The presentation is about the chemical residues that cloud be seen in the milk. It includes the chemical residues like the antibiotic residues, pesticides, detergents and heavy metals.
This document describes how ELISA assays can be used to detect melamine residuals in milk samples at concentrations below 10 μg/kg. Two different commercially available ELISA kits were tested on milk samples spiked with melamine. The samples were prepared using different protocols depending on the kit. Both kits use a competitive ELISA principle where HRP-conjugated melamine competes with free melamine for antibody binding. Absorbance measurements allow quantification of melamine levels in the samples. The assays took about one hour to complete and required only standard ELISA instrumentation.
This document provides an overview of proximate analysis to determine macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and moisture content. It discusses the classification, isolation, and various quantitative analysis methods for each macronutrient. Proximate or Weende analysis partitions food compounds into moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Common techniques described include Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet extraction for fat, gravimetric methods for carbohydrates, and determining ash content.
CHI Limited is a food and beverage company in Nigeria that produces products such as fruit juices, dairy products, and snacks. The presentation discusses CHI Limited's quality assurance processes, including testing raw materials and finished products for parameters like pH, acidity, and brix. Areas of assignment for industrial training include the QA laboratory, production department, and utility section. Quality control aims to ensure products meet requirements and are dependable. Recommendations include encouraging more organizations to participate in student internship programs.
identification and quantitative determination of additives in pharmaceutical ...Sharath Hns
This document discusses the identification and quantification of various additives that are commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics. It provides an overview of different classes of additives such as preservatives, colors, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and flavors. It then describes various analytical techniques like titrimetric methods, spectrophotometry, HPLC and chromatography that can be used to separate, identify and determine the concentration of specific additives like benzoic acid, synthetic colors, antioxidants and emulsifiers.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PRESERVATIVES, EMULSIFIERS, AND COLOURING MATER...CARE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
This document describes methods for quantitatively determining preservatives, emulsifiers, and colouring materials found in foods and pharmaceuticals. It discusses using thin-layer chromatography to identify common preservatives like methyl paraben and propyl paraben, and extracting and identifying emulsifiers like polysorbate 80. Gas chromatography methods are provided for determining mono- and diglycerides. Finally, it outlines extracting and identifying food dyes from candy coatings using yarn and ammonia.
Text Version is Available at: http://www.biochemden.in/2014/11/anthrone-method-carbohydrate-determination.html
Carbohydrates are very important component of Storage and structural materials in the plants. The carbohydrates are stored as free sugars and polysaccharides. The basic units of carbohydrates are Monosaccharides. When hydrolyse the carbohydrates, gives monosaccharides, but when hydrolyse monosaccharides it can not be split into more simpler sugars. The hydrolysed product of Polysaccharide are estimating by the resultant monosaccharides.
Validation of Factor IIa for heparin sodium or heparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
This document summarizes various phytochemical screening tests that can be used to identify the presence of important plant constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, and other metabolites. It provides details of common confirmatory tests used which involve visual observation of color changes or formation of precipitates when plant extracts are treated with specific detecting reagents. The results of these tests can help determine the major phytoconstituent classes present in a plant sample.
This document describes how ELISA assays can be used to detect melamine residuals in milk samples at concentrations below 10 μg/kg. Two different commercially available ELISA kits were tested on milk samples spiked with melamine. The samples were prepared using different protocols depending on the kit. Both kits use a competitive ELISA principle where HRP-conjugated melamine competes with free melamine for antibody binding. Absorbance measurements allow quantification of melamine levels in the samples. The assays took about one hour to complete and required only standard ELISA instrumentation.
This document provides an overview of proximate analysis to determine macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and moisture content. It discusses the classification, isolation, and various quantitative analysis methods for each macronutrient. Proximate or Weende analysis partitions food compounds into moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Common techniques described include Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet extraction for fat, gravimetric methods for carbohydrates, and determining ash content.
CHI Limited is a food and beverage company in Nigeria that produces products such as fruit juices, dairy products, and snacks. The presentation discusses CHI Limited's quality assurance processes, including testing raw materials and finished products for parameters like pH, acidity, and brix. Areas of assignment for industrial training include the QA laboratory, production department, and utility section. Quality control aims to ensure products meet requirements and are dependable. Recommendations include encouraging more organizations to participate in student internship programs.
identification and quantitative determination of additives in pharmaceutical ...Sharath Hns
This document discusses the identification and quantification of various additives that are commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics. It provides an overview of different classes of additives such as preservatives, colors, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and flavors. It then describes various analytical techniques like titrimetric methods, spectrophotometry, HPLC and chromatography that can be used to separate, identify and determine the concentration of specific additives like benzoic acid, synthetic colors, antioxidants and emulsifiers.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PRESERVATIVES, EMULSIFIERS, AND COLOURING MATER...CARE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
This document describes methods for quantitatively determining preservatives, emulsifiers, and colouring materials found in foods and pharmaceuticals. It discusses using thin-layer chromatography to identify common preservatives like methyl paraben and propyl paraben, and extracting and identifying emulsifiers like polysorbate 80. Gas chromatography methods are provided for determining mono- and diglycerides. Finally, it outlines extracting and identifying food dyes from candy coatings using yarn and ammonia.
