This document summarizes methods for synthesizing nitrogen-sulfur doped graphene for hydrogen storage. CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and the DVD burner method are proposed for graphene synthesis. CVD involves using a copper foil substrate, annealing in hydrogen and argon, and depositing using methane and hydrogen. The DVD burner method applies a graphite oxide and plastic film to a DVD, which is then inserted into a DVD drive to chemically reduce the graphite oxide to graphene using the laser. Nitrogen-sulfur doping of the graphene is achieved by heating dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium hydroxide under nitrogen gas flow to form a black cake-like material. These doped graphene materials show potential for efficient hydrogen storage.
Biological and Medical Applications of Graphene NanoparticlesAI Publications
Graphene which is one of the latest additions to nanocarbon family has peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect. It is used in for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. In addition to being components in electronic devices, GO have been used in nanocomposite materials, polymer composite materials, energy storage, biomedical applications, catalysis and as a surfactant with some overlaps between these fields Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be viewed as a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
Graphene field-effect transistor simulation with TCAD on top-gate dielectric ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the influence of top-gate dielectric material for graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) using TCAD simulation. Apart from silicon-based dielectric that is typically used for top-gate structure, other high-dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric materials namely aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide are also involved in the analysis deliberately to improve the electrical properties of the GFET. The unique GFET current-voltage characteristics against several top-gate dielectric thicknesses are also investigated to guide the wafer fabrication engineers during the process optimization stage. The improvement to critical electrical parameters of GFET in terms of higher saturation drain current and greater on/off current ratio shows that the use of high-k dielectric material with very thin oxide layer is absolutely necessary.
This presentation from JEC World 2019 composites trade show and conference highlights different forms of graphene that are used in composites applications with examples of actual products.
Biological and Medical Applications of Graphene NanoparticlesAI Publications
Graphene which is one of the latest additions to nanocarbon family has peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect. It is used in for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. In addition to being components in electronic devices, GO have been used in nanocomposite materials, polymer composite materials, energy storage, biomedical applications, catalysis and as a surfactant with some overlaps between these fields Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be viewed as a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
Graphene field-effect transistor simulation with TCAD on top-gate dielectric ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the influence of top-gate dielectric material for graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) using TCAD simulation. Apart from silicon-based dielectric that is typically used for top-gate structure, other high-dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric materials namely aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide are also involved in the analysis deliberately to improve the electrical properties of the GFET. The unique GFET current-voltage characteristics against several top-gate dielectric thicknesses are also investigated to guide the wafer fabrication engineers during the process optimization stage. The improvement to critical electrical parameters of GFET in terms of higher saturation drain current and greater on/off current ratio shows that the use of high-k dielectric material with very thin oxide layer is absolutely necessary.
This presentation from JEC World 2019 composites trade show and conference highlights different forms of graphene that are used in composites applications with examples of actual products.
The reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Equivalent Dielectric property of hydrogenated carbon nitride film in CH4/N2 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In this experimental study, the reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The inclusion of the GO Sheets enhances the degree of hydration of the cement paste. However, the workability of the GO-cement composite becomes somewhat Reduced. The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Temuduga terbuka POS Malaysia Berhad bulan ini Oktober 2014. Jawatan kosong Posmen / Kerani ditawarkan. Lokasi temuduga di KLIA, Sepang, Selangor.
http://www.jomjobs.com/2014/10/temuduga-terbuka-pos-malaysia-di-klia.html
The reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Equivalent Dielectric property of hydrogenated carbon nitride film in CH4/N2 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In this experimental study, the reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The inclusion of the GO Sheets enhances the degree of hydration of the cement paste. However, the workability of the GO-cement composite becomes somewhat Reduced. The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Temuduga terbuka POS Malaysia Berhad bulan ini Oktober 2014. Jawatan kosong Posmen / Kerani ditawarkan. Lokasi temuduga di KLIA, Sepang, Selangor.
http://www.jomjobs.com/2014/10/temuduga-terbuka-pos-malaysia-di-klia.html
[Proteggere il valore di un patrimonio artistico] - AIFO Academy WorkshopAIFO
In questo Workshop, Roeland Kollewijn, Director Vasaris, Guido Guerzoni, Docente di Cultural Heritage and Art Markets presso l’Università L. Bocconi, Silvia Stabile, ART&IP Partner di Negri-Clementi Studio Legale Associato, illustreranno gli aspetti essenziali per la migliore valutazione dei patrimoni artistici di famiglia, le più valide strategie di gestione e di valorizzazione delle collezioni e i correlati e principali strumenti giuridici, come la due diligence legale e i contratti di prestito delle opere d’arte per la loro circolazione ed esposizione anche in ambito internazionale.
