ASPEX Corporation provides analytical testing services including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to characterize particles and materials. Their services help characterize contaminants in pharmaceuticals, analyze wear debris in oils, identify inclusions in metals, and more. ASPEX has cGMP compliant facilities, ISO and USP accredited methods, and expertise in SEM-EDX to provide detailed chemical and morphological analysis to industries such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, hard drives, and metals.
This document provides an overview of endodontic surgery. It begins with definitions and a brief history of endodontic surgery. It then discusses indications, contraindications, classifications of endodontic surgeries, and recent advances. The document covers various surgical procedures like incision and drainage, flap design, osteotomy, periradicular curettage, root-end resection, root-end preparation, and root-end filling. It provides details on techniques, principles, and advantages/disadvantages of these procedures. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to endodontic surgery.
This document discusses infection control procedures in operative dentistry. It begins by outlining the risks of transmission of infectious diseases in dental settings due to contact with blood, saliva, and aerosols produced during procedures. It then describes various methods of microbial contamination including airborne, direct contact, indirect contact, cross-infections, and vulnerabilities of both patients and dental personnel. The document provides details on controlling different forms of contamination and outlines sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental instruments and the operatory environment. It emphasizes the importance of personal protective equipment, sterilization monitoring, and maintaining asepsis.
Applications of ultrasonics in endodonticsMettinaAngela
This document discusses various applications of ultrasonics in endodontics. It covers topics like ultrasonic retreatment to remove gutta percha fillings, using ultrasonics for access refinement and to manage calcifications, removing separated instruments from the root canal, and retrieving old posts. Ultrasonics provides benefits for these procedures like more efficient removal of materials, enhanced safety and control, and minimal damage to tooth structure compared to other techniques. Specific tips, techniques and case reports are presented for different clinical applications of ultrasonics in endodontic retreatment and procedures.
This document provides an overview of the history of dental radiation, including key terms, the importance of dental images, and pioneers in the field. It discusses Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895 and the first dental x-ray made later that year. The document outlines advances in x-ray equipment, films, and techniques over time, as well as the transition to digital imaging beginning in the late 1980s.
This document discusses normal radiographic landmarks of teeth and supporting structures. It describes the appearance of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp chambers. It also outlines landmarks of the maxilla like the zygomatic process, pterygoid plates, maxillary sinus and nasal aperture. For the mandible, it identifies the symphysis, genial tubercles, lingual foramen, mental ridge, and coronoid process. Common restorative materials and their radiopacity are also mentioned. The document is intended as a guide to interpreting normal dental radiographs.
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an X-ray machine. The primary components are the X-ray tube, which contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode target, and the power supply. The tube is housed within a tube head mounted on an arm, allowing it to be positioned. Electrons are emitted from the cathode filament and accelerated towards the anode target, where their energy is converted to X-rays. The power supply provides low voltage to heat the filament and high voltage of 60,000-120,000V between the cathode and anode to produce X-rays. Factors like tube voltage, current, filtration, exposure time and collimation control the X-
Root canal treatment involves removing infected or inflamed pulp from the inside of a tooth. The dentist drills into the tooth to access the pulp chamber and root canals. They then clean out the pulp, bacteria, and debris. Finally, the dentist fills and seals the inside of the tooth to prevent future infection. Root canal treatment saves a tooth that would otherwise require extraction due to infection or damage to the pulp.
This document provides an overview of endodontic surgery. It begins with definitions and a brief history of endodontic surgery. It then discusses indications, contraindications, classifications of endodontic surgeries, and recent advances. The document covers various surgical procedures like incision and drainage, flap design, osteotomy, periradicular curettage, root-end resection, root-end preparation, and root-end filling. It provides details on techniques, principles, and advantages/disadvantages of these procedures. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to endodontic surgery.
This document discusses infection control procedures in operative dentistry. It begins by outlining the risks of transmission of infectious diseases in dental settings due to contact with blood, saliva, and aerosols produced during procedures. It then describes various methods of microbial contamination including airborne, direct contact, indirect contact, cross-infections, and vulnerabilities of both patients and dental personnel. The document provides details on controlling different forms of contamination and outlines sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental instruments and the operatory environment. It emphasizes the importance of personal protective equipment, sterilization monitoring, and maintaining asepsis.
Applications of ultrasonics in endodonticsMettinaAngela
This document discusses various applications of ultrasonics in endodontics. It covers topics like ultrasonic retreatment to remove gutta percha fillings, using ultrasonics for access refinement and to manage calcifications, removing separated instruments from the root canal, and retrieving old posts. Ultrasonics provides benefits for these procedures like more efficient removal of materials, enhanced safety and control, and minimal damage to tooth structure compared to other techniques. Specific tips, techniques and case reports are presented for different clinical applications of ultrasonics in endodontic retreatment and procedures.
