This document discusses several famous landmarks and attractions found across Asia, including: - The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines, which are over 2,000 years old and were carved into the mountains by the indigenous Ifugao people. - The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and feature Islamic art designs. - The Merlion in Singapore, a mythical creature with a lion's head and fish's body that represents Singapore's history as a fishing village and current name which means "Lion City." - The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a white marble ma

1. Christopher C. Catimbang June 3, 2015
Grade VII – Faraday Ms. Cabrales
Magagandang Tanawin sa Asya
Banaue Rice Terraces (Philippines)
Ang Banaue Rice Terraces o “Hagdan – Hagdang Palayan ng Banawe” ay may
2,000 taong-gulang na mga hagdan o ‘terraces’ na ginawa at inukit sa Ifugao ng
Pilipinas ng ating mga katutubo ng mga ‘indigenoues people’. Ito ay binibilang sa “Eight
Wonder of Earth”. Ang mga hagdan o ‘terraces’ ay may sukat na 1500 metro o (5000
talampakan) ‘above sea level’. Ang mga ‘terraces’ ay napapakain sa pamamagitan ng
isang sinaunang patubig mula sa mga ‘rain forests. Sinasabi na kung ang mga
‘terraces’ ay nilagay sa dulo hanggang dulo, ito ay makakabuo ng bilog sa kalahati ng
globo.
Petronas Tower ( Malaysia )
Ang Petronas Tower o kilala sa tawag na “Petronas Twin Towers” ay isang
kambal o dalawang ‘skyscrapers’ sa Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ito ay mayroong 88 –
floors na ginawa ng isang Islamic Art. Ayon sa CTBUH ( Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat ) ito ang pinakamataas na mga gusali simula taon 1998 hanggang taon
2004.

2. Merlion ( Singapore )
Ang Merlion ay isang dinadayong lugar sa Singapore sa One Fullerton na may
ulo ng leon o lion at katawan ng isda o fish. Ang katawang isda ay naglalarawan sa
lugar ng Singapore bilang isang ‘fishing village’. Ang ulo naman ng leon ay
naglalarawan sa dating pangalan ng bansa na Singapura na ang ibig sabihin ay ‘lion
city’.Mayroon ding natatanging replica ng ‘MerLion’ sa Sentosa Island
Taj Mahal ( India )
Ang Taj Mahal ay isang puting marbol na mosoliem na matatagpuan sa Agra, Uttar
Pradesh, India. Ito ay itinayo ni mughal emperor Shah Jahan para sa alaala ng kanyang
pangatlong asawa, Mumtaz Mahal noong 1648. Ito ay nakilala bilang “the jewel of
Muslim Art in India” at isa sa mga ‘masterpiece’ ng buong mundong pamana. Kasama
rin sa ‘7 Wonders’ na naging centro ng atraksyon na dinayo ng mga turista sa buong
sulok ng mundo. Ang India ay tinawag na “Land of Contrasts” na talaga namang totoo.
Na sari-saring uri minsan hindi mailarawan, sa tunog, amoy, salita, at marami pang iba.

3. Great Wall of China ( China )
Ang Great Wall of China ay nagsimula bilang pinaghiwalay na pader na ginawa
upang ipagtanggol ang iba’t-ibang lungsod sa kanilang bansa. Ito ay ipinagawa ni
Emperor Qin na siyang nagutos na ipagkonekta ang mga pader upang mapatibay ang
mga kakayahan ng bansa upang makipaglaban-laban sa Mongolia. Noong panahon ng
Tang Dynasty, ang Tsina ay naging payapa at nagkaroon ng progreso sa pagkabit-kabit
ng mga pader sa masusuing paraan. Ang pagsasaaos dito ay nagpatuloy noong Ming
Dynasty kasama ang pagpapalaki ng mga pader nito.
Jeju Island (Korea)
Ang Jeju Island ay isang uri ng ‘volcanic island’ na matatagpuan sa 130 km
galing sa Timog na parte ng Korea. Ito and pinakamalaking isla ngunit pinakamaliit na
probinsya sa kanilang bansa. Ito ay may ‘surface area’ na 1846 sqrkm. Ang pinaka
tanyag na makikita dito ay ang Hallasan na pinakamalaking bundok sa Timog Korea.

4. ELEMENTS OF ART:
The visual components of color, form, line, shape, space, texture, and value.
Line
An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional,
descriptive, implied, or abstract.
Shape
An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.
Form
An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND
depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.
Value
The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The
value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.
Space
An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved
in a work of art .
Color
An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
• Hue: name of color
• Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black is
added)
• Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color is strong and bright; low
intensity= color is faint and dull)
Texture
An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if
touched.
PRINCIPLES OF ART:
Balance, emphasis, movement, proportion, rhythm, unity, and variety; the means an artist uses to
organize elements within a work of art
Rhythm
A principle of design that indicates movement, created by the careful placement of
repeated elements in a work of art to cause a visual tempo or beat.
Balance
A way of combining elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of art.
Major types are symmetrical and asymmetrical.
Emphasis (contrast)
A way of combining elements to stress the differences between those elements.
Proportion
A principle of design that refers to the relationship of certain elements to the whole and to
each other.
Gradation
A way of combining elements by using a series of gradual changes in those elements.
(large shapes to small shapes, dark hue to light hue, etc)
Harmony
A way of combining similar elements in an artwork to accent their similarities (achieved
through use of repetitions and subtle gradual changes)
Variety
A principle of design concerned with diversity or contrast. Variety is achieved by using
different shapes, sizes, and/or colors in a work of art.
Movement
A principle of design used to create the look and feeling of action and to guide the
viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.

5. Proverb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Pro-verb.
For other uses, see Proverb (disambiguation).
Chinese proverb. It says, "Learn till old, live till old, and there is still one-third not learned," meaning that no
matter how old you are, there is still more learning or studying left to do.
A proverb (from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated,
that expresses a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. They are
often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim.
Proverbs are often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the
present through more than one language. Both the Bible (including, but not limited to theBook of
Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the work of Erasmus) have played a considerable role in
distributing proverbs across Europe. Mieder has concluded that cultures that treat the Bible as their
"major spiritual book contain between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the
Bible."[1]
However, almost every culture has examples of its own unique proverbs.
Contents
[hide]

6.  1 Examples
 2 Paremiology
 3 Definitions of "proverb"
 4 Grammatical structures of proverbs
 5 Use in conversation
 6 Use in literature
 7 Interpretations of proverbs
 8 Counter proverbs
 9 Proverbs in drama and film
 10 Proverbs and music
 11 Sources of proverbs
 12 Paremiological minimum
 13 Proverbs in visual form
 14 Proverbs in cartoons
 15 Applications of proverbs
 16 Borrowing and spread of proverbs
 17 Are cultural values reflected in proverbs?
 18 Proverbs and religion
 19 Proverbs and psychology
 20 Proverbs in advertising
 21 Conservative language
 22 Sources for proverb study
 23 Noteworthy proverb scholars (paremiologists)
 24 See also
 25 Notes
 26 References
 27 External links
Examples[edit]
See also: List of proverbial phrases
 Haste makes waste
 A stitch in time saves nine
 Ignorance is bliss
 Mustn't cry over spilled milk.
 You can catch more flies with honey than you can with vinegar.
 You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.
 Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throwstones.
 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
 Fortune favours the bold
 Well begun is half done.
 A little learning is a dangerous thing
 A rolling stone gathers no moss.
 It is better to be smarter than you appear than to appear smarter than you are.
 Good things come to those who wait.
 A poor workman blames his tools.
 A dog is a man's best friend.
 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