Boost the business for the summer workshop
* Marketing Channels - advertising, PR & Promotions
* what is the connection between a dentist & a Photgrapher
Recent development in graphene technology for multidiscilinary properties and...Srajan Gupta
The paper enlightens the future research in the field of material science. it gives a broad view over wide range of its applications and its sustainability. this paper is a combination of various fields in which graphene has proven itself to be the best out of rest. this paper takes you to a journey for each and every part of applications along with is properties followed by its behavior
Progress in Synthesis of Graphene using CVD, Its Characterization and Challen...paperpublications3
Abstract: Diamond and Graphite both are natural allotropes of carbon. Graphene is a substance composed of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms that are similar to graphite and arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. Graphene has astounding physical properties such as high electronic conductivity, excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability. It is capable to maintain its strength up to 3,600°C. It is transparent, high super hydrophobicity at nanometer scale , 100 times stronger than steel with high current density. These unique properties make graphene an interesting candidate for a number of applications currently under development, as for instance Li-ion batteries, transparent touch screens, light weight aircrafts or transistors.
Amongst the synthesis techniques, chemical vapor deposition has proved promising result for advance devices and for numerous applications where high-quality graphene films, High purity, fined grained and low structural defects film is required. CVD process is normally conducted below the atmospheric pressure and relatively lower temperatures , less than 1000°C. Pressure of LPCVD is 10-1000 Pascals.
Keywords: CVD, Graphene, Graphite, Graphene sheets..
Title: Progress in Synthesis of Graphene using CVD, Its Characterization and Challenges: A Review
Author: Sakshi Rana, Harminder Singh
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
ISSN 2349-7815
Paper Publications
Grinding graphene characteristics after physical processjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Graphene features higher thermal conductivity than copper. However, despite its superior property, the research on its applicable technology was limited since the van der Waals’ forces between graphene. As a solution to such problem, research on making graphene distributed evenly in solvent is being actively conducted via physical and chemical method. Because the chemical method is likely to have harmful effect on the environment, we used the environmental-friendly process that does not consume toxic chemicals, and suitable for application. In this study, ball milling process controllable a range of experiment conditions more easily and conveniently than other physical methods was conducted so as to disperse graphene evenly in solvent and improve the thermal conductivity. Therefore, the effect of milling process was confirmed in TEM image and Raman ratio, and the shearing force makes the edge of graphene piece defective. When graphene is evenly dispersed, the wide specific surface area absorbs a great deal of light, improving absorbance. We confirmed the absorbance of pristine graphene was showed below milling graphene and considerable thermal conductivity increase compared to pristine graphene.
Keywords: Ball milling, Graphene, Nano-fluid, Physical process, Thermal conductivity
Graphene: its increasing economic feasibility Jeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how Graphene is becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications as its price falls and its quality/performance rises through improvements in chemical vapor deposition processes. Graphene is one of the strongest materials discovered, has high electronic and thermal conductivities, and unusual optical properties. These slides describe a number of applications for which Graphene is gradually becoming economically feasible including displays, integrated circuits, solar cells, water desalination, and natural gas tanks.
Graphene is a miracle material of this era it has unique properties like thermal, mechanical,
electrical and optical. It is also known as 2D material because it’s a single layer of carbon atom
are arrange in hexagonal manner. It made up of only carbon atom we know that carbon-
carbon bond is too strong so that this material is called strongest material ever. Because of
single layer of graphite sheet it has Nano thickness so that it called lightest weight material.
Because of the exceptional mechanical properties of Graphene have going to employed in
composite materials with remarkable capability of progress. Its composite like Polyurethane-
Graphene composite, Kevlar- Graphene composite etc. These composite are made by using
very strong chemical bond between Graphene and other material. People have start testing
this material in bullet proof vest. In future technology it has been replace in body armor.
