assessment head, neck and mouth in critical care assessment contain anatomy way of assess, normal finding and abnormal by Dr Rezq Mansour Alqetwi critical care nursing master
This document provides guidance on performing a head and neck exam, including inspection, palpation, and testing of various structures and cranial nerves. It describes examining the head shape, facial expressions, sinuses, nose, mouth, teeth, throat, neck, thyroid, and lymph nodes. It also outlines assessing cranial nerves I through XII and provides an example exam question related to findings that may be present with a sinus infection.
Rhino-sinusitis: inflammation of lining mucosa of nose & paranasal sinuses
Acute: infection lasting < 4 weeks
Sub acute: infection lasting 4 to 12 weeks
Chronic: infection lasting > 12 weeks
Recurrent acute (RARS): > 4 episodes in a year, each episode lasting for 7-10 days, without persistent symptoms in between
Etiology:
Rhinogenic: commonest (85%), following any form of rhinitis
Dental: root abscess, dental procedures (maxillary sinusitis)
Trauma:
Accidental: R.T.A., swimming, diving, F.B., barotrauma
Iatrogenic: nasal packing, septal surgery
Hematogenous : rare
Symptoms
Nasal discharge : mucoid / purulent / blood-stained
Nasal obstruction with hyposmia / anosmia
Headache and facial pain
Cheek / eyelid congestion and swelling
Hawking, sore throat, dry irritating cough
Earache: associated Eustachian tube dysfunction
Constitutional: fever, malaise, body ache
Rhinosinusitis Task Force Criteria (RI 2004)
Location of facial pain in sinusitis
Maxillary sinusitis
Cheek, upper jaw, forehead that increases on bending forward
Frontal sinusitis
Pain over the forehead that increases during morning and decreases by late afternoon (office headache)
Anterior Ethmoid : nasal bridge and peri-orbital, more on eye movement
Posterior Ethmoid : deep seated retro-orbital
Sphenoid : vertex, occipital, retro-orbital pain
Palpation to elicit paranasal sinus tenderness
Maxillary: over the canine fossa
Anterior ethmoid: medial to medial canthus
Frontal: Floor of sinus at the superomedial aspect of the orbit or tap over its anterior wall on the forehead
Postural tests for rhinosinusitis
Performed in acute sinusitis (active nasal discharge)
Pus cleaned in supine position & patient sits upright
Pus appears : frontal or ethmoid sinusitis
Pus appears on stooping forwards: sphenoid sinusitis
No discharge patient lies in lateral position with affected side up
Pus appears: maxillary sinusitis
Plain x ray of Paranasal Sinuses
Water’s view (Occipito -mental) maxillary sinus
Caldwell’s view (Occipito -frontal) and lateral view frontal
Rhese’s view (lateral oblique) and laterai view ethmoids
Base skull view (Submento - vertical) and Pierre’s view (Occipito -mental with mouth open) sphenoid
Air-fluid level seen in acute sinusitis
Mucosal thickening seen in chronic sinusitis
CT scan of nose and PNS
Most reliable imaging modality for sinusitis at present
Plain axial, coronal and sagittal cuts of 3 mm (contrast for suspected vascular, neoplastic, inflammatory lesions)
Helps to delineate the extent of disease, define anatomical variants and study the relationship of sinuses with surrounding structures
Indications:
Recurrent acute/chronic sinusitis not responding to medical treatment
Before endoscopic sinus surgery
Impending complications of sinusitis
Approach to breast lump pain, nipple dischargeطالبه جامعيه
The document provides guidance on evaluating breast lumps, pain, and nipple discharge. It discusses:
1) Defining breast lumps and assessing risk factors for breast cancer through history, physical exam, imaging and tissue sampling.
2) Evaluating breast pain by differentiating cyclical from non-cyclical pain and considering extramammary sources through history and physical exam.
3) Distinguishing benign from suspicious nipple discharge based on characteristics like spontaneity, color, presence of a mass and laterality obtained through history and physical exam.
