DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN FAM AND NON FARM LIVELIH...Hudu Zakaria
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of female labor participation in farm and non-farm livelihood enterprises in northern Ghana. The study used survey data from over 13,000 individuals in northern Ghana to analyze gender differences in labor participation. Chi-square analysis found significant gender disparities in participation in crop production, livestock, non-farm self-employment, and paid work. Probit regression identified location, household status, marital status, literacy, participation in decision making, income, and control over resources as significant determinants of female participation in farm and non-farm enterprises and paid work. The study recommends empowering females through education, decision making, and control over resources to facilitate their participation.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
The document discusses the current status of youth in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, noting that the region has the youngest population in the world with almost 200 million people aged 15-24. Each year, 10 million young Africans enter the workforce, highlighting both the challenge of youth unemployment and the opportunity to engage youth in agriculture. The report aims to provide an in-depth analysis of issues facing Africa's smallholder farmers and recommendations to support youth participation across the agricultural value chain in order to boost productivity and economic growth.
The document discusses plans for a 2014 UN World Youth Conference in Sri Lanka to strengthen the role of youth in development and decision-making regarding the post-2015 development agenda. It proposes a three-phase process: 1) 2012-2013 youth-centered preparatory processes to contribute to shaping the post-2015 goals; 2) the 2014 World Youth Conference to reflect on experiences and strengthen youth partnership; and 3) a post-2015 youth-centered follow-up process to support youth as partners in implementing new development goals. Sri Lanka commits to organizing and funding the conference and preparatory/follow-up processes, and invites UN member states and organizations to partner in making the conference a meaningful youth-centered experience.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN FAM AND NON FARM LIVELIH...Hudu Zakaria
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of female labor participation in farm and non-farm livelihood enterprises in northern Ghana. The study used survey data from over 13,000 individuals in northern Ghana to analyze gender differences in labor participation. Chi-square analysis found significant gender disparities in participation in crop production, livestock, non-farm self-employment, and paid work. Probit regression identified location, household status, marital status, literacy, participation in decision making, income, and control over resources as significant determinants of female participation in farm and non-farm enterprises and paid work. The study recommends empowering females through education, decision making, and control over resources to facilitate their participation.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
The document discusses the current status of youth in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, noting that the region has the youngest population in the world with almost 200 million people aged 15-24. Each year, 10 million young Africans enter the workforce, highlighting both the challenge of youth unemployment and the opportunity to engage youth in agriculture. The report aims to provide an in-depth analysis of issues facing Africa's smallholder farmers and recommendations to support youth participation across the agricultural value chain in order to boost productivity and economic growth.
The document discusses plans for a 2014 UN World Youth Conference in Sri Lanka to strengthen the role of youth in development and decision-making regarding the post-2015 development agenda. It proposes a three-phase process: 1) 2012-2013 youth-centered preparatory processes to contribute to shaping the post-2015 goals; 2) the 2014 World Youth Conference to reflect on experiences and strengthen youth partnership; and 3) a post-2015 youth-centered follow-up process to support youth as partners in implementing new development goals. Sri Lanka commits to organizing and funding the conference and preparatory/follow-up processes, and invites UN member states and organizations to partner in making the conference a meaningful youth-centered experience.
The document discusses inclusive growth, poverty, and economic development in India. It outlines five key elements of inclusive growth: 1) poverty reduction and increased employment, 2) agricultural development, 3) social sector development, 4) reduced regional disparities, and 5) environmental protection. It analyzes trends in poverty in India, challenges in employment, issues in agriculture, problems in the social sector, and regional imbalances. The document argues that achieving broad-based, inclusive growth is necessary to improve economic growth and benefit all sections of society.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: A GLOBAL PICTURE, THE GLOBAL MOVEMENTDr Lendy Spires
Over the past two decades, employment in the informal sector has risen rapidly in all regions in the world. Until the recent Asian economic crisis, it was only the once-rapidly- growing economies of East and Southeast Asia that experienced substantial growth of modern sector employment.
However, in the wake of that crisis, most of these countries have experienced a decline in formal wage employment and a concomitant rise in informal employment. Even before the crisis, official statistics indicated that the informal sector accounted for over half of total non-agricultural employment in Latin America and the Caribbean, nearly half in East Asia, and as much as 80 percent in other parts of Asia and in Africa.
And, in terms of urban employment, the informal sector accounted for well over half in Africa and Asia and a quarter in Latin America and the Caribbean. The contribution of the informal sector – not only its size - is quite large. The contribution of informal sector income to total household income is significant in many regions: for example, in several African countries, informal sector income accounts for nearly 30 percent of total income and over 40 percent of total urban income.
The contribution of the informal sector to gross domestic product (GDP) is probably also significant. For those countries where estimates exist, the share of the informal sector in non-agricultural GDP is between 45 to 60 percent.
