this paper was presented in the ONE DAY NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON "RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT TRENDS IN BIO-SCIENCE" held on 8th February 2013 at ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE, Chennai-100.
An overview of the most commonly used sweeteners. Their use, characteristics and interesting facts. Przegląd najczęsciej używanych słodzików. Ich zastosowanie, charakterystyka oraz ciekawe fakty.
this paper was presented in the ONE DAY NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON "RECENT ADVANCES AND CURRENT TRENDS IN BIO-SCIENCE" held on 8th February 2013 at ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE, Chennai-100.
An overview of the most commonly used sweeteners. Their use, characteristics and interesting facts. Przegląd najczęsciej używanych słodzików. Ich zastosowanie, charakterystyka oraz ciekawe fakty.
A presentation on Non-Nutritive Sweetners.It will explain you a tyoes of Non-nutritive sweetners,Its Cl;assification, Benefits and draw Backs of Non-Nutritive Sweetners
Maillard reaction is the mother of all reactions ; Responsible for the characteristics thousands of flavours and appealing colour of majority of food products treated at high temperatures . There are different factors effecting rate of this reaction. Pool of flavours are produced here through a series of complex reactions .Imitating maillard reaction products has been a trending reasearch for scientists for meat flavours specially.
artificial sweeteners and plant sweetenersjaythoriya
in this presentation decription about classification of natural and artificial sweeteners. in which two types of sweetening agents are there one is nutritive sweeteners and another is non nutritive sweeteners
Sugar alternatives and intense sweeteners information for techologists and ma...GeoffreyOsullivan
An introduction to sugar and other sweeteners how they are made and properties. Including intense sweeteners and polyols soluble fibres. Covers topics such as reduced sugars, GI, fibre and prebiotic Health benefits. Geoff O'Sullivan specialist in sugar alternatives.
The above presentation discuss about the stages of sugar cookery and difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy. The different stages of sugar cookery is been explained step by step with pictorial representation for easy understanding. Temperature and the physical properties of the different stages of sugar cookery is been tabulate and the food products made by these stages of sugar is also mentioned. The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy their physical and chemical properties and changes is also explained.
Various parts of plants have a unique taste. Some plants yield natural sweeteners that are much more sweet than the processed sugar. These sugars have unique qualities capable of maintaining good health as compared to the processed sugars.
A presentation on Non-Nutritive Sweetners.It will explain you a tyoes of Non-nutritive sweetners,Its Cl;assification, Benefits and draw Backs of Non-Nutritive Sweetners
Maillard reaction is the mother of all reactions ; Responsible for the characteristics thousands of flavours and appealing colour of majority of food products treated at high temperatures . There are different factors effecting rate of this reaction. Pool of flavours are produced here through a series of complex reactions .Imitating maillard reaction products has been a trending reasearch for scientists for meat flavours specially.
artificial sweeteners and plant sweetenersjaythoriya
in this presentation decription about classification of natural and artificial sweeteners. in which two types of sweetening agents are there one is nutritive sweeteners and another is non nutritive sweeteners
Sugar alternatives and intense sweeteners information for techologists and ma...GeoffreyOsullivan
An introduction to sugar and other sweeteners how they are made and properties. Including intense sweeteners and polyols soluble fibres. Covers topics such as reduced sugars, GI, fibre and prebiotic Health benefits. Geoff O'Sullivan specialist in sugar alternatives.
The above presentation discuss about the stages of sugar cookery and difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy. The different stages of sugar cookery is been explained step by step with pictorial representation for easy understanding. Temperature and the physical properties of the different stages of sugar cookery is been tabulate and the food products made by these stages of sugar is also mentioned. The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline candy their physical and chemical properties and changes is also explained.
Various parts of plants have a unique taste. Some plants yield natural sweeteners that are much more sweet than the processed sugar. These sugars have unique qualities capable of maintaining good health as compared to the processed sugars.
Sweeteners are naturally found in plants due to photosynthetic processes. Various plants naturally synthesize sugar which is much sweeter than sugar that we eat (artificially processed) Discover an array of plants that can be good alternative for patients having diabetes
Sweetener Strategies: Separating Buzz From Behavior Is Key To Navigating The ...Corn Refiners Association
The sweetener landscape is changing. Widespread misinformation from social media and consumer news may motivate consumers to say they avoid specific food ingredients. But are they?