This document outlines the process for nursing assessment of ENT (ear, nose, throat) cases. It describes collecting a thorough history including symptoms, medical history, and social history. A physical assessment of the ears, nose, throat, mouth, and neck is also detailed. Key components to examine such as ear canals, tympanic membranes, nasal passages, oral cavity, and lymph nodes are provided. Symptoms requiring urgent treatment are listed. Common diagnostic tests for ENT issues are also mentioned.
This document discusses assessing the ears. It outlines the structures and functions of the auditory system, including the external, middle, and inner ear. It describes performing a physical exam of the ears, including inspection of the auricles and outer canals, palpation for tenderness, and otoscopic examination of the tympanic membranes. It also explains how to perform the Weber test to assess bone conduction and the Rinne test to differentiate conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, it lists various diagnostic tests for evaluating aural structures, auditory function, and laboratory tests that can be used in assessing ear issues.
This document summarizes the development, physiology, and common conditions of the breast. It discusses:
1) Breast development during adolescence and the changes that occur with pregnancy, lactation, and after birth.
2) Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic changes, breast cysts, fibroadenomas, galactoceles, and milk engorgement. It also discusses phyllodes tumors and mastitis.
3) Diagnostic procedures for evaluating breast abnormalities including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, fine needle aspiration, and biopsy.
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent ear infection characterized by deafness, ear discharge, and perforation of the tympanic membrane. There are two main types: tubo tympanic CSOM, which is generally safe, and attico antral CSOM, which can be unsafe if it involves the entire middle ear cavity. Diagnosis involves examining the ear for signs of discharge, perforation and inflammation, and conducting audiological tests. Treatment consists of cleaning the ear, use of topical or systemic antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to repair the eardrum or address underlying nasal/sinus conditions contributing to the infection.
This document provides an overview of breast disease and breast cancer. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives of the session which are to understand common breast conditions, presentations, assessments, screening programs, treatments and guidelines. It then discusses the prevalence of breast referrals, common presentations, benign and malignant breast lumps, history taking, breast examinations, breast cancer types, screening criteria, treatment options, genetics, family history, and new developments in the field.
This document provides guidance on performing a head and neck exam, including inspection, palpation, and testing of various structures and cranial nerves. It describes examining the head shape, facial expressions, sinuses, nose, mouth, teeth, throat, neck, thyroid, and lymph nodes. It also outlines assessing cranial nerves I through XII and provides an example exam question related to findings that may be present with a sinus infection.
Rhino-sinusitis: inflammation of lining mucosa of nose & paranasal sinuses
Acute: infection lasting < 4 weeks
Sub acute: infection lasting 4 to 12 weeks
Chronic: infection lasting > 12 weeks
Recurrent acute (RARS): > 4 episodes in a year, each episode lasting for 7-10 days, without persistent symptoms in between
Etiology:
Rhinogenic: commonest (85%), following any form of rhinitis
Dental: root abscess, dental procedures (maxillary sinusitis)
Trauma:
Accidental: R.T.A., swimming, diving, F.B., barotrauma
Iatrogenic: nasal packing, septal surgery
Hematogenous : rare
Symptoms
Nasal discharge : mucoid / purulent / blood-stained
Nasal obstruction with hyposmia / anosmia
Headache and facial pain
Cheek / eyelid congestion and swelling
Hawking, sore throat, dry irritating cough
Earache: associated Eustachian tube dysfunction
Constitutional: fever, malaise, body ache
Rhinosinusitis Task Force Criteria (RI 2004)
Location of facial pain in sinusitis
Maxillary sinusitis
Cheek, upper jaw, forehead that increases on bending forward
Frontal sinusitis
Pain over the forehead that increases during morning and decreases by late afternoon (office headache)
Anterior Ethmoid : nasal bridge and peri-orbital, more on eye movement
Posterior Ethmoid : deep seated retro-orbital
Sphenoid : vertex, occipital, retro-orbital pain
Palpation to elicit paranasal sinus tenderness
Maxillary: over the canine fossa
Anterior ethmoid: medial to medial canthus
Frontal: Floor of sinus at the superomedial aspect of the orbit or tap over its anterior wall on the forehead
Postural tests for rhinosinusitis
Performed in acute sinusitis (active nasal discharge)
Pus cleaned in supine position & patient sits upright
Pus appears : frontal or ethmoid sinusitis
Pus appears on stooping forwards: sphenoid sinusitis