Estimates of the size, contribution, and composition of the informal sector vary widely, according to what size of ent erprises are included, whether agriculture is included, and how much of women’s informal work is included. Like others who have worked closely with women in the informal sector, I would argue that the informal sector is even larger than official statistics suggest. Our argument is based on the fact that much of women's paid work - not just their unpaid housework - is not counted in official statistics.
If the magnitude of women's invisible paid work, particularly home-based remunerative work, were to be fully counted, both the share of women and the share of informal workers in the work force would increase. Recognizing and, more importantly, counting women's invisible remunerative work would challenge our empirical understanding not only of the informal sector but also of the economy as a whole. Why should we be concerned about women who work in the informal sector? There is a significant overlap between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and being poor. There is also a significant overlap between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and contributing to growth. This paper examines the evidence on the linkages between gender, informality, poverty, and growth; postulates some possible explanations of these linkages; and describes the global movement of women in the informal sector.
The informal economy in the southern african development community (sadc)Dr Lendy Spires
The document discusses the informal economy in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. It provides an overview of the size and importance of the informal economy in SADC nations, with available statistics showing that the majority of workers in countries like Zambia, Kenya, and South Africa are employed in the informal sector. The informal economy makes significant contributions to GDP in many developing countries. The document then outlines several challenges faced by informal workers, particularly women, such as lack of policy support, exploitation, barriers to organization and finance access. It concludes by outlining recommendations, including integrating the informal economy into decent work agendas, providing support services, and ensuring the participation of informal workers in policymaking.
This document discusses the need for rural industrialization and decentralized manufacturing as the future of sustainable technology. It argues that centralized, capital intensive technologies have led to skewed economic growth and increasing inequity. Decentralized manufacturing, especially of daily goods in small rural industries, could generate more equitable growth by providing local employment. The IITD-KVIC project aimed to strengthen rural industries through science and technology interventions. Some successes included adapting finishing technologies to improve khadi quality, developing quality control standards, and improving products like soap, leather and pottery through chemical engineering inputs. The project helped set up the Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization to continue developing appropriate rural technologies.
The document discusses facilitating the development of a national youth master plan for AFASA. It provides an overview of the South African agriculture sector and youth demographics. Several national policies aimed at engaging and developing youth in agriculture are outlined. There are differing perceptions among youth about opportunities in agriculture. The workshop seeks to develop an aligned vision, mission, objectives and action plan for AFASA's Youth Desk to mainstream youth development in the agricultural sector.
The document summarizes a study on the role of the informal sector in poverty reduction and food security in Malawi. Key findings from the study include:
- Agriculture is the main livelihood for most respondents, with over 86.7% depending on own production for food.
- Income generating activities (IGAs) play an important role in supporting agricultural production by providing income to purchase household needs and farm inputs.
- The study recommends encouraging IGAs to sustain household food security and reduce poverty levels by supporting agricultural productivity.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This document provides an evaluation of poverty alleviation programs in Talata Mafara Local Government, Nigeria. It discusses the concepts and causes of poverty in Nigeria. Several poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Nigerian government and donor agencies are described, including Operation Feed the Nation, the Agriculture Development Program, and programs run by the UNDP, DFID, and World Bank. The document outlines the objectives and research methodology, which included distributing questionnaires and interviews. Data collection aimed to assess the reach and impact of poverty alleviation programs on target groups, and whether they have been effective in reducing poverty levels in rural and urban areas.
This document provides an evaluation of poverty alleviation programs in Talata Mafara Local Government, Nigeria. It discusses the concepts and causes of poverty in Nigeria. Several poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Nigerian government and donor agencies are described, including Operation Feed the Nation, the Agriculture Development Program, and programs run by the UNDP, DFID, and World Bank. The document outlines the objectives and research methodology, which included distributing questionnaires and interviews. Data collection aimed to assess the reach and impact of poverty alleviation programs on target groups, and whether they have been effective in reducing poverty levels in rural and urban areas.
This document provides a summary of the CTA ICT Programme and the ARDYIS project by Ken Lohento.
The summary includes:
1) An overview of the CTA ICT Programme's goals of increasing electronic content, promoting innovative ICT tools, building skills, and promoting ICT policies and strategies.
2) Details on the ARDYIS project which aims to strengthen youth capacities on ICTs for agriculture and development and contribute to discussions on opportunities for youth.
3) Key achievements of the ARDYIS project including training youth, producing advocacy documents, and supporting youth participation in conferences.
South Africa is known as the Rainbow Nation due to its diversity. It has 11 official languages and a population of around 55 million from different racial groups including Black Africans, Whites, Coloureds, and Asians. South Africa implemented apartheid from 1948 to 1991, which institutionalized racial segregation. Apartheid was dismantled in the 1990s and the country held its first democratic elections in 1994. While South Africa has a relatively strong economy, it faces challenges of high unemployment, inequality, and crime rates. Major cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban are economic centers but the country also promotes development in other regions.