Influence of Field Assisted Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Deposition Technique on the Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Films
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (2), 2014, 23–27
U.U. Iwok*, J.A. Bwamba, N.O. Alu, K.K. Adama, Z. Abdullahi, A.C. Egba, A.A. Oberafo, B.O. Akogwu
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. 2 Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000
1. Introduction:
Graphene is a nearly transparent material that has the highest room temperature electrical conductivity of any known
substance. Graphene is a single atomic layer thick thin sheet of ideally sp2
bonded carbon atoms that are densely
packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Graphene was first experimentally realized by mechanical exfoliation of
graphite using scotch tape Bhaviri pudisreeka et.al (1994) but micromechanical exfoliation yields small samples of
graphene useful only for fundamental study. Another method of epitaxial growth is to heat silicon carbide to high
temperatures (> 1100_C) to reduce it to graphene. The size of graphene crystal is dependent upon the size of the Sic
(Silicon carbide) substrate used. High-quality sheets of few layer graphene exceeding 1 cm2
in area have been
synthesized via CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition) on thin nickel layers. Recently gram-scale production of
graphene has been reported by reduction of ethanol using sodium metal, followed by pyrolysis of the ethoxide
product, and washing with water to remove sodium salts. Use and handling of sodium metal make the process
complicated and require precautionary measures and expert handling. Here, we report on a large-scale chemical
synthesis of graphene sheets by a relatively safer and easier method using an autoclave.
Table 1 – Properties of graphene
Graphene Properties
Modulus 1 Tpa
Strength 130 Gpa
Electrical conductivity
Surface area
600 S/cm
2600 m2
/gm
Hydrogen as an environment friendly fuel is a strong contender for fossil fuel based auto fuel. But the major
stumbling block in realizing this is the risk involved in transporting hydrogen due to the risk of fire hazard owing to
wider limits of in flammability. Hence, it is important to develop efficient hydrogen storage devices for storing and
transporting hydrogen safely. Graphene in its original form do not have good hydrogen storage capacity but
synthesized graphene are able to store hydrogen. Some of the methods are listed below:-
1.1 Bottom up Graphene (KumardilipSingh)
1. Chemical vapour deposition
2. DVD burner method
3. Epitaxial growth (Can be prepared by simply heating and cooling down a Sic crystal)
4. Solvothermal
5. Scotch tape method (Graphene is detached from a graphite crystal using adhesive tape)
1.2 Top down Graphene
1. Micromechanical cleavage (Use of an ultra-sharp single crystal diamond wedge to cleavage a highly
ordered pyrolytic graphite sample to generate the graphene layers)
2. Arc cleavage (Involve the use of a high current between a graphite anode and graphite cathode in a
chamber filled with hydrogen and helium gas, costlier method)
3. Chemical synthesis through oxidation of graphite
4. Thermal exfoliation and reduction
5. Electrolytic exfoliation
3. Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000 3
Of which heteroatom’s substituted graphene, anchored with noble metals being reported to be a highly effective for
hydrogen storage .The heteroatom-doped graphene suggest the potential to be employed as an effective, alternative
chemical material by demonstrating performance comparable to that of the expensive platinum catalyst used for the
cathode of fuel cell batteries(Tuba Oznuluer, 1995).So among the methods listed above chemical vapour deposition
and DVD burner method are proposed to be used for graphene synthesis.
A significant advance toward achieving practical applications of graphene as a two –dimensional material in Nano
electronics would be provided by successful synthesis of both n-type and p-type doped graphene. However, reliable
doping and a thorough understanding of carrier transport in the presence of charged impurities governed by ionized
donors or acceptors in the graphene lattice are still lacking. Here, we report experimental realization of few- layer N-
doped (Nitrogen doped) graphene sheets by chemical vapour deposition of organic molecule 1, 3,5-triazine on Cu
(Copper) metal catalyst. When reducing the growth temperature, the atomic percentage of nitrogen doping is raised
from 2.1% to 5.6%.With increasing doping concentration-doped graphene sheet exhibits a crossover from p-type to
n-type behaviour accompanied by a strong enhancement of electron – hole transport asymmetry, manifesting the
influence of incorporated nitrogen impurities. In addition, by analysing the data of X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical measurements of prepared DVD based graphene, we show that
pyridinic and pyrrolic N impurities play an important role in determining the transport behaviour of carriers in our
doped N doped graphene.Bo Quan etal. (2014).