7.  If the shoe fits, wear it!
 Honesty is the best policy
 Slow and steady wins the race
Paremiology[edit]
Main article: Paremiology
The study of proverbs is called paremiology which has a variety of uses in the study of such topics
as philosophy,linguistics, and folklore.
There are several types and styles of proverbs which are analyzed within Paremiology as is the use
and misuse of familiar expressions which are not strictly 'proverbial' in the dictionary definition of
being fixed sentences.
Definitions of "proverb"[edit]
Defining a “proverb” is a difficult task. Proverb scholars often quote Archer Taylor’s classic “The
definition of a proverb is too difficult to repay the undertaking... An incommunicable quality tells us
this sentence is proverbial and that one is not. Hence no definition will enable us to identify positively
a sentence as proverbial”.[2]
Another common definition is from Lord John Russell (c. 1850) “A
proverb is the wit of one, and the wisdom of many.” [3]
More constructively, Mieder has proposed the following definition, “A proverb is a short, generally
known sentence of the folk which contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional views in a
metaphorical, fixed, and memorizable form and which is handed down from generation to
generation.”[4]
Norrick created a table of distinctive features to distinguish proverbs from idioms,
cliches, etc.[5]
Prahlad distinguishes proverbs from some other, closely related types of sayings,
“True proverbs must further be distinguished from other types of proverbial speech, e.g. proverbial
phrases, Wellerisms, maxims, quotations, and proverbial comparisons.”[6]
Based on Persian
proverbs, Zolfaghari and Ameri propose the following definition: "A proverb is a short sentence,
which is well-known and at times rhythmic, including advice, sage themes and ethnic experiences,
comprising simile, metaphor or irony which is well-known among people for its fluent wording, clarity
of expression, simplicity, expansiveness and generality and is used either with or without change"[7]
There are many sayings in English that are commonly referred to as “proverbs”, such as weather
sayings. Alan Dundes, however, rejects including such sayings among truly proverbs: “Are weather
proverbs proverbs? I would say emphatically 'No!'”[8]
The definition of “proverb” has also changed
over the years. For example, the following was labeled “A Yorkshire proverb” in 1883, but would not
be categorized as a proverb by most today, “as throng as Throp's wife when she hanged herself with
a dish-cloth.”[9]
The changing of the definition of "proverb" is also noted in Turkish.[10]
In other languages and cultures, the definition of “proverb” also differs from English. In
the Chumburung language of Ghana, "aŋase are literal proverb and akpare are metaphoric
ones.”[11]
Among the Bini of Nigeria, there are three words that are used to translate "proverb": ere,
ivbe, and itan. The first relates to historical events, the second relates to current events, and the third
was “linguistic ornamentation in formal discourse”.[12]
Among the Balochi of Pakistan and
Afghanistan, there is a word batal for ordinary proverbs and bassīttuks for "proverbs with background
stories".[13]
All of this makes it difficult to come up with a definition of "proverb" that is universally applicable,
which brings us back to Taylor's observation, "An incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is
proverbial and that one is not.".
Grammatical structures of proverbs[edit]

8. Proverbs in various languages are found with a wide variety of grammatical structures.[14]
In English,
for example, we find the following structures (in addition to others):
 Imperative, negative - Don't beat a dead horse.
 Imperative, positive - Look before you leap.
 Parallel phrases - Garbage in, garbage out.
 Rhetorical question - Is the Pope Catholic?
 Declarative sentence - Birds of a feather flock together.
However, people will often quote only a fraction of a proverb to invoke an entire proverb, e.g. "All is
fair" instead of "All is fair in love and war", and "A rolling stone" for "A rolling stone gathers no moss."
The grammar of proverbs is not always the typical grammar of the spoken language, often elements
are moved around, to achieve rhyme or focus.[15]
Use in conversation[edit]
Proverbs are used in conversation by adults more than children, partially because adults have
learned more proverbs than children. Also, using proverbs well is a skill that is developed over years.
Additionally, children have not mastered the patterns of metaphorical expression that are invoked in
proverb use. Proverbs, because they are indirect, allow a speaker to disagree or give advice in a
way that may be less offensive. Studying actual proverb use in conversation, however, is difficult
since the researcher must wait for proverbs to happen.[16]
An Ethiopian researcher, Tadesse Jaleta
Jirata, made headway in such research by attending and taking notes at events where he knew
proverbs were expected to be part of the conversations.[17]
Use in literature[edit]
Created proverb from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings on a bumper sticker.
Many authors have used proverbs in their writings. Probably the most famous user of proverbs in
novels is J. R. R. Tolkien in his The Hobbit and The Lord of the Ringsseries.[18][19]
Also, C. S.
Lewis created a dozen proverbs in The Horse and His Boy.[20]
These books are notable for not only
using proverbs as integral to the development of the characters and the story line, but also for
creating proverbs.
Among medieval literary texts, Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde plays a special role because
Chaucer's usage seems to challenge the truth value of proverbs by exposing their epistemological
unreliability.[21]
Proverbs (or portions of them) have been the inspiration for titles of books: The Bigger they
Come by Erle Stanley Gardner, and Birds of a Feather (several books with this title), Devil in the
Details(multiple books with this title). Sometimes a title alludes to a proverb, but does not actually
quote it, such as The Gift Horse's Mouth by Robert Campbell. Some stories have been written with a
proverb overtly as an opening, such as "A stitch in time saves nine" at the beginning of "Kitty's Class
Day", one of Louisa May Alcott's Proverb Stories. Other times, a proverb appears at the end of a

9. story, summing up a moral to the story, frequently found in Aesop's Fables, such as "Heaven helps
those who help themselves" from Hercules and the Wagoner.
Proverbs have also been used strategically by poets.[22]
Sometimes proverbs (or portions of them or
anti-proverbs) are used for titles, such as "A bird in the bush" by Lord Kennet and his stepson Peter
Scott and "The blind leading the blind" by Lisa Mueller. Sometimes, multiple proverbs are important
parts of poems, such as Paul Muldoon's "Symposium", which begins "You can lead a horse to water
but you can't make it hold its nose to the grindstone and hunt with the hounds. Every dog has a
stitch in time..." The Turkish poet Refiki wrote an entire poem by stringing proverbs together, which
has been translated into English poetically yielding such verses as "Be watchful and be wary, / But
seldom grant a boon; / The man who calls the piper / Will also call the tune."[23]
Because proverbs are familiar and often pointed, they have been used by a number of hip-hop
poets. This has been true not only in the USA, birthplace of hip-hop, but also in Nigeria. Since
Nigeria is so multilingual, hip-hop poets there use proverbs from various languages, mixing them in
as it fits there need, sometimes translating the original. For example,
"They forget say ogbon ju agbaralo
They forget that wisdom is greater than power"[24]
Some authors have bent and twisted proverbs, creating anti-proverbs, for a variety of literary effects.
For example, in theHarry Potter novels, J. K. Rowling reshapes a standard English proverb into “It’s
no good crying over spilt potion” andDumbledore advises Harry not to “count your owls before they
are delivered”.[25]
In a slightly different use of reshaping proverbs, in the Aubrey–Maturin series of
historical naval novels by Patrick O'Brian, Capt. Jack Aubrey humorously mangles and mis-splices
proverbs, such as “Never count the bear’s skin before it is hatched” and “There’s a good deal to be
said for making hay while the iron is hot.”[26]
Because proverbs are so much a part of the language and culture, authors have sometimes used
proverbs in historical fiction effectively, but anachronistically, before the proverb was actually known.
For example, the novel Ramage and the Rebels, by Dudley Pope is set in approximately 1800.
Captain Ramage reminds his adversary "You are supposed to know that it is dangerous to change
horses in midstream" (p. 259), with another allusion to the same proverb three pages later. However,
the proverb about changing horses in midstream is reliably dated to 1864,[27]
so the proverb could not
have been known or used by a character from that period.
Some authors have used so many proverbs that there have been entire books written cataloging
their proverb usage, such as Charles Dickens,[28]
Agatha Christie,[29]
George Bernard
Shaw,[30]
and Friedrich Nietzsche.[31]
On the non-fiction side, proverbs have also been used by authors. Some have been used as the
basis for book titles, e.g. I Shop, Therefore I Am: Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self by April
Lane Benson. Some proverbs been used as the basis for article titles, "All our eggs in a broken
basket: How the Human Terrain System is undermining sustainable military cultural
competence."[32]
Many authors have cited proverbs as epigrams at the beginning of their articles, e.g.
"'If you want to dismantle a hedge, remove one thorn at a time' Somali proverb" in an article on
peacemaking in Somalia.[33]
Interpretations of proverbs[edit]
Interpreting proverbs is often complex. Interpreting proverbs from other cultures is much more
difficult than interpreting proverbs in ones own culture. Even within English-speaking cultures, there
is difference of opinion on how to interpret the proverb A rolling stone gathers no moss. Some see it
as condemning a person that keeps moving, seeing moss as a positive thing, such as profit; others
see it the proverb as praising people that keep moving and developing, seeing moss as a negative
thing, such as negative habits.