This document discusses poverty, unemployment, human capital development, and economic growth in Nigeria between 1985-2013. It finds that poverty and unemployment are interlinked and have adversely affected Nigeria's economic growth. The government has not prioritized human capital development by underfunding education and health. Unemployment is a major cause of poverty in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government implement comprehensive policies to alleviate poverty, create jobs, and achieve macroeconomic stability.
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
Lessons from agricultural policies and programmes in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several agricultural policies and programs initiated in Nigeria. It reviews the objectives, achievements, and problems of the policies and programs to identify gaps. Recommendations are provided based on lessons learned. Key policies and programs from the colonial era focused on export crops and included the Farm Settlement Scheme. In the post-colonial era, major programs included the National Accelerated Food Production Program, Agricultural Development Projects, Operation Feed the Nation, River Basin Development Authorities, and the Green Revolution. However, many of these programs faced challenges such as lack of funding, unsuitable implementation, and inadequate support for small-scale farmers.
Comparative development experiences of india and its neighboursmadan kumar
The document provides a comparative analysis of the development of India, Pakistan, and China. It discusses their developmental strategies and economic growth. Some key points:
- India, Pakistan, and China began economic development around the same time after independence, adopting similar initial strategies like public sector development and 5-year plans.
- China's reforms began more strongly in the 1980s, leading to faster rural poverty reduction compared to India. China also benefited more from export-driven manufacturing and global exposure.
- Pakistan has seen better results than India in some development indicators like access to water, poverty reduction, and urbanization. However, India leads in skilled workforce, R&D, and health facilities.
- A
Some admirable hallmarks of sterling youths in the contemporary ageSamson Olakunle OJOAWO
The text of a Public Lecture delivered on May 1, 2019 by Professor Samson O. Ojoawo at the 4th Osun Youth Ambassador Award, held at Aurora Event Centre, Osogbo, Osun State of Nigeria
This report provides an in-depth analysis of rural poverty around the world. It finds that over 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty, with over two-thirds residing in rural areas of developing countries. Smallholder agriculture and a thriving rural non-farm sector are key to reducing rural poverty, but these will need to be sustainable and resilient in the face of increasing challenges like population growth, climate change, and volatile food prices. The report offers a comprehensive set of policy recommendations to create opportunities for rural people to work their way out of poverty through agriculture, off-farm activities, and education.
Major developmental issues in India include low per capita income, unequal income distribution, poor quality of human capital, heavy dependence on agriculture, high inflation rates, lack of infrastructure, slow capital formation, corruption, high population pressure, low levels of technology, lack of access to basic amenities, illiteracy, and underutilization of natural resources. Unemployment and inequality are also significant problems. India has high levels of gender, caste, religious, ethnic, and economic inequality that restrict access to opportunities and resources for many groups.
This document discusses using technology and differentiation strategies to achieve educational equity. It outlines how technology can help differentiate content, process, and products for assessment. Assistive technologies can help students with disabilities. Culturally responsive teaching views student backgrounds as assets. Learner-centered strategies include meeting social needs through collaboration, cognitive needs through various thinking skills, and metacognitive needs through reflection. Overall the document provides guidance for teachers on using technology and differentiation to create an equitable learning environment.
School librariesVital for teaching & learning?Maggie Verster
The document discusses the importance of school libraries in South Africa and argues that they are necessities, not luxuries. It presents statistics showing a correlation between higher pass rates and provinces with more schools having libraries. Additionally, it notes that resource-poor schools struggle with the new curriculum demands without adequate access to learning materials and resources like libraries. The document calls for advocacy to establish libraries in all schools according to the principles of redress and equity in the South African constitution.
Presentation at MERN conference held at the University of Manitoba. January 21, 2011. Details a vision and plan to bring a focus on social justice to a Faculty of Education.
WOMEN IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: A GLOBAL PICTURE, THE GLOBAL MOVEMENTDr Lendy Spires
Over the past two decades, employment in the informal sector has risen rapidly in all regions in the world. Until the recent Asian economic crisis, it was only the once-rapidly- growing economies of East and Southeast Asia that experienced substantial growth of modern sector employment.
However, in the wake of that crisis, most of these countries have experienced a decline in formal wage employment and a concomitant rise in informal employment. Even before the crisis, official statistics indicated that the informal sector accounted for over half of total non-agricultural employment in Latin America and the Caribbean, nearly half in East Asia, and as much as 80 percent in other parts of Asia and in Africa.