No discharge patient lies in lateral position with affected side up
Pus appears: maxillary sinusitis
Plain x ray of Paranasal Sinuses
Water’s view (Occipito -mental) maxillary sinus
Caldwell’s view (Occipito -frontal) and lateral view frontal
Rhese’s view (lateral oblique) and laterai view ethmoids
Base skull view (Submento - vertical) and Pierre’s view (Occipito -mental with mouth open) sphenoid
Air-fluid level seen in acute sinusitis
Mucosal thickening seen in chronic sinusitis
CT scan of nose and PNS
Most reliable imaging modality for sinusitis at present
Plain axial, coronal and sagittal cuts of 3 mm (contrast for suspected vascular, neoplastic, inflammatory lesions)
Helps to delineate the extent of disease, define anatomical variants and study the relationship of sinuses with surrounding structures
Indications:
Recurrent acute/chronic sinusitis not responding to medical treatment
Before endoscopic sinus surgery
Impending complications of sinusitis
Approach to breast lump pain, nipple dischargeطالبه جامعيه
The document provides guidance on evaluating breast lumps, pain, and nipple discharge. It discusses:
1) Defining breast lumps and assessing risk factors for breast cancer through history, physical exam, imaging and tissue sampling.
2) Evaluating breast pain by differentiating cyclical from non-cyclical pain and considering extramammary sources through history and physical exam.
3) Distinguishing benign from suspicious nipple discharge based on characteristics like spontaneity, color, presence of a mass and laterality obtained through history and physical exam.
This document outlines the process for nursing assessment of ENT (ear, nose, throat) cases. It describes collecting a thorough history including symptoms, medical history, and social history. A physical assessment of the ears, nose, throat, mouth, and neck is also detailed. Key components to examine such as ear canals, tympanic membranes, nasal passages, oral cavity, and lymph nodes are provided. Symptoms requiring urgent treatment are listed. Common diagnostic tests for ENT issues are also mentioned.
This document discusses assessing the ears. It outlines the structures and functions of the auditory system, including the external, middle, and inner ear. It describes performing a physical exam of the ears, including inspection of the auricles and outer canals, palpation for tenderness, and otoscopic examination of the tympanic membranes. It also explains how to perform the Weber test to assess bone conduction and the Rinne test to differentiate conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, it lists various diagnostic tests for evaluating aural structures, auditory function, and laboratory tests that can be used in assessing ear issues.
This document summarizes the development, physiology, and common conditions of the breast. It discusses:
1) Breast development during adolescence and the changes that occur with pregnancy, lactation, and after birth.
2) Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic changes, breast cysts, fibroadenomas, galactoceles, and milk engorgement. It also discusses phyllodes tumors and mastitis.
3) Diagnostic procedures for evaluating breast abnormalities including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, fine needle aspiration, and biopsy.
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent ear infection characterized by deafness, ear discharge, and perforation of the tympanic membrane. There are two main types: tubo tympanic CSOM, which is generally safe, and attico antral CSOM, which can be unsafe if it involves the entire middle ear cavity. Diagnosis involves examining the ear for signs of discharge, perforation and inflammation, and conducting audiological tests. Treatment consists of cleaning the ear, use of topical or systemic antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to repair the eardrum or address underlying nasal/sinus conditions contributing to the infection.
This document provides an overview of breast disease and breast cancer. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives of the session which are to understand common breast conditions, presentations, assessments, screening programs, treatments and guidelines. It then discusses the prevalence of breast referrals, common presentations, benign and malignant breast lumps, history taking, breast examinations, breast cancer types, screening criteria, treatment options, genetics, family history, and new developments in the field.
The document discusses tumours of the pharynx, including benign and malignant tumours of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. In the nasopharynx, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is the most common benign tumour seen in adolescent males. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common malignancy and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. In the oropharynx, common benign tumours include mucous retention cysts and papillomas, while squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignancy, associated with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, and HPV 16.
