The Australian public has continued to strongly support biotechnologies that provide health or environmental benefits, but their support for genetically modified (GM) foods has dropped slightly since 2007. Key findings from the survey include:
- The application most frequently considered risky was using genetic modification in pest control, while medical uses like stem cells were seen as most useful.
- Long-term evidence of safety and descriptive labelling were the top factors that could increase acceptance of GM foods among non-acceptors.
- Making plants drought resistant and able to grow in salty soils were seen as the most valuable objectives of genetic modification.
- Awareness of which crops are genetically modified in their own state was low.
Evaluation of basic knowledge on food safety among migrant food handlers University of Malaya
This study evaluated the basic food safety and food handling knowledge of 383 migrant food handlers in Peninsular Malaysia through questionnaires. It found that the migrant food handlers generally had poor knowledge of food safety, though their food handling practices were average. Significant relationships were observed between food safety knowledge and factors like country of origin and education level. Attendance at food safety training programs was significantly associated with better food handling practices. The study highlights the need to improve how food safety training is delivered to and attended by migrant food handlers in Malaysia.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
Presentation by Candice Duong, Sydney Morgan Brown, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace, Chhay Ty, Pok Samkol, Huy Sokchea, Son Pov and Melissa F. Young at the Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia project final workshop, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 21- 22 June 2021.
Determinants of children's nutritional status among primaryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of primary school children from farming households in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Anthropometric data was collected from 175 children aged 5-11 through surveys of their parents. The data showed high rates of malnutrition among the children based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Regression analysis found that factors like the mother's education, child's sex, household size and income, and living conditions were significantly associated with the child's nutritional status. The study concluded that many children suffered from issues like obesity, stunting and wasting, and recommendations were made to address the high levels of malnutrition among this group.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
The Australian public has continued to strongly support biotechnologies that provide health or environmental benefits, but their support for genetically modified (GM) foods has dropped slightly since 2007. Key findings from the survey include:
- The application most frequently considered risky was using genetic modification in pest control, while medical uses like stem cells were seen as most useful.
- Long-term evidence of safety and descriptive labelling were the top factors that could increase acceptance of GM foods among non-acceptors.
- Making plants drought resistant and able to grow in salty soils were seen as the most valuable objectives of genetic modification.
- Awareness of which crops are genetically modified in their own state was low.
Evaluation of basic knowledge on food safety among migrant food handlers University of Malaya
This study evaluated the basic food safety and food handling knowledge of 383 migrant food handlers in Peninsular Malaysia through questionnaires. It found that the migrant food handlers generally had poor knowledge of food safety, though their food handling practices were average. Significant relationships were observed between food safety knowledge and factors like country of origin and education level. Attendance at food safety training programs was significantly associated with better food handling practices. The study highlights the need to improve how food safety training is delivered to and attended by migrant food handlers in Malaysia.
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students...Skyfox Publishing Group
This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about
genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male).
Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken
into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30
questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of
the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as
harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the
question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students
answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The
averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is
statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic
knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students
believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will
increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion.
Presentation by Candice Duong, Sydney Morgan Brown, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace, Chhay Ty, Pok Samkol, Huy Sokchea, Son Pov and Melissa F. Young at the Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia project final workshop, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 21- 22 June 2021.
Determinants of children's nutritional status among primaryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of primary school children from farming households in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Anthropometric data was collected from 175 children aged 5-11 through surveys of their parents. The data showed high rates of malnutrition among the children based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Regression analysis found that factors like the mother's education, child's sex, household size and income, and living conditions were significantly associated with the child's nutritional status. The study concluded that many children suffered from issues like obesity, stunting and wasting, and recommendations were made to address the high levels of malnutrition among this group.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
Food science is the discipline that applies basic sciences and engineering to study the nature of foods and their harvesting, processing, distribution, storage, and preparation. It is essential to meeting the needs of a growing global population. A major goal of food science is to understand the nature and properties of foods at a fundamental level so as to make existing food production processes more ef cient. This paper provides a primer on food science Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Science: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23952.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/food-science/23952/food-science-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Survey on Plastics and its Adverse Effects on Environment with quite simple s...dbpublications
Abstract : Environmentally, plastic is a growing disaster. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas, nonrenewable
resources extracted and processed using energy-intensive techniques that destroy fragile ecosystems. The
manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land and water and exposes workers to
toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. Plastic packaging – especially the ubiquitous plastic bag – is a significant
source of landfill waste and is regularly eaten by numerous marine and land animals, to fatal consequences. Synthetic
plastic does not biodegrade. It just sits and accumulates in landfills or pollutes the environment. Plastics have become a
municipal waste nightmare, prompting local governments all over the world to implement plastic bag, and increasingly
polystyrene (styrofoam), bans.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Workflow Management, Plastic packaging.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacteriological quality and safety of street vended foods in delta state, nig...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed 106 street food samples from 9 towns in Delta State, Nigeria for bacterial contamination. All food
samples showed some level of bacterial contamination, with counts ranging from 1.2 x 102 to 1.1 x 107 cfu/g. 69% of
samples exceeded the acceptable limit of <104 cfu/g for total bacterial count. Total coliform counts ranged from 36 to
2100 MPN/g, with 67% of samples exceeding the recommended limit of <100 MPN/g. Nine bacterial species were
isolated, including pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella spp. More than one pathogen was found in foods like
fufu, o
This document contains Anthony Valdez's cover letter for an anthropology course. It discusses his background and interests in bioanthropology and evolutionary anthropology, specifically related to hand hygiene. Valdez explains that most of his work has focused on hand hygiene practices and the role of politics in developing hand hygiene programs. He is interested in exploring all aspects of evolutionary anthropology, including osteoporosis and its treatment from an evolutionary perspective. The document concludes with Valdez's annotated bibliography on topics related to hand hygiene and osteoporosis.
This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, to investigate the knowledge of restaurants workers about food safety-related issues. A total of questionnaire-guided interviews with 21restaurant workers and food handlers were carried out. Major food safety knowledge concepts including personal hygiene, prevention of cross contamination, general sanitation, safe storage of food, knowledge of health problems that would affect food safety, knowledge of symptoms of foodborne illnesses, and knowledge of important foodborne pathogens were investigated. The responses of interviewed workers varied considerably. In general, the workers had good knowledge about some food safety-related issues and not enough knowledge about other issues. Although the results of the questionnaire showed that the majorityof the food workers and handlers know the importance of washing hands before work and proper cleaning and handing of instruments and kitchen utensils and their role in reducing the risk of food contamination, in addition to their knowledge that eating and drinking at the work place increases the risk of food contamination, its observed that these workers do not practice that as a part of their routine work. Therefore, training programs are warranted together with continuous monitoring of the workers’ behavior and practices.
The Powerful Link Between Conserving Land and Preserving Health
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
1. The document summarizes research on factors that influence consumer purchasing behaviors related to organic foods. It discusses nutritional content, sensory appeal, ecological welfare, price, and natural content as key factors.
2. Several studies discussed found nutritional content and health benefits to be important determinants for consumers in purchasing organic foods. Sensory factors like taste were also found to influence hedonic attitudes.
3. Ecological welfare concerns like environmental friendliness and animal treatment were shown to impact purchasing behaviors, particularly for regular organic food buyers. Price was found to both encourage and discourage organic food purchases depending on other values held by consumers.