This document provides an overview of the history of dental radiation, including key terms, the importance of dental images, and pioneers in the field. It discusses Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895 and the first dental x-ray made later that year. The document outlines advances in x-ray equipment, films, and techniques over time, as well as the transition to digital imaging beginning in the late 1980s.
This document discusses normal radiographic landmarks of teeth and supporting structures. It describes the appearance of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp chambers. It also outlines landmarks of the maxilla like the zygomatic process, pterygoid plates, maxillary sinus and nasal aperture. For the mandible, it identifies the symphysis, genial tubercles, lingual foramen, mental ridge, and coronoid process. Common restorative materials and their radiopacity are also mentioned. The document is intended as a guide to interpreting normal dental radiographs.
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of an X-ray machine. The primary components are the X-ray tube, which contains a cathode that emits electrons and an anode target, and the power supply. The tube is housed within a tube head mounted on an arm, allowing it to be positioned. Electrons are emitted from the cathode filament and accelerated towards the anode target, where their energy is converted to X-rays. The power supply provides low voltage to heat the filament and high voltage of 60,000-120,000V between the cathode and anode to produce X-rays. Factors like tube voltage, current, filtration, exposure time and collimation control the X-
Root canal treatment involves removing infected or inflamed pulp from the inside of a tooth. The dentist drills into the tooth to access the pulp chamber and root canals. They then clean out the pulp, bacteria, and debris. Finally, the dentist fills and seals the inside of the tooth to prevent future infection. Root canal treatment saves a tooth that would otherwise require extraction due to infection or damage to the pulp.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Intra Oral radiographic anatomical landmarksDrMohamedEkram
This document provides an overview of normal dental radiographic anatomy. It describes the appearance of teeth and surrounding structures like the crown, root, enamel, dentin, and pulp. It also discusses the different types of bone seen on dental radiographs, like cortical and cancellous bone. Specific anatomical structures are defined for both maxillary and mandibular projections, including the maxillary sinus, nasal fossa, mental foramen, and mandibular canal. The document emphasizes the radiographic appearance of these structures to aid in their identification on dental x-rays.
This Presenation is an overview and glimpse about what esthetic dentistry is all about how different esthetic procedures are such as Botox, ceramic restorations, invisalign, lingual braces such as incognito by 3M, Veneers etc.
This document presents information about a group presentation on the photoelectric effect and its applications. The group includes 5 members who are presenting on topics such as photon properties, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, how photoelectric cells and light dependent resistors work, and equations for photon energy and the photoelectric effect. Characteristics of the photoelectric effect such as threshold frequency and stopping potential proportional to frequency are also discussed.
1. The document discusses non-surgical retreatment for failed root canals. It covers the causes of failure, steps of retreatment including coronal disassembly, negotiation of missed canals, removal of obturating materials, managing blocks/ledges, and non-surgical perforation repair.
2. Key steps include finding and negotiating missed canals using radiographs, microscopy, and ultrasonics, removing silver points, gutta percha, and posts using various instruments, and managing blocks and ledges with precurved files and scratching.
3. Materials used for non-surgical perforation repair include MTA due to its biocompatibility and ability to form a calc
This document summarizes key anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs. It describes the radiopaque and radiolucent appearance of enamel, dentin, cortical bone, cancellous bone, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament space. Landmarks of the maxilla include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, zygomatic process, and tuberosity. Mandibular landmarks include the mental foramen, mylohyoid ridge, and mandibular canal. Understanding the radiographic appearance of normal anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases.
The document discusses the advantages of dental CT imaging over traditional dental radiographs. Dental CT provides accurate multi-planar views of the jaw anatomy, allowing for precise measurement of bone dimensions and identification of vital structures. It indicates dental CT is particularly useful for dental implant planning and assessment of complex dental conditions like tumors, cysts, fractures and trauma. The technique of dental CT involves thin slice imaging of the jaw to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for detailed evaluation.
- The document discusses the photoelectric effect where ultraviolet (UV) light causes a zinc plate to emit electrons called photoelectrons.
- It describes several experiments where changing the intensity and frequency of the UV light impacts the number and kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons.
- Key concepts explained include the work function, which is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a metal, and how it differs for different metals. The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency needed to cause photoemission for a given metal.
Radiation safety and protection for dental radiographyNitin Sharma
1) Licensed dentists must maintain radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable and understand the health risks of radiation.