This document provides guidance on assessing the head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT). It outlines the objectives of learning the anatomy and physiology of structures in the head and neck, components of the health history, and specific examination techniques. These include inspecting and palpating the head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat and neck, as well as testing cranial nerves and documenting significant findings. A standard protocol is provided for the HEENT assessment, including maintaining privacy and safety. Focus areas for history taking and examination techniques for each structure are described.
The neck lump examination involves inspecting and palpating the neck region to identify any masses, lumps, or lymph node enlargement. Key areas of focus include the midline structures like the thyroid gland and lymph nodes, as well as the anterior and posterior neck triangles. Features of the lump such as size, location, shape, consistency, mobility, and pulsation are assessed to determine the likely nature and origin of the lump. Further investigations like ultrasound, fine needle aspiration, or full lymph node examination may then be recommended.
The document provides information on examining the mouth and oropharynx. It describes the normal structures of the mouth and abnormalities to look for, including pallor, gingivitis, parotitis, stomatitis, leukoplakia, and aphthous ulcers. It emphasizes inspecting for lesions, swelling, drooping, and signs of periodontal disease or poorly fitted dentures. The examination also checks for increased cancer risks from tobacco usage.
This document provides information on clinically examining the breast. It begins with the external and internal anatomy of the breast, including lobes, lobules and ducts. It describes the arterial and venous blood supply and lymphatic drainage sites. The summary discusses taking a history regarding lumps, pain, discharge, risk factors and more. The physical exam methods are outlined, including inspection for symmetry, masses and skin/nipple changes, and palpation techniques to feel the breasts and axillary lymph nodes. Self exam instructions are provided to help with early cancer detection. Other clinical findings like gynecomastia and Mondor's disease are also mentioned.
This document provides information on breast examination including history taking, examination techniques, common findings, diagnoses, and recommendations. It discusses systematically examining the breasts through inspection and palpation using various patterns to check for lumps or abnormalities. Recommendations include performing monthly breast self-exams after age 20 and regular clinical exams and mammograms starting at age 40.
Percussion and assessment of the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and thyroid gland are important parts of a physical health assessment. Percussion involves tapping the body to determine the size, consistency and location of organs underneath. The head, face, scalp, eyes, ears, nose, mouth and throat are inspected and examined for any abnormalities, masses or signs of disease. The thyroid gland, trachea, lymph nodes and carotid arteries of the neck are palpated and assessed as well. A thorough physical assessment provides valuable health information.
The document provides guidance on performing a thorough physical examination, beginning with inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It describes examining major body systems from head to toe, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. Specific examination techniques are outlined, such as assessing the chest shape and expansion, listening to breath sounds, and examining the mouth, abdomen, and other areas. Maintaining patient comfort and clear communication during the physical exam is emphasized.
This document provides guidance on performing a head, eye, ear, nose, and throat (HEENT) examination. It describes examining the head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, lymph nodes, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and breasts. For each area, it outlines the key steps of inspection and palpation to evaluate for any abnormalities, tenderness, masses, or other issues. The examination techniques are described in detail for thoroughly assessing each body part or system.
1st Semester Anatomy - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Digestive System:
Also known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal.
Consist of alimentary tract and Accessory organs
It involve in Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Excretion
It is started from mouth and ended at anal canal, that is assisted and supported by many parts.
Parts of Digestive System: Primary digestive organs & Accessory organs
Primary digestive organs: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anal canal
Accessory organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.
Mouth
First part of GIT, Also known as oral or buccal cavity, It consist of muscles & bones
Tongue or Lingua:Voluntary muscular structure, Occupies floor of mouth
Superior surface consist of numerous papillae contains taste bud for the sense of taste. Attached inferiorly with hyoid bone, Highly mobile muscular part of GIT.
Teeth: Teeth are the hard and whitish substances present in the mouth Which is essential for chewing & speech. They fixed in socket of alveolar ridge in mandible & maxilla (Jaw). Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime. The first set of teeth is temporary or deciduous or milk and the other set is permanent teeth
Salivary glands: These are exocrine glands found in oral cavity that secrete complex fluid known as saliva
Types: Major & Minor salivary glands
Major salivary gland: Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual
Minor salivary glands: There are 450 minor salivary glands present in oral cavity, lips, cheeks, palate and floor of the mouth
Pharynx: Wide, muscular tube situated behind the nose, mouth & larynx
Cavity of pharynx divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, approximately 25cm in length,
It transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a hollow organ in the GIT.