This document discusses the relationship between nutritional status and pressure ulcers. It provides epidemiological data showing that malnutrition is associated with increased risk of developing pressure ulcers. Experimental studies in animals also demonstrate impaired wound healing in malnourished subjects. However, clinical studies on the effect of nutritional supplementation on pressure ulcer prevention and treatment have shown mixed results, with some finding no effect of supplementation on ulcer outcomes. Overall, while malnutrition and pressure ulcers often coexist, the relationship is complex and a causal link has not been firmly established.
This document provides an annotated bibliography summarizing research on the relationship between dietary fiber consumption and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Several studies found that high intake of dietary fiber, particularly from whole grains, is associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Combining data from multiple cohort studies, daily consumption of two servings of whole grains was shown to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes by 21%. While the studies were mostly epidemiological, they consistently showed that increased fiber intake, especially from whole grains and cereals, can play a protective role against type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
BIOETHICS, a bridge between the facts and moral behaviour.UAS,GKVK<BANGALORE
Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.
Serological prevalence and factors associated with human trichinellosis and c...ILRI
Poster by Luong Nguyen-Thanh, Meghan Cook, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Diana Meemken and Fred Unger presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
This document discusses a study examining the climate change and health perspectives of adolescents living in urban slums in Surat, India. The study found that adolescents make up about 1/5 of the slum population and have relatively high levels of school attendance. Through surveys and interviews, the study assessed adolescents' knowledge of health issues like vector-borne diseases, as well as their understanding of behaviors and environmental factors that affect health. Adolescents displayed concrete knowledge of diseases but also more abstract understanding of how climate change can impact issues like migration, livelihoods, and conflicts that act as stressors affecting health. The study concludes that empowering adolescents through education can help enable them as agents of climate change resilience in their communities.
MUST KNOW - HEALTH BENEFITS OF MUSHROOM (CANCER,PROSTATE, CEREBRUM DECREASE,SKIN, HAIT..etc)
This is not an article for cure , but a article for a healthy food that can prevent some of disease and a healthier way of eating.
From metabolic syndrome to cachexia: what’s new about metabolic biomarkers?Bertin Pharma
What does Metabolic Syndrom really mean? What impact on world population? Which biomarkers can serve your studies? What treatments for tomorrow?...
These are just some of the questions Virginie Tolle and Odile Viltart, researchers at the INSERM (The French National Institute for Health and Medical Research ) answered in this very complete article for Bertin Pharma.
Good reading!
This document discusses a study on the level of satisfaction with food safety and hygiene practices among food vendors from the perspective of students at Nazareth High School. It aims to determine students' level of satisfaction with food safety, the hygiene practices of food vendors, and the relationship between the two. The study will involve surveying 154 randomly selected students at the school about their experiences with and perceptions of food vendor food safety and hygiene. It is intended to provide information that can benefit parents, the school, and students regarding food safety issues.
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
APA format, Gastroenteritis and Food Borne Diseases in Elderly People in Long...Jack Frost
This paper explores factors contributing to gastroenteritis and foodborne illness in elderly residents of long-term care facilities. The authors reviewed literature from 1970-2009 relating to pathogens and compared data between facilities. Main pathogens identified were norovirus, rotavirus, E. coli, salmonella, and C. difficile. The elderly are at higher risk due to poor immunity and hygiene. Prevention relies on prompt detection and management of outbreaks through handwashing, sanitation, and monitoring food safety. Further research is still needed to address gaps in knowledge, especially regarding norovirus prevention and sources of foodborne illness.
Food science is the discipline that applies basic sciences and engineering to study the nature of foods and their harvesting, processing, distribution, storage, and preparation. It is essential to meeting the needs of a growing global population. A major goal of food science is to understand the nature and properties of foods at a fundamental level so as to make existing food production processes more ef cient. This paper provides a primer on food science Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa ""Food Science: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23952.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/food-science/23952/food-science-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Survey on Plastics and its Adverse Effects on Environment with quite simple s...dbpublications
Abstract : Environmentally, plastic is a growing disaster. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas, nonrenewable
resources extracted and processed using energy-intensive techniques that destroy fragile ecosystems. The
manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land and water and exposes workers to
toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. Plastic packaging – especially the ubiquitous plastic bag – is a significant
source of landfill waste and is regularly eaten by numerous marine and land animals, to fatal consequences. Synthetic
plastic does not biodegrade. It just sits and accumulates in landfills or pollutes the environment. Plastics have become a
municipal waste nightmare, prompting local governments all over the world to implement plastic bag, and increasingly
polystyrene (styrofoam), bans.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Workflow Management, Plastic packaging.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacteriological quality and safety of street vended foods in delta state, nig...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed 106 street food samples from 9 towns in Delta State, Nigeria for bacterial contamination. All food
samples showed some level of bacterial contamination, with counts ranging from 1.2 x 102 to 1.1 x 107 cfu/g. 69% of
samples exceeded the acceptable limit of <104 cfu/g for total bacterial count. Total coliform counts ranged from 36 to
2100 MPN/g, with 67% of samples exceeding the recommended limit of <100 MPN/g. Nine bacterial species were
isolated, including pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella spp. More than one pathogen was found in foods like
fufu, o
This document contains Anthony Valdez's cover letter for an anthropology course. It discusses his background and interests in bioanthropology and evolutionary anthropology, specifically related to hand hygiene. Valdez explains that most of his work has focused on hand hygiene practices and the role of politics in developing hand hygiene programs. He is interested in exploring all aspects of evolutionary anthropology, including osteoporosis and its treatment from an evolutionary perspective. The document concludes with Valdez's annotated bibliography on topics related to hand hygiene and osteoporosis.
This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, to investigate the knowledge of restaurants workers about food safety-related issues. A total of questionnaire-guided interviews with 21restaurant workers and food handlers were carried out. Major food safety knowledge concepts including personal hygiene, prevention of cross contamination, general sanitation, safe storage of food, knowledge of health problems that would affect food safety, knowledge of symptoms of foodborne illnesses, and knowledge of important foodborne pathogens were investigated. The responses of interviewed workers varied considerably. In general, the workers had good knowledge about some food safety-related issues and not enough knowledge about other issues. Although the results of the questionnaire showed that the majorityof the food workers and handlers know the importance of washing hands before work and proper cleaning and handing of instruments and kitchen utensils and their role in reducing the risk of food contamination, in addition to their knowledge that eating and drinking at the work place increases the risk of food contamination, its observed that these workers do not practice that as a part of their routine work. Therefore, training programs are warranted together with continuous monitoring of the workers’ behavior and practices.
The Powerful Link Between Conserving Land and Preserving Health
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
1. The document summarizes research on factors that influence consumer purchasing behaviors related to organic foods. It discusses nutritional content, sensory appeal, ecological welfare, price, and natural content as key factors.
2. Several studies discussed found nutritional content and health benefits to be important determinants for consumers in purchasing organic foods. Sensory factors like taste were also found to influence hedonic attitudes.
3. Ecological welfare concerns like environmental friendliness and animal treatment were shown to impact purchasing behaviors, particularly for regular organic food buyers. Price was found to both encourage and discourage organic food purchases depending on other values held by consumers.
This document discusses the relationship between nutritional status and pressure ulcers. It provides epidemiological data showing that malnutrition is associated with increased risk of developing pressure ulcers. Experimental studies in animals also demonstrate impaired wound healing in malnourished subjects. However, clinical studies on the effect of nutritional supplementation on pressure ulcer prevention and treatment have shown mixed results, with some finding no effect of supplementation on ulcer outcomes. Overall, while malnutrition and pressure ulcers often coexist, the relationship is complex and a causal link has not been firmly established.