10. In an extreme example, one researcher working in Ghana found that for a single Akan proverb,
twelve different interpretations were given.[34]
Though this is extreme, proverbs can often have
multiple interpretations.
Children will sometimes interpret proverbs in a literal sense, not yet knowing how to understand the
conventionalized metaphor. Interpretation of proverbs is also affected by injuries and diseases of the
brain, "A hallmark of schizophrenia is impaired proverb interpretation."[35]
Counter proverbs[edit]
There are often proverbs that contradict each other, such as "Look before you leap" and "He who
hesitates is lost." These have been labeled "counter proverbs" [36]
When there are such counter
proverbs, each can be used in its own appropriate situation, and neither is intended to be a universal
truth.
The concept of "counter proverb" is more about pairs of contradictory proverbs than about the use of
proverbs to counter each other in an argument. For example, the following pair are counter proverbs
from Ghana "It is the patient person who will milk a barren cow" and "The person who would milk a
barren cow must prepare for a kick on the forehead" [37]
The two contradict each other, whether they
are used in an argument or not (though indeed they were used in an argument). But the same work
contains an appendixwith many examples of proverbs used in arguing for contrary positions, but
proverbs that are not inherently contradictory,[38]
such as "One is better off with hope of a cow's
return than news of its death" countered by "If you don't know a goat [before its death] you mock at
its skin". Though this pair was used in a contradictory way in a conversation, they are not a set of
"counter proverbs".
Discussing counter proverbs in the Badaga language, Hockings explained that in his large collection
"a few proverbs are mutually contradictory... we can be sure that the Badagas do not see the matter
that way, and would explain such apparent contradictions by reasoning that proverb x is used in one
context, while y is used in quite another."[39]
Comparing Korean proverbs, "when you compare two
proverbs, often they will be contradictory." They are used for "a particular situation".[40]
"Counter proverbs" are not the same as a "paradoxical proverb", a proverb that contains a seeming
paradox.[41]
Proverbs in drama and film[edit]
Similarly to other forms of literature, proverbs have also been used as important units of language in
drama and films. This is true from the days of classical Greek works[42]
to old French [43]
to
Shakespeare,[44]
to 19th Century Spanish,[45]
to today. The use of proverbs in drama and film today is
still found in languages around the world, such as Yorùbá.[46]
A film that makes rich use of proverbs is Forrest Gump, known for both using and creating
proverbs.[47][48]
Other studies of the use of proverbs in film include work by Kevin McKenna on the
Russian film Aleksandr Nevsky,[49]
Haase's study of an adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood,[50]
Elias
Dominguez Barajas on the film Viva Zapata!,[51]
and Aboneh Ashagrie on The Athlete (a movie in
Amharic about Abebe Bikila).[52]

11. Play poster from 1899.
In the case of Forrest Gump, the screenplay by Eric Roth had more proverbs than the novel
by Winston Groom, but for The Harder They Come, the reverse is true, where the novel derived from
the movie by Michael Thelwell has many more proverbs than the movie.[53]
Éric Rohmer, the French film director, directed a series of films, the "Comedies and Proverbs",
where each film was based on a proverb: The Aviator's Wife, The Perfect Marriage, Pauline at the
Beach, Full Moon in Paris (the film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: "The one who has
two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind."), The Green Ray, Boyfriends
and Girlfriends.[54]
Movie titles based on proverbs include Murder Will Out (1939 film), Try, Try Again, and The Harder
They Fall. The title of an award-winning Turkish film, Three Monkeys, also invokes a proverb, though
the title does not fully quote it.
They have also been used as the titles of plays: Baby with the Bathwater byChristopher
Durang, Dog Eat Dog by Mary Gallagher, and The Dog in the Mangerby Charles Hale Hoyt. The use
of proverbs as titles for plays is not, of course, limited to English plays: Il faut qu'une porte soit
ouverte ou fermée (A door must be open or closed) by Paul de Musset. Proverbs have also been
used in musical dramas, such as The Full Monty, which has been shown to use proverbs in clever
ways.[55]
Proverbs and music[edit]

12. "Spilt Milk" album by Jellyfish.
Proverbs are often poetic in and of themselves, making them ideally suited for adapting into songs.
Proverbs have been used in music from opera to country to hip-hop. Proverbs have also been used
in music in other languages, such as theAkan language[56]
the Igede language,[57]
and Spanish.[58]
English examples of using proverbs in music include Elvis Presley's Easy come, easy go, Harold
Robe's Never swap horses when you're crossing a stream, Arthur Gillespie's Absence makes the
heart grow fonder, Bob Dylan's Like a rolling stone,Cher's Apples don't fall far from the tree. Lynn
Anderson made famous a song full of proverbs, I never promised you a rose garden (written by Joe
South). In choral music, we find Michael Torke's Proverbs for female voice and ensemble. A number
of Blues musicians have also used proverbs extensively.[59][60]
The frequent use of proverbs in
Country music has led to published studies of proverbs in this genre.[61][62]
The Reggae artist Jahdan
Blakkamoore has recorded a piece titledProverbs Remix. The opera Maldobrìe contains careful use
of proverbs.[63]
An extreme example of many proverbs used in composing songs is a song consisting
almost entirely of proverbs performed by Bruce Springsteen, "My best was never good
enough".[64]
The Mighty Diamonds recorded a song called simply "Proverbs".
"Fleet Foxes" album cover withNetherlandish Proverbs.
The band Fleet Foxes used the proverb painting Netherlandish Proverbs for the cover of their
eponymous album Fleet Foxes.
In addition to proverbs being used in songs themselves, some rock bands have used parts of
proverbs as their names, such as the Rolling Stones, Bad Company,The Mothers of Invention, Feast
or Famine, Of Mice and Men. There have been at least two groups that called themselves "The
Proverbs". In addition, many albums have been named with allusions to proverbs, such as Spilt

13. milk (a title used byJellyfish and also Kristina Train), The more things change by Machine Head, Silk
purse by Linda Ronstadt, Another day, another dollar by DJ Scream Roccett, The blind leading the
naked by Vicious Femmes, What's good for the goose is good for the gander by Bobby
Rush, Resistance is Futile by Steve Coleman, Murder will outby Fan the Fury. The proverb Feast or
famine has been used as an album title byChuck Ragan, Reef the Lost Cauze, Indiginus, and
DaVinci. Whitehorse mixed two proverbs for the name of their album Leave no bridge unburned. The
band Splinter Group released an album titled When in Rome, Eat Lions. The band Downcount used
a proverb for the name of their tour,Come and take it.
Sources of proverbs[edit]
"Who will bell the cat?", comes from the end of a story.
Proverbs come from a variety of sources. Some are, indeed, the result of people pondering and
crafting language, such as some by Confucius, Plato, Baltasar Gracián, etc. Others are taken from
such diverse sources as poetry,[65]
songs, commercials, advertisements, movies, literature, etc.[66]
A
number of the well known sayings of Jesus, Shakespeare, and others have become proverbs,
though they were original at the time of their creation, and many of these sayings were not seen as
proverbs when they were first coined. Many proverbs are also based on stories, often the end of a
story. For example, the proverb "Who will bell the cat?" is from the end of a story about the mice
planning how to be safe from the cat.
Created proverb from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, now used in society, on a bumper sticker.
Some authors have created proverbs in their writings, such a J.R.R. Tolkien,[18][19]
and some of these
proverbs have made their way into broader society, such as the bumper sticker pictured here.
Similarly, C.S. Lewis' created proverb about a lobster in a pot, from the Chronicles of Narnia, has
also gained currency.[67]
In cases like this, deliberately created proverbs for fictional societies have