Text Version is Available at: http://www.biochemden.in/2014/11/anthrone-method-carbohydrate-determination.html
Carbohydrates are very important component of Storage and structural materials in the plants. The carbohydrates are stored as free sugars and polysaccharides. The basic units of carbohydrates are Monosaccharides. When hydrolyse the carbohydrates, gives monosaccharides, but when hydrolyse monosaccharides it can not be split into more simpler sugars. The hydrolysed product of Polysaccharide are estimating by the resultant monosaccharides.
Validation of Factor IIa for heparin sodium or heparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
This document summarizes various phytochemical screening tests that can be used to identify the presence of important plant constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, and other metabolites. It provides details of common confirmatory tests used which involve visual observation of color changes or formation of precipitates when plant extracts are treated with specific detecting reagents. The results of these tests can help determine the major phytoconstituent classes present in a plant sample.
This document describes methods for estimating various vitamins and acetic acid from samples. It discusses estimating vitamins A, B, and C using different techniques like HPLC, colorimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. For vitamin A, it provides details on the Carr-Price colorimetric method. It also outlines procedures for determining vitamins B using fluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Finally, it summarizes a titration process for estimating the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar using sodium hydroxide and a phenolphthalein indicator.
Validation of Factor IIa assay for nadroparin calcium or nadroparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Validation of factor i ia assay for tinzaparin sodium-tinzaparin injectionkrishgen
chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Method Development and Validation on Etomidate injection by RP-HPLCpharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the analysis of etomidate injection. The method uses a Waters HPLC system with a Develosil-ODS-UG column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 40:60. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be accurate, precise, linear, robust and sensitive for quantifying etomidate in injections. The method was then applied to analyze etomidate levels in marketed injection formulations.
Validation of Factor IIa assay for enoxaparin sodium or enoxaparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Validation of factor xa assay for heparin sodium heparin injectionkrishgen
This document summarizes the procedures for using a chromogenic assay kit to quantify heparin levels in samples by measuring heparin's anti-factor Xa activity. The kit utilizes heparin's ability to catalyze the reaction between factor Xa and antithrombin III, which allows the residual factor Xa activity to be measured and used to determine heparin concentration in unknown samples. The document outlines the materials provided, reconstitution procedures, standard and sample preparation steps, assay procedure, and methods for data analysis and interpretation of results.
comparison of colour and capsaicin content in different type of chilli using ...aswathibabuachus
The document describes a study that compares the color value and capsaicin content of different types of chili using spectrophotometric methods. Five varieties of chili were tested: Wonder Hot, Red Top, White, Green, and Teja Red. The results showed that White chili had the highest capsaicin content at 9.3695% while Teja Red chili had both a high color value and capsaicin content, suggesting it is the best quality variety. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to measure color value and capsaicin content.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Validation of factor xa assay for enoxaparin sodium enoxaparin injectionkrishgen
chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Vitamins A and E are fat-soluble vitamins that play important roles in vision, antioxidant activity, and other metabolic functions. Vitamin A is found in foods like carrots, green vegetables and fruits, and helps with night vision. Vitamin E sources include nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils, and it acts as an antioxidant to repair tissues. Both vitamins can be quantified using chromatographic methods by measuring absorption peaks - vitamin A is measured using UV spectrophotometry while vitamin E uses gas chromatography to separate and measure peaks from standards.
Qualitative tests of proteins, color reaction of proteins,biuret's test, colo...ShwetaMishra115
Qualitative tests of proteins
color reaction of proteins
biuret's test, color reaction of proteins, millon's test, ninhydrin test, qualitative tests of proteins, sakaguchi test, sodium nitroprusside test, xanthoproteic test
DETECTION OF PARAMETERS AND ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN HONEY, Alja Špec and Ivana Č...aljaivana
Our research work describes the properties of honey, which are the indicators of quality and possibly pollution of the environment, where the bees forage and therefore where the honey comes from. Absorption spectra of the analysed honey samples were decreasing from 200 to 700 nm, with a maximum between 250 and 280 nm. The results of quantitative hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) determination in natural honey samples were below the legal limit (40 mg/kg), higher values are commonly associated with elevated temperatures and light exposure. Treating the sample with microwaves causes a significant increase in the HMF concentration, which is consistent with the principles of microwave activation. Qualitative tests for specific components are a useful tool for determining the main components in honey and differentiating between natural and synthetic honey samples, and could be used as a basis for developing more accurate quantitative methods. #SciChallenge2017
The document describes a study comparing the ascorbic acid content of different food supplements through liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantification of ascorbic acid. The method showed good specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantification. The method was applied to analyze several commercially available food supplements containing ascorbic acid. Products from one manufacturer were found to contain slightly higher amounts of ascorbic acid and exhibited greater purity compared to other products based on the chromatography and titration results.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
CONTAINING ASCORBIC ACID
Danka Obreshkova and Boyka Tsvetkova
Medical University – Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutical chemistry
Abstract. A simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method
has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in different food additives. The chromatographic
separation was achieved on a LiChrosorb C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at a detector wavelength
of 230 nm and a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40
v/v). The retention time of analyte was 3.49 min. The method was validated for the parameters like specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantitation and limit of detection. The method was found to be
specific as no other peaks of impurities and excipients were observed. The square of correlation coefficient
(R2) was 0.9997 while relative standard deviations were found to be <2.0%. The proposed RP-LC method
can be applied for the routine analysis of commercially available food additives of ascorbic acid.