This document provides an annotated bibliography summarizing research on the relationship between dietary fiber consumption and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Several studies found that high intake of dietary fiber, particularly from whole grains, is associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Combining data from multiple cohort studies, daily consumption of two servings of whole grains was shown to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes by 21%. While the studies were mostly epidemiological, they consistently showed that increased fiber intake, especially from whole grains and cereals, can play a protective role against type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis among Students ...Premier Publishers
Despite efforts and interventions to control Soil-transmitted Helminths infections, World Health Organization estimated 70.0% school aged children worldwide at risk of infection with at least one Soil-transmitted Helminths species, with 22% occurring in Africa; Soil-transmitted Helminths infections therefore still remain prevalent especially in developing countries. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Students of Government Day Secondary School Gidan Igwe Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. A total of 90 faecal samples were collected and analyzed using wet preparation method to detect the ova of soil-transmitted helminths. Information on risk factors of STHs was obtained from the students through a structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the study area. Out of the 90 faecal samples examined, 54(60.0%) were found to be infected with at least one species of STHs or the other. Species of STHs encountered during the study in order of occurrence were; Ascaris lumbricoides (35.56%), Trichuris trichiura (16.67%), and Hookworm (7.77%). Results of Binary Logistic Regression indicated being 11-16 years old, farming activity, using well as a source of drinking water, walking barefooted, and not washing hands before and after meals as the major risk factors for the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the students. Therefore, public health attention is highly needed to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study subjects in the area.
BIOETHICS, a bridge between the facts and moral behaviour.UAS,GKVK<BANGALORE
Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.
Serological prevalence and factors associated with human trichinellosis and c...ILRI
Poster by Luong Nguyen-Thanh, Meghan Cook, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Diana Meemken and Fred Unger presented at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
This document discusses a study examining the climate change and health perspectives of adolescents living in urban slums in Surat, India. The study found that adolescents make up about 1/5 of the slum population and have relatively high levels of school attendance. Through surveys and interviews, the study assessed adolescents' knowledge of health issues like vector-borne diseases, as well as their understanding of behaviors and environmental factors that affect health. Adolescents displayed concrete knowledge of diseases but also more abstract understanding of how climate change can impact issues like migration, livelihoods, and conflicts that act as stressors affecting health. The study concludes that empowering adolescents through education can help enable them as agents of climate change resilience in their communities.
MUST KNOW - HEALTH BENEFITS OF MUSHROOM (CANCER,PROSTATE, CEREBRUM DECREASE,SKIN, HAIT..etc)
This is not an article for cure , but a article for a healthy food that can prevent some of disease and a healthier way of eating.
From metabolic syndrome to cachexia: what’s new about metabolic biomarkers?Bertin Pharma
What does Metabolic Syndrom really mean? What impact on world population? Which biomarkers can serve your studies? What treatments for tomorrow?...
These are just some of the questions Virginie Tolle and Odile Viltart, researchers at the INSERM (The French National Institute for Health and Medical Research ) answered in this very complete article for Bertin Pharma.
Good reading!
This document discusses a study on the level of satisfaction with food safety and hygiene practices among food vendors from the perspective of students at Nazareth High School. It aims to determine students' level of satisfaction with food safety, the hygiene practices of food vendors, and the relationship between the two. The study will involve surveying 154 randomly selected students at the school about their experiences with and perceptions of food vendor food safety and hygiene. It is intended to provide information that can benefit parents, the school, and students regarding food safety issues.
Food samples: African salad, fried yam, fried potato, fried plantain, bole and suya meat retailed in three locations along Choba, Aluu and Alakahia were analyzed for their microbial load. Analysis of the food samples revealed Total viable count ranging from 3.8×107 cfu/g to 5.2×107 cfu/g (African salad), 2.6×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Bole), 3.0×107 cfu/g to 3.4×107 cfu/g (Plantain), 3.4×107 cfu/g to 3.6×107 cfu/g (Potato), 2.9×107 cfu/g to 3.3×107 cfu/g (Yam) and 4.8×107 cfu/g to 5.1×107 cfu/g (Suya meat) from the various locations. The organism isolated includes, Staphylococcus aureus (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), Pseudomonas (15%), Streptococcus (15%), Bacillus cereus (12%) and Salmonella spp (8%). The TVC count in these food samples exceeds the standard set by International Commission for Microbiology Specification for Food (ICMSF) for ready-to-eat food which states that TVC count between 0-107 cfu/g is acceptable, 104 to 105 cfu/g is tolerable and >107 cfu/g is unacceptable. Therefore, these foods are not bacteriologically fit for consumption. The occurrence of these bacterial isolates in the foods constitutes public health risk to consumers as these pathogens have been associated with foodborne infections Therefore, government should enforce strong food safety regulations for street foods vendors. In addition, street food vendors need to be educated on food safety and hygienic practices
APA format, Gastroenteritis and Food Borne Diseases in Elderly People in Long...Jack Frost
This paper explores factors contributing to gastroenteritis and foodborne illness in elderly residents of long-term care facilities. The authors reviewed literature from 1970-2009 relating to pathogens and compared data between facilities. Main pathogens identified were norovirus, rotavirus, E. coli, salmonella, and C. difficile. The elderly are at higher risk due to poor immunity and hygiene. Prevention relies on prompt detection and management of outbreaks through handwashing, sanitation, and monitoring food safety. Further research is still needed to address gaps in knowledge, especially regarding norovirus prevention and sources of foodborne illness.
Studies on the intestinal helminths infestation among primary school children...Alexander Decker
This study examined 283 primary school children in Gwagwada, Nigeria for intestinal helminth infections. The overall prevalence of infection was 67.1%, with the most common helminths being Ascaris lumbricoides (30.7%), Taenia spp (23.0%), and Schistosoma mansoni (11.7%). There was no significant association between infection prevalence and sex. Prevalence decreased weakly with increasing class level but correlated more strongly negatively with age. Source of drinking water and contact with water bodies were associated with higher prevalence rates of certain helminths.
Public health is directly or indirectly affected by the food supply. Food safety is a public health
issue which has become a global problem. Since food is necessary for human survival, a food safety crisis can
cause widespread social panic and heavy casualties. Food safety has been a major concern for governments,
the food service industry, and academia. This paper provides an introduction to food safety.
Sanitation is the creation and maintenance of conditions that will prevent food contamination or food born illness and lower levels of disease-causing microorganisms to a safe level. Cleaning is removing surface food or dirt for example from a surface area.
Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-S...ijtsrd
Food vending is recently a booming part of the food industry and millions of people depend on it for their daily nutritional needs especially because of its easy accessibility. It has become an important public health issue due to widespread food-borne diseases which are leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and antibiogram assay of bacteria associated with food vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State. The randomly selected towns for this study were three towns in Awka- South LGA in Anambra state namely Awka State capital , Mbaukwu and Nise. Descriptive cross-sectional study and multistage sampling technique was adopted and sample size determined using a standard formula. Total of 65 food vendors were sampled. Sterile swab sticks were used to swab the palms, aprons, plates and spoons of the food vendors and the rinse method was used for bacteria isolation. Antibiotics sensitivity test of isolates was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacteria isolates from this study were E. coli 24.41 , S. aureus 21.60 , B. cereus 9.39 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15.96 , Serratia marcescens 4.70 , Klebsiella pneumonia 10.56 and Salmonella enterica 13.38 . The bacterial isolates during the course of this study showed wide resistance to conventional antibiotics especially beta-lactams. The findings of this study therefore necessitate the need for sensitization of food vendors and appropriate measures should be established to monitor susceptibility patterns of microorganisms involved as this will help to avoid possible outbreaks. Egbuim, Timothy Chukwudiegwu | Umeh, Sophina Ogonna | Izuegbunam, Lilian Chinenye "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacteria Associated with Food Vending in Awka-South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19174.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/19174/prevalence-and-antibiogram-of-bacteria-associated-with-food-vending-in-awka-south-lga-anambra-state-nigeria/egbuim-timothy-chukwudiegwu
The document summarizes a workshop addressing food-related challenges to promote human and planetary health. The workshop objectives are to demonstrate new approaches considering both people and planet health, debate the definition of 'food security', and provide a guide for health practitioners. It discusses shifting practice to address issues like obesity, undernutrition and climate change through a food systems lens. Participants engage in an activity to design a Planetary Health Plate that represents a healthy, sustainable food system. They also consider how to support sustainable local food systems using the Ottawa Charter framework. The document promotes reframing food security to integrate sustainability and planetary health.
Food Sanitation. Prevention of foodborne illnesses. Protection of public heal...Fuldisia
Prevention of foodborne illnesses.
Protection of public health.
Reputation benefits.
Legal and regulatory compliance.
Increased consumer confidence.
Reduction in wastage.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
The seminar will examine the widely neglected and underestimated adverse nutritional impact of lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It makes apparent how governments struggling to feed their citizens can make a substantial contribution to food and nutrition security by making WASH investments. Reducing faecal infections through sanitation and hygienic behaviour is a major means for reducing the undernutrition of children, enhancing the wellbeing of children, women and men, and achieving the MDGs. Approaches for scaling-up WASH like Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) as well as approaches to improve food and nutrition security through productive sanitation will be presented using regional case studies. Together with the participants the potentials and challenges of these approaches will be discussed in rotating discussion groups facilitated by distinguished sector experts. The goal is to get an in-depth understanding of this neglected link and to provide constructive impulses for promising ways forward to strengthen this nexus at scale and push towards fulfilment of the human right to water and sanitation. This seminar was part of World Water Week, 2012.
Consumer Knowledge Of Food Labels Of Low Income Female Workers In Michael Okp...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Bioinformatics and genomics are rapidly expanding fields that will significantly impact the food industry. By providing details on molecular biology and integrating vast amounts of data, bioinformatics will extend our understanding of food's role in health and enable the development of personalized food choices tailored to individual health needs. It will also allow for new crop varieties and foods with improved quality, safety, and health benefits. However, fully leveraging these tools requires paradigm shifts in data collection, sharing, and analysis across different areas of research.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Environmen...YogeshIJTSRD
Environment is a major determinant of health of individual, family and community. Environmental health consists of preventing or controlling diseases, injury and disability related to interactions between people and their environment. Aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding environmental health among women . Quasi experimental one group pretest and posttest design was used. Non. probability convenient sampling technique was adopted . the result findings shows that pre test mean score of environmental health was 11.3 with SD of 3.85 and the post test mean score was 23. 9with SD of 1.19. There was a statistically significant increase in the overall knowledge regarding environmental health after structured teaching programme at p .00001 level. Mrs P. Umalakshmi "Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Environmental Health among Women in Selected Setting, Chennai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41123.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/41123/effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-environmental-health-among-women-in-selected-setting-chennai/mrs-p-umalakshmi
Better food safety solutions in Africa: Understanding the complex social, eco...ILRI
Presentation by Kebede Amenu, Silvia Alonso, Florence Mutua, Kristina Roesel, Johanna Lindahl, Barbara Kowalcyk, Theodore Knight-Jones and Delia Grace at the 37th World Veterinary Association Congress, 29-31 March 2022, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Breastfeeding Practices of Postnatal Mothers: Exclusivity, Frequency and Dura...IJEAB
This study examined breastfeeding practices of 299 postnatal mothers in southeast Nigeria in terms of exclusivity, frequency, and duration. The results showed that most mothers exclusively breastfed for a short period, with 22.3% exclusively breastfeeding for 1 month and 31.5% for 4-6 months. The majority (80.7%) breastfed infants on demand day and night, while 40.5% reported infants suckling for over 20 minutes. Breastfeeding patterns were found to differ across primary, secondary, and tertiary health institutions, though not significantly. The study concluded that efforts are needed to motivate mothers to exclusively breastfeed for the recommended 6 months.
Assessment of Food Safety and Sanitation Standards of Canteens in Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Food safety is a particularly worrying environmental health problem in universities. This study used descriptive method of research. A total of 172 respondents from different universities were surveyed.Findings in this study reported that adherence to school canteen rules and government regulations play important roles in influencing food handlers’ attitude towards safe food handling. It was found that perceived barrier generally do not hinder safe food handling. However, small working space, inconvenient location for kitchen equipment and unavailability of food handling guideline toward achieving safe food handling were individual items in the questionnaire that scored high.
Prevalence of anemia among teenage pregnant girls attending antenatal clinic ...Alexander Decker
The study found that the prevalence of anemia among teenage pregnant girls in Bungoma District, Western Kenya was 61%. Nearly half (48.3%) had mild anemia, 31.2% had moderate anemia, and 20.5% had severe anemia. Factors associated with anemia included parasitic infections like hookworm, which were linked to inadequate calcium intake, and malaria parasites, which affected folate intake. Food intake and socioeconomic factors also played a role, as iron intake was associated with perceived food shortage and over 65% of participants had a monthly income below $100. The high rates of anemia found indicate the need for deworming and anemia treatment programs for pregnant teenage girls in the region
Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices concerning food safety among ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety among 127 restaurant workers in Putrajaya, Malaysia. It found that while overall knowledge was good, respondents lacked knowledge about reheating cooked food and safe food temperatures. Respondents had positive attitudes but there were differences based on training, ethnicity, education levels, and nationality. Practices were also generally positive but differed by education, gender, and ethnicity. The study found relationships between knowledge and attitudes, and between knowledge and practices. It concluded that food handlers demonstrated good KAP regarding food safety but still lacked some basic food safety knowledge, particularly around reheated food and safe temperatures.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices concerning food safety among ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety among 127 restaurant workers in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The study found that while overall knowledge of food safety was good, respondents lacked knowledge about reheating cooked food and safe temperatures for cooked food. Respondents had positive attitudes toward food safety, though there were some differences based on training status, ethnicity, education level, and nationality. Practices regarding food safety were also generally positive, but again varied based on education level, gender, and ethnicity. The study found relationships between knowledge and attitudes, and between knowledge and practices regarding food safety. In conclusion, the study found good knowledge, attitudes, and practices overall, but also identified areas needing
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
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Assessment of the elderly and their caregivers' practices
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.5, No.21, 2014
184
Assessment of the Elderly and Their Caregivers' Practices
Regarding Food Safety in Assiut Governorate, Egypt
Nazek Abd El-Ghany1
, Shokria Labeeb2
, Safaa Mahmoud3
, Hanan Abo-Zeid4
*.
