This study estimated genetic parameters for visual scores of body structure, precocity and muscularity in Brahman cattle in Brazil. Heritability was estimated to be moderate to high for the visual scores and production traits. Genetic correlations between the visual scores were high, indicating they are controlled by the same genes. Genetic correlations between the visual scores and weight at 18 months and average daily gain were positive and moderate to high. However, genetic correlations between visual scores and scrotal circumference were low. The results suggest visual scores can be used for selection to improve growth traits but will have little impact on scrotal circumference.
Combining ability and inheritance of growth traits in rabbitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance of New Zealand Red, Californian White, and Chinchilla rabbits using a diallel analysis. Body measurements and weight were collected from 138 kittens from crosses between these 3 breeds. General and specific combining abilities were found to significantly influence all traits measured. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects impacted hybrid performance, with non-additive effects playing a larger role for some traits like weight and height, and additive effects more important for others like ear length. The New Zealand Red and Californian White parents showed reliable general combining ability. Reciprocal effects were not significant. Therefore, using separate male and female breeds in crossbreeding may not provide additional advantages.
Phenotypic correlation between the external and internal egg quality traits o...Alexander Decker
This study examined the internal and external quality traits of 360 Pharaoh quail eggs collected over 6 weeks. It found:
1) External traits like egg weight, length, breadth, and shell weight showed significant positive correlations with each other. Egg weight was positively correlated with most other external traits.
2) Internal traits like yolk weight, length, height and index showed significant positive correlations with each other. Yolk index was positively correlated with yolk height and albumen height.
3) The results suggest egg weight is a determinant of many external traits and changes in internal quality. Egg weight can be used to determine shell quality in quail eggs.
This document summarizes two experiments that examined the relationship between cattle temperament and productivity, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits. In both experiments, Brahman and Angus cattle were assessed for temperament using flight speed and crush score measurements taken repeatedly over time. The cattle were then evaluated for growth rates, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat quality after slaughter. The results showed that increased flight speed and crush scores, indicating a more temperamental nature, were associated with reduced growth, feed intake, carcass weight, and meat quality for Brahman cattle. The relationships were generally weaker for Angus cattle. The average temperament scores over time provided a more reliable assessment than individual measurements.
This document discusses applying genomic selection to a rice breeding program using a synthetic population and recurrent selection. Key points:
- Genomic selection was tested on 343 rice families from a synthetic population with 10 cycles of recombination to estimate its feasibility. Various regression models were evaluated.
- Accuracy of genomic selection was found to depend on trait architecture, heritability, and marker selection. Flowering date saw improved accuracy when markers were selected based on linkage disequilibrium.
- The results indicate genomic selection is feasible for this rice breeding program, though further data across sites and years is still needed to develop stronger prediction models. Genomic selection could help increase selection intensity and reduce time in the recurrent selection scheme.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on genomic selection for crop improvement. The key points are:
1. Genomic selection is a specialized form of marker-assisted selection that uses dense molecular markers covering the entire genome to predict the genetic value or breeding value of individuals based on their genotypes.
2. The process of genomic selection involves developing a training population with both genotypic and phenotypic data to train statistical models, estimating genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individuals in a breeding population based only on their genotypes using the trained models, and selecting best individuals for further breeding.
3. Common statistical models used in genomic selection include ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction, Bayesian regression, and machine learning
Greenpeace Critique of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready OilseedSeeds
This summary provides an overview of a Greenpeace critique of Monsanto's feeding trials for their genetically engineered Roundup Ready oilseed rape GT73:
1) The feeding trials submitted by Monsanto contained many flaws and irregularities. Significant differences were observed in some studies but not properly explained or investigated. Monsanto appeared to design subsequent studies to mask differences rather than determine their cause.
2) The European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) evaluation of GT73 failed to properly scrutinize problems identified in the studies. They ignored significant differences in compositional analyses and did not consider environmental risks of accidental releases.
3) Both the studies and EFSA's evaluation were inadequate to assure food and environmental safety.
This document discusses genomic selection in plants. It begins with an introduction to genomic selection and its history. Genomic selection uses dense genetic markers and phenotypic data from a reference population to develop prediction equations that can then be applied to other populations to estimate genomic breeding values without additional phenotyping. The document outlines the steps involved, including preparing phenotypic and genotypic data, constructing prediction models, fitting and evaluating models, and applying genomic selection in breeding programs. It provides examples of software used and factors that affect prediction accuracy. The document concludes with two case studies, one on genomic selection for hybrid rice and another on genomic selection to improve wheat grain quality.
This document summarizes a two-year pilot study on genomic selection in apple breeding. The study involved genotyping and phenotyping a training population of 20 full-sib families and 5 application families. Genomic prediction models were developed and used to calculate genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for traits like fruit quality, size, and disease resistance. The accuracy of genomic prediction varied among traits from poor to moderate, and selection differentials based on GEBV were significant for several traits. The study provides a proof of concept for genomic selection in apple breeding but highlights the need for further research on prediction accuracy across multiple years and environments.
Combining ability and inheritance of growth traits in rabbitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance of New Zealand Red, Californian White, and Chinchilla rabbits using a diallel analysis. Body measurements and weight were collected from 138 kittens from crosses between these 3 breeds. General and specific combining abilities were found to significantly influence all traits measured. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects impacted hybrid performance, with non-additive effects playing a larger role for some traits like weight and height, and additive effects more important for others like ear length. The New Zealand Red and Californian White parents showed reliable general combining ability. Reciprocal effects were not significant. Therefore, using separate male and female breeds in crossbreeding may not provide additional advantages.
Phenotypic correlation between the external and internal egg quality traits o...Alexander Decker
This study examined the internal and external quality traits of 360 Pharaoh quail eggs collected over 6 weeks. It found:
1) External traits like egg weight, length, breadth, and shell weight showed significant positive correlations with each other. Egg weight was positively correlated with most other external traits.