14. become proverbs in real societies. In a fictional story set in a real society, the movie Forrest
Gump introduced "Life is like a box of chocolates" into broad society.
Though many proverbs are ancient, they were all newly created at some point by somebody.
Sometimes it is easy to detect that a proverb is newly coined by a reference to something recent,
such as the Haitian proverb "The fish that is being microwaved doesn't fear the lightning".[68]
Also,
there is a proverb in the Kafa language of Ethiopia that refers to the forced military conscription of
the 1980s, "...the one who hid himself lived to have children."[69]
A Mongolian proverb also shows
evidence of recent origin, "A beggar who sits on gold; Foam rubber piled on edge."[70]
A political
candidate in Kenya popularised a new proverb in his 1995 campaign, Chuth ber "Immediacy is best".
"The proverb has since been used in other contexts to prompt quick action."[71]
Over 1,400 new
English proverbs are said to have been coined in the 20th century.[72]
This process of creating
proverbs is always ongoing, so that possible new proverbs are being created constantly. Those
sayings that are adopted and used by an adequate number of people become proverbs in that
society.
Paremiological minimum[edit]
Grigorii Permjakov[73]
developed the concept of the core set of proverbs that full members of society
know, what he called the "paremiological minimum" (1979). For example, an adult American is
expected to be familiar with "Birds of a feather flock together", part of the American paremiological
minimum. However, an average adult American is not expected to know "Fair in the cradle, foul in
the saddle", an old English proverb that is not part of the current American paremiological minimum.
Thinking more widely than merely proverbs, Permjakov observed "every adult Russian language
speaker (over 20 years of age) knows no fewer than 800 proverbs, proverbial expressions, popular
literary quotations and other forms of cliches".[74]
Studies of the paremiological minimum have been
done for a limited number of languages, including
Russian,[75]
Hungarian,[76][77]
Czech,[78]
Somali,[79]
Nepali,[80]
Gujarati,[81]
Spanish,[82]
and Esperanto.[83]
Tw
o noted examples of attempts to establish a paremiological minimum in America are by Haas (2008)
and Hirsch, Kett, and Trefil (1988), the latter more prescriptive than descriptive. There is not yet a
recognized standard method for calculating the paremiological minimum, as seen by comparing the
various efforts to establish the paremiological minimum in a number of languages.
Proverbs in visual form[edit]
Thai ceramic, illustrating "Don't torch a stump with a hornet nest."

15. Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559, with peasant scenes illustrating over 100 proverbs
The Blind Leading the Blind painted by Bruegel
From ancient times, people around the world have recorded proverbs in visual form. This has been
done in two ways. First, proverbs have been written to be displayed, often in a decorative manner,
such as on pottery, cross-stitch, murals,[84][85]
kangas(East African women's wraps),[86]
andquilts.[87]
Big Fishes Eat Little Fishes
Secondly, proverbs have often been visually depicted in a variety of media, including paintings,
etchings, and sculpture. Jakob Jordaens painted a plaque with a proverb about drunkenness above
a drunk man wearing a crown, titled The King Drinks. Probably the most famous examples of
depicting proverbs are the different versions of the paintings Netherlandish Proverbs by the father
and son Pieter Bruegel the Elderand Pieter Brueghel the Younger, the proverbial meanings of these
paintings being the subject of a 2004 conference, which led to a published volume of studies (Mieder
2004a). The same father and son also painted versions of The Blind Leading the Blind, a Biblical
proverb. These and similar paintings inspired another famous painting depicting some proverbs and
also idioms (leading to a series of additional paintings) Proverbidioms by T. E. Breitenbach. Another
painting inspired by Bruegel's work is by the Chinese artist, Ah To, who created a painting illustrating
81 Cantonese sayings.[88]
Corey Barksdale has produced a book of paintings with specific proverbs
and pithy quotations.[89]
The British artist Chris Gollon has painted a major work entitled "Big Fish Eat
Little Fish", a title echoing Bruegel's painting Big Fishes Eat Little Fishes.

16. Illustrations showing proverbs from Ben Franklin
Three wise monkeys, invoking a proverb, with no text.
Sometimes well-known proverbs are pictured on objects, without a text actually quoting the proverb,
such as the three wise monkeys who remind us "Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil". When the
proverb is well known, viewers are able to recognize the proverb and understand the image
appropriately, but if viewers do not recognize the proverb, much of the effect of the image is lost. For
example, there is a Japanese painting in the Bonsai museum in Saitama city that depicted flowers
on a dead tree, but only when the curator learned the ancient (and no longer current) proverb
"Flowers on a dead tree" did the curator understand the deeper meaning of the painting.[90]
A bibliography on proverbs in visual form has been prepared by Mieder and Sobieski (1999).
Interpreting visual images of proverbs is subjective, but familiarity with the depicted proverb helps.[91]
In an abstract non-representational visual work, sculptor Mark di Suvero has created a sculpture
titled "Proverb", which is located in Dallas, TX, near the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center.
Some artists have used proverbs and anti-proverbs for titles of their paintings, alluding to a proverb
rather than picturing it. For example, Vivienne LeWitt painted a piece titled "If the shoe doesn’t fit,
must we change the foot?", which shows neither foot nor shoe, but a woman counting her money as
she contemplates different options when buying vegetables.[92]
Proverbs in cartoons[edit]
Cartoonists, both editorial and pure humorists, have often used proverbs, sometimes primarily
building on the text, sometimes primarily on the situation visually, the best cartoons combining both.
Not surprisingly, cartoonists often twist proverbs, such as visually depicting a proverb literally or
twisting the text as an anti-proverb.[93]
An example with all of these traits is a cartoon showing a
waitress delivering two plates with worms on them, telling the customers, "Two early bird specials...
here ya go."[94]
The traditional Three wise monkeys were depicted in Bizarro with different labels. Instead of the
negative imperatives, the one with ears covered bore the sign “See and speak evil”, the one with
eyes covered bore the sign “See and hear evil”, etc. The caption at the bottom read “The power of

17. positive thinking.”[95]
Another cartoon showed a customer in a pharmacy telling a pharmacist, “I'll
have an ounce of prevention.”[96]
The comic strip The Argyle Sweater showed an Egyptian
archeologist loading a mummy on the roof of a vehicle, refusing the offer of a rope to tie it on, with
the caption “A fool and his mummy are soon parted.”[97]
The comic One Big Happy showed a
conversation where one person repeatedly posed part of various proverb and the other tried to
complete each one, resulting in such humorous results as “Don't change horses... unless you can lift
those heavy diapers.”[98]
Editorial cartoons can use proverbs to make their points with extra force as they can invoke the
wisdom of society, not just the opinion of the editors.[99]
In an example that invoked a proverb only
visually, when a US government agency (GSA) was caught spending money extravagantly, a
cartoon showed a black pot labeled “Congress” telling a black kettle labeled “GSA”, “Stop wasting
the taxpayers' money!”[100]
It may have taken some readers a moment of pondering to understand it,
but the impact of the message was the stronger for it.
Cartoons with proverbs are so common that Wolfgang Mieder has published a collected volume of
them, many of themeditorial cartoons. For example, a German editorial cartoon linked a current
politician to the Nazis, showing him with a bottle of swastika-labeled wine and the caption “In vino
veritas.” [101]
One cartoonist very self-consciously drew and wrote cartoons based on proverbs for the University
of Vermont student newspaper The Water Tower, under the title "Proverb place".[102]
Applications of proverbs[edit]
Blood chit used by WWII US pilots fighting in China, in case they were shot down by the Japanese. This leaflet
to the Chinese depicts an American aviator being carried by two Chinese civilians. Text is "Plant melons and
harvest melons, plant peas and harvest peas," a Chinese proverb equivalent to "As You Sow, So Shall You
Reap".
Billboard outside defense plant during WWII, invoking the proverb of the three wise monkeys to urge security.