It is the “J” shaped dilated part, situated in the upper part of the abdomen.
Gross Anatomy of stomach: The stomach has four main anatomical divisions; the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus:
Cardia: surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. it consist cardiac sphincter
Fundus: the rounded, often gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia.
Body: the large central portion inferior to the fundus.
Pylorus: This area connects the stomach to the duodenum. It is divided into the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter.
Pancreas: The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated dual (Exo Endocrine) gland.
Liver: It is the largest gland of the body. It involve metabolic activities
The liver is one of the vital organs of the body, responsible for chemical actions that the body needs to survive.
Small intestine: The intestine which is the longest part of the digestive tube is divided into small intestine and large intestine.
Large Intestine or Colon: It is a last part of the GIT
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the gastrointestinal system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, highlighting key features like the teeth, tongue, palate, and divisions of the pharynx as well as their blood supply, nerve innervation, and functions.
This document provides instructions for physically examining a patient's head, neck, and related lymphatic structures. It describes how to inspect and palpate the head, scalp, face, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, oropharynx, and neck. It also provides details on testing visual acuity, peripheral vision, hearing, and examining the thyroid gland. The examination involves inspection for symmetry and abnormalities, as well as gentle palpation while observing for pain or unusual findings.
This document provides guidance on examining a patient's neck. It describes introducing yourself, cleaning hands, inspecting the neck from all sides, and palpating different lymph node levels. Specific instructions are given to examine the thyroid by having the patient swallow and assess voice. Red flags mentioned include a hard fixed mass, patient over 35, head/neck mucosal lesions, persistent hoarseness/dysphagia, trismus, or unilateral ear pain. Further assessments like blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are recommended depending on findings.
This document provides information on performing a general and oral examination. It discusses examining the following areas:
1. General examination which includes assessing vital signs like temperature, pulse, respiration rate, and blood pressure, as well as examining the skin, eyes, nails, and general appearance.
2. Oral examination which consists of an extraoral exam of the jaws, temporomandibular joint, and masticatory muscles, and an intraoral exam of the soft tissues, salivary glands, gingiva, and hard tissues like teeth.
3. It provides details on techniques for examining each area and what abnormalities to look for during the examination. The goal is to assess the patient's general
The document outlines the steps for making a diagnosis which include taking a patient history, performing a physical examination, making a preliminary working diagnosis, conducting further diagnostic tests, arriving at a final diagnosis, and determining therapy. It provides details on the components of a patient history, the basic methods and areas covered in a physical examination, and examples of assessments for different body systems.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the head and neck region, including the bones, muscles, glands, blood vessels and lymphatics. It describes how to inspect, palpate and auscultate each area as part of a physical exam, noting normal findings as well as potential abnormalities. Developmental variations and considerations for different populations are also outlined.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a head-to-toe physical examination of a patient. It describes examining the head and neck, including inspecting the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and neck. It also details examining the thorax by assessing the chest shape and auscultating the lungs and heart. The abdomen examination section covers inspecting and palpating the abdomen as well as examining the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, and appendix. Finally, it lists examining the extremities, including palpating the axilla and groin and assessing pulses.
This document outlines the steps for a head-to-toe physical examination. It describes examining the head and neck, including inspecting the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and neck. It also details examining the thorax by assessing the chest shape and auscultating the lungs and heart. The abdomen examination section covers inspecting and palpating the abdomen as well as examining the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, and appendix. Finally, it lists examining the extremities, including palpating the axilla and groin and assessing pulses.
Dr. Ritesh Mahajan presented a (age) year old male/female patient who works as a (occupation). The patient has been experiencing right ear discharge for 2 years, difficulty hearing for 1 year, and ringing in the ear for 6 months. On examination, the doctor assessed the patient's vital signs and examined the ears, nose, mouth, throat, and larynx, noting any abnormalities. A history was also taken regarding the patient's medical, family, social, and habits.