2) Internal traits like yolk weight, length, height and index showed significant positive correlations with each other. Yolk index was positively correlated with yolk height and albumen height.
3) The results suggest egg weight is a determinant of many external traits and changes in internal quality. Egg weight can be used to determine shell quality in quail eggs.
This document summarizes two experiments that examined the relationship between cattle temperament and productivity, efficiency, carcass, and meat quality traits. In both experiments, Brahman and Angus cattle were assessed for temperament using flight speed and crush score measurements taken repeatedly over time. The cattle were then evaluated for growth rates, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat quality after slaughter. The results showed that increased flight speed and crush scores, indicating a more temperamental nature, were associated with reduced growth, feed intake, carcass weight, and meat quality for Brahman cattle. The relationships were generally weaker for Angus cattle. The average temperament scores over time provided a more reliable assessment than individual measurements.
This document discusses applying genomic selection to a rice breeding program using a synthetic population and recurrent selection. Key points:
- Genomic selection was tested on 343 rice families from a synthetic population with 10 cycles of recombination to estimate its feasibility. Various regression models were evaluated.
- Accuracy of genomic selection was found to depend on trait architecture, heritability, and marker selection. Flowering date saw improved accuracy when markers were selected based on linkage disequilibrium.
- The results indicate genomic selection is feasible for this rice breeding program, though further data across sites and years is still needed to develop stronger prediction models. Genomic selection could help increase selection intensity and reduce time in the recurrent selection scheme.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on genomic selection for crop improvement. The key points are:
1. Genomic selection is a specialized form of marker-assisted selection that uses dense molecular markers covering the entire genome to predict the genetic value or breeding value of individuals based on their genotypes.
2. The process of genomic selection involves developing a training population with both genotypic and phenotypic data to train statistical models, estimating genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individuals in a breeding population based only on their genotypes using the trained models, and selecting best individuals for further breeding.
3. Common statistical models used in genomic selection include ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction, Bayesian regression, and machine learning
Greenpeace Critique of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready OilseedSeeds
This summary provides an overview of a Greenpeace critique of Monsanto's feeding trials for their genetically engineered Roundup Ready oilseed rape GT73:
1) The feeding trials submitted by Monsanto contained many flaws and irregularities. Significant differences were observed in some studies but not properly explained or investigated. Monsanto appeared to design subsequent studies to mask differences rather than determine their cause.
2) The European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) evaluation of GT73 failed to properly scrutinize problems identified in the studies. They ignored significant differences in compositional analyses and did not consider environmental risks of accidental releases.
3) Both the studies and EFSA's evaluation were inadequate to assure food and environmental safety.
This document discusses genomic selection in plants. It begins with an introduction to genomic selection and its history. Genomic selection uses dense genetic markers and phenotypic data from a reference population to develop prediction equations that can then be applied to other populations to estimate genomic breeding values without additional phenotyping. The document outlines the steps involved, including preparing phenotypic and genotypic data, constructing prediction models, fitting and evaluating models, and applying genomic selection in breeding programs. It provides examples of software used and factors that affect prediction accuracy. The document concludes with two case studies, one on genomic selection for hybrid rice and another on genomic selection to improve wheat grain quality.
This document summarizes a two-year pilot study on genomic selection in apple breeding. The study involved genotyping and phenotyping a training population of 20 full-sib families and 5 application families. Genomic prediction models were developed and used to calculate genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for traits like fruit quality, size, and disease resistance. The accuracy of genomic prediction varied among traits from poor to moderate, and selection differentials based on GEBV were significant for several traits. The study provides a proof of concept for genomic selection in apple breeding but highlights the need for further research on prediction accuracy across multiple years and environments.
2015. Jose Crossa. New developments in plant genomic prediction models.FOODCROPS
This document summarizes new developments in plant genomic prediction models. It discusses using Bayesian inverse regression to overcome challenges with high-dimensional genomic data. Reaction norm and marker by environment interaction models are also outlined to account for genotype by environment interactions. Threshold models for predicting ordinal traits are proposed. Results show these models improve prediction accuracy over models with only main effects. Software for implementing these genomic prediction methods in R is also described.
Male Anna's hummingbirds were tested on their ability to remember the location of a rewarding food source over multiple trials. Larger crown size was positively correlated with total errors made and improvement in performance over trials, suggesting larger crowns are less efficient. Smaller crowns and more red-colored gorgets were correlated with better performance, making fewer errors. The results indicate plumage ornamentation may reveal cognitive abilities important for foraging, with females benefitting from selecting males with traits signaling better learning and memory.
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
This document summarizes a case study on the draft genome sequence of chickpea. Key points include:
- Researchers sequenced and assembled the ~738Mb genome of a kabuli chickpea variety, identifying an estimated 28,269 genes.
- The genome provides resources for molecular breeding through identification of candidate genes for traits like disease resistance.
- Resequencing of elite varieties provided insights into genome diversity and domestication.
- Analysis found the draft captured over 90% of the gene space through mapping of transcriptome data, and contained homologs for over 98% of core eukaryotic genes.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Jesse Poland (Kansas State University, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document compares the accuracy of genomic selection prediction methods (BLUP and Bayesian) under different scenarios of marker density and number of quantitative trait loci (QTL). It simulated genomes with varying numbers of markers (100, 200, 500) and QTLs (4, 10, 20, 40) and different heritability levels (5%, 10%, 25%). The results showed that the Bayesian method had higher accuracy than BLUP in all scenarios. Accuracy generally increased with more markers and decreased slightly with more QTLs.