2. Experimental work :
2.1 Chemical vapour deposition:
CVD can be done using either LPCVD (Low pressure chemical vapour deposition) or APCVD (Atmospheric
pressure chemical vapour deposition) but using LPCVD will be better.
Heater: graphite electrodes placed at the top and bottom with a separating distance of 10 cm.
Chamber: in chamber quartz reactor.
IR detector: temperature measurement
Substrate: A cupper foil (3 inch * 1 inch) was placed on the bottom heater
Annealing: by H2 (Hydrogen) and Ar (Argon) (increase Cu grains) for 20-30 min because it would remove
the residual copper oxide and smoothen the surface.
Deposition: using CH4 (Total pressure 625 torr) and H2 as precursor and cooling rapidly under Ar.
Fig 1: CVD process representing the different controller system.
4. 4 Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000
Fig 1: CVD process using copper foil as a catalyst
Before, we tried to do the roll to roll process because it was an ideal production choice when a very low cost per unit
area of deposition is required. In this process commercial ethylene –Vinyl acetate copolymer coated transparent
polyethylene terephthalate were used as a target surface. At a temperature of 150 ˚c, the sheets were pressed together
with hot rollers to form a double sided PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) sheet. The EVA layer plays a role of
viscose between FLG and PEG. After the hot rolling step the sheet was passed into cold rollers at room temperature.
The purpose of the cold rolling step is to separate the PET layers from the nickel surface in a uniform manner with a
controlled constant rolling speed. Figure: 3 representing the whole process. But during this process the arrangements
of the chemical were more difficult, so basically we preferred for the Low pressure chemical vapour deposition
Zhen-Yu Juang (2007).
Fig 2: Roll to roll process by chemical vapour deposition
2.2 DVD burner process:
The process starts with graphite oxide because it can be suspended in water. This allows evenly distributing the
substance on plastic surface. Note the use of optical discs. The second part of process involves hitting the dried layer
of graphite oxide with a laser. It can be done with consumer DVD drive. The result is graphene that can be used in
circuits and may have potential as a fantastic super- capacitor Zhen-Yu Juang et al. (2007)
Figure-4 representing the DVD burner procedure for the synthesis of graphene, We take a DVD and apply a layer
of plastic, followed by a film of graphite oxide, then inserted the DVD into a standard DVD drive, so that the in-
built laser chemically reduces the graphite oxide to graphene. Having removed the disc, we peel off the plastic,
5. Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000 5
which is then coated in graphene, and cut it into whatever shapes we desire K Novoselo et al. (2006)
Fig 3: DVD process for the synthesis of graphene
3. Procedure for Synthesis of Heteroatom doped Graphene:
DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide), the S-containing organic molecule, was heated with NaoH (Sodium hydroxide) under
N2 gas flow. The mixture was brought to a boil, and maintained the boil with reflux. Under the condition, the
colourless liquid became dark brown. Finally, black cake-like Materials were obtained and washed using deionised
water then dried in an oven. Two-dimensional sheet-like structures were obtained, which were formed with carbon
and sulphur atoms. The surface morphology of the S-doped graphene was analysed by using AFM (Atomic Force
Microscopy). The AFM images showed crumpled silk veil-like structures with thickness of around 1 nm. With 50
ml of DMSO, more than 1.0 g of product per batch was obtained. We believe that this process could be scaled up for
larger synthetic yields. To demonstrate that the heteroatom-containing organic molecules it could be converted into
heteroatom-doped graphene, DMF was chosen to produce N-doped graphene, to represent N-containing molecules.
Roughly 2.6 g of product was obtained from 50 mL of DMF. Pristine solvothermal graphene was also prepared
using methanol as a precursor. Inclusions of nitrogen enhance significantly thermal stability of graphene on nickel
M El-Kady
In the present work, the hydrogen storage properties of N-GNP (Nitrogen-doped graphene Nano platelets) and Pd/N-
GNP (Palladium decorated nitrogen-doped graphene Nano platelets) have been investigated. The results show that
hydrogen uptake capacity of nitrogen doped graphene Nano platelets and palladium decorated nitrogen doped
graphene Nano platelets at pressure 32 bars and temperature 25 degrees C is 0.42 wt% and 1.25 wt% respectively.