And, in terms of urban employment, the informal sector accounted for well over half in Africa and Asia and a quarter in Latin America and the Caribbean. The contribution of the informal sector – not only its size - is quite large. The contribution of informal sector income to total household income is significant in many regions: for example, in several African countries, informal sector income accounts for nearly 30 percent of total income and over 40 percent of total urban income.
The contribution of the informal sector to gross domestic product (GDP) is probably also significant. For those countries where estimates exist, the share of the informal sector in non-agricultural GDP is between 45 to 60 percent.
Estimates of the size, contribution, and composition of the informal sector vary widely, according to what size of ent erprises are included, whether agriculture is included, and how much of women’s informal work is included. Like others who have worked closely with women in the informal sector, I would argue that the informal sector is even larger than official statistics suggest. Our argument is based on the fact that much of women's paid work - not just their unpaid housework - is not counted in official statistics.
If the magnitude of women's invisible paid work, particularly home-based remunerative work, were to be fully counted, both the share of women and the share of informal workers in the work force would increase. Recognizing and, more importantly, counting women's invisible remunerative work would challenge our empirical understanding not only of the informal sector but also of the economy as a whole. Why should we be concerned about women who work in the informal sector? There is a significant overlap between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and being poor. There is also a significant overlap between being a woman, working in the informal sector, and contributing to growth. This paper examines the evidence on the linkages between gender, informality, poverty, and growth; postulates some possible explanations of these linkages; and describes the global movement of women in the informal sector.
The informal economy in the southern african development community (sadc)Dr Lendy Spires
The document discusses the informal economy in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. It provides an overview of the size and importance of the informal economy in SADC nations, with available statistics showing that the majority of workers in countries like Zambia, Kenya, and South Africa are employed in the informal sector. The informal economy makes significant contributions to GDP in many developing countries. The document then outlines several challenges faced by informal workers, particularly women, such as lack of policy support, exploitation, barriers to organization and finance access. It concludes by outlining recommendations, including integrating the informal economy into decent work agendas, providing support services, and ensuring the participation of informal workers in policymaking.
This document discusses the need for rural industrialization and decentralized manufacturing as the future of sustainable technology. It argues that centralized, capital intensive technologies have led to skewed economic growth and increasing inequity. Decentralized manufacturing, especially of daily goods in small rural industries, could generate more equitable growth by providing local employment. The IITD-KVIC project aimed to strengthen rural industries through science and technology interventions. Some successes included adapting finishing technologies to improve khadi quality, developing quality control standards, and improving products like soap, leather and pottery through chemical engineering inputs. The project helped set up the Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization to continue developing appropriate rural technologies.
The document discusses facilitating the development of a national youth master plan for AFASA. It provides an overview of the South African agriculture sector and youth demographics. Several national policies aimed at engaging and developing youth in agriculture are outlined. There are differing perceptions among youth about opportunities in agriculture. The workshop seeks to develop an aligned vision, mission, objectives and action plan for AFASA's Youth Desk to mainstream youth development in the agricultural sector.
The document summarizes a study on the role of the informal sector in poverty reduction and food security in Malawi. Key findings from the study include:
- Agriculture is the main livelihood for most respondents, with over 86.7% depending on own production for food.
- Income generating activities (IGAs) play an important role in supporting agricultural production by providing income to purchase household needs and farm inputs.
- The study recommends encouraging IGAs to sustain household food security and reduce poverty levels by supporting agricultural productivity.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This document provides an evaluation of poverty alleviation programs in Talata Mafara Local Government, Nigeria. It discusses the concepts and causes of poverty in Nigeria. Several poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Nigerian government and donor agencies are described, including Operation Feed the Nation, the Agriculture Development Program, and programs run by the UNDP, DFID, and World Bank. The document outlines the objectives and research methodology, which included distributing questionnaires and interviews. Data collection aimed to assess the reach and impact of poverty alleviation programs on target groups, and whether they have been effective in reducing poverty levels in rural and urban areas.
This document provides an evaluation of poverty alleviation programs in Talata Mafara Local Government, Nigeria. It discusses the concepts and causes of poverty in Nigeria. Several poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Nigerian government and donor agencies are described, including Operation Feed the Nation, the Agriculture Development Program, and programs run by the UNDP, DFID, and World Bank. The document outlines the objectives and research methodology, which included distributing questionnaires and interviews. Data collection aimed to assess the reach and impact of poverty alleviation programs on target groups, and whether they have been effective in reducing poverty levels in rural and urban areas.
This document provides a summary of the CTA ICT Programme and the ARDYIS project by Ken Lohento.
The summary includes:
1) An overview of the CTA ICT Programme's goals of increasing electronic content, promoting innovative ICT tools, building skills, and promoting ICT policies and strategies.
2) Details on the ARDYIS project which aims to strengthen youth capacities on ICTs for agriculture and development and contribute to discussions on opportunities for youth.