Genomic selection in small holder systems: Challenges and opportunitiesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
Genomic selection (GS) is a method for predicting an individual's genetic merit based on its genome-wide marker data. It allows for selection to take place in the laboratory based on genomic estimated breeding values. Key factors for the success of GS include the size and type of the training population, marker density and type, availability of high-density genome-wide markers, and appropriate statistical prediction models. Ridge regression BLUP and Bayesian regression methods are commonly used prediction models. Future directions for improving GS include determining optimal training population design, modeling non-additive genetic effects, and managing long-term genetic gain.
The document presents a model examining the trade-off between forage abundance and quality in determining optimal patch selection in ruminants of different body sizes. The model predicts that ruminants maximize daily energy intake by selecting intermediate biomass swards that balance high intake rates on dense swards with higher nutritional quality of sparse swards. Specifically:
- Optimal sward biomass is predicted to scale allometrically with body size, with larger ruminants optimally selecting denser patches due to higher intake capabilities and lower metabolic demands per unit mass.
- Tests using data from East African grazing guilds support the predictions, with species partitioning habitats based on body size.
- Sward structure influences predictions,
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
This document summarizes research aimed at improving dairy cattle fertility using genomics. The research objectives are to develop novel genetic markers of fertility, identify genetic variants associated with daughter pregnancy rate, and provide markers to improve genomic selection for fertility. Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fertility. Many genes associated with daughter pregnancy rate were found to not be associated with milk production. The expected outcomes are better genomic tools to predict reproductive traits and more rapid genetic progress in improving dairy cow fertility.
Beyond GWAS QTL Identification and Strategies to Increase YieldKate Barlow
Mohsen Mohammadi, Assistant Professor of Wheat Breeding and Quantitative Genetics, Purdue University
Genetic variation in yield and yield-related traits in an elite population of soft red winter wheat was studied using field-based low-throughput phenotyping and genotyping-by-sequencing markers. QTL conditioning grain yield, grain number per unit area, and kernel weight were identified. QTL result was mined to identify prospects of parents’ complementarity. Strategies for further improvements of grain yield of SRWW populations will be discussed.
The study evaluated the effects of a rehabilitation program after simultaneous total knee replacement surgery on balance and function in patients with osteoarthritis. Two groups of osteoarthritic patients who underwent bilateral knee replacement participated in either a highly supervised or less supervised exercise program. Outcome measures assessed preoperatively and at 1 and 2 months post-op found that the highly supervised group had greater improvements in pain, stiffness, function, and balance that more closely matched scores of healthy controls compared to the less supervised group. The results indicate that a more intensive post-operative rehabilitation program leads to better short-term functional outcomes after simultaneous bilateral knee replacement.
Serotonin controls a switch between two distinct behavioral states of egg-laying in C. elegans. Egg laying can be modeled as a random process with animals fluctuating between an active state, where eggs are laid in clusters, and an inactive state, where eggs are retained. Single-cell ablation experiments indicate that two pairs of motor neurons, HSNL/HSNR and VC4/VC5, induce the active phase by releasing serotonin. Serotonin increases the rate of egg laying by switching the animal from a quiescent to an active egg-laying phase, a switch that requires and may be mediated through protein kinase C–dependent signaling. Genetic experiments suggest behavioral state determination is mediated through protein kinase C–
This document describes a study that used proteomic techniques to characterize the proteome of human insulin secretory granules (ISGs). Two analytical methods were used: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry identified 253 proteins from ISGs. Pathway analysis showed many proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and membrane fusion. Stimulation with glucose induced changes related to exocytosis and secretion. The proteomic data provides insights into ISG biogenesis, maturation and the mechanisms governing insulin secretion and diabetes.
MRI rat organ Assessment under recurrent Interferon administrationtheijes
This study aims to assess serial and transverse quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in four rat groups using different doses of a formulation based on the combinations of IFN alpha 2b and gamma. Axial and coronal T1, T2 and Diffusion MRI images have been performed in order to follow up morphological and tissue texture changes in the rat brain, cerebellum, spinal cord and kidney. As a result, no morphological changes have been observed during 28 days in any of the four groups including the placebo. Yet, doses until 15 times were bigger than the therapeutic dose. This MRI studies is robust and complementary evidence that the pharmaceutical formulation mixing in the same vial IFNs alpha2b and gamma is safe. For the first time, results of a longitudinal MRI study in rats based on the effects of this pharmacological combination are reported.
This study evaluated the effects of implants on weight gain in suckling calves. Forty-eight Angus cross spring born calf pairs were randomly assigned to implant or control groups. Calves received implants at the same time as vaccinations between 45-150 days old. Final weights were taken at 114 days, showing no significant difference in average daily gain between implanted and non-implanted steers or heifers. Poor forage quality during the study may have limited the impact of implants. Coordinating implants with existing practices reduced stress and costs. More research is needed on how forage quality affects implant response in suckling calves.
Hypothalamic tanycyte sensing of amino acids in fed and fasted ratsLibby Copsey
This study examined how tanycyte cells in the hypothalamus respond to different amino acids in fed versus fasted male rats. Tanycytes border the third ventricle and are involved in sensing nutrients. The study found that tanycytes changed from a satiation signal in fed rats to an appetite stimulating signal in fasted rats, especially in response to alanine. Fasted tanycyte slices also responded more strongly to arginine and lysine compared to fed slices. However, responses to the bitter amino acid L-phenylalanine were unreliable and may have been toxic. Further research is needed to understand how bitter tastes influence appetite and if tanycyte bitter receptors are involved.
This study assessed the effects of minerals calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus on cyclicity in Nili Ravi buffaloes. 90 buffaloes were divided into cyclic (n=30), non-cyclic (n=30), and repeat breeders (n=30) groups. Blood samples were tested and calcium was significantly higher in cyclic buffaloes than non-cyclic and repeat breeders. Magnesium levels were similar in cyclic and non-cyclic buffaloes but significantly higher in repeat breeders. Inorganic phosphorus was imbalanced in non-cyclic and repeat breeders. The study concluded calcium and phosphorus should be in a 2:1 ratio and imbalances may result in infertility
Accelerating crop genetic gains with genomic selectionViolinaBharali
This document discusses genomic selection (GS), a plant and animal breeding technique that uses genome-wide molecular markers to predict and select for an individual's genetic merit or breeding value. GS can accelerate genetic gain compared to traditional breeding by increasing selection intensity and accuracy. Key points covered include: how GS works, factors affecting its accuracy, challenges like genotype-environment interaction, and examples of its successful application in maize and wheat breeding programs.