2) Dental radiographic equipment must be registered and follow safety protocols to protect patients and staff, such as using protective gear and collimation.
3) Dentists are responsible for quality assurance programs to ensure proper functioning and calibration of dental X-ray machines and processing of films. Guidelines help prescribe radiographs appropriately.
Digital radiography has replaced conventional screen-film radiography since the mid-1980s. There are two main types of digital receptors: solid-state detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors, and photostimulable phosphor plates. Solid-state detectors directly convert x-rays to an electrical signal while photostimulable phosphor plates store the x-ray energy and then release it as light during the scanning process. Digital images allow for features like contrast resolution, spatial resolution, latitude, and sensitivity. They can be viewed on screens and printed. Image processing can also enhance digital images.
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Obturation and the Importance of Coronal SealAlwaleed Fahad
The coronal seal of an endodontically treated tooth is essential for the long-term success of the treatment. Microorganisms from the oral cavity can reinfect the root canal system through gaps in the temporary or permanent restoration. Several studies have shown that within a few weeks of leaving the access cavity open, bacteria from the saliva can travel down the entire length of the root canal. Placement of an adequate permanent restoration is critical to prevent reinfection of the root canal system and promote healing of the periapical tissues. The technical quality of the coronal restoration has a greater impact on apical periodontal health than the quality of the root canal filling.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This document provides an overview of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for analyzing polymer composites and nanocomposites. It describes the basic components of an electron microscope, including the illumination system, imaging system, specimen stage, vacuum pump system, and image recording system. It explains that SEM uses a scanned beam of electrons to produce images of a sample by detecting secondary and backscattered electrons emitted from the surface. The document outlines the signals produced in electron microscopy and discusses scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for analyzing polymer composites. It provides details on SEM instrumentation and imaging formation.
The document discusses modern techniques for materials characterization. It begins with an overview of various probes that can be used, including electrons, ions, neutrons, photons, heat, and fields. It then discusses different analysis techniques based on these probes, including electron microscopy, diffraction techniques, and photon-based techniques. The document provides details on scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and other analytical tools and their basic principles and applications for materials characterization.
Scanning electron microscope basic introduction and how standard procedure are adopted to use it.
Examples or micrograph are given to show the real images of different samples.
Students can easily understand how it is different than optical microscopy and what is basic principle of operation.
Electron Microscopy - Scanning electron microscope, Transmission Electron Mic...Sumer Pankaj
The document discusses electron microscopy techniques. It provides an overview of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM uses a beam of electrons to produce images of sample surfaces, while TEM transmits electrons through thin samples to form magnified images. The document outlines the basic components, working principles, and applications of SEM and TEM, such as viewing cell structures and analyzing material properties at high resolutions. Limitations include high costs, specialized training and sample preparation requirements.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of electrons to generate signals from the surface of solid specimens, revealing information about morphology, composition, and structure. Key components include an electron source, electron lenses, detectors, and vacuum system. SEMs can image areas from 1 cm to 5 microns at magnifications from 20-30,000x using secondary or backscattered electrons. Sample preparation may involve coating for conductivity and fitting in the microscope chamber. Limitations include inability to detect light elements and size constraints of fitting in the chamber.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Intra Oral radiographic anatomical landmarksDrMohamedEkram
This document provides an overview of normal dental radiographic anatomy. It describes the appearance of teeth and surrounding structures like the crown, root, enamel, dentin, and pulp. It also discusses the different types of bone seen on dental radiographs, like cortical and cancellous bone. Specific anatomical structures are defined for both maxillary and mandibular projections, including the maxillary sinus, nasal fossa, mental foramen, and mandibular canal. The document emphasizes the radiographic appearance of these structures to aid in their identification on dental x-rays.
This Presenation is an overview and glimpse about what esthetic dentistry is all about how different esthetic procedures are such as Botox, ceramic restorations, invisalign, lingual braces such as incognito by 3M, Veneers etc.
This document presents information about a group presentation on the photoelectric effect and its applications. The group includes 5 members who are presenting on topics such as photon properties, Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, how photoelectric cells and light dependent resistors work, and equations for photon energy and the photoelectric effect. Characteristics of the photoelectric effect such as threshold frequency and stopping potential proportional to frequency are also discussed.
1. The document discusses non-surgical retreatment for failed root canals. It covers the causes of failure, steps of retreatment including coronal disassembly, negotiation of missed canals, removal of obturating materials, managing blocks/ledges, and non-surgical perforation repair.
2. Key steps include finding and negotiating missed canals using radiographs, microscopy, and ultrasonics, removing silver points, gutta percha, and posts using various instruments, and managing blocks and ledges with precurved files and scratching.