This document provides an overview of oral cancer, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, and pathology. It describes the oral cavity and its subdivisions. It notes that oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in India, with risk increasing with age and behaviors like tobacco and alcohol use. Clinical presentation includes oral lesions and neck masses or pain. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Staging uses the TNM system to describe tumor size, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis. Later sections cover spread patterns and histologic grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Lecture 2 by Dr.Mohammed Hussien clinical pharmacy ( kafrelsheikh University)Kafrelsheiekh University
This document provides guidance on techniques for physical assessment of the head and neck, chest, and lungs. It describes how to inspect, palpate, percuss, and auscultate each area. Inspection of the head and neck involves examining the skull, hair, scalp, face, neck, lymph nodes, nose, ears, mouth, and eyes. Palpation feels for lumps on the skull, texture of hair, size of the thyroid and lymph nodes. The chest is assessed through inspection of chest wall movement and percussion to evaluate lung density. Palpation feels for masses or pulsations. Auscultation listens to breath sounds over each lobe.
The document discusses tumours of the pharynx, including benign and malignant tumours of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. In the nasopharynx, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is the most common benign tumour seen in adolescent males. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common malignancy and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. In the oropharynx, common benign tumours include mucous retention cysts and papillomas, while squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignancy, associated with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, and HPV 16.
This document provides guidance on assessing the head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT). It outlines the objectives of learning the anatomy and physiology of structures in the head and neck, components of the health history, and specific examination techniques. These include inspecting and palpating the head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat and neck, as well as testing cranial nerves and documenting significant findings. A standard protocol is provided for the HEENT assessment, including maintaining privacy and safety. Focus areas for history taking and examination techniques for each structure are described.
The neck lump examination involves inspecting and palpating the neck region to identify any masses, lumps, or lymph node enlargement. Key areas of focus include the midline structures like the thyroid gland and lymph nodes, as well as the anterior and posterior neck triangles. Features of the lump such as size, location, shape, consistency, mobility, and pulsation are assessed to determine the likely nature and origin of the lump. Further investigations like ultrasound, fine needle aspiration, or full lymph node examination may then be recommended.
The document provides information on examining the mouth and oropharynx. It describes the normal structures of the mouth and abnormalities to look for, including pallor, gingivitis, parotitis, stomatitis, leukoplakia, and aphthous ulcers. It emphasizes inspecting for lesions, swelling, drooping, and signs of periodontal disease or poorly fitted dentures. The examination also checks for increased cancer risks from tobacco usage.
This document provides information on clinically examining the breast. It begins with the external and internal anatomy of the breast, including lobes, lobules and ducts. It describes the arterial and venous blood supply and lymphatic drainage sites. The summary discusses taking a history regarding lumps, pain, discharge, risk factors and more. The physical exam methods are outlined, including inspection for symmetry, masses and skin/nipple changes, and palpation techniques to feel the breasts and axillary lymph nodes. Self exam instructions are provided to help with early cancer detection. Other clinical findings like gynecomastia and Mondor's disease are also mentioned.
This document provides information on breast examination including history taking, examination techniques, common findings, diagnoses, and recommendations. It discusses systematically examining the breasts through inspection and palpation using various patterns to check for lumps or abnormalities. Recommendations include performing monthly breast self-exams after age 20 and regular clinical exams and mammograms starting at age 40.
Percussion and assessment of the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and thyroid gland are important parts of a physical health assessment. Percussion involves tapping the body to determine the size, consistency and location of organs underneath. The head, face, scalp, eyes, ears, nose, mouth and throat are inspected and examined for any abnormalities, masses or signs of disease. The thyroid gland, trachea, lymph nodes and carotid arteries of the neck are palpated and assessed as well. A thorough physical assessment provides valuable health information.
The document provides guidance on performing a thorough physical examination, beginning with inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It describes examining major body systems from head to toe, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. Specific examination techniques are outlined, such as assessing the chest shape and expansion, listening to breath sounds, and examining the mouth, abdomen, and other areas. Maintaining patient comfort and clear communication during the physical exam is emphasized.