- O documento discute a origem e domesticação dos cães, notando que eles foram domesticados entre 15.000 e 100.000 anos atrás na Ásia ou África.
- Detalha a história do melhoramento genético de cães, notando que muitas raças foram criadas para necessidades humanas como pastoreio ou caça.
- Discutem os 11 grupos caninos com características de cada grupo.
Este documento apresenta uma dissertação de mestrado que estimou parâmetros genéticos para pesos de bovinos da raça Brahman no Brasil de nascimento aos dois anos de idade utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória. Foram analisados 88.788 registros de pesos de 17.499 animais e os melhores modelos estimaram herdabilidades diretas maiores no início e fim do período e herdabilidades maternas máximas no nascimento, com correlações genéticas de moderadas a altas diminuindo com a distância entre as idades
2015. Jose Crossa. New developments in plant genomic prediction models.FOODCROPS
This document summarizes new developments in plant genomic prediction models. It discusses using Bayesian inverse regression to overcome challenges with high-dimensional genomic data. Reaction norm and marker by environment interaction models are also outlined to account for genotype by environment interactions. Threshold models for predicting ordinal traits are proposed. Results show these models improve prediction accuracy over models with only main effects. Software for implementing these genomic prediction methods in R is also described.
Male Anna's hummingbirds were tested on their ability to remember the location of a rewarding food source over multiple trials. Larger crown size was positively correlated with total errors made and improvement in performance over trials, suggesting larger crowns are less efficient. Smaller crowns and more red-colored gorgets were correlated with better performance, making fewer errors. The results indicate plumage ornamentation may reveal cognitive abilities important for foraging, with females benefitting from selecting males with traits signaling better learning and memory.
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
This document summarizes a case study on the draft genome sequence of chickpea. Key points include:
- Researchers sequenced and assembled the ~738Mb genome of a kabuli chickpea variety, identifying an estimated 28,269 genes.
- The genome provides resources for molecular breeding through identification of candidate genes for traits like disease resistance.
- Resequencing of elite varieties provided insights into genome diversity and domestication.
- Analysis found the draft captured over 90% of the gene space through mapping of transcriptome data, and contained homologs for over 98% of core eukaryotic genes.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Jesse Poland (Kansas State University, USA) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document compares the accuracy of genomic selection prediction methods (BLUP and Bayesian) under different scenarios of marker density and number of quantitative trait loci (QTL). It simulated genomes with varying numbers of markers (100, 200, 500) and QTLs (4, 10, 20, 40) and different heritability levels (5%, 10%, 25%). The results showed that the Bayesian method had higher accuracy than BLUP in all scenarios. Accuracy generally increased with more markers and decreased slightly with more QTLs.
Genomic selection in small holder systems: Challenges and opportunitiesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
Genomic selection (GS) is a method for predicting an individual's genetic merit based on its genome-wide marker data. It allows for selection to take place in the laboratory based on genomic estimated breeding values. Key factors for the success of GS include the size and type of the training population, marker density and type, availability of high-density genome-wide markers, and appropriate statistical prediction models. Ridge regression BLUP and Bayesian regression methods are commonly used prediction models. Future directions for improving GS include determining optimal training population design, modeling non-additive genetic effects, and managing long-term genetic gain.
The document presents a model examining the trade-off between forage abundance and quality in determining optimal patch selection in ruminants of different body sizes. The model predicts that ruminants maximize daily energy intake by selecting intermediate biomass swards that balance high intake rates on dense swards with higher nutritional quality of sparse swards. Specifically:
- Optimal sward biomass is predicted to scale allometrically with body size, with larger ruminants optimally selecting denser patches due to higher intake capabilities and lower metabolic demands per unit mass.
- Tests using data from East African grazing guilds support the predictions, with species partitioning habitats based on body size.
- Sward structure influences predictions,
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
This document summarizes research aimed at improving dairy cattle fertility using genomics. The research objectives are to develop novel genetic markers of fertility, identify genetic variants associated with daughter pregnancy rate, and provide markers to improve genomic selection for fertility. Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fertility. Many genes associated with daughter pregnancy rate were found to not be associated with milk production. The expected outcomes are better genomic tools to predict reproductive traits and more rapid genetic progress in improving dairy cow fertility.
Beyond GWAS QTL Identification and Strategies to Increase YieldKate Barlow
Mohsen Mohammadi, Assistant Professor of Wheat Breeding and Quantitative Genetics, Purdue University
Genetic variation in yield and yield-related traits in an elite population of soft red winter wheat was studied using field-based low-throughput phenotyping and genotyping-by-sequencing markers. QTL conditioning grain yield, grain number per unit area, and kernel weight were identified. QTL result was mined to identify prospects of parents’ complementarity. Strategies for further improvements of grain yield of SRWW populations will be discussed.
The study evaluated the effects of a rehabilitation program after simultaneous total knee replacement surgery on balance and function in patients with osteoarthritis. Two groups of osteoarthritic patients who underwent bilateral knee replacement participated in either a highly supervised or less supervised exercise program. Outcome measures assessed preoperatively and at 1 and 2 months post-op found that the highly supervised group had greater improvements in pain, stiffness, function, and balance that more closely matched scores of healthy controls compared to the less supervised group. The results indicate that a more intensive post-operative rehabilitation program leads to better short-term functional outcomes after simultaneous bilateral knee replacement.
