This document provides an overview of gravity and its effects. It discusses Newton's law of universal gravitation, how gravity decreases with distance, tides on Earth caused by the moon's gravity, gravitational fields, Einstein's theory of gravity warping space, and the properties of black holes. Key points include that gravity follows an inverse-square law, the moon causes two high and two low tides per day on Earth, and massive stars that shrink can become black holes with escape velocities greater than light speed.

1. Earth – Moon Gravity Primer The Earth Sucks

2. 1. THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY From Law 3 of Kepler, Newton deduced the inverse square law of attraction. Newton compared the fall of the moon to the falling of an apple. Moon's fall from straight line is (0.05 in/s).

3. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation r m 1 m 2

4. 2. The Universal Gravitational Constant, G

5. 3. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law Gravity is the most dominant force in nature. Yet it is the weakest.

6. Let’s look at the inverse-square nature for the force of gravity. 1 unit 2 units 3 units 4 units

7. 4. WEIGHT AND WEIGHTLESSNESS W = mg (the gravitational force acting on m) Weighing on an elevator and Weighing in outer space or in orbit We define the weight of something as the force it exerts against the supporting floor or the weighing scale. (Remember the elevator video.)

8. 5. OCEAN TIDES demo - Earth-moon system Force of gravity decreases with distance from moon. Moon Earth

9. Differences in gravity on different parts of the Earth produce tidal bulges. http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/html/mpeg/320px/heic0705i.html High Tides North Pole

10. Should expect two high tides, two low tides per day. Moon moves in its orbit so that it returns to the same place in your sky every 24 h 50 m . Sun has one-half the influence of the moon The gravitational force is greater but tides depend on the gravitation difference on opposite sides of the Earth.

11. Sun Moon SFA

12. Sun Earth Spring Tides SFA New Moon Full Moon First Quarter

13. Sun Earth First Quarter Last Quarter Neap Tides SFA

14. NASA Animation MPEG SFA

15. Complications Friction with ocean bottom Irregular shape of continents Bay of Fundi Tides can come in very fast and exceed 15 m. SFA

16. Tides in the Earth and Atmosphere Tides in ionosphere produce electric currents and alter the magnetic field. Affects penetration of cosmic rays Can have effects on living things Tides in the crust mean that volcanoes and earthquakes are more common at new or full moon. SFA

17. Tides on the Moon Just as the earth has “land tides” the moon has moon tides. Because the moon always keeps the same face toward the earth, the moon tides are always in the same place. SFA Go to link

18. 6. GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS Alternate view of gravitational influence Properties of space surrounding object are changed so that another mass entering the region experiences a force. Earth SFA

19. Objects accelerate in the direction of the arrows. Field is stronger where lines are closer together. Earth SFA

20. The Gravitational Field Inside a Planet Inside the Planet a = g a = g a = 0 a = ½g a = ½g SFA

21. Gravitational Field Uniform Sphere Linear inside - like Earth outside Hollow Sphere Zero inside - like Earth outside SFA

22. 7. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF GRAVITATION Warped Space SFA

23. Bending of Starlight Eye SFA Sun Light from star bent by the gravity of the Sun Apparent position of star in this direction

24. 8. BLACK HOLES Let’s observe a star that is shrinking but whose mass is remaining the same. What happens to the force acting on an indestructible mass at the surface of the star? What effect is there on the escape velocity? SFA

25. R R R R Remember that the force between the two masses is given by SFA R 2 F R 2 F R 2 F R 2 F which means the force is 64 times larger

26. If a massive star shrinks enough so that the escape velocity is equal to or greater than the speed of light, then it has become a black hole. Particles entering it would suffer disintegration. How are black holes detected? SFA

27. Near a Black Hole SFA

28. Another Look SFA

29. 9. UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Earth is a "sphere" because of gravitation. The universal law of gravitation was a great accomplishment. Its accuracy is phenomenal. Perturbations in planet's orbits Examples: Neptune was discovered because of Uranus's wobble. Pluto was discovered in a similar way. Oscillating universe. Wow!

30. Chapter 9 Review Questions

31. If somehow the moon were moved to a distance twice as far away from the earth as it is now, the force that the earth has for the moon would (a) be twice what it is now (b) be one half of what it is now (c) be four times greater than it is now (d) be one fourth as much as it is now

32. What must be the phase of the moon if neap tides are occurring? (a) first quarter (b) full (c) lunar eclipse (d) new

33. Newton said that the path of a planet curves because a force acts on it. Why does a planet's path curve according to Einstein? (a) because a force acts on it (b) because it is spinning (c) because it is in a geometric warp of space and time End of Course End of Chapter Test 3 Questions

34. Discuss final Parting thoughts next slide