Isolation and analytical characterization of local malaysian leech saliva ext...Younis I Munshi
This study isolated and characterized proteins and peptides from the saliva of local Malaysian leeches. A modified extraction method was used to obtain leech saliva without harming the leeches. The saliva extract was found to contain high concentrations of proteins using UV and Bradford assays. Gel electrophoresis revealed over 25 protein and peptide bands between 3.7-80 kDa. RP-HPLC showed over 30 distinct peaks in the saliva extract. Some proteins matched known proteins from related leech species, while others were potentially novel biologically active compounds. This research provides a basis for further investigation of proteins in Malaysian leech saliva that may have applications in medicine.
Determination of pesticides residue in grains,fruits, vegetables,milk and mil...ShameerAbid
This document discusses the determination of pesticide residues in commodities. It covers the classification of different types of pesticides, factors that affect compatibility of samples for analysis, extraction methods, cleanup techniques, and general guidelines for preparing different types of samples for extraction and analysis. The key points are:
- Pesticides are classified into organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and miscellaneous pesticides.
- Sample preparation depends on characteristics like moisture content, with methods for high moisture, dry, and whole egg samples.
- Extraction separates pesticide residues from the matrix using solvents like acetonitrile or hexane.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
Big honey companies are blending imported honey with local produce, but the imported honey has been adulterated with added sugars and water to cut costs. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing found that 12 of 28 common supermarket honey brands failed due to adulteration, as NMR can detect the presence of added C3 and C4 sugars that change the honey's fingerprint. NMR provides a precise analysis of a honey's sugars, acids, and other components to identify adulteration.
Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peelijtsrd
The objective of this study was to find out the presence of phytochemicals in the aqueous extracts of citrus peel of both qualitative and quantitative screening methods. In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenol, a, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenes, flavonoid and were determined in the sample aqueous extracts by using standard methods. The aqueous extract of the citrus peel showed positive results for nine phytochemical tests. Also, quantitative analysis of the important secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and tannins were tested in the sample extracts. Results concluded that the presence of these active compounds may be responsible for the medicinal purposes of the plant. Arti Chandanshive | Ashpak Tamboli | Naziya Khan | Priyanka Karande "Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33036.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/33036/qualitative-and-quantitative-phytochemical-screening-of-citrus-peel/arti-chandanshive
Development and validation of HPLC method for the estimation of Escitalopram ...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a HPLC method for the estimation of Escitalopram oxalate in tablets. Key points:
- An isocratic HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Escitalopram in pharmaceutical formulations.
- The method used a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile:methanol:ammonium acetate buffer, and UV detection at 238nm. Escitalopram had a retention time of 5.36 minutes.
- The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be linear, precise, accurate, rugged and robust. Analysis of tablet formulations found Escitalopram levels within 100% of claimed content.
EVALUATION OF AQUAFEED INGREDIENTS AND FEED QUALITYsouravfnftmb306
This document discusses methods for evaluating aquafeed ingredients and feed quality. It covers biological, physical, and chemical evaluation methods. Physical evaluation involves assessing attributes like smell, taste, and structure using senses and microscopy. Chemical evaluation consists of proximate analysis to determine components like moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber. Additional chemical analyses include amino acid profiles, lipid quality tests, and vitamin analysis using techniques like HPLC. Biological evaluation parameters monitored during feeding trials include growth rates, feed conversion ratio, digestibility, and protein utilization measures. The choice of high quality feed ingredients is important for aquaculture success, and thorough evaluation using integrated physical, chemical, and biological methods allows for an effective feed formulation.