18. There is a growing interest in deliberately using proverbs to achieve goals, usually to support and
promote changes in society. On the negative side, this was deliberately done by the Nazis.[103]
On the
more positive side, proverbs have also been used for constructive purposes. For example, proverbs
have been used for teaching foreign languages at various levels.[104][105]
In addition, proverbs have
been used for public health promotion, such as promoting breast feeding with a shawl bearing a
Swahili proverb “Mother’s milk is sweet”.[106]
Proverbs have also been applied for helping people
manage diabetes,[107]
to combat prostitution,[108]
and for community development.,[109]
to resolve
conflicts,[110]
and to slow the transmission of HIV.[111]
The most active field deliberately using proverbs is Christian ministry, where Joseph G. Healey and
others have deliberately worked to catalyze the collection of proverbs from smaller languages and
the application of them in a wide variety of church-related ministries, resulting in publications of
collections[112]
and applications.[113][114]
This attention to proverbs by those in Christian ministries is not
new, many pioneering proverb collections having been collected and published by Christian
workers.[115][116][117][118]
U.S. Navy Captain Edward Zellem pioneered the use of Afghan proverbs as a positive relationship-
building tool during thewar in Afghanistan, and in 2012 he published two bilingual collections of
Afghan proverbs in Dari and English, part of an effort of nationbuilding.[119][120]
Borrowing and spread of proverbs[edit]
Proverbs are often and easily translated and transferred from one language into another. “There is
nothing so uncertain as the derivation of proverbs, the same proverb being often found in all nations,
and it is impossible to assign its paternity.”[121]
Proverbs are often borrowed across lines of language, religion, and even time. For example, a
proverb of the approximate form “No flies enter a mouth that is shut” is currently found in Spain,
France, Ethiopia, and many countries in between. It is embraced as a true local proverb in many
places and should not be excluded in any collection of proverbs because it is shared by the
neighbors. However, though it has gone through multiple languages and millennia, the proverb can
be traced back to an ancient Babylonian proverb (Pritchard 1958:146).
In the Alaaba and Gurage languages of south central Ethiopia, there is a proverb, “The she-dog
[bitch], because she is in extreme hurry gives birth to blind (ones).”[122]
It is also found in Pashto
language of Afghanistan.[123]
Erasmus also gave a Latin form of it in his Adagia, "Canis festinans
caecos parit catulos". This proverb is also well attested in ancient Greek and even Akkadian texts,
where Moran gives it as “The bitch by her acting too hastily brought forth the blind”.[124]
Alster,
documenting an Akkadian inscription, classified this proverb as having “a longer history than any
other recorded proverb in the world”, going back to “around 1800 BC”.[125]
Another example of a widely spread proverb is “A drowning person clutches at [frogs] foam”, found
in Peshai of Afghanistan[126]
and Orma of Kenya,[127]
and presumably places in between.
Proverbs about one hand clapping are common across Asia,[128]
from Dari in Afghanistan [129]
to
Japan.[130]
Some studies have been done devoted to the spread of proverbs in certain regions, such as India
and her neighbors[131]
and Europe.[132]
An extreme example of the borrowing and spread of proverbs was the work done to create a corpus
of proverbs forEsperanto, where all the proverbs were translated from other languages.[133]
It is often not possible to trace the direction of borrowing a proverb between languages. This is
complicated by the fact that the borrowing may have been through plural languages. In some cases,
it is possible to make a strong case for discerning the direction of the borrowing based on an artistic
form of the proverb in one language, but a prosaic form in another language. For example, in

19. Ethiopia there is a proverb “Of mothers and water, there is none evil.” It is found in Amharic,Alaaba
language, and Oromo, three languages of Ethiopia:
 Oromo: Hadhaa fi bishaan, hamaa hin qaban.
 Amharic: Käənnatənna wəha, kəfu yälläm.
 Alaaba" Wiihaa ʔamaataa hiilu yoosebaʔa[134]
The Oromo version uses poetic features, such as the initial ha in both clauses with the final -aa in
the same word, and both clauses ending with -an. Also, both clauses are built with the vowel a in the
first and last words, but the vowel i in the one syllable central word. In contrast, the Amharic and
Alaaba versions of the proverb show little evidence of sound-based art. Based on the verbal artistry
of the Oromo, it appears that the Oromo form is prior to the Alaaba or Amharic, though it could be
borrowed from yet another language.
Are cultural values reflected in proverbs?[edit]
There is a longstanding debate among proverb scholars as to whether the cultural values of specific
language communities are reflected (to varying degree) in their proverbs. Many claim that the
proverbs of a particular culture reflect the values of that specific culture, at least to some degree.
Many writers have asserted that the proverbs of their cultures reflect their culture and values; this
can be seen in such titles as the following: An introduction to Kasena society and culture through
their proverbs,[135]
Prejudice, power, and poverty in Haiti: a study of a nation's culture as seen through
its proverbs,[136]
Proverbiality and worldview in Maltese and Arabic proverbs,[137]
Fatalistic traits in
Finnish proverbs,[138]
Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs,[139]
and The
Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu proverbs: The Kihooto worldview.[140]
However, a number of scholars argue that such claims are not valid. They have used a variety of
arguments. Grauberg argues that since many proverbs are so widely circulated they are reflections
of broad human experience, not any one culture's unique viewpoint.[141]
Related to this line of
argument, from a collection of 199 American proverbs, Jente showed that only 10 were coined in the
USA, so that most of these proverbs would not reflect uniquely American values.[142]
Giving another
line of reasoning that proverbs should not be trusted as a simplistic guide to cultural values, Mieder
once observed “proverbs come and go, that is, antiquated proverbs with messages and images we
no longer relate to are dropped from our proverb repertoire, while new proverbs are created to reflect
the mores and values of our time”,[143]
so old proverbs still in circulation might reflect past values of a
culture more than its current values. Also, within any language’s proverb repertoire, there may be
“counter proverbs”, proverbs that contradict each other on the surface[36]
(see section above). When
examining such counter proverbs, it is difficult to discern an underlying cultural value. With so many
barriers to a simple calculation of values directly from proverbs, some feel "one cannot draw
conclusions about values of speakers simply from the texts of proverbs".[144]
Many outsiders have studied proverbs to discern and understand cultural values and world view of
cultural communities.[145]
These outsider scholars are confident that they have gained insights into
the local cultures by studying proverbs, but this is not universally accepted.
Seeking empirical evidence to evaluate the question of whether proverbs reflect a culture’s values,
some have counted the proverbs that support various values. For example, Moon lists what he sees
as the top ten core cultural values of the Builsasociety of Ghana, as exemplified by proverbs. He
found that 18% of the proverbs he analyzed supported the value of being a member of the
community, rather than being independent.[146]
This was corroboration to other evidence that
collective community membership is an important value among the Builsa. In studying Tajik
proverbs, Bell notes that the proverbs in his corpus “Consistently illustrate Tajik values” and “The
most often observed proverbs reflect the focal and specific values” discerned in the thesis [147]