3) Key achievements of the ARDYIS project including training youth, producing advocacy documents, and supporting youth participation in conferences.
South Africa is known as the Rainbow Nation due to its diversity. It has 11 official languages and a population of around 55 million from different racial groups including Black Africans, Whites, Coloureds, and Asians. South Africa implemented apartheid from 1948 to 1991, which institutionalized racial segregation. Apartheid was dismantled in the 1990s and the country held its first democratic elections in 1994. While South Africa has a relatively strong economy, it faces challenges of high unemployment, inequality, and crime rates. Major cities like Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban are economic centers but the country also promotes development in other regions.
This document discusses poverty, unemployment, human capital development, and economic growth in Nigeria between 1985-2013. It finds that poverty and unemployment are interlinked and have adversely affected Nigeria's economic growth. The government has not prioritized human capital development by underfunding education and health. Unemployment is a major cause of poverty in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government implement comprehensive policies to alleviate poverty, create jobs, and achieve macroeconomic stability.
This document discusses the economic development of different regions over time and lessons that can be learned. It makes three key points:
1) Historically, Asian economies like China and India produced the majority of global GDP, but industrialization in Western Europe led to their economies growing much faster starting in the 18th century.
2) East Asian economies like China, South Korea and Japan experienced much faster economic growth over the past 50-60 years compared to South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Nepal.
3) Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia has actually increased due to high population growth. Sustained economic growth is needed to continue reducing both poverty rates and numbers
Lessons from agricultural policies and programmes in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several agricultural policies and programs initiated in Nigeria. It reviews the objectives, achievements, and problems of the policies and programs to identify gaps. Recommendations are provided based on lessons learned. Key policies and programs from the colonial era focused on export crops and included the Farm Settlement Scheme. In the post-colonial era, major programs included the National Accelerated Food Production Program, Agricultural Development Projects, Operation Feed the Nation, River Basin Development Authorities, and the Green Revolution. However, many of these programs faced challenges such as lack of funding, unsuitable implementation, and inadequate support for small-scale farmers.
Comparative development experiences of india and its neighboursmadan kumar
The document provides a comparative analysis of the development of India, Pakistan, and China. It discusses their developmental strategies and economic growth. Some key points:
- India, Pakistan, and China began economic development around the same time after independence, adopting similar initial strategies like public sector development and 5-year plans.
- China's reforms began more strongly in the 1980s, leading to faster rural poverty reduction compared to India. China also benefited more from export-driven manufacturing and global exposure.
- Pakistan has seen better results than India in some development indicators like access to water, poverty reduction, and urbanization. However, India leads in skilled workforce, R&D, and health facilities.
- A
Some admirable hallmarks of sterling youths in the contemporary ageSamson Olakunle OJOAWO
The text of a Public Lecture delivered on May 1, 2019 by Professor Samson O. Ojoawo at the 4th Osun Youth Ambassador Award, held at Aurora Event Centre, Osogbo, Osun State of Nigeria
This report provides an in-depth analysis of rural poverty around the world. It finds that over 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty, with over two-thirds residing in rural areas of developing countries. Smallholder agriculture and a thriving rural non-farm sector are key to reducing rural poverty, but these will need to be sustainable and resilient in the face of increasing challenges like population growth, climate change, and volatile food prices. The report offers a comprehensive set of policy recommendations to create opportunities for rural people to work their way out of poverty through agriculture, off-farm activities, and education.
Major developmental issues in India include low per capita income, unequal income distribution, poor quality of human capital, heavy dependence on agriculture, high inflation rates, lack of infrastructure, slow capital formation, corruption, high population pressure, low levels of technology, lack of access to basic amenities, illiteracy, and underutilization of natural resources. Unemployment and inequality are also significant problems. India has high levels of gender, caste, religious, ethnic, and economic inequality that restrict access to opportunities and resources for many groups.
This document discusses using technology and differentiation strategies to achieve educational equity. It outlines how technology can help differentiate content, process, and products for assessment. Assistive technologies can help students with disabilities. Culturally responsive teaching views student backgrounds as assets. Learner-centered strategies include meeting social needs through collaboration, cognitive needs through various thinking skills, and metacognitive needs through reflection. Overall the document provides guidance for teachers on using technology and differentiation to create an equitable learning environment.
School librariesVital for teaching & learning?Maggie Verster
The document discusses the importance of school libraries in South Africa and argues that they are necessities, not luxuries. It presents statistics showing a correlation between higher pass rates and provinces with more schools having libraries. Additionally, it notes that resource-poor schools struggle with the new curriculum demands without adequate access to learning materials and resources like libraries. The document calls for advocacy to establish libraries in all schools according to the principles of redress and equity in the South African constitution.
Presentation at MERN conference held at the University of Manitoba. January 21, 2011. Details a vision and plan to bring a focus on social justice to a Faculty of Education.
Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools EduSkills OECD
Investing in equity in education pays off
Improving equity and reducing school failure is a policy priority, but...
There are many different policies and strategies, yet no common knowledge base of what works
Countries face challenges in adopting and implementing policies to improve equity in education
Supporting disadvantaged schools and students is a lever out of the crisis.
There is a need for clear policy responses
This document discusses equality in education as a human right. It outlines how education should be accessible to all, directed towards personal development and tolerance, and that parents have a right to choose their children's education. It then examines four core types of equality issues - economic, political, socio-cultural, and affective - and how inequalities manifest in these areas as well as approaches to resolve them. Specifically, it addresses unequal access to education due to economic status, lack of representation in decision making, cultural domination, and lack of emotional support. The document argues that while the forms of inequality differ, they are interconnected and must all be addressed to achieve equality in education.
The document discusses the concepts of equality, equity, and quality education. It defines equality as ensuring fair treatment for all students, while equity means distributing resources based on needs to compensate for disadvantages. The document outlines international commitments to education, including the Dakar goals and MDGs, which emphasize gender equality. It presents frameworks for achieving equality through legal empowerment and outlines ten steps to promote equity in education systems through practices like limiting tracking and targeting resources to students with greatest needs.
The document discusses equity in education and outlines key points regarding policy implications. It identifies different perspectives on educational policies and reasons for promoting equity, such as strengthening social cohesion and reducing costs. It then discusses dimensions of educational disadvantage, signs of selectivity in education systems, and ways policy can promote equitable, quality education for all students. The document proposes "transition compatible" policy tools to monitor achievement, target resources, and support schools serving disadvantaged students.
Equity focuses on fairness and justice by addressing avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people. It aims to narrow gaps by minimizing disparities. Equity is subjective and allows for flexible justifications, while equality is a measurable human right that requires legal obligations of non-discrimination and substantive equality. Equality ensures all people enjoy human rights equally regardless of differences. Health equity means equal opportunity to be healthy by equalizing health outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged groups through fair distribution of resources. Gender equity in health requires equality in health status, access, financing, and participation.
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South Africa fanrpan presentation draft report on youth case study feb 2012
1. CAYC
PRESENTS FANRPAN DRAFT REPORT
On
COUNTRY STUDY ON MAINSTREAMING OF
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL
SECTOR
By: Obert Mathivha - CAYC MD
28 February 2012, Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE AS PER TOR
DELIVERABLES
1. Country Agriculture Background (key facts and figures)
2. Youth Profile (key facts and figures)
3. Youth in Agriculture Profile (key facts and figures)
4. Youth Perceptions
5. Highlights of the Review of Agricultural and Youth Policies
6. Profiles of Institutions, mechanisms and tools for the
engagement of youth in policy process (strengths and
weaknesses)
7. Opportunities for youth engagement in agriculture
8. Proposal for disseminating the case study results
3. 1. Country Agriculture Background (key
facts and figures)
1.1. Pre- 1994 - Land Dispossession - Native’s Land Act of 1913 led
to skewed racially based Agricultural Sector
The Act - 7 % of the land to black people as reserves,
3.5 million black people were dispossessed of land and resettled on the reserves.
(Thwala, 2003) This eventually led to 80 percent of South Africa‟s population
living on 13 percent of the land. (Mbeki, 2003).
Result, 82 million hectares of land was owned by 60 000 white farm divisions
(Levin and Weiner, 2003: 39).
It is estimated that 13 million people lived in the homelands (7% of SA Land) in
poor living conditions. Infant mortality was high and illiteracy was the norm
(Wilson and Ramphele, 2003: 39).
With the end of apartheid, it was clear that the injustices of the past needed to be
rectified. Provision for such rectification was included in the interim constitution
(Roux, 2004: 518). Redress in terms of land was, therefore, a given; the concern
was how to balance redress with reconciliation and economic sustainability.
4. Country Agriculture Background Continue…..
1.2. Post-1994 Democratic Breakthrough
Constitution 1996 – need to redress the imbalances & Create
an “inclusive, united & prosperous agric sector”
spearheaded by two twin Departments i.e. land affairs &
agricul affairs
Subsistence vs. Commercial farming
Survivalist vs. Competitiveness
direct correlation between the growth of agricultural sector &
Economy - Contributing 4.9% for 2008/2009 to GDP
Significant changes since 1994 - policy and regulatory
changes, participation in the international market, HOWEVER
consolidation of skewed participation – See figures below
5. Country Agriculture Background Continue…..
1.3. Agricultural Overview
Target of 30% of agricultural land transferred to new emerging farmers by 2014 to attend to
injustices of land dispossession and rural underdevelopment, only 4%
an estimated 3 million household farmers in former homelands and communal areas engage in
subsistence farming (Ministry of Agriculture 2001).