The document discusses the significance of bovine mastitis and methods for diagnosing mastitis. It notes that mastitis causes losses in milk production and quality, additional treatment costs, and premature culling. The most important methods for diagnosing mastitis involve examining the animal, udder, and milk through visual inspection, palpation, strip cup testing, and analyzing milk characteristics like pH, chloride levels, somatic cell count, and enzyme levels. Key tests discussed include the California Mastitis Test, Surf Field Mastitis Test, and measuring somatic cell count and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity.
This document describes methods for estimating various vitamins and acetic acid from samples. It discusses estimating vitamins A, B, and C using different techniques like HPLC, colorimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. For vitamin A, it provides details on the Carr-Price colorimetric method. It also outlines procedures for determining vitamins B using fluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Finally, it summarizes a titration process for estimating the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar using sodium hydroxide and a phenolphthalein indicator.
Validation of Factor IIa assay for nadroparin calcium or nadroparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Validation of factor i ia assay for tinzaparin sodium-tinzaparin injectionkrishgen
chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Method Development and Validation on Etomidate injection by RP-HPLCpharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the analysis of etomidate injection. The method uses a Waters HPLC system with a Develosil-ODS-UG column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 40:60. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be accurate, precise, linear, robust and sensitive for quantifying etomidate in injections. The method was then applied to analyze etomidate levels in marketed injection formulations.
Validation of Factor IIa assay for enoxaparin sodium or enoxaparin injectionkrishgen
A chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Validation of factor xa assay for heparin sodium heparin injectionkrishgen
This document summarizes the procedures for using a chromogenic assay kit to quantify heparin levels in samples by measuring heparin's anti-factor Xa activity. The kit utilizes heparin's ability to catalyze the reaction between factor Xa and antithrombin III, which allows the residual factor Xa activity to be measured and used to determine heparin concentration in unknown samples. The document outlines the materials provided, reconstitution procedures, standard and sample preparation steps, assay procedure, and methods for data analysis and interpretation of results.
comparison of colour and capsaicin content in different type of chilli using ...aswathibabuachus
The document describes a study that compares the color value and capsaicin content of different types of chili using spectrophotometric methods. Five varieties of chili were tested: Wonder Hot, Red Top, White, Green, and Teja Red. The results showed that White chili had the highest capsaicin content at 9.3695% while Teja Red chili had both a high color value and capsaicin content, suggesting it is the best quality variety. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to measure color value and capsaicin content.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about different methods for the protein analysis. Proteins are long chain of amino acids and there are specific test also required depends on the nature and structure of proteins. As the name suggest amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl groups. The R- in the formulas stands for different chemical groups (may be aliphatic, aromatic or heterocycylic) and this determines the characteristics of the amino acids. The colour tests have frequently been used for qualitative detection of amino acids. Not all amino acids contain the same reactive groups. For this reason the various colour tests yield reactions varying in intensity and type of colour according to the nature of groups contained in the particular amino acid under examination.
• Portion explained:
• Detection of Proteins
1. Millon’s reaction
2. Millon-Nasse reaction
3. Xanthoproteic reaction
4. Hopkins-Cole reaction
5. Biuret test
6. Ninhydrin reaction
7. Folin test
8. Sakaguchi test
9. Nitroprusside test
10. Spectrophometric method
Validation of factor xa assay for enoxaparin sodium enoxaparin injectionkrishgen
chromogenic assay intended for the quantitative determination in purified solutions by measurement of factor IIa or Xa inhibition activity. The kit can be used for 100 test reactions as per microtiter plate protocol.
Vitamins A and E are fat-soluble vitamins that play important roles in vision, antioxidant activity, and other metabolic functions. Vitamin A is found in foods like carrots, green vegetables and fruits, and helps with night vision. Vitamin E sources include nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils, and it acts as an antioxidant to repair tissues. Both vitamins can be quantified using chromatographic methods by measuring absorption peaks - vitamin A is measured using UV spectrophotometry while vitamin E uses gas chromatography to separate and measure peaks from standards.