3. Materials used for non-surgical perforation repair include MTA due to its biocompatibility and ability to form a calc
This document summarizes key anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs. It describes the radiopaque and radiolucent appearance of enamel, dentin, cortical bone, cancellous bone, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament space. Landmarks of the maxilla include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, zygomatic process, and tuberosity. Mandibular landmarks include the mental foramen, mylohyoid ridge, and mandibular canal. Understanding the radiographic appearance of normal anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases.
The document discusses the advantages of dental CT imaging over traditional dental radiographs. Dental CT provides accurate multi-planar views of the jaw anatomy, allowing for precise measurement of bone dimensions and identification of vital structures. It indicates dental CT is particularly useful for dental implant planning and assessment of complex dental conditions like tumors, cysts, fractures and trauma. The technique of dental CT involves thin slice imaging of the jaw to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for detailed evaluation.
- The document discusses the photoelectric effect where ultraviolet (UV) light causes a zinc plate to emit electrons called photoelectrons.
- It describes several experiments where changing the intensity and frequency of the UV light impacts the number and kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons.
- Key concepts explained include the work function, which is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a metal, and how it differs for different metals. The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency needed to cause photoemission for a given metal.
Radiation safety and protection for dental radiographyNitin Sharma
1) Licensed dentists must maintain radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable and understand the health risks of radiation.
2) Dental radiographic equipment must be registered and follow safety protocols to protect patients and staff, such as using protective gear and collimation.
3) Dentists are responsible for quality assurance programs to ensure proper functioning and calibration of dental X-ray machines and processing of films. Guidelines help prescribe radiographs appropriately.
Digital radiography has replaced conventional screen-film radiography since the mid-1980s. There are two main types of digital receptors: solid-state detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors, and photostimulable phosphor plates. Solid-state detectors directly convert x-rays to an electrical signal while photostimulable phosphor plates store the x-ray energy and then release it as light during the scanning process. Digital images allow for features like contrast resolution, spatial resolution, latitude, and sensitivity. They can be viewed on screens and printed. Image processing can also enhance digital images.
This document discusses various topics in radiation physics including:
- Atomic structure and the Bohr model of the atom.
- Composition and interactions of x-ray radiation.
- Components and function of x-ray machines including the cathode, anode, and power supply.
- Factors that control the x-ray beam such as milliamperage, kilovoltage, filtration, and collimation.
- Three main interactions of x-rays with matter: photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering.
- Key radiation physics concepts including exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Obturation and the Importance of Coronal SealAlwaleed Fahad
The coronal seal of an endodontically treated tooth is essential for the long-term success of the treatment. Microorganisms from the oral cavity can reinfect the root canal system through gaps in the temporary or permanent restoration. Several studies have shown that within a few weeks of leaving the access cavity open, bacteria from the saliva can travel down the entire length of the root canal. Placement of an adequate permanent restoration is critical to prevent reinfection of the root canal system and promote healing of the periapical tissues. The technical quality of the coronal restoration has a greater impact on apical periodontal health than the quality of the root canal filling.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This document provides an overview of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for analyzing polymer composites and nanocomposites. It describes the basic components of an electron microscope, including the illumination system, imaging system, specimen stage, vacuum pump system, and image recording system. It explains that SEM uses a scanned beam of electrons to produce images of a sample by detecting secondary and backscattered electrons emitted from the surface. The document outlines the signals produced in electron microscopy and discusses scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for analyzing polymer composites. It provides details on SEM instrumentation and imaging formation.
The document discusses modern techniques for materials characterization. It begins with an overview of various probes that can be used, including electrons, ions, neutrons, photons, heat, and fields. It then discusses different analysis techniques based on these probes, including electron microscopy, diffraction techniques, and photon-based techniques. The document provides details on scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and other analytical tools and their basic principles and applications for materials characterization.
Scanning electron microscope basic introduction and how standard procedure are adopted to use it.
Examples or micrograph are given to show the real images of different samples.
Students can easily understand how it is different than optical microscopy and what is basic principle of operation.
Electron Microscopy - Scanning electron microscope, Transmission Electron Mic...Sumer Pankaj
The document discusses electron microscopy techniques. It provides an overview of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM uses a beam of electrons to produce images of sample surfaces, while TEM transmits electrons through thin samples to form magnified images. The document outlines the basic components, working principles, and applications of SEM and TEM, such as viewing cell structures and analyzing material properties at high resolutions. Limitations include high costs, specialized training and sample preparation requirements.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of electrons to generate signals from the surface of solid specimens, revealing information about morphology, composition, and structure. Key components include an electron source, electron lenses, detectors, and vacuum system. SEMs can image areas from 1 cm to 5 microns at magnifications from 20-30,000x using secondary or backscattered electrons. Sample preparation may involve coating for conductivity and fitting in the microscope chamber. Limitations include inability to detect light elements and size constraints of fitting in the chamber.
