This document reviews and compares the potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners versus the safety of stevia, a natural sweetener. It discusses several artificial sweeteners like aspartame, acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and neotame and health issues linked to their consumption such as headaches, cancer, and weight gain. It also covers the natural sweetener stevia and notes it is considered safe with no negative health effects. The objective is to provide information on the effects of consuming artificial versus natural sweeteners to help readers make informed choices about sweetener use.
Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, ndings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback, and to in uence ongoing debate on emerging issues. Working papers may eventually be published in another form and their content may be revised.How can shifting diets—the type, combination, and quantity of foods people consume—contribute to a sustainable food future? Building on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) food demand projections, we estimate that the world needs to close a 70 percent “food gap” between the crop calories available in 2006 and expected calorie demand in 2050.
The food gap stems primarily from population growth and changing diets. The global population is projected to grow to nearly 10 billion people by 2050, with two-thirds of those people projected to live in cities. In addition,
at least 3 billion people are expected to join the global middle class by 2030. As nations urbanize and citizens become wealthier, people generally increase their calorie intake and the share of resource-intensive foods—such
as meats and dairy—in their diets. At the same time, technological advances, business and economic changes, and government policies are transforming entire food chains, from farm to fork. Multinational businesses are increasingly in uencing what is grown and what people eat. Together, these trends are driving a convergence toward Western-style diets, which are high in calories, protein, and animal-based foods. Although some of this shift re ects health and welfare gains for many people, the scale of this convergence in diets will make it harder for the world to achieve several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including those on hunger, healthy lives, water management, climate change, and terrestrial ecosystems.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
PowerPoint on Food Security.
Looks at what is Food Security and Food Insecurity.
Looks at School lunches from around the world and looks at four (4) typical Australian school lunches and examines the content.
Accompanied by 'topical cartoons' for class discussion and application of knowledge.
Download of PowerPoint will reveal full animation used to enhance the presentation.
From the report : Medical research has shown that eating cholesterol has no influence on the level of cholesterol in the blood or on potential heart diseases .Neither has a link between saturated fat intake and cardiovascular risk ever been proven.
Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, ndings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback, and to in uence ongoing debate on emerging issues. Working papers may eventually be published in another form and their content may be revised.How can shifting diets—the type, combination, and quantity of foods people consume—contribute to a sustainable food future? Building on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) food demand projections, we estimate that the world needs to close a 70 percent “food gap” between the crop calories available in 2006 and expected calorie demand in 2050.
The food gap stems primarily from population growth and changing diets. The global population is projected to grow to nearly 10 billion people by 2050, with two-thirds of those people projected to live in cities. In addition,
at least 3 billion people are expected to join the global middle class by 2030. As nations urbanize and citizens become wealthier, people generally increase their calorie intake and the share of resource-intensive foods—such
as meats and dairy—in their diets. At the same time, technological advances, business and economic changes, and government policies are transforming entire food chains, from farm to fork. Multinational businesses are increasingly in uencing what is grown and what people eat. Together, these trends are driving a convergence toward Western-style diets, which are high in calories, protein, and animal-based foods. Although some of this shift re ects health and welfare gains for many people, the scale of this convergence in diets will make it harder for the world to achieve several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including those on hunger, healthy lives, water management, climate change, and terrestrial ecosystems.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
PowerPoint on Food Security.
Looks at what is Food Security and Food Insecurity.
Looks at School lunches from around the world and looks at four (4) typical Australian school lunches and examines the content.
Accompanied by 'topical cartoons' for class discussion and application of knowledge.
Download of PowerPoint will reveal full animation used to enhance the presentation.
From the report : Medical research has shown that eating cholesterol has no influence on the level of cholesterol in the blood or on potential heart diseases .Neither has a link between saturated fat intake and cardiovascular risk ever been proven.
Clinical Question: Does meat consumption affect mortality?
Evidence: All-cause mortality is higher for increased daily consumption of red meat, especially processed meat. However, the compiled evidence does not link other meat products to all-cause mortality.
Recommendation: Physicians should encourage patients to limit animal products when possible, and substitute red meat and processed red meat with plant-based foods. Patients may supplement a plant-based diet with moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy if desired.
Meat consumption, health, and the environment.HatemBOUBLAT
This presentation is a summarize of a journal article done by Charles et al.,2018. about the harmful effect of meat consumption on the environment.
prentation done by: - Hatem BOUBLAT
-GIAKOUMAKI Stella
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
REGULAR YOGURT CONSUMPTION MAY HELP PREVENT CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES - Andre ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Growing evidence for the benefits of yogurt consumption in preventing type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors. The importance of dairy as part of a balanced and healthy diet is widely recognised by health authorities and scientific experts worldwide. Now, evidence is mounting that consuming yogurt in particular as part of a healthy diet helps to prevent type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors, with one of the most recent studies suggesting that people who regularly eat yogurt are almost 30% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who do not (1). Speaking to public health officials at the III World Congress of Public Health Nutrition in Spain, Dr André Marette from the Heart and Lung Institute of Laval Hospital in Quebec, Canada, said it was time to recognize the all-round health benefits of yogurt and encourage more people to eat yogurt on a daily basis.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMNT EFFORTS FOR PAKISTAN TO BECOME A DEVELOPED COUNTRY by Tariq Sarwar Awan A Research Analyst, Scholar and Public Representative Tariq Sarwar Awan in his Public Awareness program. I am working on all the core issues to give their SOLUTIONS for rapid growth of my Nation, Great Pakistan
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Lifestyle Medicine: The Power of Personal Choices, North American Vegetarian...EsserHealth
Learn about the leading chronic diseases in America and how Lifestyle Medicine can radically shift the burden of disease in your life and western society at large.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
Clinical Question: Does meat consumption affect mortality?
