.
Source[16]
Single-element or multi-element hollow cathode
tubes generally are employed as source in atomic
absorption. Less frequently, the bright continuum
of a xenon arc has been used as a source.
Collision of these atoms with an inert gas such as
argon induces excitation of the metal atoms and
subsequent emission of characteristic radiation.
Burner[17]
The quality of the burner, the type of fuel, and
the ratio of fuel to oxidize are the important
factors which affect the result of analysis by an
atomic absorption instrument. The burner can be
compared to a sampling cell in a spectrometer.
Monochromator
The monochromator should be able to pass the
resonance line and filter out other.
Phototube and amplifier[18]
Following factors are affecting the atomic
absorption spectrometer. In general, an organic
solvent enhances the absorption signal, and
therefore, it may alter the absorption intensity.
These can bond strongly with metal sand tend to
reduce the signal intensity. EDTA could eliminate
such effect.
Chemicals and reagents
Nitric acid (HNO3), perchloric acid (HClO4),
hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
were used and all were of analytical grade.[19]
The
concentration of stock solution was 1000 ppm.
Sample preparation
For the analysis, samples were ground to a fine
powder and dried at 55–70°C for 6–8 h in a
3. Mukhopadhyay: Heavy metals in plants
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 9/Issue 3 177
controlled environment, to remove moisture.
Immediately after drying, accurately weighed
1.0 g was placed in a flask and treated with
12 ml of concentrated HNO3 for 24 h. A mixture
of H2
SO4
and HNO3
(3:1) was added 5 ml in each
of the conical flask. The mixture was heated at
120–130°C for 5–6 h, until fumes stop, and the
resulting solution was become clear. It was cooled
at room temperature and filtered using Whatman
filter Paper No. 42. The entire filtrate was mixed
andmadethevolumeupto50 mlwithMilli-Qwater.
A blank was also prepared for every sample in the
same way. Each sample was aspirated twice and
the experiment was repeated for 5 times.
The AAS system (AA6300, Shimadzu, Japan)
used was equipped with flame and graphite furnace
having wavelength range of 185–900 nm and
detector photomultiplier of 185.0–600.0 nm. The
solvents used in the study were of analytical grade.
The concentration of the stock solution used in
AAS such as copper, chromium, cadmium, lead,
arsenic, and mercury was 1000 ppm. From the
afore-mentioned stock solution, the concentration
of working ranges as mentioned in Table 2 was
prepared. Instrumental condition for trace and
heavy metal analysis is also given in Table 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heavy metals are found everywhere in the
environment and enter through human activities,
mining, power generation, and leaded gasoline.
Humans risk to exposure from environmental
concentrations that occur naturally or human
activities. People who are not occupationally
exposed may also carry certain metals in their
body as a result of exposure from other sources,
such as food, beverages, or air.[20]
It is, however,
possible to reduce metal toxicity risk through
lifestyle changes that diminish the probability
of harmful heavy metal uptake, such as dietary
measures that may promote the safe metabolism
or excretion of heavy metal consumption.
Mercury, cadmium, and lead can effectively inhibit
cellular glutathione peroxidase, reducing the
effectiveness of this antioxidant defense system
for detoxification.[20]
Mercury gets deposited
invitrogen’s such as brain, nervous system,
heart, liver, kidneys, and bone marrow[21]
and
known to cause dementia, peripheral neuropathy,
Parkinson’s disease, and cancer.[22]
The result analysis of the levels of heavy metal
present in the selected herbs is discussed in this
section and the concentration of As, Cd, Hg, and
Pb in the herbs is presented in Table 3. The heavy
metals analyzed in the herbal extract are less than
the permissible limits.[16]
The levels of heavy
metals present in the extract were expressed as
mean of heavy metal concentration (ppm) ± SD of
three replicates. Calibration functions[23-25]
for each
element were determined. Concentrations of each
heavy metal in the medicinal herb were calculated
from the calibration functions. Statistical analysis
is done in the herbal extract, and there is no
significant heavy metal present in it.
Heavy metal analysis is calculated using this
formula:
Actual concentration = Concentration × VF × DF
× [CF/WF].
Where
CF=Correction factor,
DF=Dilution factor,
VF=Volume factor,
WF=Weight factor.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy detection was
carried out on positive ionization mode. It was
optimized using a standard line calibration curve
for various concentrations. The calibration curves
were constructed by plotting the response against
the concentration. A linear relationship was
obtained for each compound. The heavy metals
(cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury) were
analyzed at their particular wavelength, and the
ion with the upper intensity was selected as the
basic ion. The study revealed that there were no
resultant spectral peaks of Cd, Pb, As, and Hg in
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, E. alba, and S. nigrum.
Itisconcludedfromthepresentstudythatheavymetal
analysis of H. rosa-sinensis, E. alba, and S. nigrum
extract obtained below standard prescribed limits.
The concentration of trace metals and heavy metals
of three plants was determined by AAS.[26]
The
quantitative determinations were carried out using
Table 1: Standard permissible limits of heavy metals as
per the WHO/FDA
Heavy metals Permissible limit (PPM)
Arsenic Not more than 3
Cadmium Not more than 1
Mercury Not more than 5
Lead Not more than 1
4. Mukhopadhyay: Heavy metals in plants
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 9/Issue 3 178
standard calibration curve obtained by the standard
solution of metals having optimal detectable
concentration ranges.[27-30]
The concentration of
the metal obtained in plant material was expressed
in terms of parts per million. Form the results
obtained, it was concluded that levels of heavy
metals fall within the permissible range and can be
preferred to consume by humankind for various
medicinal purposes.[31-36]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are thankful to BCDA College of
Pharmacy and Technology, Kolkata.
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7. Lakshmi T, Rajendra R. Antony silvester evaluation
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ASS
specification
Elements
Copper Chromium Cadmium Arsenic Lead Mercury
Wavelength 324.8 357.9 232.0 193.7 217.0 253.7
Current (mA) 5.0 5.0 9.0 12.0 9.0 3.0
Flame AA AA AA AA AA AA
Fuel (L/min) 3.05 2.90 2.94 240 2.90 7.66
Table 3: Results of heavy metal analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy in plants
Plantsused Copper
(ppm ± SEM)
Chromium
(ppm ± SEM)
Cadmium
(ppm ± SEM)
Lead
(ppm ± SEM)
Arsenic
(ppm ± SEM)
Mercury
(ppm ± SEM)
Ecliptaalba 1.151 ± 0.031 0.308 ± 0.012 0.021 ± 0.035 0.860 ± 0.009 0.081 ± 0.007 0.036 ± 0.010
H. rosa‑sinensis 2.605 ± 0.045 0.450 ± 0.025 0.018 ± 0.050 0.630 ± 0.025 0.041 ± 0.014 0.023 ± 0.006
S. nigrum 1.549 ± 0.087 0.304 ± 0.055 0.012 ± 0.150 0.945 ± 0.005 0.034 ± 0.011 0.040 ± 0.015
H. rosa‑sinensis: Hibiscus rosa‑sinensis, S. nigrum: Solanum nigrum, SEM: Scanning electron microscopy
5. Mukhopadhyay: Heavy metals in plants
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2018/Vol 9/Issue 3 179
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