Choosing the right EDS detector - Thermo ScientificCarl Millholland
There are 3 main drivers in specifying an EDS detector:
• Energy resolution @ Mn k-alpha
• Sensitivity
• Solid angle
How relevant are these specifications in determining the performance of an EDS detector?
How do I choose the right detector for your lab?
The document provides an overview of scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). It discusses the history and development of SEMs. Key components of SEMs are described, including the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, vacuum chamber, detectors, and sample stage. SEMs produce high-resolution images of sample surfaces by scanning them with a focused beam of electrons. Signals produced by electron-sample interactions reveal information about morphology, composition, and structure. Applications of SEMs discussed include nanomaterial characterization, archaeology, biology, and industrial quality control. Limitations include sample size constraints and specialized training required.
scanning electron microscope for analysisM Ali Mohsin
SEM stands for scanning electron microscope. The SEM is a microscope that uses electrons instead of light to form an image. Since their development in the early 1950's, scanning electron microscopes have developed new areas of study in the medical and physical science communities.
In cathodoluminescence imaging, an electron beam is used to excite nanostructures and the cathodoluminescence detector is subsequently used to detect the produced light.
Cathodoluminescence emission can be used to explore many fundamental properties of matter. It can be used to study light transport, scattering, electronic structure of a material, resonant phenomena and much more. It thus presents a valuable source of information for fundamental research as well as applied research with a direct link to industry.
The SPARC is a high-performance cathodoluminescence detection system that is designed and produced by Delmic. With this system, Delmic offers a unique solution for cathodoluminescence imaging.
In this presentation, we share the knowledge about the cathodoluminescence technique and point out the key advantages of using cathodoluminescence imaging in different areas.
For questions about cathodoluminescence and the SPARC, please leave a comment below or visit www.delmic.com and send us a message.
Metal based composites by mechanical alloyingsHiep Tran
The document discusses metal matrix composites and various characterization techniques. It begins with background knowledge on metal matrix composites including definitions, classifications, matrix and reinforcement materials, and measurement methods. It then discusses specific characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDS and case studies on their application to analyze materials like aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano alumina particles.
Practical skills in scanning electron microscopeNawfal Aldujaily
This document provides an overview of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its practical applications. It defines SEM and compares its resolution, depth of field, and magnification to optical microscopy. It describes the basic components and instrumentation of an SEM, including the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, vacuum system and sample stage. It explains how SEM can be used to obtain topographical, morphological and compositional information from samples. It also discusses the signals produced during electron-sample interactions and how secondary electrons are used for topographical imaging while backscattered electrons provide compositional contrast. Finally, it notes that low vacuum mode and specialized holders allow SEM to image wet samples and reduce charging effects.
The document discusses the electron microscope. It describes how electron microscopes work similarly to optical microscopes but use a beam of electrons instead of light to image specimens. This allows them to achieve much higher resolutions, down to 10 Angstroms. There are different types of electron microscopes, including transmission electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, high voltage electron microscopes, and scanning transmission electron microscopes. Electron microscopes are important scientific instruments that provide morphological and topographical information at a very fine scale, but require careful handling and have limitations such as radiation damage from the electron beam.
Auger spectroscopy involves bombarding a sample with electrons, which causes electrons in inner shells to be ejected. Electrons from higher energy shells then drop down to fill these vacancies, emitting X-rays in the process. By analyzing the energy of the emitted X-rays using an energy dispersive detector, the elemental composition of the sample can be determined. EDX analysis identifies elements based on the unique energies of the X-rays emitted during electron transitions and can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about a sample's composition. It is commonly used alongside scanning electron microscopy to map elemental distributions.
The document provides information on electron microscopy. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. Key points include: TEMs use electromagnetic lenses to focus electrons into an image, while SEMs scan specimen surfaces with a focused electron beam to produce topographical images. Both require specimens to be prepared through fixation, dehydration, embedding and sectioning to withstand the vacuum conditions. Contrast in electron micrographs is obtained through interactions between electrons and the specimen.