Qualitative tests of proteins, color reaction of proteins,biuret's test, colo...ShwetaMishra115
Qualitative tests of proteins
color reaction of proteins
biuret's test, color reaction of proteins, millon's test, ninhydrin test, qualitative tests of proteins, sakaguchi test, sodium nitroprusside test, xanthoproteic test
DETECTION OF PARAMETERS AND ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN HONEY, Alja Špec and Ivana Č...aljaivana
Our research work describes the properties of honey, which are the indicators of quality and possibly pollution of the environment, where the bees forage and therefore where the honey comes from. Absorption spectra of the analysed honey samples were decreasing from 200 to 700 nm, with a maximum between 250 and 280 nm. The results of quantitative hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) determination in natural honey samples were below the legal limit (40 mg/kg), higher values are commonly associated with elevated temperatures and light exposure. Treating the sample with microwaves causes a significant increase in the HMF concentration, which is consistent with the principles of microwave activation. Qualitative tests for specific components are a useful tool for determining the main components in honey and differentiating between natural and synthetic honey samples, and could be used as a basis for developing more accurate quantitative methods. #SciChallenge2017
The document describes a study comparing the ascorbic acid content of different food supplements through liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantification of ascorbic acid. The method showed good specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantification. The method was applied to analyze several commercially available food supplements containing ascorbic acid. Products from one manufacturer were found to contain slightly higher amounts of ascorbic acid and exhibited greater purity compared to other products based on the chromatography and titration results.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
CONTAINING ASCORBIC ACID
Danka Obreshkova and Boyka Tsvetkova
Medical University – Sofia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutical chemistry
Abstract. A simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method
has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in different food additives. The chromatographic
separation was achieved on a LiChrosorb C18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at a detector wavelength
of 230 nm and a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (60:40
v/v). The retention time of analyte was 3.49 min. The method was validated for the parameters like specificity,
linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantitation and limit of detection. The method was found to be
specific as no other peaks of impurities and excipients were observed. The square of correlation coefficient
(R2) was 0.9997 while relative standard deviations were found to be <2.0%. The proposed RP-LC method
can be applied for the routine analysis of commercially available food additives of ascorbic acid.
Isolation and analytical characterization of local malaysian leech saliva ext...Younis I Munshi
This study isolated and characterized proteins and peptides from the saliva of local Malaysian leeches. A modified extraction method was used to obtain leech saliva without harming the leeches. The saliva extract was found to contain high concentrations of proteins using UV and Bradford assays. Gel electrophoresis revealed over 25 protein and peptide bands between 3.7-80 kDa. RP-HPLC showed over 30 distinct peaks in the saliva extract. Some proteins matched known proteins from related leech species, while others were potentially novel biologically active compounds. This research provides a basis for further investigation of proteins in Malaysian leech saliva that may have applications in medicine.
Determination of pesticides residue in grains,fruits, vegetables,milk and mil...ShameerAbid
This document discusses the determination of pesticide residues in commodities. It covers the classification of different types of pesticides, factors that affect compatibility of samples for analysis, extraction methods, cleanup techniques, and general guidelines for preparing different types of samples for extraction and analysis. The key points are:
- Pesticides are classified into organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and miscellaneous pesticides.
- Sample preparation depends on characteristics like moisture content, with methods for high moisture, dry, and whole egg samples.
- Extraction separates pesticide residues from the matrix using solvents like acetonitrile or hexane.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
Big honey companies are blending imported honey with local produce, but the imported honey has been adulterated with added sugars and water to cut costs. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing found that 12 of 28 common supermarket honey brands failed due to adulteration, as NMR can detect the presence of added C3 and C4 sugars that change the honey's fingerprint. NMR provides a precise analysis of a honey's sugars, acids, and other components to identify adulteration.
Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peelijtsrd
The objective of this study was to find out the presence of phytochemicals in the aqueous extracts of citrus peel of both qualitative and quantitative screening methods. In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenol, a, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenes, flavonoid and were determined in the sample aqueous extracts by using standard methods. The aqueous extract of the citrus peel showed positive results for nine phytochemical tests. Also, quantitative analysis of the important secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and tannins were tested in the sample extracts. Results concluded that the presence of these active compounds may be responsible for the medicinal purposes of the plant. Arti Chandanshive | Ashpak Tamboli | Naziya Khan | Priyanka Karande "Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33036.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/33036/qualitative-and-quantitative-phytochemical-screening-of-citrus-peel/arti-chandanshive
Development and validation of HPLC method for the estimation of Escitalopram ...pharmaindexing
This document describes the development and validation of a HPLC method for the estimation of Escitalopram oxalate in tablets. Key points:
- An isocratic HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Escitalopram in pharmaceutical formulations.
- The method used a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile:methanol:ammonium acetate buffer, and UV detection at 238nm. Escitalopram had a retention time of 5.36 minutes.
- The method was validated per ICH guidelines and found to be linear, precise, accurate, rugged and robust. Analysis of tablet formulations found Escitalopram levels within 100% of claimed content.
EVALUATION OF AQUAFEED INGREDIENTS AND FEED QUALITYsouravfnftmb306
This document discusses methods for evaluating aquafeed ingredients and feed quality. It covers biological, physical, and chemical evaluation methods. Physical evaluation involves assessing attributes like smell, taste, and structure using senses and microscopy. Chemical evaluation consists of proximate analysis to determine components like moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber. Additional chemical analyses include amino acid profiles, lipid quality tests, and vitamin analysis using techniques like HPLC. Biological evaluation parameters monitored during feeding trials include growth rates, feed conversion ratio, digestibility, and protein utilization measures. The choice of high quality feed ingredients is important for aquaculture success, and thorough evaluation using integrated physical, chemical, and biological methods allows for an effective feed formulation.