20. There are many examples where cultural values have been explained and illustrated by proverbs.
For example, from India, the concept that birth determines one's nature "is illustrated in the oft-
repeated proverb: there can be no friendship between grass-eaters and meat-eaters, between a
food and its eater".[148]
Proverbs have been used to explain and illustrate theFulani cultural value
of pulaaku.[149]
But using proverbs to illustrate a cultural value is not the same as using a collection of
proverbs to discern cultural values. In a comparative study between Spanish and Jordanian proverbs
it is defined the social imagination for the mother as an archetype in the context of role
transformation and in contrast with the roles of husband, son and brother, in two societies which
might be occasionally associated with sexist and /or rural ideologies.[150]
Some scholars have adopted a cautious approach, acknowledging at least a genuine, though
limited, link between cultural values and proverbs: “The cultural portrait painted by proverbs may be
fragmented, contradictory, or otherwise at variance with reality... but must be regarded not as
accurate renderings but rather as tantalizing shadows of the culture which spawned them.”[151]
There
is not yet agreement on the issue of whether, and how much, cultural values are reflected in a
culture's proverbs.
It is clear that the Soviet Union believed that proverbs had a direct link to the values of a culture, as
they used them to try to create changes in the values of cultures within their sphere of domination.
Sometimes they took old Russian proverbs and altered them into socialist forms.[152]
These new
proverbs promoted Socialism and its attendant values, such as atheism and collectivism, e.g. “Bread
is given to us not by Christ, but by machines and collective farms” and “A good harvest is had only
by a collective farm.” They did not limit their efforts to Russian, but also produced “newly coined
proverbs that conformed to socialist thought” in Tajik and other languages of the USSR.[153]
Proverbs and religion[edit]
Scroll of the Biblical Book of Proverbs
Many proverbs from around the world address matters of ethics and expected of behavior.
Therefore, it is not surprising that proverbs are often important texts in religions. The most obvious
example is the Book of Proverbs in the Bible. Additional proverbs have also been coined to support
religious values, such as the following from Dari of Afghanistan:[154]
"In childhood you're playful, In
youth you're lustful, In old age you're feeble, So when will you before God be worshipful?"
Clearly proverbs in religion are not limited to monotheists; among the Badaga of India (Sahivite
Hindus), there is a traditional proverb "Catch hold of and join with the man who has placed sacr ed
ash [on himself]."[155]
Proverbs are widely associated with large religions that draw from sacred
books, but they are also used for religious purposes among groups with their own traditional
religions, such as the Guji Oromo.[17]
The broadest comparative study of proverbs across religions

21. is The eleven religions and their proverbial lore, a comparative study. A reference book to the eleven
surviving major religions of the world by Selwyn Gurney Champion, from 1945. Some sayings from
sacred books also become proverbs, even if they were not obviously proverbs in the original
passage of the sacred book.[156]
For example, many quote "Be sure your sin will find you out" as a
proverb from the Bible, but there is no evidence it was proverbial in its original usage
(Numbers 32:23).
Not all religious references in proverbs are positive, some are cynical, such as the Tajik, "Do as the
mullah says, not as he does."[157]
Also, note the Italian proverb, "One barrel of wine can work more
miracles than a church full of saints". An Indian proverb is cynical about devotees of Hinduism,
"[Only] When in distress, a man calls on Rama".[158]
In the context of Tibetan Buddhism, some
Ladakhi proverbs mock the lamas, e.g. "If the lama's own head does not come out cleanly, how will
he do the drawing upwards of the dead?... used for deriding the immoral life of the lamas."[159]
Dammann thought "The influence of Islam manifests itself in African proverbs... Christian influences,
on the contrary, are rare."[160]
If widely true in Africa, this is likely due to the longer presence of Islam
in many parts of Africa. Reflection of Christian values is common in Amharic proverbs of Ethiopia, an
area that has had a presence of Christianity for well over 1,000 years. The Islamic proverbial
reproduction may also be shown in the image of some animals such as the dog. Although dog is
portrayed in many European proverbs as the most faithful friend of man, it is represented in some
Islamic countries as impure, dirty, vile, cowardly, ungrateful and treacherous, in addition to link it to
negative human superstitions such as loneliness, indifference and bad luck.[161]
Proverbs and psychology[edit]
Though much proverb scholarship is done by literary scholars, those studying the human mind have
used proverbs in a variety of studies. One of the earliest studies in this field is the Proverbs Test by
Gorham, developed in 1956. A similar test is being prepared in German.[162]
Proverbs have been
used to evaluate dementia,[163][164]
study the cognitive development of children,[165]
measure the results
of brain injuries,[166]
and study how the mind processes figurative language.[35][167]
Proverbs in advertising[edit]
Anti-proverb used in advertisingChick-Fil-A

22. Anti-proverb used in advertising
Proverbs are frequently used in advertising, often in slightly modified form.[168][169][170]
Ford once
advertised its Thunderbird with, "One drive is worth a thousand words" (Mieder 2004b: 84). This is
doubly interesting since the underlying proverb behind this, "One picture is worth a thousand words,"
was originally introduced into the English proverb repertoire in an ad for televisions (Mieder 2004b:
83).
A few of the many proverbs adapted and used in advertising include:
 "Live by the sauce, dine by the sauce" (Buffalo Wild Wings)
 "At D & D Dogs, you can teach an old dog new tricks" (D & D Dogs)
 "If at first you don't succeed, you're using the wrong equipment" (John Deere)
 "A pfennig saved is a pfennig earned." (Volkswagen)
 "Not only absence makes the heart grow fonder." (Godiva Chocolatier)
 "Where Hogs fly" (Grand Prairie AirHogs) baseball team
 "Waste not. Read a lot." (Half Price Books)
The GEICO company has created a series of television ads that are built around proverbs, such as
"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush",[171]
and "The pen is mightier than the sword",[172]
"Pigs
may fly/When pigs fly",[173]
"If a tree falls in the forest...",[174]
and "Words can never hurt you".[175]
Use of proverbs in advertising is not limited to the English language. Seda Başer Çoban has studied
the use of proverbs in Turkish advertising.[176]
Tatira has given a number of examples of proverbs
used in advertising in Zimbabwe.[177]
However, unlike the examples given above in English, all of
which are anti-proverbs, Tatira's examples are standard proverbs. Where the English proverbs
above are meant to make a potential customer smile, in one of the Zimbabwean examples "both the
content of the proverb and the fact that it is phrased as a proverb secure the idea of a secure time-
honored relationship between the company and the individuals". When newer buses were imported,
owners of older buses compensated by painting a traditional proverb on the sides of their buses,
"Going fast does not assure safe arrival".
Conservative language[edit]
Because many proverbs are both poetic and traditional, they are often passed down in fixed forms.
Though spoken language may change, many proverbs are often preserved in conservative,
even archaic, form. In English, for example, "betwixt" is not used by many, but a form of it is still

23. heard (or read) in the proverb "There is many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip." The conservative form
preserves the meter and the rhyme. This conservative nature of proverbs can result in archaic
linguistic structures being preserved in individual proverbs, as has been documented in
Amharic,[178]
Greek.[179]
and Nsenga.[180]
In addition, proverbs may still be used in languages which were once more widely known in a
society, but are now no longer so widely known. For example, English speakers use some non-
English proverbs that are drawn from languages that used to be widely understood by the educated
class, e.g. "C'est la vie" from French and "Carpe diem" from Latin.
Proverbs are often handed down through generations. Therefore, it is common that they preserve
words that become less common and archaic in broader society.[181]
For example, English has a
proverb "The cobbler's children have no shoes". The word "cobbler", meaning a maker of shoes, is
now unknown among many English speakers, but it is preserved in the proverb.
Sources for proverb study[edit]
A sample of books used in the study of proverbs
A seminal work in the study of proverbs is Archer Taylor's The Proverb (1931), later republished
by Wolfgang Mieder with Taylor's Index included (1985/1934). A good introduction to the study of
proverbs is Mieder's 2004 volume, Proverbs: A Handbook. Mieder has also published a series of
bibliography volumes on proverb research, as well as a large number of articles and other books in
the field. Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa, published on a CD,
including reprints of out-of-print collections, original collections, and works on analysis, bibliography,
and application of proverbs to Christian ministry (1998). Paczolay has compared proverbs across
Europe and published a collection of similar proverbs in 55 languages (1997). Mieder edits an
academic journal of proverb study, Proverbium (ISSN: 0743-782X), many back issues of which are
available online.[182]
A volume containing articles on a wide variety of topics touching on proverbs was
edited by Mieder and Alan Dundes (1994/1981). Paremia is a Spanish-language journal on
proverbs, with articles available online.[183]
There are also papers on proverbs published in
conference proceedings volumes from the annual Interdisciplinary Colloquium on
Proverbs[184]
in Tavira, Portugal. Mieder has published a two-volume International Bibliography of
Paremiology and Phraseology, with a topical, language, and author index.[185]
Mieder has published a
bibliography of collections of proverbs from around the world.[186]
A broad introduction to proverb
study,Introduction to Paremiology, edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga
has been published in both hardcover and free open access, with articles by a dozen different
authors.[187]
Noteworthy proverb scholars (paremiologists)[edit]
 Alan Dundes