This document discusses low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), a technique used to determine the surface structure of single-crystalline materials. LEED works by bombarding a sample's surface with a low-energy electron beam and observing the diffraction pattern of scattered electrons on a fluorescent screen. The key components of a LEED system are an electron gun, sample holder, and detector. LEED provides structural information about a sample's surface and has the advantages of being relatively simple and highly surface sensitive, but requires an ultra-high vacuum environment and thin sample specimens.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows for direct imaging of nanoparticles and provides information about their atom distribution and surface. TEM works by firing electrons through an electron-transparent specimen using electromagnetic lenses, forming a magnified image based on how the specimen interacts with the electrons. Sample preparation is laborious and requires fixation, dehydration, resin infiltration, and ultrathin sectioning. TEM provides nanoscale imaging but requires expensive equipment and specialized facilities.
This document discusses optical metamaterials and their potential applications. Metamaterials are artificially engineered composites that can exhibit optical properties not found in nature. They are composed of unit cells much smaller than the wavelength of light. By designing the unit cells, metamaterials can have engineered electric permittivity and magnetic permeability values. This allows properties like negative refractive index not found in natural materials. Potential applications discussed include ultrathin lenses and invisibility cloaking by manipulating light propagation.
The document discusses the scanning electron microscope (SEM), which uses a focused electron beam to extract structural and chemical information from samples. It describes the key components of an SEM, including the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, vacuum system and computer. The document explains how SEMs produce high-resolution 3D images and discusses various interactions between electrons and samples. Applications mentioned include topography, morphology, chemistry, crystallography and in-situ experiments. Limitations of SEM are also briefly outlined.
Electron microscope, principle and applicationKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Resolution &Magnification of
Electron microscope
Types of electron microscope
1) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- Structural parts of TEM
- Principle & Working of TEM
- Sample preparation for TEM
- Advantages & disadvantages of TEM
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Structural parts of SEM
- Principle & Working of SEM
- Sample preparation for SEM
- Advantages & disadvantages of SEM
3) Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)
Applications of electron microscope
Conclusion
References
Similar to Aspex Fei Electron Microscopy Services (20)
6. Laboratory Equipment: SEM-EDX
ASPEX EXpress™ ASPEX EXplorer™
ASPEX EXpress™ desktop SEM The ASPEX EXplorer™ system
provides a fully integrated SEM and
EDX platform that blends state of the
art hardware with software
sophistication.
Experience The Power of ASPEX
CONFIDENTIAL
8. ASTM, ISO and USP Standard Services
061 ISO 4406 ‐ Hydraulic and Oil Particle Count Analysis
062 ISO 4406 ‐ with Elemental Composition
063 ISO 11171 ‐ Fluid Cleanliness Analysis
064 ISO 11171 ‐ with Elemental Composition
066 ASTM‐E45 ‐ Inclusion Cleanliness Analysis of Rolled Steel
067 ASTM‐E2142 ‐ Inclusion Cleanliness Analysis of Rolled Steel
068 JIS G 0555 ‐ Inclusion Cleanliness Analysis of Rolled Steel
069 ISO 4967 ‐ Inclusion Cleanliness Analysis of Rolled Steel
070 USP <788> Particulate Matter
071 ASTM Test Method F1877 Life Cycle Testing
CONFIDENTIAL
9. General Electron Microscopy Services
• Secondary Electron Imaging
• Backscatter Electron Imaging
• Low‐vacuum Backscatter Electron Imaging
• X‐Ray Microanalysis (elemental composition)
• Features (particles or inclusions) characterization
• X‐Ray Mapping
CONFIDENTIAL
11. INTRODUCTION TO ASPEX TECHNOLOGY
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry
February 10, 2012
CONFIDENTIAL
12. SEM‐EDX Information
• Secondary Electron Imaging
Topographical/Morphological imaging
• Backscatter Electron Imaging
Atomic number based contrast
Low‐vacuum imaging capabilities
• SDD for X‐Ray detection
Chemical composition using Energy
Dispersive Spectrometry
ASPEX
EXPLORER
13. SEM‐EDX Information
SECONDARY ELECTRONS
• Secondary electrons are inelastically
SE scattered.
• Incident electron loses much of its energy
to the sample
• Weakly bound electrons of the sample are
“boiled‐off”.
Nucleus
• <50 eV
• Topographic information.
• SE are drawn to detector with positive
bias.
Incident Electron
CONFIDENTIAL
15. SEM‐EDX Information
BACKSCATTERED ELECTRONS
Electron Beam
BSE
• Backscattered electrons are elastically
scattered.
• Minimal energy loss.
• Large directional change.
• >50 eV
• Strong correlation with atomic number.
Nucleus
CONFIDENTIAL
17. SEM‐EDX Information
X-RAYS MICROANALYSIS
Characteristic X‐Rays are generated in a multi‐step process:
• An inner shell electron is knocked out by incoming electron.
