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Hugh Clayden, head of tree health
- 1. The tree health landscape in (mainly) Scotland Hugh Clayden Forestry Commission Scotland 15 October 2014
- 2. What are we up against? What can we do about it? Keeping things in perspective
- 3. Phytophthoras Insects Fungi Complexes Bacteria
- 4. USA, CA Asia AU, NZ
- 5. 50 years** 100 years 25 years
- 6. Average Rainfall +27% 1961 - 2011 Average temperature +1.0 - +1.6 ∘C ∘C ? ? ?
- 7. Dothistroma needle blight Distribution on national forest estate 86 (out of 129) Pinus species known to be susceptible
- 9. Phytophthora ramorum Lag phase Exponential Decline
- 10. Phytophthora ramorum 1st finding (on larch) in November 2010 EU2 lineage (2011) 75%+ larch still healthy
- 11. Chalara dieback of ash
- 13. Chalara 2012
- 14. Chalara Sheltered area Buffer area
- 16. Phytophthora lateralis Recently confirmed on Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
- 18. 714 pests in the UK Plant Health Risk Register (October 2014)
- 19. 44% 13% 6% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 8% 11% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 1% 4% Sitka spruce Scots pine Corsican pine Norway spruce Larches Douglas fir Lodgepole pine Other conifers Oak Beech Sycamore Ash Birch Sweet Chestnut Hazel Hawthorn Alder Willow Other broadleaves Scotland Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012 broadleaves other conifers Sitka spruce
- 20. 44% 13% 6% 1% 1% AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi, P. pseudosyringae Pseudomonas spp, DED 2% 1% 2% 1% 8% 11% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 1% 4% Sitka spruce Scots pine Corsican pine Norway spruce Larches Douglas fir Lodgepole pine Other conifers Oak Beech Sycamore Ash Birch Sweet Chestnut Hazel Hawthorn Alder Willow Other broadleaves Scotland Stocked area by principal tree species at March 2012 Dothistroma Ramorum D. micans P. lateralis P. austrocedrae Pine tree lappet Pine beauty Fusarium Elatobium Lower D. micans risk (?) Ips ?? typographus Spruce budworm Phytophthoras High impact Hybrids?
- 21. What are we up against? What can we do about it? Keeping things in perspective
- 23. Species choice Silvicultural systems Length of rotation Spectrum of approaches
- 24. Resilience-building measures Select the most suitable species and genotypes Reduce other pressures on forests Maintain or add diversity in structure and species
- 26. Living with Environmental Change (LWEC): Tree health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative • (£9.2M) 2014 -2017 • BBSRC, ESRC, NERC, Defra, FC, Scottish Government asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry vegetative compatibility of fungi botanicals and biocontrol with entomopathogenic fungi (“lure and kill”) genomics protein fusion technology Environment Social science Pest Host
- 30. • Review of the EU Plant Health Regime • Expert Taskforce on Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity • Sir Mark Walport Review (Animal & plant health in the UK – assessment of future national capacity) • UK Chief Plant Health Officer • UK Plant Health Risk Register • Scottish Tree Health Advisory Group • Potential ‘Centre for Expertise in Plant Health’ (Scotland)
- 31. What are we up against? What can we do about it? Keeping things in perspective
- 35. Irish potato famine 1845 Good design + Good silviculture + Good science + Annual crop yields (globally) reduced by 20-40% due to pests and diseases (source IPCC)
- 37. 53% broadleaves 13% 6% 2% 4% 0% 7% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 4% 1% 0% 1% 0% Sitka spruce Scots pine Corsican pine Norway spruce Larches Douglas fir Lodgepole pine Other conifers Oak Beech Sycamore Ash Birch Sweet Chestnut Hazel Hawthorn Alder Willow Other broadleaves Scotland Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012 Sitka spruce other conifers Sitka spruce
- 38. 53% 13% 6% 2% 4% 0% 7% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 4% 1% 0% 1% 0% Sitka spruce Scots pine Corsican pine Norway spruce Larches Douglas fir Lodgepole pine Other conifers Oak Beech Sycamore Ash Birch Sweet Chestnut Hazel Hawthorn Alder Willow Other broadleaves Scotland Standing volume by principal tree species at March 2012 AOD, OPM, Chalara, SCB, ALB, CLB, P. cinnamomi, P. pseudosyringae Pseudomonas spp, DED Dothistroma Ramorum D. micans P. lateralis P. austrocedrae Pine tree lappet Pine beauty Fusarium Elatobium D. micans Ips typographus Spruce budworm Phytophthoras Hybrids? Lower risk (?) High impact ?? (62% of conifer volume) Who owns the risk?