24.  Desiderius Erasmus
 Galit Hasan-Rokem
 Joseph G. Healey
 Arvo Krikmann
 Matti Kuusi
 Dimitrios Loukatos
 Wolfgang Mieder
 Mineke Schipper
 Archer Taylor
 Edward Zellem
salawikain
proverb
sometimes misspelled as sawikain,
which means an idiomatic expression
Ano ang salawikain?
What is a proverb?
Ang salawikain ay isang maikling pangungusap na lubhang makahulugan at naglalayong
magbigay patnubay sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay. A proverb is a short sentence that is very
meaningful and aims to provide guidance in everyday living.
Halimbawa ng mga Salawikain
Examples of Proverbs
Kuwarta na, naging bato pa.
What was already money turned to stone.
Ang isip ay parang itak, sa hasa tumatalas.
The mind is like a knife honed by sharpening.
Kung anong bukang bibig ay siyang nilalaman ng dibdib.
What comes out of your mouth is what is in your heart.
Mabuti pa ang kubong nakatira'y tao kaysa mansyon ang nakatira'y kuwago.
Better a hut where a person lives than a mansion where an owl resides.
Pagkatapos ng araling ito, ang mga-aaral ay dapat na nakapagpapatunay na
nagbabago ang mga salitang naglalarawan batay sa ginamit na panlapi (unlapi, gitlapi,
hulapi).
Nagbabago ba ang kahulugan ng salita? Paano kaya ito nagbabago?
Pag-aralan Natin!

25. Pagbabago ng mga Salitang Naglalarawan Batay sa Ginamit na Panlapi (Unlapi,
Gitlapi, Hulapi)
Pang-uri
Tinatawag na pang-uri ang salitang naglalarawan o naglalahad ng katangian ng
tao, bagay, o pangyayari. Ang pang-uri ay may iba't ibang anyo: payak, maylapi,
inuulit, at tambalan.
Ang pang-uring maylapi ay salitang naglalarawan na binubuo ng salitang-ugat at isa o
higit pang panlapi.
Halimbawa:
 maganda: unlaping ma- + ganda
 bumilog: bilog + gitlaping –um-
 iklian: ikli + hulaping -an
Nagbabago ang kahulugan ng isang salitang naglalarawan batay sa panlaping ginamit
(unlapi, gitlapi, o hulapi).
Unlapi
Ang unlapi ay panlaping inilalagay sa unahan ng salita tulad ng ma-, mag-, ka-,
magka-, sing-, kasing-, pa-, at pang- ay ilan lamang sa mga halimbawa ng unlapi.
Ang mga pang-uring nilagyan ng unlapi ay karaniwang nagbibigay turing o
naglalarawan sa isang pangngalan o panghalip.
Halimbawa:
 Maganda ang bata. (ma- + ganda)
 Nasugatan sa aksidente ang magkabilang kamay ni Rey. (mag- + kabila)
Maaari ring ipakita ng unlapi ang kaantasan ng isang pang-uri. Ito ay ginagamit sa
paghahambing ng mga pangngalan o panghalip. **Ang ka-, magka-, sing-, kasing-, at
magkasing- ay naglalahad ng paghahambing ng magkatulad na katangian ng dalawang
pangngalan o panghalip.
Halimbawa:
 Kasingbilis niyang tumakbo ang tiyuhin ni Bill. (kasing- + bilis)

26.  Magkapareho ang nakuhang puntos nina Amber at Nicole sa kanilang pagsusulit.
*(magka- + pareho)
*
*Ang mga unlaping pinaka- at napaka- ay nagsasaad ng kasukdulan o pinakamatinding
katangian ng isang pangngalan o panghalip. *
Halimbawa:
 Napakalakas ng ulan kagabi. (napaka- + lakas)
 Si Ben ang pinakamatalino sa kanilang klase.* (pinaka- + talino)*
Gitlapi
Ang mga gitlapi naman tulad ng -in- at -um- ay mga panglaping inilalagay sa gitna
ng isang pangngalan o panghalip. Ginagamit ito upang ipakita ang pagkakaroon ng
pagbabago sa katangian ng isang pangngalan o panghalip.
Halimbawa:
 Gumanda ang mga halaman sa hardin. (ganda + -um-)
 Malaki ang pinayat ni Robert simula nang siya ay magkasakit. (payat + -in-)
Hulapi
Ang hulapi ay panlaping inilalagay sa hulihan ng isang pangngalan o panghalip.
Ang -in, -an, -hin, at -han ay mga hulapi. Kapag ang isang pang-uri ay nilagyan ng
hulapi, ito ay nagiging pandiwa at nagsasaad ng gagawing kilos.
Halimbawa:
 Liitan mo ang sulat mo. (liit + -an; nag-uutos na bawasan ang laki ng sulat)
 Habaan mo ang iyong pasensiya. (haba + -an; nagsasabing dagdagan ang
pasensiya)
Pansinin at paghambingin ang mga nagbagong kahulugan ng mga salita mula sa
salitang ugat na** ganda** na nilagyan ng iba't ibang panlapi.
Ganda-
isang kalagayan o hitsura (Ang ganda niya ay nakahahalina.)
Maganda-
isang katangiang nakaaakit sa paningin (Maganda ang anak na babae ni Romeo.)

27. Magkasingganda-
dalawang tao o bagay na parehong katangian (Magkasingganda ang ipinakitang sayaw
nina Rosana at Liza.)
Gumanda-
napabuti ang hitsura o kalagayan (Gumanda ang pamumuhay ng kanyang pamilya
dahil sa kaniyang pagsisikap.)
Gandahan-
gawing kaakit-akit o kawili-wili ang ipakikita o itatanghal (Gandahan mo ang pagsayaw
sa darating na programa.)
Keypoints
{Buod
}
Ang pang-uri ay salitang naglalarawan. Nagbabago ang kahulugan ng salitang
naglalarawan batay sa panlaping ginamit (unlapi, gitlapi, o hulapi).
Mahahalagang Kaalaman
 Ang pang-uri ay salitang naglalarawan o naglalahad ng katangian ng isang tao,
bagay, o pangyayari. Ito ay may iba't ibang anyo: *payak, maylapi, inuulit, at
tambalan. *
 Ang unlapi ay panlaping inilalagay sa unahan ng isang salita. Ang mga pang-
uring nilagyan ng unlapi ay karaniwang nagbibigay turing o naglalarawan sa
isang pangngalan o panghalip. Maaari ding ipakita ng unlapi ang kaantasan ng
isang pang-uri.
 Ang *gitlapi *ay panlaping inilalagay sa gitna ng isang pangngalan o panghalip.
Ginagamit ito upang ipakita ang pagkakaroon ng pagbabago sa katangian ng
isang pangngalan o panghalip.
 Ang hulapi ay panlaping inilalagay sa hulihan ng isang pangngalan o panghalip.
Kapag ang isang pang-uri ay nilagyan ng hulapi, ito ay nagiging pandiwa at
nagsasaad ng gagawing kilos.
 Pagkatapos ng araling ito, ikaw ay nakatutukoy at nakapagpapaliwanag ng
kawastuhan ng pangungusap batay sa kahulugan ng isang tiyak na salita.