• An outer shell electron drops down to fill vacancy.
• Energy difference is emitted as a photon.
SE Emitted
X‐Ray
Nucleus Nucleus
Incident
Electron
CONFIDENTIAL
18. SEM‐EDX Information
ENERGY DISPERSIVE SPECTRUM
• Energy of emitted X‐Ray is characteristic of chemical element.
• The X‐ray detector collects the X‐rays and results are displayed in a
histogram.
• Used to identify and quantify the elements present in a sample.
CONFIDENTIAL
19. SEM‐EDX Information
SED BSED EDX
Si
1,000
Counts
500 Mn
Fe
Fe
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
keV
• Electron images – How the sample looks? What is the size and shape?
• EDX ‐ What the sample is made of?
• Complete physical and chemical characterization of materials
CONFIDENTIAL
20. Applications
SELECTED EXAMPLES OF TESTING SERVICES
• Contamination studies in Pharmaceuticals
• Particulate Matter Characterization
• X‐Ray Mapping
• Elemental Distribution in samples
• Surface Characterization of Materials
• Morphology, porosity, size and shape
• Oil Analysis
• Characterize wear debris to understand wear and tear patterns
• Inspection of Medical Devices and Implants
• Wear Debris, fractures and failures
CONFIDENTIAL
21. Contaminant Particle Found
in a Pharmaceutical Product
200 µm 200 µm
SED BSED
800 Br Br
C
600 P
Counts
Cl
400
Ca
F
200 O Br
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
keV
EDX (Chemical Composition)
CONFIDENTIAL
22. Contaminant Particle Found
in a Pharmaceutical Product
500 µm
100 µm
Stainless
Steel in raw
material
sample
2,500
2,000
Counts
1,500
Fe Fe
Al Cr
1,000 O
500 Ni Si Ni
Cr Fe
Ni
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
keV
CONFIDENTIAL
23. X‐Ray Mapping used to evaluate
elemental distribution in samples
MAGNESIUM STEARATE
50 µm
Sample: Aleve 220 mg
Scanning conditions: 10
frames at 1ms/pixel
CONFIDENTIAL
24. Surface Characterization:
Morphology
100 µm 1000 µm
100 µm
20 µm 20 µm
• How clean is your product?
• Is your product free of defects?
• Are your coatings uniform?
• Does your product meet specifications?
CONFIDENTIAL
25. Foreign Particles Identified in
Pharmaceutical Products
Al
20 µm
20,000
C u ts
on
Aluminum 10,000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Teflon keV
100 µm
6,000
C u ts
on
4,000 Fe Fe
Iron 2,000
0
Fe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
keV
200 µm 3,000
C
Synthetic
C u ts
2,000
on
1,000 O
Fibers 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
keV
Si
20 µm
15,000 O Mg
C u ts
on
Talc
10,000
5,000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
keV
Fe Fe
100 µm
4,000
Stainless
C u ts
on
2,000 Cr Cr
Steel 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
C
6
r
Fe
7 8 9 10
keV
CONFIDENTIAL
26. Manual Inspection of
Medical Devices
Denuded area
Coated area
Metallic stent with polymer coating
CONFIDENTIAL
27. Applications of Automated
SEM‐EDX Technology
WHY USE AUTOMATED SEM-EDX TECHNOLOGY?
• To obtain statistically meaningful metrics.
• To recognize groupings within a population.
• To locate low‐probability features (“needle in haystack”).
• To verify absence of contaminants.
CONFIDENTIAL
28. Applications of Automated
SEM‐EDX Technology
• For each feature (a particle or material inclusion):
• Total number of features per area analyzed
• Exact location on specimen to relocate for advanced analysis
• Size (average diameter, area)
• Shape information (aspect ratio)
• BSE contrast level (~average atomic number)
• Elemental composition
• Electron Images
CONFIDENTIAL
29. How does an automated
SEM‐EDX works?
Spectrum Analyzed
Composition Determined
Particle Identified
Iron Rich Class
CONFIDENTIAL
30. How does an automated
SEM‐EDX works?
WHAT IS USED FOR CHARACTERIZATION?