The document discusses the significance of bovine mastitis and methods for diagnosing mastitis. It notes that mastitis causes losses in milk production and quality, additional treatment costs, and premature culling. The most important methods for diagnosing mastitis involve examining the animal, udder, and milk through visual inspection, palpation, strip cup testing, and analyzing milk characteristics like pH, chloride levels, somatic cell count, and enzyme levels. Key tests discussed include the California Mastitis Test, Surf Field Mastitis Test, and measuring somatic cell count and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity.
This document describes methods for analyzing contaminants like antibiotics, pesticides, and heavy metals in milk. It discusses several techniques including:
- Isolation of organochloro pesticide residues using adsorption cleanup and HPLC analysis.
- Detection of multi-residue pesticides using solid phase extraction and HPLC.
- Microbial inhibitor tests and immunoassay kits to detect antibiotic residues.
- Atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-AES, ICP-MS to detect heavy metals using techniques like acid digestion and mass spectrometry.
Quality control tests are essential to ensure sterile pharmaceutical products meet standards. Key tests include sterility, pyrogens, and particulate matter. Sterility is tested using membrane filtration or direct inoculation methods in culture media over 14 days. Pyrogens are tested using rabbit tests or LAL tests. Particulate matter uses light obstruction or microscopic particle counting. Other tests include uniformity of weight and package leakage. Together these quality control tests verify sterile products are free of microbes, pyrogens, particles, and leaks to guarantee patient safety.
This document discusses various methods for examining milk samples to detect bacteria, somatic cells, blood cells, and diagnose disease conditions in cattle. Physical examination of milk samples can reveal abnormalities in color, odor, consistency, pH, and electrical conductivity. The Strip Cup Test detects clots indicating mastitis. The California Mastitis Test detects subclinical infections by observing gel formation when milk and reagent are mixed. The Surf Field Mastitis Test and White Side Test also detect somatic cells indicating mastitis. The Somatic Cell Count method directly or indirectly measures somatic cells to indicate intramammary infection. The Antibiotic Sensitivity Test checks the effectiveness of antibiotics for treatment. The Methylene Blue Reduction Test examines milk quality based on how long it
This document summarizes experiments testing the antimicrobial activity of crude probiotic bacterial lysates and powder lysates using BacT/ALERT bottles and a BacT/ALERT system. Several sample sets were prepared with varying concentrations of lysates and inoculated with S. aureus. The time taken for bacterial growth detection in each bottle was recorded. For the lower lysate concentrations, growth times were similar to the controls. Higher concentrations of 2g/2ml of the powder and crude lysates showed delays in detection time, indicating antimicrobial activity. The crude lysates showed greater variability in detection times between samples than the powder lysates. The BacT/ALERT system was able to objectively measure antimicrobial effects compared to
Conventional and modern methods for detecting food spoilage were presented. Conventional methods like plate counting, direct microscopic counting, and dye reduction tests are inexpensive but time-consuming. Modern rapid methods like ATP bioluminescence, ELISA, PCR, and impedance testing are more sensitive and specific than conventional methods but require specialized equipment. Both conventional and modern methods are used to determine food quality, estimate shelf life, and identify causes of spoilage.
Clinical chemistry uses chemical processes to measure levels of chemical components in the blood. It is very useful for the early diagnostic of disease and for monitoring organ function. The most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood and urine. Table 1 shows the common blood tests and measurable items using UV/Vis spectrophotometers.In this application note, the cholesterol level in human serum was determined by the enzymatic method using the LAMBDA™ 465 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer and UV Lab™ software.
Pharmaceutical analysis (PPT) (BP102T)
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Amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrients for the developing fetus. Analysis of amniotic fluid obtained through amniocentesis can be used to assess fetal lung maturity, detect fetal distress, and screen for genetic and infectious disorders. Tests of amniotic fluid measure surfactant levels, bilirubin levels, and concentrations of proteins like alpha-fetoprotein to evaluate lung development and identify issues like hemorrhage or neural tube defects. Precise collection and rapid processing of amniotic fluid specimens is important for obtaining accurate test results.
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Conventional and modern methods for detection of spoilageAnuKiruthika
This document summarizes conventional and modern methods for the detection of spoilage and characterization of microorganisms in foods. It describes conventional methods such as standard plate counting, most probable number techniques, dye reduction, and direct microscopic counting. It then outlines several modern chemical methods like thermostable nuclease assays, Limulus amoebocyte lysate testing for endotoxins, and ATP bioluminescence. Biological methods like ELISA, PCR, and DNA probes are also covered. Finally, some physical detection methods involving biosensors, microcalorimetry, flow cytometry, and automated detection systems are presented.