There are an estimated 14 million households vulnerable to food insecurity in South Africa
(Machethe 2004)
and an estimated 2.2 million food insecure households in SA (Ministry of Agriculture 2006).
5% of the white population STILL owning 87% of the land (Moyo 2004). More than 80%
of prime agricultural land is owned by about 55 000 mainly white corporate and
individual farmers
White South Africans are the predominant owners of the 15% (FAO 2005) of land
classified as arable. UN Rapporteurs on FS Dr. Olivier De Schutter, “In contrast
to the large white commercial farmers, the newly established black farmers are small-scale
farmers, with a poor access to markets, a lack of marketing skills, and a weaker bargaining
position in the food chains,”
75% of South Africa’s poor living in rural areas (Eastwood et al. 2006).
Agriculture provides 10, 5% of the country's jobs directly and creates employment for
another 16% of the workforce in other sectors through forward & backward linkages
6. 2. Youth Profile (key facts and figures)
2.1. Youth Defined – 14 – 35 years, not homogeneous i.e. Rural youth; Unemployed
youth; Young women; Out-of-school youth; &Youth with disabilities
2.2. Unemployment & Poverty
In 2010, South Africa was among 10 countries with the lowest level of
employment in the world, a key factor that contributes to poverty and
inequalities.
Young people are the most affected by unemployment. In SA, the Quarterly
Labour Force Surveys (QLFS) have consistently shown that young people
constitute over 70% of the unemployed. It is estimated that about 320 000 young
people between 18 and 24 years have lost jobs since December 2008.
The statistical analysis based on the data conducted by Statistic South Africa,
indicates that:
Youthful Population - Of the about 50 million people living in the country, just
over 16.1 million or 40% were youth (14 to 35 years) - a feature of the population
of many developing countries.
About 21% of all youth in SA live in KZN, followed by GP (20%) & EC (14%).
7. Youth Profile (key facts and figures) Continue…..
The overall unemployment rate according to the expanded definition for youth in
SA according to Census 96 was 40.9%.
Of all the economically active population, over 70% are young people between the ages of 14
to 35.
The rural and black youth are at the worse end - The problem of lack of jobs is more intense
in non-urban areas i.e. 51.3% compared to 35.7% in urban areas.
The unemployment rate for economically active youth was higher for females (49.6%) than
for males (33%).
The unemployment rates for male youth and female youth without any formal education was
33.8% and 52.3% respectively.
More than 2 in every 5 employed male African youth (45%) worked as artisans and operators,
while about half (49.7%) of employed female African youth held elementary jobs.
55% of employed male African youth and 70.6% of employed female African youth earned
R1 000 and less per month in 1996.
Close to 14 million people in South Africa are said to be food insecure (Department of
Agriculture).
Although the education system has been reformed and all South Africans now have access to
education, approximately 7.5 million people are functionally illiterate.
Only in 2008 - Integrated Youth Development Approach – Refer to relevant
section below to attend to all these challenging country youth profile
8. 3. Youth in Agriculture Profile
Despite the Post-1994 Agrarian and Land Reform Policy Shift all there is
just no readily available data on youth beneficiaries from Agric & Land
Reform, only uncoordinated efforts & information here & there
Seeing that as a gap, in 2007 the CAYC has evaluated the all land and
agricultural affairs programme in order to trace how the youth has been
benefiting from policies in place & further validated it with this FANRPAN
CASE STUDY, finding out the followings:
That there are only 4700 young people who has benefited from Land &
Agricultural Reform Programmes since 1994, most of whom are no longer
into farming, citing lack of adequate support
We have got about 800 agricultural cooperatives country with less than
20% being owned and managed by young people
Internship programme
Intake of about 600 interns between 2000-2012 financial year
Target: out-of-school youth (graduates)
Bursary Scheme
Bursaries awarded to students and non-employees (survey and
mapping profession) – there is no available figure
9. 4. Youth Perceptions
4.1. Changing realities of agriculture and how they are perceived by young people
false notion that agric is dirty work & of low status in society i.e. „un-cool‟ and non-lucrative
no concerted efforts to integrate e.g. policy making decision processes (always top-bottom
approach)
Post Democratic Reform is not working out i.e. “willing buyer willing seller” principle has
failed, the country is at a risk of polarization because of the emotions involved
no structured interventions to attract young people as ‘new entrants’ in the land and agrarian
sector i.e. driven‟ by older people who have „emotional‟
programmes seem to have a limited life span i.e. once-off interventions, with no remedial and
retention strategies and this forces young people to leave the sector if they don‟t make it
‘one-size fits all approach’
4.2. Sources of information on agriculture used by young people
Lack of concerted efforts to share the services and products available in Departments
Lack of concerted efforts to share best practices and success stories if really any
4.3. Needs & requirements for engaging young people in agriculture and
agricultural processes
Integrated youth development approach,
hand-holding support (incubator system)
Top-bottom approach discourages young people i.e. YARD, Agr Youth Dev Initiative
10. 5. Highlights of the Review of Agricultural and
Youth Policies
The following are some of the Key Policies & Highlights:
5. 1. RDP (1994) aimed at addressing the socio-economic problems brought about by the
consequences of the struggle against Apartheid
5.2 Rural Develpt Framework (1997) which focused on rural infrastructure, public
administration, local government and rural non-farm employment
5.3. Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDP 2001) aimed at localizing
interventions
5.4. War on Poverty (2008) - Household level based interventions (wards)
5.5. Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP 2009)
5.6. 1998 - Agriculture Youth Development Initiative - to capture the interest of youth
5.7. 2008 - Land Affairs Youth Empowerment Strategy
5.8. 2008 the Department together with industry players adopted AgriBEE - to increase
the extent to which black women, people living with disabilities and youth own and manage
existing and new agricultural enterprises, increasing their access to economic activities,
infrastructure and skills training;
Empowering rural and local communities to have access to agricultural economic activities,
land, agricultural infrastructure, ownership and skills.