1. Professor of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.
2. Professor of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
3. Lecturer of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
4. Assistant lecturer, Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University,Egypt.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: hananabozeid10@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Food safety continues to be a concern of consumers and a focal point of the food industry and regulatory
agencies. For over a century, developments in food production and new control philosophies have contributed to
food safety systems in most developed countries to be efficient in the prevention of food borne diseases. The
elderly are at particular risk of food borne illnesses because of their weaken immune systems, decrease in
stomach acidity and intestinal peristalsis. The aim: to assess the practices of the elderly people and their
caregivers about food safety. Setting: The present study was carried out at Assiut city (urban) and Assiut district
(rural) in Assiut governorate. Design: descriptive cross sectional research design. The subjects were 10% of the
total number of the elderly people from every area was selected randomly who aged 60 years and above and their
caregivers involved in the study. The total number of the studied elderly was 720 (340 from urban and 380 from
rural areas) and their caregivers (135 subjects). Results: nearly the total subject from the urban elderly (97.1%)
and the majority of rural elderly (86.3%) did not know the temperature of the refrigerator, more than two fifths
(44.7%) of the urban and more than one fifth (20.3%) of the rural elderly defrosting product in tape water.
Conclusion: the elderly and their caregivers (urban and rural) were followed incorrect defrosting practices,
incorrect hygiene of the kitchen counter, lack of knowledge regarding refrigeration temperature.
Recommendations: the information about food safety should be disseminated through mass media, television.,
newspapers and magazines at regular periods, establishment of an information center to help and guide the
public especially mothers to maintain their practices regarding food safety.
Key words: food safety, defrosting , kitchen counter.
1.Introduction
Food safety is a growing concern for consumers and professionals in the food and food service sectors. It has
been defined as the conditions and measures that are necessary during production, processing, storing,
distribution and preparation of food to ensure that it is safe and becomes sound and fit for human consumption.
The term "safe food" represents different ideas to different audiences. The descriptions of safe food held by
consumers, academics, industry and special groups are different and diverse (Seward, 2003).
National surveys indicate that many people do not have good food safety practices. This results in an estimated
9.3 million illnesses a year associated with poor personal hygiene, 3.5 million illnesses a year associated with
inadequate cooking or cross contamination, 0.5 million illnesses a year associated with not keeping food at safe
temperature and 10, 000 illnesses a year associated with consuming food from unsafe sources (Trepka, et al.,
2006).
In addition, food borne illnesses increase during the summer; bacteria are present throughout the environment in
soil, air, water, and in the bodies of people and animals. These microorganisms grow faster in the warm summer
months. Bacteria also need moisture to flourish and the summer weather is often hot and humid (United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2008).
Cross contamination of food borne pathogens in the household kitchen may contribute to the estimated
76,000,000 cases of food borne illnesses in the U.S. (Sharma, et. al., 2009). Improper domestic food handling
and unhygienic practices are thought to be a major factor in cases of food borne illnesses. It is estimated that up
to 87% of food borne illness outbreaks that occurred in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, New Zealand,
the United States and Canada originated from food prepared or consumed in consumer's homes on a daily basis
(Sharma, et al., 2009).
The low level of consumer protection in terms of food safety attributed to the lack of data on food and food-
borne diseases. Spreading the awareness among the citizens on food safety standards and the importance of
taking care of consumers’ health should be emphasized. The food safety authority will make sure
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that international food safety standards are applied. The authority will be responsible for food right from the
harvest or breeding stage until it reaches the consumer (Mansour, 2010).
With the aging process, the ability of the immune system to function at normal levels decreases. The immune
system is one of the most important mechanisms for fighting diseases and preserving health, so a decrease in the
level of disease-fighting cells is a significant factor in the number of infections that may occur. In addition to the
normal decrease in the function of the immune system as part of the aging process, undergoing major surgery
also affects the body's ability to fight off infections (Gettings and Kiernan, 2001).
Also, inflammation of the lining of the stomach and a decrease in stomach acidity occurs. Because the stomach
plays an important role in limiting the number of bacteria that enter the small intestine, a decrease or loss of
stomach acidity increases the likelihood of infection if a pathogen ingested with food or water. Also adding to
the problem is the slow down of the digestive process, allowing for the rapid growth of pathogens in the gut and
the possible formation of toxins (Yen, 2003 and Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), 2004).
The nurse can teach the basics of keeping foods sufficiently refrigerated, discarding foods that may be old or
spoiled, cooking foods thoroughly, and bringing water to a full boiling when appropriate to be certain of
eliminating microbes. Nurses can emphasize washing and cleaning products and tools used in food processing,
including the preparer's own hands(Allender and Spradley, 2001).
1.1:Significance of the study:
(Unusan, 2007) reported that people of all ages seem to think they know how to handle food safely, but their
self-reported food handling practices does not support this confidence. A review of the consumer food safety
literature indicates many gaps that have an impact on food-borne diseases at home.
A recent study of seniors who frequently prepare meals at home indicates that many do not use appropriate
safety procedures related to food preparation. They appear to be at greater risk of serious complications when
they experience food borne illness (American Dietetic Association (ADA), 2003).
2. Aim of the Study:
This study was conducted to assess the elderly and their caregivers' practices regarding food safety.
3. Subjects:
3.1.Research design:
A descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this research.
3.2. Setting:
This study was carried out in Assiut city and Assiut district in Assiut Governorate (El-Hamarah Elaola, El-
Waledya Elbahary, Elbesary and Elsharekat from Assiut city). (Sallam, Mankhabad, El-Zawya and Awlad
Ibrahim from Assiut district).
3.3. Subjects:
The total number of elderly in year 2006 were (7271), 10% were taken randomly. The total number of the
studied subjects were 720 elderly (340 from urban and 380 from rural areas) (aged 60 years and above), there
were seven elderly persons were dropped out from the study (5 from urban and 2 from rural) and their caregivers
(135 subjects) included in the studied subjects (35) from urban and (100) from rural.
3.4. Tool of the study:
The tool was developed by (Jevsnik et. al., 2007) and modified by the researcher to obtain the necessary data.
The interview sheet was done for both the elderly and their caregivers, it included the following:
3.4.1. Socio- demographic data:
It elicits information about the age, sex, marital status, level of education, residence …etc.
3.4.2. Assessment of the elderly and their caregivers' practices part:-
It included questions about food safety practices during shopping, at home as ways of food defrosting,
importance and technique of hand care, hygiene of the kitchen counter,………etc.
4. Method
4.1. Preparatory phase:
The actual numbers of the elderly people in the previous mentioned areas and a permission to carry out this study
were obtained.
4.2. Pilot study:
A pilot study was conducted before starting of data collection, it was carried out on 20 subjects, which were
excluded from the studied subject to confirm question clarity, and gauge likely interview duration.
4.3. Ethical considerations:
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Consent was taken from every participant, data was collected through interviewing the elders, and their
caregivers individually, reassured that the information obtained will be confidentially, and used only for the
purpose of the study.
4.4. Data collection:
Collections of the data were from January to May 2009 by the researcher and another two assistants who trained
to collect the data and visited the selected houses.
4.5. Statistical design:
Data collected, coded, computerized, revised, categorized, tabulated and analyzed by using computer program
SPSS ”ver.17”, using Chi-Square test to determine significance between non parametric data, using T-Test to
determine significance for numeric data, it consider non significant when P>0.05, it consider *significant when
P<0.05.
5.Results
5.1. Table (1): distribution of the studied subjects (elderly and their caregivers) regarding their socio
demographic characteristics.