This document discusses various microbial analyses performed on milk to ensure quality. It describes organoleptic tests to detect abnormal odors/tastes in milk through sight, smell and taste. Additional tests discussed include clot on boiling to detect high acidity, acidity testing to measure lactic acid percentage, and an alcohol test to detect increased acid/rennet levels. The document also outlines microbial load tests like methylene blue reduction time and standard plate count, as well as sediment, pH and direct microscopic counting. The results of these analyses help grade raw milk quality.
This document provides information about sample collection, handling, storage and biological molecules for medical testing. It discusses proper procedures for collecting samples like blood, urine and stool to avoid compromising test results. Specific storage conditions are outlined for different sample types. The document also describes various vacutainer tubes used for blood collection and the additives in each that prevent clotting. Finally, it explains common biological molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and includes examples of basic tests to detect these molecules like Benedict's test for reducing sugars and biuret test for proteins.
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Specimen collection requirements are dependent on the procedure or test requested. Generally, for serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, no additional patient preparation is required, and a random blood sample suffices. However, the effect of recent high protein ingestion may increase serum creatinine and urea levels to a significant extent. Also, hydration status can have a considerable impact on BUN measurement.
For timed urine collections such as the 24-hour urine creatinine clearance, it is essential that urine be collected accurately over the required period as under or over collection will affect final results. Hence, a 5 to 8-hour timed collection is preferable to a 24-hour collection.
There are several clinical laboratory tests that are useful in investigating and evaluating kidney function. Clinically, the most practical tests to assess renal function is to get an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and to check for proteinuria (albuminuria).
Tests of renal function can be used to assess overall renal function by direct measurement or estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. Estimation of the GFR is utilized to determine the presence of renal impairment.
Bioanalysis of drugs from biological samples involves three key steps: sample collection, sample preparation, and detection methods. Common biological samples include blood, plasma, serum, urine, and tissues. Sample preparation techniques aim to remove interfering matrix components, concentrate the analyte, and prepare the sample for detection. Common techniques include protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid phase extraction. The goal is to isolate and concentrate the drug or metabolite for accurate quantitative analysis.
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Let’s start with the segment. What will be your marketing and brand positioning? It depends on what menu items you serve. What type of cooking methods and equipment will you use? GUEST EXPERIENCE = FACILITY (Space) DESIGN + MENU + SERVPOINTS™
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www.whbender.com
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FOOD PSYCHOLOGY CHARLA EN INGLES SOBRE PSICOLOGIA NUTRICIONALNataliaLedezma6
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Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
3. INTRODUCTION
Chemical contaminants in milk and dairy products
may known to be contributory factors in
several diseases such as cancer, heart disease,
Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease.
They get accumulated in milk through feeds,
veterinary drugs, milk utensils, etc.
Major chemicals which contaminate milk are;
antibiotics, heavy metals, pesticides and detergents.
4. ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES
The most frequently and commonly used
antimicrobials associated with milk are
antibiotics.
Different groups of antibiotics which are
available to treat infected dairy cattle; the most
common groups include:-
1. β-lactams (e.g. penicillin)
2. Sulphonamides (e.g. sulfamethazine)
3. Aminoglyclosides (e.g. streptomycin)
4. Tetracyclines (e.g. tetracycline)
6. ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES
Various analytical methods used to determine
antibiotic residues in milk are:
1. Chromatographic methods
2. Microbiological methods
3. Immunochemical tests
7. Chromatographic Methods
Most reliable technique for quantitative detection
of antibiotic residues.
1. Gas Chromatography (GC)
Principle: The sample solution injected into the
instrument enters a gas stream which supports the
sample into a separation tube known as the
column.
The milk sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent
before the analysis.
A detection system detects the amount of antibiotic
residue in the sample.
8. 2. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Principle: Different compounds will have different
solubilities and adsorption to the stationary and
mobile phase between which they are to be
partitioned.
A suitable solvent system is used during the
analysis.
Protein precipitation is done before analysis at the
time of sample preparation.
Supernatent of the sample after a centrifugation
process is taken for the analysis.
9. 3. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Principle: HPLC works based on the distribution of
the sample between a mobile phase and a stationary
phase. Depending on the chemical structure of the
sample the molecule are retarded while passing
though the phase.
Reagents used depends on the antibiotic which is to
be analyzed.
Extraction of sample is done before analysis.
A detector system detects the quantity of antibiotic
residue.
10. Microbiological Methods
Microbiologically a screening test is done in the
antibiotic residue analysis of milk.
Reconstitute skim milk is used as the control
during the test.
1:25 aqueous solution of 2,3,5-triphenyl
tetrazolium chloride is used as the indicator
reagent.
Comparison in intensity of red colour with
control gives the result.
A lighter shade of sample than control indicates
presence of antibiotic substances.
11. IMMUNOCHEMICAL TESTS
They are capable of detecting low levels of
antibiotic residues in milk.
These tests are rapid , sensitive, cost effective and
require little sample clean-up for analysis.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is
mainly performed in the case of antibiotic residue
analysis of milk.