5.8. 2008 the Department of Agriculture launched Youth in Agriculture and Rural
Development (YARD) – a vehicle to spearhead youth development in Land & Agrarian
11. 6. Profiles of Institutions, mechanisms and tools for
the engagement of youth in policy process (strengths
and weaknesses)
6.1. NYDA – Integrated Youth Develop Approach
NYDA ACT – (54 of 2008) – New Trajectory , National Youth Policy 2009-2014
(NYP).
IYDS 2011-2016 (June 2011) - provides implementation framework and guide
stakeholders - the National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF), the Industrial
Policy Action Plan (IPAP), the New Growth Path (NGP), the National Skills
Development-South Africa (NSD-SA), the National Skills Development Strategy
III (NSDS), Broad Based-Black Economic Empowerment Policy and many more.
Land Affairs Youth Deve Strategy 2008 – To Maintream Youth Dev -yet to be
institutionalised
YARD OF 2008 – Yet to be institutionalised
AgriSeta –
2 TWIN DEPARTMENTS
Mafisa (small scale), Land Bank (commercial), ARC, ETC.
Department of Agriculture Experiential Training,, Internship and Professional
Development Policy of 2009
12. Profiles of Institutions, mechanisms and tools for the
engagement of youth in policy process Continue…
Department of Agriculture Young Professional Development
Programme of 2008 - To promote recruitment, development and retention of a
sustainable cadre of scientists, technologists, technicians and other associated professionals
and management support in the Department of Agriculture (DoA) and the sector.
National Rural Youth Service Corps programme of 2011 - Special Programmes to
Support CRDP - Rural youth based skills development and job creation programme. A total
of 7 956 youth have been enrolled into the programme.
Youth Development Directorates at National and Provincial levels of all Departments
and related Developmental Agencies - lack direction
Lessons learnt from poor planning and fewer achievements were recorded. It would appear that rural policy
in South Africa to date has been largely unfocused, and ineffective:
It is not the product of contemporary, thoughtful, and informed public debate
It is a product of top-to-bottom approach which is unable to inspire potential beneficiaries, rural
youth in particular;
It consists of un-coordinated efforts
It is often urban policy that is poorly modified to fit nonurban settings
It has been created with little or no thought for its implications for rural communities.
It has so far not presented a long term vision of what rural areas should look like.
13. 7. Opportunities for youth engagement in
agriculture
Legal Framework
- NYDA Act 2008, Land Affairs YD Strategy 2007, IYDS 2011, NGP
2010 etc.
Along the value chain
Entrepreneurship – BDS Providers i.e. T&D, input suppliers
As farmers
Logistic or transport service
Food processing e.g. agric scientists, engineers – 4more see our
Gauteng Agro-P Strategy – 11 downstream agropro sub-sectors
Food storage
Food distribution / retailing – this is also part of Value Chain
AgriBEE provides for various possibilities
Targeted Public Funding
Land ownership
Equity ownership
Targeted Procurement
Training & Dev
Investor Friendly
14. 8. Proposal for disseminating the case
study results
Lobby and Advocacy
Youth Forums
Media Forums
Civil Society
MOUs and Partnerships with similar minded
organizations, particularly on the ground
15. What does the draft say in a nutshell?
Since the dawn of Democracy, many un-coordinated
attempts to integrate youth development into land &
agrarian reform has been made with little to show off
That there is hope brought about by NYDA & Its
integrated youth development approach
That this FANRPAN Initiative & many other will go a
long way to influence descision makers to promote
and involve youth into the mainstream agricultural
economy.