Get a custom research report that compares consumer attitudes with purchase behavior around up to five of your brands: http://bit.ly/1QYfdJp.
• Developed solutions based on survey results to rejuvenate the Kenmore brand.
• Executed qualitative research via online survey to uncover consumer’s behaviors and needs and provide data supported strategies.
All too often we hear nutrition myths. They confuse many people and result in personal choices that compromise health and increase the risk of disease. In this powerpoint, Dr Esser reviews some foundational and a few specific myths and presents compelling science to set the record straight. Enjoy and remember to keep on asking questions and learning how you can achieve your best health in 2018.
The topic is about carbohydreates.
This lecture will cover an introduction to carbohydrates, its classification and exmaples. it will also cover the difference between glycemic index, difference between complex vs simple carb and also what are the fuctions of carbohydrates. this content will be helpful for all categories of students. 2014 study published in JAMA and youtube sources helps me in preparing lecture.
Nutritional Neuroscience: Thinking Twice about the Foods that Feed your Brain. Rachel V. Gow, PhD
This talk discusses the latest neuroscientific findings on the links between nutrition and mental health, well-being and performance. It provides evidence that specific nutrients are “brain-selective” and can act in comparable ways to pharmaceutical drugs. It also outlines the implications of the change in food production as a result of the agricultural revolution in favor of mass food production and how common nutritional insufficiencies may lead to physical and mental ill-health. The presentation discusses which foods may help optimise brain function with a focus on omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids.
Red Light Therapy for Diabetes and Insulin ResistanceMarkSloan21
For the Show Notes and to sign up for our free monthly newsletter visit: https://endalldisease.com/episode20
Over 30 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes, all of whom were told they have a terminal disease that cannot be cured. They’re told that all they can do is manage their symptoms by eating less sugar and getting regular insulin injections. However, as you’re about to find out, the root cause of diabetes and how to reverse it has been known scientifically for over 70 years. Obviously, profiting from selling insulin is far more important to the medical industry than reducing humanity’s suffering.
In 1947, a Nobel Prize-winning scientist discovered that overconsumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids can cause diabetes. This means that every time you eat a large amount of polyunsaturated fats like vegetable oil you’re becoming temporarily diabetic and insulin resistant. And if you enough of these fats, the diabetes metabolism will become chronic.
In the decades since this landmark study, researchers have shown in both animals and in humans that eating a diet low in polyunsaturated fat can completely reverse diabetes.
In 2001, a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine admitted that “Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by changes in the lifestyles of high-risk subjects”[1] so contrary to popular belief, diabetes is a metabolic disease not a genetic one and it can be completely reversed.
In this video, you’ll learn what causes diabetes and how to use treatments like red light therapy and dietary changes to help you safely and effectively prevent or reverse the disease.
For the show notes visit:
https://endalldisease.com/episode20
If you liked this video and want to support my work, you can do so by donating, or by buying one of my bestselling books or red light therapy devices below.
Check out our red light therapy store:
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Thanks for listening! Don't forget to subscribe, will see you in the next episode.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Objectives
• 1. Outline metabolic aspects of sugar substitutes .
• 2. Evaluate health implications of various sugar
substitutes.
• 3. Discuss safety and efficacy in using sugar
substitutes.
• 4. Explain indication potentials of sugar substitutes
in some metabolic diseases.
4. What are sugar substitutes?
• A sugar substitute is a food additive that
duplicates the effect of sugar in taste,
usually with less food energy. Some sugar
substitutes are natural and some are
synthetic. Those that are not natural are,
in general, called artificial sweeteners.
• An important class of sugar substitutes is known as high-intensity
sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness
of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is
required and energy contribution is often negligible. The sensation
of sweetness caused by these compounds (the "sweetness profile")
is sometimes notably different from sucrose, so they are often used
in complex mixtures that achieve the most natural sweet sensation.