The dispersion of palladium nanoparticles increases the hydrogen storage capacity of nitrogen doped graphene Nano
platelets by 0.83 wt%. This may be due to high dispersion of palladium nanoparticles and strong adhesion between
metal and graphene Nano platelets over the surface of N-GNP, which enhances the spill over mechanism. Thus, an
increase in the hydrogen spill over effect and the binding energy between metal nanoparticles and supporting
material achieved by nitrogen doping has been observed to result in a higher hydrogen storage capacity of pristine
GNP (Graphene Nano platelets).
6. 6 Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000
Fig 4: Representing the microstructure obtained after synthesis
N-Doped graphene can also be prepared by nitrogen plasma treatment process. N Graphene has shown better
electrode capability than graphene.
7. Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000 7
3.2: Nitrogen doped Graphene:
3.2.1 Reagents and buffer electrolyte solution
N-doped graphene prepared by thermal reduction of graphite oxide S.Park (2001) and the chemicals were purchased
from the different standard companies for the preparation of N- Doped graphene. For electrolytic experiments the
supporting electrolytes were 0.1 M KCl or NaPbs (Sodium phosphate buffer saline). Then the polymerization was
carried out in 0.025M.
3.2.2 Functionalization of N-Graphene
Nitrogen doped graphene was received either in 3M HNO3 (Nitric acid) or in 7M KOH(Potassium hydroxide). For
the acidic treatment, the graphene or graphite powder was stirred for 12 hr. while for the treatment with the base
stirring was done for 4 hours followed by another 20 hours static soaking in ambient condition. The functionalized
were then washed and filtered until the solution becomes neutral. The material obtained was dried at approximately
60 ˚c overnight. In this way we obtained HNO3 nitrogen doped graphene. Due to the fact that HNO3 treatment of
nitrogen doped graphene was detrimental, the dispersion not being homogeneous. Both functionalized and
nonfunctionalised nitrogen doped graphene were dispersed in 1% Acetic acid to form 0.1% dispersion. The solution
was sonicated for 1 hour. J.s bunch et al. (2007)
4. Conclusion:
Several methods were found to be best for the synthesis of graphene or even for the heteroatom doped graphene but
our aim was the method to be best for the hydrogen storage and its transportation as it is explosive, so we focused
basically on the two methods chemical vapour deposition and DVD burner method so that we could synthesize it
and provide hydrogen a better storage and its transportation, after synthesis characterization part should also be
done. We are still on the procedures, not yet so successful.
Acknowledgement:
We wish to express heartfelt gratitude towards the Campus director of UPES, Dr. Shrihari, for giving us an
opportunity to work in this esteemed organization that in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took
time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path.
Our special thanks to Dr. G.Gopalakrishanan (Associate Professor) .Without his continuous guidance and support,
this project would not have been possible.
It is our glowing feeling to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Miss. Sunu, Mr.Rohit
Sharma (PhD Research Scholars) for their judicious and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for our
study both theoretically and practically. Lastly, we thank almighty, our parents for their constant encouragement
without which this assignment would not be possible.
8. 8 Author name / Procedia Materials Science 00 (2015) 000–000
References:
Bhaviripudisreekar, XiaotingJia, Mildred S. Dresselhaus,, § and Jing Kong. Graphene synthesis by chemical vapour deposition and transfer by
roll to roll process,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
Bo Quan, Seung-Ho Yu, Dong Young Chung, Aihua Jin, Ji Hyun Park, Yung-Eun Sung, YuanzhePiao. Single Source Precursor-based
Solvothermal Synthesis of Heteroatom-doped Graphene and Its Energy Storage and Conversion Applications, Scientific Reports, 2014; 4
DOI: 10.1038/srep05639.
Fen-lu-yu,Tsung- shung, Zhang-wenjing,Lu-jing –yu, “Making grapheme based supercapacitors”, Institute of Atomic and Molecular
Sciences,AcademiaSinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
Fu-Rong Chen, Chuen-Horng Tsai, Preparation of Graphene, National TsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
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