Size and Shape Parameters Elemental Chemistry
• Elemental Composition
• Average diameter
• Maximum Diameter
• Minimum Diameter
• Aspect Ratio
• Area
CONFIDENTIAL
32. Case 1
PARTICLE COUNT IN PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS
• USP Test Chapter <788>
– Enumeration standard for foreign particles
– Recommended for particles ≥10 µm and ≥25 µm
– Two step inspection:
• light obscuration for inspection with a given set of limits
Small Volume Large Volume
Parenterals Parenterals
<6000 @ 10um <25/ml @ 10um
U.S. Pharmacopoeia
<600 @ 25um <3/ml @ 25um
• microscopy if sample does not pass the limits
Small Volume Large Volume
Parenterals Parenterals
<300 @25 mm
<6000 @ 10um <2/mL @ 25 mm
<25/ml @ 10um
U.S. Pharmacopoeia
<3000 @10 mm
<600 @ 25um <12/mL @10 m
<3/ml @ 25um
– SEM‐EDX analysis provides elemental composition in addition to enumeration
CONFIDENTIAL
33. Case 1
PARTICLE COUNT IN PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS
E-Beam Analysis is used to understand distributions
195 Particles >10 um
85 Particles >25 um
Filter particulate onto
40
a membrane 35
Scan filter 30
25
Parenteral
Count
20
Solution 15
10
5
0
0-5 10-15 25-30 40-45 55-60 70-75 85-90 100-105 120-125 140-145
DMAX
CONFIDENTIAL
34. Case 2
OIL ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING KNOWN CONTAMINANTS
Filtered solution
with know
contaminants ready
High pressure wash for automated
E-beam analysis
Manufactured parts
CONFIDENTIAL
35. Case 2
OIL ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING KNOWN CONTAMINANTS
Contour plot of the average elemental composition for each particle type
CONFIDENTIAL
36. Case 2
OIL ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING KNOWN CONTAMINANTS
Particle Size Distributions What do they look like?
90
80
70
Number of Particles
60 Aluminum
Al/Cu/Zn
Al/Fe
50 Al/Cu/Zn/Fe
Aluminum Aggs
Misc
40 Misc Metals
Titanium and Lead
30 Titanium (Paint)
e
yp
Misc Salts
eT
20 Brass
icl
Bushing
rt
10 Fe/Zn/Cu
Pa
Iron
0 Stainless
20-60
Silicates
60-100
100-150
150-300
300-450
450-600
600-1000
1000-1600
>1600
Particle Size Ranges
(micrometers)
CONFIDENTIAL
37. Case 2
UNDERSTANDING KNOWN CONTAMINANTS
• Assess if your cleaning process is performing as it should.
• You may be producing products that may fail later on
down the line.
• Are you expending too much effort – and money — on
cleaning?
• Cleanliness analyzers are resulting in over 30%
reductions in warranty cost
CONFIDENTIAL
38. Case 3
FOREIGN PARTICLE DETECTION
• Foreign particle: contaminated particle derived from
active, recipients, containers, formulation,
environment, process of manufacture/actuating drug
device
• A number of different regulatory authorities demand
the evaluation of foreign particles in all types of
respiratory drugs.
• Number, size, elemental composition
CONFIDENTIAL
39. Case 3
FOREIGN PARTICLE DETECTION
Investigation into manufacturing contamination of an
inhalable drug powder
Dissolve drug powder and pass through a polycarbonate filter membrane
CONFIDENTIAL
43. Case 4
COATING DURABILITY OF METALS
• Characterization of coating durability of implantable
metals
• Need to know: How many particles are generated by the
device under typical use?
• Problem: Coating is organic, all other particles are
inorganic, or organics with inorganic components.
CONFIDENTIAL
44. Case 4
COATING DURABILITY OF METALS
Organic Mica
Light-on-Dark Dark-on-Light
Gold coat
Reverse
Contrast
Aluminum Silica Bead
CONFIDENTIAL
45. Case 5
PARTICLE ENUMERATION IN INHALABLE ASTHMA KIT
• Active drug processed into a respirable dry powder. The product is
administered with a hand‐held device
• Determine origin, profile and number of foreign particle material
in drug powder, packaging and device.
• Data was tabulated in the following detection size ranges
> 20‐10 mm, 25‐50 mm, 50‐150 mm, 150‐500 mm
> 0‐1 mm, 1‐2 mm, 2‐3 mm, 4‐5 mm, 5‐6 mm, 6‐7 mm, 7‐8 mm, 8‐
9 mm, 9‐10 mm
> >10 mm
> >25 mm
• Elemental composition data and total particle count
CONFIDENTIAL
48. Case 6
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT
• API has significant exposure to FP during dissolution,
filtering, spray drying , milling and blending with
excipients.
• If the API is obtained from outside sources, the supplier
should be included in the control process.
API containing Br
CONFIDENTIAL
49. Case 6
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT
Particle map showing distribution of
API on filter membrane
Particle image (thumbnail), percentage composition and
EDS spectra of API using
ASPEX AFA Data ViewerTM
CONFIDENTIAL