12. KIT TESTS
There are readymade receptor assay kits available for
analysis of antibiotic residue in milk.
They are rapid assays which provide results within a
short time.
Presence of antibiotic residue can be observed by
comparing the colour change with color bands
provided in the kit.
13. Betastar kit
A rapid detection assay for
antibiotics in cow, goat and
sheep milk.
A self-contained kit for 25
tests, containing 25 individual
vials of lyophilized receptor, 1
container with 25 dipsticks, 1
syringe and 25 tips.
The test employs binding of
reagents linked to gold
particles.
14. Interpretations:-
No red color- invalid test
First band intensity more than reference band-
negative test
First band intensity lower than reference band-
positive test
Absence of first band- highly positive
15. Trisensor kit
Requires two element, a reagent
containing labeled receptor and
a dipstick with two membrane
captures lines that turns from
green to red.
Limit of detection is around
25ppb.
Provide results in 6 minutes.
Interpretation:-
No color lines- Invalid result
Test line prominent than
control line- Negative test
(<25pbb)
16. Test line is less visible than control line- Positive
(>25pbb)
Absence of test line- highly positive
17. SNAP TEST
Introduced by IDEXX laboratories an American
company.
Commonly used device to determine antibiotic
residues in milk.
Results in 6 minutes.
Raw milk can be tested directly from a tanker or
refrigerator.
18. PROCEDURE
Add milk to the tube by using
pipette up to indication line
and swirl.
Pour onto the well.
Snap when the sample reaches
the activation window.
Keep for 6 minutes.
Interpretations:-
Test result darker than
control- Negative
Test result lighter than
control- Positive
19.
20. PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Pesticide residues are accumulated in milk from
feeds provided to the cattle.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin,
endosulfan, Parathion,N-methylcarbamate are the
major pesticides could be seen in milk.
A maximum residue level (MRL) is the highest level
of a pesticide residue that is legally tolerated in milk.
21. ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES
Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC)
Mainly used for the detection of organophosphates
and carbamate residues.
Principle: GLC runs on the principle partition. In
GLC the components of vaporize samples are
fractioned due to partition between a gaseous mobile
phase and a liquid stationary held in column.
Extraction of sample is done before analysis.
Sample quantity should not be less than 0.5kg.
An electron capture (EC) detector system is used for
the detection.
22. Multiresidue Method
Performed for the detection of chlorinated
pesticides like aldrin, endosulfan, etc..
Principle: Thoroughly mixed test portion is extracted
with acetonotrile. Fat is extracted from milk and
partitioned between petroleum ether and acetonitrile.
Purification of sample is done by chromatographic
methods.
Amount of residue is measured by using gas
chromatographic method.
23. HEAVY METALS
Listed as priority pollutants by the United States
Environment Protection Agency (UEPA).
Pd, Cd, As, Hg
Heavy metals accumulated in the milk through paper,
paints ,etc.. that are consumed by animals during
grazing.
Analysis of heavy metals can be done by various
chromatographic and spectrometric methods.
25. Detection of Lead in milk
It is done by spectrometer.
Standard solution, intermediate solution and working
solution are required for the analysis.
Sample preparation is done by drying the suspected
milk sample.
1N nitric acid is used in the sample preparation for
the dissolving of lead.
Calculation: Pb(ppm)= (sample reading-blank
reading).final dilution weight of sample
26. DETERGENTS
Detergents get accumulated in milk during cleansing
of milk utensils and also used as an adulterant.
Both acid and alkali detergent accumulation
contaminates milk.
27. ANALYSIS OF DETERGENT RESIDUES
Both sample milk and pour milk treated with
methylene blue and chloroform solutions.
Ethanol is used for the protein precipitation.
Difference in color of methylene blue in the
chloroform layer of suspect sample with pure milk
gives result.
Appearance of more intense blue color in sample
indicates the presence of detergents.
28. Test For Anionic Detergents
This method can detect presence of 0.15% level of
laboratory grade in milk.
A sample preparation is done by warming the
suspected milk sample.
A immediate analysis is done when temperature of
sample reaches at room temperature.
1ml of methylene blue dye and 2ml chloroform used
as reagents.
Difference in intensity of blue colour in lower and
upper layer gives the result.
29. Interpretations:-
Relatively more intense color in the lower layer
-presence of detergent in milk.
Relatively more intense color in the upper layer
- absence of detergent in milk.
30. REFERENCE
“CHALLENGES TO CONTEMPORARY- DAIRY ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES”-The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House,
London W1V 0BN
“Quality Assessment of Milk & Milk Products”- D.K. Thompkinson
fssai
“Guidance document food safety management systems food industry guide
to implement gmp/ghp requirements”. Based on Part II &III of Schedule 4
of Food Safety & Standards (Licensing & Registration of Food
Businesses) Regulation, 2011