Items Elderly Items Care-givers
Urban
N=340
Rural
N =380
Urban
N=35
Rural
N =100
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Age:
Mean age ± SD 64.7 ± 5.2
Age:
Mean age ± SD 30.0 ± 7.9
Marital status:
- Single
- Married
- Widow
- Divorce
28
169
141
2
8.2%
49.7%
41.5%
0.6%
7
215
158
0
1.8%
56.6%
41.6%
0
Marital status:
- Single
- Married
- Widow
- Divorce
20
15
0
0
57.1%
42.9%
0
0
7
93
0
0
7.0%
93.0%
0
0
Educational status:
- Illiterate:
- Read and write:
- Preparatory:
- Secondary:
- University:
194
56
19
60
11
57.1%
16.5%
5.6%
17.6%
3.2%
319
33
8
20
0
83.9%
8.7%
2.1%
5.3%
0
Educational status:
- Illiterate:
- Read and write:
- Preparatory:
- Secondary:
- University:
0
2
18
4
11
0
5.7%
51.4%
11.4%
31.4%
51
21
20
3
5
51.0%
21.0%
20.0%
3.0%
5.0%
Occupation before
retirement:
House wife:
Employed:
312
28
91.8%
8.2%
340
40
89.5%
10.5%
Relation to the
elderly:
- Daughter:
- Son’s wife:
- Other( son’s
daughter):
11
15
9
31.4%
42.9%
25.7%
7
93
0
7.0%
93.0%
0
Presence of care-
giver:
Yes :
No :
35
305
10.3%
89.7%
100
280
26.3%
73.7%
Resident with the
elderly:
Yes :
No :
35
0
100%
0
100
0
100%
0
Table (1) describes the distribution of the studied subjects regarding their socio-demographic characteristics. It
was observed that the mean age among the elderly was (64.7 ± 5.2) and (30.0 ± 7.9) among the caregivers, all
the studied subjects (elderly and their caregivers) were females.
With regard to the educational status of the elderly, more than half (57.1%) of the urban and the majority
(83.9%) of the rural elderly were illiterate, less than one-fifth (17.6%) of the urban and only (5.3%) from the
rural had a secondary education.
Concerning the educational status of the caregivers, more than half (51%) of the rural and none of the urban
were illiterate, while the university education was reported by less than one third (31.4%) from the urban and
only (5%) of the rural caregivers.
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5.2. Table (2): distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practice during shopping.
Items Elderly Care-givers
Urban
N=340
Rural N
=380
p-value X2
Urban
N=35
Rural N
=100
p-value X2
No
.
% No
.
% No
.
% No
.
%
The
responsibility
of shopping.
Yes 26
5
77.9
%
34
3
90.3
%
P=0.000
*
38.6
5
35 100
%
10
0
100
%
-
No 75 22.1
%
37 (9.7% 0 0 0 0
The concerns believed to influence food choices:#
Knowing the
country of
origin
6 2.3% 0 0 4 11.4
%
2 2.0%
The price. 86 32.5
%
49 14.3
%
P=0.000
*
21.6
7
17 48.6
%
54 54.0
%
P=0.000
*
28.5
1
Appearance(sha
pe and size)
11
8
44.5
%
16
1
47.0
%
17 48.6
%
25 25.0
%
Fresh or canned
food
65 24.5
%
48 14.0
%
17 48.6
%
5 5.0%
No concern 29 10.9
%
86 25.1
%
5 14.3
%
28 28.0
%
# More than one answer was allowed
*Significant
Table (2) illustrates the distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practices during shopping. It was clear
that more than three quarters of the urban (77.9%) were responsible for shopping and also the majority of the
rural (90.3%)(P =0.000).
As regard to the caregivers, all the studied caregivers (100%) in both urban and rural areas were responsible for
shopping.
Regarding the concerns which influence their food choices, more than two fifths (44.5%) of the urban stated the
appearance which includes shape and size and slightly this percent increases with the rural elderly (47%)
followed by the price reported by around one third (32.5%) of the urban and (14.3%) from the rural elderly. The
differences statistically were significant (P =0.000).
The price, appearance and fresh food reported by around one half (48.6%) of the urban caregivers, as regard to
rural caregivers, more than half of them (54%) decided that the price is the most important concern when
purchasing food followed by appearance which reported by one quarter (25%) of them, the differences
statistically were significant (P =0.000).
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5.3. Table (3): distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practices at home.
Items
Elderly Care-givers
Urban(N=340) Rural(N=380) p-value X2
Urban(N=35) Rural(N=100) p-value X2
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Sources of cooking practices experiences.
By myself 55 16.2% 26 6.8% 0 0 0 0
From parents 269 79.1% 354 93.2% P=0.000* 41.38 35 100% 100 100% - -
From cookery books 12 3.5% 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others( mother in law) 4 1.2% 0 0 0 0 0 0
The temperature of the refrigerator in the home is:
a. 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10
degrees Celsius
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b. 40 F (5 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c. I don’t know; I’ve never
measured it
330 97.1% 328 86.3% P=0.02* 24.51 35 100% 100 100% - -
d. no refrigerator 10 2.9% 52 13.7% 0 0 0 0
Ways of meat, poultry and fish products defrosting.
a. setting it on the counter 18 5.3% 19 5.0% P=0.02* 1.02 5 14.3% 40 40.0% P=0.01* 14.25
b. placing them in the refrigerator 22 6.5% 18 4.7% 0 0 0 0
c. in hot water 109 32.1% 174 45.8% 23 65.7% 33 33.0%
d. cooking without defrosting 33 9.7% 26 6.8% 0 0 0 0
e. tape water 152 44.7% 77 20.3% 17 48.6% 26 26.0%
f. don’t freeze meat, poultry or fish
product
6 1.8% 66 17.4% 0 0 1 1.0%
*Significant
Table (3): Shows the distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practices at home. Concerning the
sources of their cooking practices, most of the urban elderly (79.1%) and the vast majority of the rural (93.2%)
learned their cooking experiences from their parents. Less than one-fifth (16.2%) of the urban compared to only
(6.8%) of the rural learned from their experiences, the differences statistically were significant (P =0.000).
Regarding the caregivers, the total of the studied subject (100%) in both urban and rural learned their cooking
practices from parents.
When asking about the temperature of the refrigerator, nearly the total subject from the urban elderly (97.1%)
did not know the temperature of the refrigerator, they had not measure it before, (2.9%) of them did not have a
refrigerator in their homes. While in the rural elderly the majority of them (86.3%) did not know and the rest of
them (13.7%) did not have a refrigerator in their homes, the differences statistically were significant (P =0.02).
As regard to the caregivers, the total subject (100%) of both urban and rural caregivers did not know the
temperature of the refrigerator; they had not measured it before.
Concerning their practices when defrosting meat, poultry or fish products, around one third of the urban (32.1%)
and slightly less than half of the rural elderly (45.8%) defrost it in hot water and another more than two fifths
(44.7%) of the urban and more than one fifth (20.3%) of the rural defrost it in tape water. The differences
statistically were significant (P =0.02).
As regard to the practices of the caregivers, around two thirds of the urban (65.7%) and one third from the rural
(33%) defrost it in hot water, around half of the urban caregivers (48.6%) and more than one quarter of the rural
(26%) defrosting in tape water, the differences statistically were significant (P =0.01).
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5.4. Table (4): distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practices about hand washing
Items
Elderly Care-givers
Urban(N=340) Rural(N=380) X2
p-value Urban(N=35) Rural(N=100) X2
p-value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Washing hands before food preparation.