Serotonin controls a switch between two distinct behavioral states of egg-laying in C. elegans. Egg laying can be modeled as a random process with animals fluctuating between an active state, where eggs are laid in clusters, and an inactive state, where eggs are retained. Single-cell ablation experiments indicate that two pairs of motor neurons, HSNL/HSNR and VC4/VC5, induce the active phase by releasing serotonin. Serotonin increases the rate of egg laying by switching the animal from a quiescent to an active egg-laying phase, a switch that requires and may be mediated through protein kinase C–dependent signaling. Genetic experiments suggest behavioral state determination is mediated through protein kinase C–
This document describes a study that used proteomic techniques to characterize the proteome of human insulin secretory granules (ISGs). Two analytical methods were used: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry identified 253 proteins from ISGs. Pathway analysis showed many proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and membrane fusion. Stimulation with glucose induced changes related to exocytosis and secretion. The proteomic data provides insights into ISG biogenesis, maturation and the mechanisms governing insulin secretion and diabetes.
MRI rat organ Assessment under recurrent Interferon administrationtheijes
This study aims to assess serial and transverse quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in four rat groups using different doses of a formulation based on the combinations of IFN alpha 2b and gamma. Axial and coronal T1, T2 and Diffusion MRI images have been performed in order to follow up morphological and tissue texture changes in the rat brain, cerebellum, spinal cord and kidney. As a result, no morphological changes have been observed during 28 days in any of the four groups including the placebo. Yet, doses until 15 times were bigger than the therapeutic dose. This MRI studies is robust and complementary evidence that the pharmaceutical formulation mixing in the same vial IFNs alpha2b and gamma is safe. For the first time, results of a longitudinal MRI study in rats based on the effects of this pharmacological combination are reported.
This study evaluated the effects of implants on weight gain in suckling calves. Forty-eight Angus cross spring born calf pairs were randomly assigned to implant or control groups. Calves received implants at the same time as vaccinations between 45-150 days old. Final weights were taken at 114 days, showing no significant difference in average daily gain between implanted and non-implanted steers or heifers. Poor forage quality during the study may have limited the impact of implants. Coordinating implants with existing practices reduced stress and costs. More research is needed on how forage quality affects implant response in suckling calves.
Hypothalamic tanycyte sensing of amino acids in fed and fasted ratsLibby Copsey
This study examined how tanycyte cells in the hypothalamus respond to different amino acids in fed versus fasted male rats. Tanycytes border the third ventricle and are involved in sensing nutrients. The study found that tanycytes changed from a satiation signal in fed rats to an appetite stimulating signal in fasted rats, especially in response to alanine. Fasted tanycyte slices also responded more strongly to arginine and lysine compared to fed slices. However, responses to the bitter amino acid L-phenylalanine were unreliable and may have been toxic. Further research is needed to understand how bitter tastes influence appetite and if tanycyte bitter receptors are involved.
This study assessed the effects of minerals calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus on cyclicity in Nili Ravi buffaloes. 90 buffaloes were divided into cyclic (n=30), non-cyclic (n=30), and repeat breeders (n=30) groups. Blood samples were tested and calcium was significantly higher in cyclic buffaloes than non-cyclic and repeat breeders. Magnesium levels were similar in cyclic and non-cyclic buffaloes but significantly higher in repeat breeders. Inorganic phosphorus was imbalanced in non-cyclic and repeat breeders. The study concluded calcium and phosphorus should be in a 2:1 ratio and imbalances may result in infertility
Accelerating crop genetic gains with genomic selectionViolinaBharali
This document discusses genomic selection (GS), a plant and animal breeding technique that uses genome-wide molecular markers to predict and select for an individual's genetic merit or breeding value. GS can accelerate genetic gain compared to traditional breeding by increasing selection intensity and accuracy. Key points covered include: how GS works, factors affecting its accuracy, challenges like genotype-environment interaction, and examples of its successful application in maize and wheat breeding programs.
- O documento discute a origem e domesticação dos cães, notando que eles foram domesticados entre 15.000 e 100.000 anos atrás na Ásia ou África.
- Detalha a história do melhoramento genético de cães, notando que muitas raças foram criadas para necessidades humanas como pastoreio ou caça.
- Discutem os 11 grupos caninos com características de cada grupo.
Este documento apresenta uma dissertação de mestrado que estimou parâmetros genéticos para pesos de bovinos da raça Brahman no Brasil de nascimento aos dois anos de idade utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória. Foram analisados 88.788 registros de pesos de 17.499 animais e os melhores modelos estimaram herdabilidades diretas maiores no início e fim do período e herdabilidades maternas máximas no nascimento, com correlações genéticas de moderadas a altas diminuindo com a distância entre as idades
Este documento apresenta estimativas de parâmetros genéticos em duas linhagens de codornas de corte. A linhagem L1 apresentou maior variabilidade genética e herdabilidade para pesos corporais, enquanto a linhagem L2 teve resultados inconsistentes devido à baixa qualidade dos dados. As correlações genéticas entre pesos corporais diminuíram com o avanço da idade na linhagem L1, sugerindo que a seleção para idades iniciais não é adequada para obter maiores pesos em idades avançadas.
Estabilidade e adaptabilidade de touros Tabapuã para característica de desemp...TassiaBertipaglia
Este documento analisa a estabilidade e adaptabilidade de touros da raça Tabapuã para o peso aos 120 dias de idade em quatro rebanhos localizados em diferentes estados brasileiros. Os resultados mostraram que o desempenho dos touros depende da variabilidade genética entre os rebanhos, e identificaram touros perfeitamente adaptados, com adaptação geral ou específica a ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis.
- O documento discute a origem, domesticação e melhoramento genético de gatos, abordando suas raças, introdução, pelagem e loci genéticos associados à coloração.