28.  Paano mo matutukoy kung wasto ang mga pangungusap na iyong
ipinahahayag? Paano mo rin nasisiguro na tama ang mga salitang iyong
ginagamit sa tuwing ikaw ay nakikipag-usap?
 Pag-aralan Natin!
 Ang pangungusap ay mahalaga sa pagpapahayag ng ideya at saloobin. Ito
ay binubuo ng mga salitang pinagsama-sama at pinag-ugnay upang
makabuo ng isang buong diwa. Ang mensahe ng isang pangungusap ay
nakabatay sa kahulugan ng mga salitang bumubuo rito. Kung gayon, dapat na
pumili ng angkop na salitang gagamitin sa pagbuo ng pangungusap. Mahalaga
na ang salitang gagamitin ay may angkop na kahulugan upang maihayag ang
mensahe ng pangungusap.
Ang kawastuhan ng isang pangungusap ay nakasalalay sa kaangkupan ng mga
salitang ginamit dito. Wasto ang isang pangungusap kung ang mga salitang ginamit
sa pagbuo nito ay may kahulugang angkop sa mensaheng nais nitong ilahad.
Halimbawa:
 Nabanaagan ko sa kaniyang mukha ang labis na kalungkutan bunga
ng pagpanaw ng kaniyang alagang aso.
Kahulugan:
Ang nabanaagan ay nangangahulugang nakita o napansin. Samantala,
ang pagpanaw ay nangangahulugang pagkamatay o pagkawala. Sa ibinigay na
pangungusap, ang nakitang lungkot sa mata ng taong pinag-uusapan ay bunga ng
pagkamatay ng alagang aso nito.
Paliwanag:
Ang mga salitang nabanaagan at pagpanaw ay mga salitang may tiyak na kahulugan.
Wasto ang pangungusap dahil magkaugnay ang dalawang salitang ito sa mensaheng
ipinapahayag ng pangungusap.
Kung gagamit sa pangungusap ng kahit isang salita na ang kahulugan ay hindi
angkop sa mensahe ay tiyak na mawawalan ito ng kaisahan at kabuluhan.
Halimbawa:

29.  Nabanaagan ko sa kaniyang mukha ang labis na kalungkutan bunga ng pag-
indak ng kaniyang alagang aso.
Kahulugan:
Ang pag-indak ay nangangahulugang pagsayaw.
Paliwanag:
Sa pangungusap na ito, ang pagpapalit ng pag-indak sa pagpanaw ay nagbunga ng
mensaheng kaiba sa mensahe ng orihinal na pangungusap. Dito, ang nakitang
pagkalungkot ay dulot ng pag-indak o pagsayaw ng kaniyang alagang aso. Kung
titingnang mabuti, walang kaisahan ang mensaheng nabuo ng bagong pangungusap.
Hindi tumutugma at walang kabuluhan ang pagkalungkot dahil sa pag-indak ng alagang
aso.
Ang kawastuhan ng pangungusap ay nakasalalay sa kaangkupan ng mga salitang
ginamit sa pangungusap. Kinakailangang may tiyak na kaugnayan sa pinapaksa ang mga
salita. Kahit isang salita na isinama sa pangungusap na walang kaugnayan sa pinapaksa
ay nawawala ang kaisahan at kabuluhan ng pangungusap.
Pagkatapos ng araling ito, ikaw ay dapat na nakapagpapaliwanag ng kahulugan ng mga
simbolong ginamit sa akda.
Naranasan mo na ba ang mga pagkakataong tila hindi mo maunawaan ang isang salita
o pangyayari sa iyong binabasang akda? O kaya naman, nagbibigay ka ng sarili mong
interpretasyon sa salitang hindi mo alam ang tiyak na kahulugan?
Pag-aralan Natin!
Upang masagot ang mga tanong sa itaas, pag-usapan muna natin ang bahagi ng isang
epikong sumasalamin sa kasaysayan ng Mindanao. Ating basahin ang bahagi ng
epikong Indarapatra at Sulayman.
Subalit ang lagim ay biglang dumating sa kanilang bundok na dati'y payapa. Apat na
halimaw ang doo'y nanalot. Una'y si Kurita, ganid na hayop pagka't sa pagkain kahit
limang tao'y kanyang mauubos.
Sa bahaging ito, makatawag-pansin ang apat na halimaw.
Sa kasaysayan ba ng Mindanao ay may nababanggit na tunay na halimaw? Wala
naman, hindi ba? Ibig sabihin, ito ay hindi literal na halimaw, ito ay representasyon
lamang ng isang bagay o pangyayari. Ang tawag dito ay simbolo.
Ano ang kahulugan ng simbolong apat na halimaw?

30. Simbolo:
Apat na halimaw
Kahulugan:
Malalaking suliraning naranasan ng mga taga-Mindanao
Batay sa naunawaan mo, ano ang kahulugan ng simbolo?
Ang simbolo ay salita o pangyayaring maaaring mag-iwan ng katanungan o iba't ibang
pagpapakahulugan sa mambabasa.
Narito ang ilan pang simbolo.
Halimbawa:
Kamay na bakal
Kahulugan:
Kalupitan o malupit
Paliwanag:
Sa katotohanan, hindi bakal ang kamay ng tao, ginagamit ang simbolong bakal dahil ito
ay matigas at kayang makapanakit kung ito ay gagamitin sa dahas. Gaya ng kamay na
gagamitin sa pananakit.
Halimbawa:
Ibon
Kahulugan:
Kalayaan
Paliwanag:
Ang ibon ay sadyang binibigyang simbolo bilang kalayaan sapagkat malaya itong
nakalilipad.
Bakit gumagamit ang awtor ng mga simbolo sa kanyang akda?
Ang simbolo ay isa sa mga nagpapaganda sa akda. Maaari nitong pag-isipin o
paganahin ang mayamang imahinasyon ng mambabasa.
Ngayong alam mo na ang tungkol sa simbolo, mahalagang matukoy at maipaliwanag
mo ang kahulugan ng mga simbolong ginagamit sa akda. Handa ka na ba?

31. Basahin natin ang akdang may kaugnayan sa Mindanao.
Si Prinsipe Akbar ay kapatid ni Sultan Rajul ng Kaharian ng Pangu. Dahil sa kanyang
kasikatan, nainggit sa kanya si Rajul at ipinag-utos na parusahan si Akbar.
Nang malaman ito ni Akbar, siya ay nangibang bayan, nagkasakit hanggang sa
namatay sa pintuan ng palasyo ng kaharian ng mga pulong napalilibutan ng dagat.
Natagpuan siya ng isang hari. Isang loro ang dumating sa kahariang iyon at sinabing
ang bangkay ay si Akbar Pangu.
Kaagad lumipad si Rajul upang bawiin si Akbar. Binuhay-muli niya ang kapatid.
Nagsaya ang lahat at nagbago na si Rajul.
Nang mabalitaan ni Haring Kariman, kaaway ni Rajul, na si Akbar ay namatay,
lumusob si Kariman sa Pangu.
Nagsimula ang paglalaban. Dahil malakas si Kariman, si Akbar ay kanyang nabihag at
iginapos. Nagbalik naman ang lakas ni Akbar. Dahil sa malaking galit at nanumbalik na
lakas, napuksang lahat ni Akbar ang mga kalaban.
Pagkatapos ng labanan, pinakasalan niyang lahat ang kanyang mga katipan at dinala
sa kanyang sultanato. Ang lahat ay nagdiwang.
(Halaw sa kuwento ni Prinsipe Bantugan, isang epikong Mindanao)
Tukuyin natin ang mga simbolong ginamit at subukan nating ipaliwanag ang kahulugan
ng mga ito.
Simbolo:
Mga pulong napalilibutan ng dagat
Kahulugan:
Visayas
Paliwanag:
Ang Visayas ay napalilibutan ng mga dagat
Simbolo:
Loro
Kahulugan:
Tagapagsalita

32. Paliwanag:
Ang loro ay kilala sa pagiging madaldal
Simbolo:
Kaharian ng Pangu
Kahulugan:
Mindanao
Paliwanag:
Pinamumunuan ito ng Sultan
Simbolo:
Pagkabuhay-muli ni Akbar
Kahulugan:
Pag-asa
Paliwanag:
Ang bagong buhay ay bagong pag-asa
Simbolo:
Kariman
Kahulugan:
Kaaway
Paliwanag:
Kalaban siya ng sultanato ng Mindanao
Sa pagbibigay kahulugan sa isang simbolo ay kinakailangang isaalang-alang ang mga
sumusunod:
 Unawain ang paksang tinatalakay
 Huwag ilayo sa pinapaksa ang pagpapakahulugan sa simbolo
Buod
Ang simbolo ay pagpapakahulugan sa isang pangyayari o salita, ito ay nagpapagising
sa imahinasyon ng mga mambabasa.