Yes 303 89.1% 352 92.6% 0.453 P=0.354n.s. 35 100% 100 100% - -
No 37 10.9% 28 7.4% 0 0 0 0
Importance of washing hands before food preparation. #
Cleaning (decrease number
of microorganisms)
250 82.5% 181 51.4% 29.43 P=0.000* 30 85.7% 100 100% 23.51 P=0.01*
Preventing cross infection 55 18.1% 119 33.8% 5 14.3% 96 96.0%
Do not know 0 0 51 14.5% 0 0 0 0
Ways of drying hands after washing.
Do not dry my hands. 56 18.5% 88 25.0% 13.53 P=0.000* 12 34.3% 40 40.0% 0.725 P=0.425n.s.
With a kitchen cloth 175 57.8% 82 23.3% 18 51.4% 60 60.0%
With any cloth. 72 23.8% 182 51.7% 5 14.3% 0 0
Technique of hand care after handling raw meat, poultry or fish.
a. wiping them on a towel 23 6.8% 51 13.4% 14.25 P=0. 03* 0 0 54 54.0% 11.41 P=0.000*
b. rinsing them under water 113 33.2% 106 27.9% 5 14.3% - -
c. washing with soap and
water
204 60.0% 223 58.7% 30 85.7% 46 46.0%
# More than one answer was allowed
*Significant
n.s.: not significant
Table (4) As regard to their practices about hand washing before food preparation, (P=0.354), the vast majority
of both urban and rural (89.1%) and (92.6%) respectively reported that they washed their hands before food
preparation because it is considered a cleaning and hygienic process which reported by most of the urban
(82.5%) and more than half of the rural (51.4%). As regard to washing their hands for prevention of cross
infection reported by less than one fifth of the urban (18.1%) and one-third (33.8%) of the rural, more than one-
tenth (14.5%) of the rural did not know the importance of hand washing before food preparation, the differences
statistically were significant (P=0.000).
Regarding the practices of the elderly about hand care after handling raw meat, poultry or fish, three fifths of the
urban (60%) and less than of them (58.7%) of the rural stated washing their hands with soap and water while
(6.8%) of the urban and more than one tenth (13.4%) of the rural were wiping their hands with a towel after
handling raw meat, poultry or fish. the differences statistically were significant (P=0.03).
As regard to the practices of the caregivers about hand care after handling raw meat, poultry or fish, the majority
of the urban (85.7%) stated washing their hands with water and soap and the rest of them (14.3%) was rinsing
them under water, while in the rural more than half of them (54%) was wiping their hands with a towel and the
rest (46%) were washing their hands with water and soap, the differences statistically were significant (P=0.000).
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5.5. Table (5): distribution of the studied subjects regarding their practices about the hygiene of the
kitchen counter.
Items
Elderly Care-givers
Urban(N=340) Rural(N=380) X2
p-value Urban(N=35) Rural(N=100) X2
p-value
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Presence of kitchen counter.
Yes 236 69.4% 167 43.9% 4.53 P=0.02* 16 45.7% 31 31.0% 0.425 P=0.381n.s.
No 104 30.6% 213 56.1% 19 54.3% 69 69.0%
Cleaning the kitchen counter.
After every use. 70 29.7% 10 6.0% 11.25 P=0.000* 6 37.5% 0 0 10.38 P=0.001*
After every meal. 22 9.3% 23 13.8% 0 0 0 0
Once a day. 43 18.2% 78 46.7% 6 37.5% 28 90.3%
When it is dirty. 101 42.9% 56 33.5% 4 25.0% 3 9.7%
Ways of cleaning the kitchen counters and other surfaces that come in contact with food.
a. water 212 89.8% 140 83.8% 0 0 0 0
b. water and soap 0 0 27 16.2% 6.25 P=0.02* 16 100% 31 100% - -
c. water and soap, then bleach
solution
24 10.2% 0 0 0 0 0 0
d. water and soap, then commercial
sanitizing agent
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*Significant n.s.: not significant
Table (5) As regard to the way of cleaning the kitchen counter, the majority of both urban and rural elderly
(89.8%) and (83.8%) respectively were cleaning it with water only and the rest of the rural (16.2%) was cleaning
it with water and soap while in the urban, one tenth of them (10.2%) was cleaning it with water and soap and
then using bleach solution, the differences statistically were significant (P=0.02). All of the caregivers in both
urban and rural (100%) were cleaning it with water and soap.
6. Discussion
Since food buying is an important step in ensuring a safe food supply within the home, the findings showed that
consumers were concerned about the foods they bought for consumption at home. The food selection and
purchasing are seen as an important step in ensuring safe food supply at home. Householders look at food risks
generally, including nutritional, microbiological, and chemical risks. This suggests that an educational program
should not be limited to aspects of product safety (Unusan, 2007).
Mostly, consumers tended to ignore the role of food and food handling in the transmission of diarrheal disease
and attributed their symptoms to other factors (i.e., indigestion). If consumers misperceive the nature and source
of food borne illness, it means that they misjudge the frequency of the diseases and would be less motivated to
change behaviors related to food safety. This point should be put into the considerations when developing food
safety education program (Unusan, 2007).
Concerning the responsibility of shopping or sharing in the decision, the percentage was higher among the rural
elderly than the urban, due to the spread of street vendors in the rural areas (table 2). Less than three quarters of
the respondents were responsible for purchasing the food for their households was stated by (Willett, 2003).
When asked about the concerns, which influence food choices, more than one-tenth of the urban elderly and
more than one quarter of the rural elderly and nearly the same percents among the urban and rural caregivers had
not any concerns when purchasing food. Appearance which includes shape and size was the most important
factor influencing food choices among the elderly which reported by more than two fifths of both urban and rural
elderly followed by the price. Among the urban caregivers, the price, appearance and the state of food (fresh or
canned) had the same order (less than one half) while price was the most important factor influencing food
choices among rural caregivers followed by the appearance which stated by one quarter while (Unusan, 2007)
stated that the main reason was concern about price identified by more than one quarter followed by concern
about fat content in the food.
Knowing the source of origin was reported by few of both urban elderly and rural caregivers and stated by more
than one tenth of the urban caregivers. These results are lower than that recorded by (Willett, 2003) in which the
source of origin was reported by two fifths of the respondents, the price and appearance stated by more than the
half, this reflects the importance of health among the respondents of the other study and increased their
awareness and economic condition.
The home food preparer is a critical link in the chain to prevent food borne illness. Thus, home food preparers
need to know how to minimize the presence of pathogens or their toxins in food. Food is mishandled at any
number of places during food preparation, handling and storage; and studies show that consumers have
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inadequate knowledge about measures needed to prevent food borne illness in the home. Serving contaminated
raw foods, cooking/heating food inadequately, having infected persons handle implicated food and practice poor
hygiene, and consumption of food from an unsafe source were the factors most commonly associated with
reported outbreaks of food borne illness in homes (Unusan, 2007).
Regarding the sources of the cooking practices experiences of the studied subjects, the majority of the urban
elderly and the vast majority of the rural elderly in addition to all the studied caregivers (table 3) learned their
cooking experiences from the traditional methods of parents and these resulted in acting the wrong practices.
This percent is higher than that recorded by (Jevsnik et al., 2007) which revealed that more than half of the
respondents learned their cooking practices from their parents and more than one fifth learned by themselves,
this indicates the presence of many sources for learning cooking experiences in the other studies.
The storage life of many foods can be increased by storage at low temperatures. Hence, consumer food safety
education programs will emphasize the benefits of temperature control on microbial growth and survival and
hence as a valuable tool in keeping food safety at the home. The refrigerator should be kept at 5 °C (40 °F) or
below and the freezer at −18 °C (0 °F) or below. Bacteria grow most rapidly between 5 °C and 60 °C (40 °F and
140 °F) with generation time as short as 20 min (Badrie, et al., 2006).