O documento divide as principais raças de cães de interesse zootécnico em 10 grupos, descrevendo brevemente cada um. Também lista as principais raças de gatos reconhecidas no Brasil e os sites consultados para a pesquisa.
Este documento descreve as principais raças caninas portuguesas, incluindo o Cão da Serra da Estrela, utilizado para proteger rebanhos, o Perdigueiro Português, um companheiro dócil para caçadores e crianças, e o Cão da Serra de Aires, protetor e fiel à família.
Collaborative development of a new vertebrate trait ontologyJennifer Smith
The document introduces the Vertebrate Trait Ontology (VTO) which is being developed collaboratively to standardize the description and classification of traits across vertebrate species. The goal is to facilitate comparisons of genotype and phenotype data. The VTO addresses the need for consistent terminology for traits rather than disease-specific terms, and distinguishes between traits, measurements of traits, and methods used. It will integrate with other ontologies and allow more informative analysis of biological variation and disease models.
Clinical Usefulness of a New Equation for Estimating Body Fat
(Utilidad clínica de una nueva ecuación para estimar la grasa corporal)
Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, PHD1,2⇓, Camilo Silva, MD2,3, Victoria Catalán, PHD1,2, Amaia Rodríguez, PHD1,2, Juan Carlos Galofré, MD, PHD3, Javier Escalada, MD, PHD2,3, Victor Valentí, MD, PHD2, Fernando Rotellar, MD, PHD2, Sonia Romero, MSC2,3, Beatriz Ramírez, MSC1,2, Javier Salvador, MD, PHD2,3 and Gema Frühbeck, MD, PHD1,2,3
Corresponding author: Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, jagomez@unav.es.
Diabetes Care 2012 Feb; 35(2): 383-388. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1334
ABSTRACT- This study determined the relationship between obesity parameters (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio,
Waist Thigh Ratio and Body Fat Percentage) and cardio respiratory fitness in terms of physical fitness index (PFI) and
also were compared the selected physiological parameters (resting pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure) among
three body weight categories of selected boys. The present study was carried out in 233 healthy school going Bengali boys
aged 11 to <13><0.05)>< 0.001) and negative correlation with physical
fitness index (PFI). However, multiple regression analysis found that only body mass index and waist hip circumference
(WHR) were independently and significantly associated with the physical fitness index (PFI). The present study reveals
that higher values of BMI, body fat% and WHR may be responsible for lower score of PFI which indicates low
cardiorespiratory fitness in Bengali overweight and obese children.
Key-words- Obesity, BMI, WHR, PFI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Boys
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Comparative Study on Productive and Reproductive Performances of Indigenous, ...Premier Publishers
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This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes 3 studies that analyzed gene expression and behaviors related to puberty and reproduction in cattle. The first study used RNA sequencing to identify gene expression changes in the pituitary gland between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal beef heifers. The second study found that supplementing niacin to dairy cows before calving increased colostral immunoglobulin G levels. The third study observed changes in populations of immune cells in the mammary tissue of developing dairy heifers in relation to age, ovariectomy and estrogen treatment.
Genomic evaluation of low-heritability traits: dairy cattle health as a modelJohn B. Cole, Ph.D.
Genetic selection has been very successful when applied to traits of moderate to high heritability, but progress has been slow for traits with low heritabilities. The problem is further compounded when novel traits are considered because data needed to calculate high-reliability PTA generally are not available. A combination of producer-recorded health event data and SNP genotypes may permit the routine calculation of PTA with reasonable reliabilities for health traits.
Poster presented at the 5th International Symposium on Animal Functional Genetics in Guaruja, Brazil, in 2014.
Nutritional Status And Somatotype Study on Sabar males of Puruliapratanubanerjee3
The Somatotype represents a criteria utilized to find out body composition and it had been inspired by different factors along with nutrition. You will get a sample research paper from this powerpoint presentation. If you need research paper writing from pratanu banerjee call 91-8017517171 or you can send your requirement via email pratanubanerjee9@gmail.com
For a human body to function properly it is essential to have a certain amount of body fat. Fat serves to
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danger of genuine wellbeing issues. Anthropometry is a broadly accessible and basic strategy for the
appraisal of body composition. Anthropometry measures are weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI),
waist, boundary, biceps, skinfold etc. The human fat percentage is figured by taking anthropometric
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This study examined the effects of different beef cattle production systems and growth promotants on physiological indicators of age. 224 crossbred steers were assigned to calf-fed or yearling-fed production systems and were either non-implanted or implanted with growth promotants, with or without beta-agonist supplementation. At slaughter, dentition scores and ossification scores along the vertebral column were assessed as physiological measures of age. The results showed that production system significantly affected dentition scores but implants and beta-agonists did not. There were also significant interactions between production system and implants on ossification frequencies. Implants were found to accelerate the ossification process, particularly in younger animals, affecting the proportion that could be classified as
The document presents the second edition of the "PMR Buzz" which provides abstract summaries from current rehabilitation medicine journals, and includes contributions from several rehabilitation experts. It contains a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of autologous blood products and steroid injections for plantar fasciitis, and a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of balance training and aerobic training for patients with degenerative cerebellar disease. The document aims to disseminate practice-changing research and receive feedback to improve the quality of information presented in future editions.
Characteristics of Anatomical Parameters of Rat Testes in Normal Conditions a...YogeshIJTSRD
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2. Bertipaglia et al.2
R. Bras. Zootec.,
Material and Methods
Records of body weight at 18 months of age (W18),
average daily gain, scrotal circumference and visual scores
of body structure, precocity and muscularity collected
according to the method of Koury Filho & Albuquerque
(2002) in Brahman cattle were used in the present study.
Data were provided by the Brazilian Association of Zebu
Breeders (ABCZ) and were from 1,116 animals, offspring
of 191 reproducers and 794 dams. Data were collected
during 39 collective weight gain tests on pasture conducted
over a period of 294 days, with a minimum of 20 animals per
test. The objective of this weight gain testing is to form
precise contemporary groups. Only male animals with a
genealogical record of birth can participate in the tests.