This document provides guidance on performing a head, eye, ear, nose, and throat (HEENT) examination. It describes examining the head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, lymph nodes, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and breasts. For each area, it outlines the key steps of inspection and palpation to evaluate for any abnormalities, tenderness, masses, or other issues. The examination techniques are described in detail for thoroughly assessing each body part or system.
1st Semester Anatomy - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Digestive System:
Also known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal.
Consist of alimentary tract and Accessory organs
It involve in Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Excretion
It is started from mouth and ended at anal canal, that is assisted and supported by many parts.
Parts of Digestive System: Primary digestive organs & Accessory organs
Primary digestive organs: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anal canal
Accessory organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.
Mouth
First part of GIT, Also known as oral or buccal cavity, It consist of muscles & bones
Tongue or Lingua:Voluntary muscular structure, Occupies floor of mouth
Superior surface consist of numerous papillae contains taste bud for the sense of taste. Attached inferiorly with hyoid bone, Highly mobile muscular part of GIT.
Teeth: Teeth are the hard and whitish substances present in the mouth Which is essential for chewing & speech. They fixed in socket of alveolar ridge in mandible & maxilla (Jaw). Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime. The first set of teeth is temporary or deciduous or milk and the other set is permanent teeth
Salivary glands: These are exocrine glands found in oral cavity that secrete complex fluid known as saliva
Types: Major & Minor salivary glands
Major salivary gland: Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual
Minor salivary glands: There are 450 minor salivary glands present in oral cavity, lips, cheeks, palate and floor of the mouth
Pharynx: Wide, muscular tube situated behind the nose, mouth & larynx
Cavity of pharynx divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, approximately 25cm in length,
It transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a hollow organ in the GIT.
It is the “J” shaped dilated part, situated in the upper part of the abdomen.
Gross Anatomy of stomach: The stomach has four main anatomical divisions; the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus:
Cardia: surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. it consist cardiac sphincter
Fundus: the rounded, often gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia.
Body: the large central portion inferior to the fundus.
Pylorus: This area connects the stomach to the duodenum. It is divided into the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter.
Pancreas: The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated dual (Exo Endocrine) gland.
Liver: It is the largest gland of the body. It involve metabolic activities
The liver is one of the vital organs of the body, responsible for chemical actions that the body needs to survive.
Small intestine: The intestine which is the longest part of the digestive tube is divided into small intestine and large intestine.
Large Intestine or Colon: It is a last part of the GIT
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the gastrointestinal system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, highlighting key features like the teeth, tongue, palate, and divisions of the pharynx as well as their blood supply, nerve innervation, and functions.
This document provides instructions for physically examining a patient's head, neck, and related lymphatic structures. It describes how to inspect and palpate the head, scalp, face, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, oropharynx, and neck. It also provides details on testing visual acuity, peripheral vision, hearing, and examining the thyroid gland. The examination involves inspection for symmetry and abnormalities, as well as gentle palpation while observing for pain or unusual findings.
This document provides guidance on examining a patient's neck. It describes introducing yourself, cleaning hands, inspecting the neck from all sides, and palpating different lymph node levels. Specific instructions are given to examine the thyroid by having the patient swallow and assess voice. Red flags mentioned include a hard fixed mass, patient over 35, head/neck mucosal lesions, persistent hoarseness/dysphagia, trismus, or unilateral ear pain. Further assessments like blood tests, imaging, and biopsy are recommended depending on findings.
This document provides information on performing a general and oral examination. It discusses examining the following areas:
1. General examination which includes assessing vital signs like temperature, pulse, respiration rate, and blood pressure, as well as examining the skin, eyes, nails, and general appearance.
2. Oral examination which consists of an extraoral exam of the jaws, temporomandibular joint, and masticatory muscles, and an intraoral exam of the soft tissues, salivary glands, gingiva, and hard tissues like teeth.
3. It provides details on techniques for examining each area and what abnormalities to look for during the examination. The goal is to assess the patient's general
The document outlines the steps for making a diagnosis which include taking a patient history, performing a physical examination, making a preliminary working diagnosis, conducting further diagnostic tests, arriving at a final diagnosis, and determining therapy. It provides details on the components of a patient history, the basic methods and areas covered in a physical examination, and examples of assessments for different body systems.