Concerning the temperature of the refrigerator, nearly all the urban elderly and the majority of the rural elderly
(table 3) did not know the exact temperature of their refrigerator, they had never measure it, in addition to the
entire sample of the caregivers, this is due to decreased awareness regarding cooling temperature and safe
refrigeration of the food. These findings are worse than those recorded by another studies by (Badrie, et al.,
2006) which showed that more than three fifths of the consumers either did not know or have never measured the
temperature of the home refrigerator. (Tokuc, et al., 2008) revealed that more than one quarter of the respondents
proved to be unaware of the correct temperature of the refrigerator and more than one tenth did not answer,
while more than two fifths did not know that refrigerator and freezers should be controlled periodically. In
(Jevsnik et al., 2007) recorded that forty-four percent of respondents did not know the temperature in their
refrigerator, this may be due to the increased illiteracy among the elderly and delayed the presence and using the
refrigerator in the homes in our society.
More than one tenth of the rural elderly had not refrigerator in their homes, these findings are better than the
results which were conducted by (Abdel Khalek, 2003) which showed that more than two fifths had not
refrigerator in the food serving places.
Food should never be thawed or stored on the counter or defrosted in hot water, it is recommended that when
thawing, heating or cooling food, pass it through the middle of the temperature zone (70–120 °F) (21–52 °C) as
quickly as possible as microorganisms grow faster in this range than at any point (Badrie, et al., 2006).
Concerning the way of defrosting the fish and poultry products (table 3), defrosting it in tape water was reported
by around half of urban elderly followed by defrosting it in hot water. Among the rural elderly, the defrosting
process was done in hot water by around half of them followed by tape water which reported by more than one
fifth and the same order among the caregivers, both of them were wrong practices. These results were worse than
those recorded by (Jevsnik et al., 2007) which revealed that thawing in hot water was recorded by more than one
tenth and more than one tenth of food handlers in (Abdel Khalek, 2003) thaw the frozen food under running
water, this reflects the decreased awareness regarding the correct handling practices among the respondents of
the present study.
Leaving the frozen food to thaw on the kitchen counter was reported by few of both urban and rural elderly and
two fifths of rural caregivers, these practices were recorded by more than one half in (Jevsnik et al., 2007), more
than two fifths in (Badrie, et al., 2006) and recorded in most of the food serving places in (Abdel Khalek, 2003)
and in (Fouda, 2000) demonstrated that more than two fifths of group 1 and more than one half of group 2 stated
that meat, chicken and fish should be defrosted by leaving them on the counter.
Regarding hand washing before food preparation, the vast majority of both urban and rural elderly (table 4) wash
their hands before food preparation. In addition to the entire subjects of both urban and rural caregivers. This
was self reported practice may be involve bias, while in (Jevsnik et al., 2007) showed that most of respondents
wash their hands prior to food preparation, and few of them wash their hands depending on what they were
doing previously or what kind of food they are going to prepare. In the study by (Abdel Khalek, 2003) it is
revealed that more than one third of the food handlers routinely washed their hands before handling any food,
this referred to the awareness of the public about the importance of hand washing in diseases prevention.
Concerning drying the hands after washing, more than one half of the urban elderly and both rural and urban
caregivers (table 4) drying their hands with a kitchen cloth. In (Jevsnik, et al., 2007) it was demonstrated that
more than one quarter use a disposable paper kitchen towel. Almost one fifth of respondents dry their hands with
9. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
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a kitchen cloth used for wiping the dishes, this pointed to the lack of awareness regarding drying the hands in
special cloth and it is importance in the process of preventing cross contamination.
Regarding hand care after handling raw meat, poultry or fish, few of the urban and more than one tenth from the
rural elderly (table 4) wipe their hands on a towel after handling raw meat, poultry or fish in addition to more
than one half of the rural caregivers, this could be leaving the hand washing process lastly until finishing the
meal preparation. This findings is worse than that recorded in the study of (Fouda, 2000) in which few of both
groups wiped their hands with towel and the same result in (Badrie, et al., 2006).
Rinsing the hands under water after handling raw meat, poultry or fish was stated by more than one third of
urban elderly and more than one quarter of rural elderly and more than one tenth of the urban caregivers, this
result as in (Jevsnik et al., 2007), the two results are lower than that recorded by (Fouda, 2000) which indicated
that most of both groups rinsing their hands under water only.
With regard to the times for cleaning the kitchen counter, more than one quarter of the urban elderly (table 5)
clean it after every use and less than one fifth from them clean it once a day. Regarding the rural elderly, around
half of them were clean it once a day, among the caregivers, more than one third of the urban clean the kitchen
counter after every use and equally of them clean it once a day. This result is lower than that conducted by
(Jevsnik et al., 2007) which revealed that when the respondents were asked how often they cleaned their kitchen
counter, most of them indicated that these kitchen areas were cleaned after every use or after every meal.
With regard to the way of cleaning the kitchen counter, the majority of both urban and rural elderly (table 5)
cleaning it with water only while in the urban, one tenth of them clean it with water and soap and then using
bleach solution. All the caregivers in both urban and rural areas were cleaning it with water and soap while in
(Badrie et al., 2006) reported that the various practices applied to cleaning kitchen counters and other surfaces
which are in contact with food, the main methods being cleaning with hot water and soap which reported by less
than one third and more than two fifths stated hot water and soap, then apply bleach solution.
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
The present study concluded that the elderly and their caregivers (urban and rural) were followed incorrect
defrosting practices, incorrect hygiene of the kitchen counter, lack of knowledge regarding refrigeration
temperature. The study recommended that the Information about food safety should be disseminated through
mass media, television, newspapers and magazines at regular periods, establishment of an information center to
help and guide the public especially mothers to maintain their practices regarding food safety, designing food
safety educational program that should be directed to the public with special emphasis on the high-risk groups as
the elderly through mass media
8. References
Abdel Khalek, E.(2003): Assessment of food handling safety in Assiut University, master thesis, Faculty of
Medicine, Assiut University.
Allender, J., and Spradley, B. (2001): Community health nursing, concept and practice, Promoting and
protecting the health of older adult population. 5th
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American Dietetic Association (ADA) (2003): Position of the American Dietetic Association, food and water
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Badrie,N., Gobin, A., Dookeran, S., and Duncan, R. (2006): consumer awareness and perception to food safety
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CDC (2004): Diagnosis and management of food borne illnesses. A primer for physician and other health care
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Fouda, L. (2000): role of mothers in providing safe food for their preschool children in Alexandria. Doctor
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Getting, M. and Kiernan, N.(2001): Practices and perception of food safety among seniors who prepare meals at
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East;2(2).
Seward,R.(2003): Food safety handbook, definition of food safety. New Jersey, Hoboken, John Willey and Sons
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Tokuc, B., Ekuklu,G., Bilge, E., Berberoglu, U. and Dedeler, H. (2008): knowledge, attitudes and self-reported
practices of food service staff regarding food hygiene in Edrine, Turkey. Journal of Food control; 8(13).
Trepka, M. Murunga, V., Cherry, S., Huffman, F. and Dixon, z.(2006): food safety, beliefs and barriers to safe
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USDA (2008): food safety information, summer health and safety. Food borne illness peaks in summer, why? @
http://www.fsis.usda.gov.
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Yen, P. (2003): Nutrition and well-being. Preventing harm from food borne illness. Journal of Geriatric
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