5. Cont.
• If the sucrose (or other sugar) that is replaced has
contributed to the texture of the product, then a bulking
agent is often also needed. This may be seen in soft
drinks or sweet tea that are labeled as "diet" or "light"
that contain artificial sweeteners and often have notably
different mouth feel, or in table sugar replacements that
mix maltodextrins with an intense sweetener to achieve
satisfactory texture sensation.
6. Do artificial sweeteners affect
metabolism?
• It hasn’t been 100 % scientifically confirmed but
studies show that they do have an effect on
metabolism although further research is
required to prove that long term use is harmful.
7. Weight gain and insulin
response to artificial sweeteners
• Animal studies have indicated that a sweet taste induces
an insulin response in rats. However, the extension of
animal model findings to humans is unclear, as human
studies of intragastric infusion of sucralose have shown
no insulin response from taste receptors. The release
of insulin causes blood sugar to be stored in tissues
(including fat). In the case of a response to artificial
sweeteners, even if blood sugar does not increase, there
can be increased hypoglycemia or hyperinsulinemia and
increased food intake the next time there is a meal. Rats
given sweeteners have steadily increased calorie intake,
increased body weight, and increased fatness.
8. Cont.
• Furthermore, the natural responses to eating
sugary foods (eating less at the next meal and
using some of the extra calories to warm the
body after the sugary meal) are gradually lost.
• A 2012 study showed that addition of
either saccharin or aspartame to the diet of test
rats resulted in increased weight gain compared
to addition of sucrose, when total caloric intake
was similar among groups.
9. Cont.
• A 2014 study by a collaboration of seventeen
scientists from nine Israeli research institutes
presented experimental evidence that artificial
sweeteners may exacerbate, rather than
prevent, metabolic disorders such as Type 2
diabetes. They reported that artificial sweeteners
increase the blood sugar levels in both mice and
humans by altering the composition and
function of the gut flora. Excessive blood sugar
levels are an early indicator of Type 2 diabetes
and metabolic disease.
10. Cont.
• Mice given drinking water supplemented with
artificial sweetener (commercial formulations of
saccharin, sucralose or aspartame) developed
greater glucose intolerance than mice drinking
pure water, or water with only sugar added. The
effect occurred both in mice fed standard chow
and those on a high-fat diet. Changes in the
composition of the gut flora were observed by
sequencing a ribosomal RNA gene.
11. Cont.
• When antibiotics were then used to kill off gut
bacteria, the degree of glucose intolerance in
mice fed either diet was restored to normal
levels present before artificial sweetener was
introduced. Human subjects were also studied.
Gut bacteria from 381 non-diabetics averaging
age 43 were analyzed, revealing differences in
the gut bacteria between those subjects who
habitually consumed artificial sweeteners and
those who did not, as well as "markers" for
diabetes, such as raised blood sugar levels and
glucose intolerance.
12. Cont.
• The researchers noted that the increase in
human consumption of artificial sweeteners
coincides with the modern epidemic incidence of
obesity and diabetes.
14. Sugar substitutes can be categorized
in three groups:
Natural Sweeteners
Artificial Sweeteners
Sugar Alcohols
15. • Natural sweeteners, such as agave
nectar and honey, are still as calorie-
dense as sugar, but can be safe for
diabetics in moderation because their
glycemic index (GI) is lower than table
sugar.
• Natural sweeteners are sugar substitutes
that are often promoted as healthier
options than processed table sugar or
other sugar substitutes.
Natural Sweeteners
16. • Natural sweeteners are generally safe.
• But consuming too much natural sweeteners, can lead
to health problems such as:
Tooth decay.
Weight gain.
Increased triglycerides.
• Also honey can contain small amounts of bacterial
spores that can produce botulism toxin. For that, honey
shouldn't be given to children less than 1 year old.
Health effects of natural sweeteners
17. Artificial Sweeteners
• They are synthetic sugar substitutes but may be
derived from naturally occurring substances, including
herbs or sugar itself. They are also known as intense
sweeteners because they are sweeter than regular
sugar.
• Usually they don’t have calories.
Aspartame
(Equal®)
Saccharin
(Sweet’N Low®)
Sucralose
(Splenda®)
Acesulfame
potassium
(Sweet one®)
18. • Another possible danger of saccharin is the possibility of
allergic reactions, can include:
headaches, breathing difficulties, skin eruptions, and diarrhea.