The animals are fed forage feed, with supplementation
during the dry period, if necessary. One of the components
of the ranking index in the weight gain tests is evaluation
by the EPMURAS method, which is performed at the end
of all tests. A report with performance data of the animals
and their respective rankings is then emitted.
Average daily gain was calculated as the difference
between body weight at the beginning of the weight gain
test after an adaptation period of 70 days and weight at
the end of the test, divided by the total number of test
days, i.e., 224 days. Records with no information or with
values below three standard deviations were eliminated
from the original dataset. Contemporary groups consisted
of animals that participated in the same weight gain test
(Table 1).
The following models were used: yi = m + pi + ai + ei
for body structure, precocity, muscularity and average
daily gain; yi = m + pi + bPfi + blfi + ai + ei for scrotal
circumference, and yi = m + pi + bPii + ai + ei for weight
at 18 months of age, in which: m = mean of the trait of the
population; pi = fixed effect of contemporary group; bPii =
covariate of weight at the beginning of the test; bPfi =
covariate of weight at the end of the test; blfi = covariate of
age at the end of the test; ai = direct additive genetic random
effect; and ei = random residual effect.
The (co)variance components of the traits were
estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method
in two-trait analysis using the MTDFREML software
(Boldman et al., 1995).
Results and Discussion
Studies estimating heritabilities for body structure,
precocity and muscularity in Brahman cattle are scarce. The
heritabilities (h2) obtained in the present study for the
visual scores of body structure, precocity and muscularity
were of high magnitude and similar, with estimates of 0.39,
0.43 and 0.40, respectively (Table 2). These scores obtained
at 18 months of age suggest that there is sufficient additive
genetic variation for selection and genetic progress in
these traits. Similar results have been reported by Faria
et al. (2009b), who evaluated Nellore cattle during the
growth phase and estimated heritability values of 0.44, 0.38
and 0.32 for body sctructure, precocity and muscularity,
respectively. Also studying Nellore cattle by visual scoring
of body structure, precocity and muscularity, Koury Filho
et al. (2006, 2009) reported different heritability: 0.24,
0.63 and 0.48, respectively. Yokoo et al. (2009) evaluated
visual scores in Nellore cattle and also obtained moderate
heritability for body structure (0.24) and high heritabilities
for precocity and muscularity (0.63 and 0.48, respectively).
Trait N Mean SD CV (%) Minimum Maximum
S 1,116 4.02 1.12 27.99 1.0 6.0
P 1,116 3.98 1.05 26.41 1.0 6.0
M 1,116 3.78 1.14 30.24 1.0 6.0
ADG (kg) 1,116 0.49 0.18 38.37 -0.37 1.18
SC (cm) 541 28.33 3.51 12.39 19.0 39.0
W18 (kg) 1,116 363.24 48.68 13.40 111.32 540.46
N - number of observations; SD - standard deviation; CV - coefficient of variation.
Table 1 - Descriptive statistics of body structure (S), precocity (P), muscularity (M), average daily weight gain (ADG), scrotal
circumference, and weight at 18 months of age (W18) in Brahman cattle
σ2
a - direct additive genetic variance; σ2
e -random residual variance; σ2
p - phenotypic
variance; h2 - heritability.
Trait σ2
a σ2
e σ2
p h2
S 0.41 0.65 1.06 0.39
P 0.40 0.54 0.94 0.43
M 0.43 0.64 1.07 0.40
ADG 0.0039 0.0079 0.01 0.33
SC 4.08 1.27 5.35 0.76
W 1 8 303.31 329.57 632.88 0.48
Table 2 - Estimates of variance components and genetic
parameters for body structure (S), precocity (P),
muscularity (M), average daily gain (ADG), scrotal
circumference (SC), and weight at 18 months of age
(W18) obtained by two-trait analysis in Brahman
cattle
3. 3Estimates of genetic parameters for visual scores and their correlation with…
R. Bras. Zootec.,
The heritability for average daily gain was of medium
magnitude (Table 2) and higher than those reported by
Costa et al. (2008) for Brangus cattle and by Cardoso et al.
(2001) for weaning weight gain for Angus cattle (0.18 and
0.20, respectively).
Medium to high heritability has been reported in the
literature for scrotal circumference at 550 days of age (18
months), with estimates of 0.31 (Gressler et al., 2000), 0.34
(Garnero et al., 2001), 0.46 (Costa et al., 2004), and 0.77
(Quirino & Bergmann, 1998). The last estimate is similar to
that observed in the present study (0.76), indicating greater
genetic variability at 18 months, a fact favoring selection
for this age.
The heritability for weight at 18 months of age was high
(Table 2), suggesting that genetic progress is possible
when selecting for this trait. This trait is widely used by
breeders as a selection criterion because of its high
association with slaughter weight. Heritabilities for weight
at 18 months of age of low to medium magnitude have
been reported in the literature for the Tabapuã (0.15)
(Ferraz Filho et al., 2002) and Nellore breed (0.29) (Koury
Filho et al., 2009). In contrast, Ribeiro et al. (2001) found
high heritability (0.76) of this trait in Nellore cattle.
In the present study, high phenotypic correlations
were observed between visual scores of body structure,
prococity and muscularity (0.59 to 0.71), medium to high
correlations between visual scores and production traits
(0.40 to 0.57), low correlations between visual scores and
scrotal circumference (-0.0002 to 0.03), and a high
correlation between production traits (0.85) (Table 3).
These results indicate that animals with a good body
structure, finishing precocity and muscle mass have
higher weight at 18 months of age and average daily gain.
However, no association was observed with scrotal
circumference. This finding can be explained by the low
genetic correlation between scrotal circumference and the
other traits, a fact resulting in low phenotypic correlation.