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Assessment head and neck(1).pdf
1. Head, mouth and
Neck Assessment
PREPARE BY. Rezq Mansour
Supervised By Dr
Supervised By Dr. Fawz Abu Algaith
Supervised By Dr
Supervised By Dr
Supervised By Dr. Fawz Abu Algaith
Supervised By Dr
Republic of Yemen
Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research
Razi University
Master Program
2. Summary: Assessment of
Head, mouth & Neck
Includes:
• Head
• Face
• Oral cavity
• Neck & lymph nodes
• Trachea
• Thyroid
4. THE HEAD
A skull is a rigid bony box that
protects the brain, sense organs
and upper spinal cord It includes :
The bones of the cranium
The bones of the face
5. The skull bone include
Six bones that form the skull and are
fused
together at sutures.
The skull is covered by scalp tissue,
which is
6. The skull face bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
7. Face bones :
consists of 14 bones that protect facial
structures, including :
The eyes, ears,nose, and mouth.
These structures are generally symmetric. Like
the skull.
8. •
•
These bones are immobile and are
fused at sutures, with the exception of
the mandible.
The mandible articulates with the
temporal bone of the skull at the
temporomandibular joint, allowing for
25. Objective Data- Oral Cavity Exam
• Inspect and palpate:
• Client opens and closes jaw- feel TMJ
(temporomandibular Joint)
• Note condition of teeth, gums and mucosa
• Parotid glands: if swelling
• Lips: (lumps, lesion, …etc)
• Open mouth, stick out tongue, move side to side
(tests CN XII)
• Say AAH …soft palate rises midline (tests CN X)
• With tongue blade inspect cheeks and underside lips
• With gloves and gauze- pull tongue L and R
26. Objective Data- Oral Cavity Exam
• Inspect uvula, palate, tonsils
• Uvula looks like hanging pendant if split in two-
bifid
• Palate: anterior hard palate, whitish while posterior
soft palate pinkish
• Tonsils- graded by enlargement:
• 1+ visible • 2+ near uvula
• 3+ touching uvula • 4+ touching together
41. Objective Data-Trachea
Palpate trachea for :
Deviations
Tenderness
Masses
The Mass push trachea away from affected
area, whereas atelectasis causes pull toward
affected area.
42. • The cartilages should be smooth, non
tender and move easily under examiner’s
fingers when the client swallow
• Palpation done by placing the thumb
and forefinger on each side of the
trachea
44. Objective Data- Thyroid
Inspect: note deviations or bulges
As person extends neck slightly and swallows
water, note upward, symmetrical movement of
trachea and other cartilage
45. Palpating Thyroid
Ask person to tilt head slightly to side
and palpate lobes.
Use fingers on opposite side to displace
gland in lateral direction, ask person to
swallow: isthmus rises
46. •
•
•
Posterior approach
Rest thumbs on back of
person’s neck,
Place fingers on cricoid
cartilage.
Displace gland & palpate
isthmus as person swallows,
thyroid rises
Palpating Thyroid
47. Palpating Thyroid
Anterior approach
- Rest fingers around sternomastoid
muscle
- place thumbs on side of trachea.
- Displace gland & palpate isthmus
as person swallows, thyroid rises
48. Normal thyroid finding as:
Thyroid palpated as symmetric,
without enlargement.
Symmetrical movement with
swallowing.
Texture consistent, with no masses,
nodules or tenderness.
55. Examination of lymphatic System :
• Secondly palpating gently the lymph nodes areas using pads of "
2, 3, 4" fingers in gentle circular motion.
• Press lightly and then increasing pressure gradually.
• Move skin lightly over the under lying tissues & not moving the
examining fingers over the skin.
• Large nodes due to malignancy are generally not tender vary in
size, hard, asymmetrical
56. Lymph Nodes
•Normal findings
–Unable to palpate or see
nodes
•Abnormal findings
–Enlarged nodes
–Able to palpate or see
nodes
–Tenderness
–Firm, hard nodes