Without research to support these claims, the FDA has not
imposed any limitations.
• Old studies linked saccharin to bladder cancer in rats. Because
of those studies, saccharin once carried a warning label that it
may be hazardous to health.
• As a result of the newer studies, the warning label for
saccharin was dropped.
Saccharin health effects
19. Aspartame health effects
• Activists claim there’s a link between aspartame and
a multitude of ailments, including:
Cancer.
Seizures.
Depression.
Lupus.
Multiple sclerosis .
• Despite extensive testing on aspartame, these claims
have not been supported in clinical studies.
20. • For new generation sweeteners (i.e. acesulfame
potassium and sucralose) , it is too early to establish
any epidemiological evidence about possible
carcinogenic risks.
• Numerous studies confirmed that artificial
sweeteners are safe in reasonable quantities, even
for pregnant women.
Artificial sweeteners health effects
21. Sugar Alcohols
• Examples for sugar alcohols:
Sorbitol, Mannitol, and Xylitol.
• They are found in many processed foods
and products and including chocolate,
chewing gum, and toothpastes.
• Sugar alcohols are carbohydrates that
occur naturally in certain fruits and
vegetables, but they also can be
manufactured. They're not considered
intense sweeteners, because they aren't
sweeter than sugar.
22. • There are few health concerns associated with sugar
alcohols. When eaten in large amounts, usually more
than 50 grams but sometimes as little as 10 grams,
they can have a laxative effect causing:
Bloating.
Intestinal gas.
Diarrhea.
• Product labels may carry a warning about this
potential laxative effect.
Health effects of sugar alcohols
24. Safety of artificial sweeteners
• Some research has associated artificial
sweeteners with health conditions such as
cancers, hepatotoxicity, migraines, and low birth
weight. Much controversy concerning this issue
still exists, but lots of studies demonstrated the
safety of these sweeteners.
25. Efficacy of artificial sweeteners
• It has been suggested that the use of artificial
sweeteners may have a stimulating effect on
appetite and, therefore, may play a role in
weight gain and obesity. However, research into
sweeteners and appetite stimulation is
inconsistent. Also, there is little evidence from
longer-term studies to show that sweeteners
lead to increased energy intake and contribute to
the risk of obesity.
27. Sugar substitutes in the diabetic diet
•Using artificial sweeteners is considered a
safe way to help control blood sugar levels.
•There are more choices than ever.
28. There are six artificial sweeteners that have been
tested and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA):
• Aspartame
• Acesulfame potassium
• Saccharin
• Sucralose
• Neotame
• Advantame
Also, with the exception of aspartame, all of the
sweeteners listed above cannot be broken down
by the body.
29. Phenylketonuria
• Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder
in which the body can't break down an amino acid
called phenylalanine (Phe).
• People who have phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot
use aspartame, because it contains
phenylalanine.
30. References
• Garner C, et al. Nonnutritive sweeteners: Current use and health perspectives. A Scientific
Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association.
Circulation. 2012;126:509.
• Levin G, Zehner L, Saunders J, and Beadle J. Sugar substitutes: their energy values, bulk
characteristics, and potential health . Am J Clin Nutr l995;62(suppl): 1 1615-85.
• The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners, Whitehouse, C. R., Boullata, J., & McCauley, L. A.
AAOHN Journal 2008; 56(6), 251-259.
• Kroger K, Meister K, Kava R. Low-calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the
Safety Issues. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2006;5(2):35-47
• Mattes D, et al. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: Effects on appetite and food
intake and their putative mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;89:1.
• Aguilar, F. et al. (2013). Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food
additive. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 11(12), 3496. Retrieved July 25, 2014
• How sweet it is: All about sugar substitutes. Food and Drug Administration.
http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm397711.htm. Accessed June 3, 2014.
• http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/the-truth-about-artificial-sweeteners.aspx
• https://www.sciencenews.org/article/artificial-sweeteners-may-tip-scales-toward-metabolic-
problems
• http://www.medicinenet.com/artificial_sweeteners/article.htm
• http://www.nature.com/news/sugar-substitutes-linked-to-obesity-1.15938
• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261179.php
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001166.htm
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/artificial-
sweeteners/art-20046936