The genetic correlations between the visual scores of
body structure, prococity and muscularity were high (0.79
to 0.91), indicating that these scores are mainly controlled
by the same groups of genes. These findings agree with
KouryFilhoetal.(2009),whoestimatedgeneticcorrelations
of 0.49 between body structure an precocity, of 0.63
between body structure and muscularity, and of 0.90
between precocity and muscularity in Nellore cattle. Costa
et al. (2008) analyzed visual scores of body conformation,
precocity and muscularity in Brangus cattle and found
positive association between weaning visual scores,
with genetic correlations of 0.92 or higher. Genetic
correlations obtained at weaning and yearling higher
than 0.90 between body conformation, precocity and
muscularity have also been reported by Cardoso et al.
(2001)forBranguscattle.Usingthemethodofvisualscoring
of body conformation, precocity and muscularity, Koury
Filho (2005) reported moderate to high positive genetic
correlationsbetweenvisualscores(0.49to0.95).Inaddition,
body conformation, precocity and muscularity promoted
an increase in weaning and yearling weight, which allows
the adoption of these indices in the selection process.
According to Cardoso et al. (2004), high genetic correlations
between visual scores of body conformation, precocity and
muscularity are expected, since body conformation
comprises aspects of muscle mass, size, and finishing.
Geneticcorrelationsof0.60,0.57and0.48wereobserved
between body structure, precocity and muscularity scores
and average daily gain, respectively. These estimates are
slightly lower than those reported by Costa et al. (2008), who
studying the CPM method, obtained genetic correlations
between weight gain for Brangus cattle from birth to
weaning and bodyconformation, precocity and muscularity
scores of 0.65 to 0.81. Although the estimates obtained
here are lower than those reported in the literature, they
suggest that selection for visual scores will result in an
increase of daily weight gain.
The genetic correlations between visual scores and
scrotal circumference ranged from 0.02 to 0.13. In contrast,
higher genetic correlations between visual scores of
muscularity, physical structure and conformation and
scrotal circumference have been reported by Faria et al.
(2009a) for animals evaluated at 15 months of age (0.24 to
0.65). The low association between these traits found in
the present study can be explained by the use of the
covariates age and weight of the animal to correct for
scrotal circumference. These low correlations show that
the genetic determination of scrotal circumference does
not depend on weight or visual score traits. Therefore,
higher selection intensities can be applied to visual
Trait S P M ADG SC W 1 8
S 1 0.61 0.59 0.41 -0.0002 0.57
P 0.79 1 0.71 0.40 -0.02 0.42
M 0.87 0.91 1 0.40 0.03 0.52
ADG 0.60 0.57 0.48 1 -0.19 0.85
SC 0.13 0.02 0.13 0.09 1 -0.08
W 1 8 0.77 0.57 0.59 0.73 -0.02 1
Table 3 - Estimates of additive genetic (below the diagonal) and
phenotypic (above the diagonal) correlations between
body structure (S), precocity (P), muscularity (M),
average daily gain (ADG), scrotal circumference (SC),
and weight at 18 months of age (W18) obtained by
two-trait analysis in Brahman cattle
4. Bertipaglia et al.4
R. Bras. Zootec.,
scores without producing undesired correlated responses
in scrotal circumference or mature size.
Inversely, greater genetic progress in sexual precocity
could be obtained when the correlated response in
growth velocity (Ortiz Peña et al., 2001) and visual scores
is low. These low correlations are therefore favorable to
animal breeding programs by simplifying selection for
important traits such as sexual precocity (using scrotal
circumference as an indicator trait), mature size and body
scores, since the aim is not to obtain maximum values, but
intermediate values that are considered to be ideal.
The genetic correlations between body structure,
precocity and muscularity scores and weight at 18 months
of age (0.77, 0.57 and 0.59, respectively) confirm that
selection for visual scores, particularly body structure,
should promote an increase in weight at 18 months of age.
These scores can therefore be used as criteria for the
selection of reproducers. These findings agree with Koury
Filho et al. (2009) who also obtained high and positive
genetic correlations (0.83, 0.42 and 0.50, respectively)
between body structure, precocity and muscularity scores
and yearling weight (approximately 550 days of age).
The correlations between scrotal circumference and
average daily gain (0.19) and between scrotal circumference
and weight at 18 months of age (-0.02) indicate a low
association between these traits. In contrast, Pereira et al.
(2001) observed that scrotal circumference and weight
performancetraitsarecorrelatedinNellorecattle,i.e.,selection
for higher weight and weight gain would result in higher
scrotalcircumference.Thedivergenceintheestimatesfound
inthepresentstudyandthosereportedbyPereiraetal.(2001)
can be explained by the genetic evaluation model used here,
which included age and weight of the animal as covariates
(correction for age and weight). As a consequence, most of
thegeneticcorrelationofscrotalcircumferencewithaverage
daily gain and weight at 18 months of age is eliminated. In
contrast,themodelusedbyPereiraetal.(2001)onlyincluded
age as covariate and the genetic correlations of scrotal
circumference with average daily gain and weight at 18
months of age were therefore significantly higher than the
data obtained in this study (Table 3).
Thehighcorrelationbetweenweightat18monthsofage
and average daily gain (0.73) suggests that selection for one
of these traits will promote gain in the other trait, hence these
traits being highly associated, except for SC.
Conclusions
Thevisualscoresofstructure,precocityandmuscularity
can be used as selection criteria, once they show high
heritability.Theexistenceofpositiveanddesiredcorrelations
with growth traits (body weight at 18 months and average
daily gain) indicates an indirect response to selection,
which would contribute to increase the genetic progress of
the Brahman population studied here. However, no
correlated response is expected for scrotal circumference.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the colleagues of the Laboratory
LuCCA-Z of Unesp Dracena, the ABCZ for providing the
dataset and FAPESP for financial support.
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