Evidence: All-cause mortality is higher for increased daily consumption of red meat, especially processed meat. However, the compiled evidence does not link other meat products to all-cause mortality.
Recommendation: Physicians should encourage patients to limit animal products when possible, and substitute red meat and processed red meat with plant-based foods. Patients may supplement a plant-based diet with moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy if desired.
Meat consumption, health, and the environment.HatemBOUBLAT
This presentation is a summarize of a journal article done by Charles et al.,2018. about the harmful effect of meat consumption on the environment.
prentation done by: - Hatem BOUBLAT
-GIAKOUMAKI Stella
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
REGULAR YOGURT CONSUMPTION MAY HELP PREVENT CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES - Andre ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Growing evidence for the benefits of yogurt consumption in preventing type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors. The importance of dairy as part of a balanced and healthy diet is widely recognised by health authorities and scientific experts worldwide. Now, evidence is mounting that consuming yogurt in particular as part of a healthy diet helps to prevent type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors, with one of the most recent studies suggesting that people who regularly eat yogurt are almost 30% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who do not (1). Speaking to public health officials at the III World Congress of Public Health Nutrition in Spain, Dr André Marette from the Heart and Lung Institute of Laval Hospital in Quebec, Canada, said it was time to recognize the all-round health benefits of yogurt and encourage more people to eat yogurt on a daily basis.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPEMNT EFFORTS FOR PAKISTAN TO BECOME A DEVELOPED COUNTRY by Tariq Sarwar Awan A Research Analyst, Scholar and Public Representative Tariq Sarwar Awan in his Public Awareness program. I am working on all the core issues to give their SOLUTIONS for rapid growth of my Nation, Great Pakistan
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Lifestyle Medicine: The Power of Personal Choices, North American Vegetarian...EsserHealth
Learn about the leading chronic diseases in America and how Lifestyle Medicine can radically shift the burden of disease in your life and western society at large.
The world is facing a nutrition crisis : Approximately 3 Billion people from everyone of the worlds 193 countries have a low quality diets . Over the next 20 years , multiple forms of malnutrition will pose increasingly serious threats to global health. Population growth combined with climate change will place increasing stress on the food systems , particularly in Africa and Asia where there will be an additional two billion people in 2050 . At the same time rapidly increasing urbanisation,particularly in these two regions,will affect hunger and nutrition in complex ways - Both Positively and Negatively
Achieving optimal nutrition - the critical role of food systems and dietsAlain Vidal
Conference given by Jessica Fanzo at University Paris-Saclay / AgroParisTech on 11 January 2018 as part of Master CLUES (week on Natural resources, food security and poverty alleviation)
Coauthors: Dr Gilda Philip, Dr Michael Oludipe, Dr Christa Maria Joel, Ms Philo Mary Hilary Fernandez, Dr Qudroh Arowolo, Dr Hira Zahid.
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisor: Ms Jane Tobias and Dr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
Climate Change and Health: Is Food a Major Player?Emily Rushton
A scientific presentation, inspired by personal experience and on behalf of Ora Taiao: New Zealand Climate and Health Council. Climate change, health and our diets cross section on many levels. This presentation is on how detrimental animal products and for our health but also the huge part they are playing in causing climate change. This gives us a powerful way to help ourselves and the wider world through increasing plant-based foods into our diet.
Current situation and trend of whole grain food developmentVanisa Li
Since the 1980s, the whole grain food nutrition, Health and its processing has gradually attracted the academic circles, industry and government of developed countries, especially in the past 10 to 15 years, the developed countries to the whole Grain interest has become particularly prominent.
#flourmillmachine #maizeflourmillsmachine #wheatmillingmachine #flourmillingmachinery #HongdefaMachinery
Diet and Nutrition - Prevention of Chronic DiseasesGreenFacts
As a result of changes in the way we eat and live, some chronic diseases are increasingly affecting both developed and developing countries. Indeed, diet-related chronic diseases - such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, dental disease, and osteoporosis - are the most common cause of death in the world and present a great burden for society.
How can improvements in terms of diet and physical activity help us reduce the risk of these chronic diseases?
You need to make up the vitamins and minerals your body needs, but are lacking in your food. You need a multivitamin that tastes great and is in liquid form so it's more bioavailable to you bodily systems.
This article will show you what you need to use that has all these important qualities.
Similar to A review on potential toxicity of artificial sweetners vs safety of stevia (20)
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
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The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
A review on potential toxicity of artificial sweetners vs safety of stevia
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
137
A Review on Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweetners vs Safety of
Stevia: A Natural Bio-Sweetner
Ahmad Saad
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics.
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
E-mail: Ahmaduaf@gmail.com
Farooq Ahmad Khan
Associate professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abdul Hayee
Seed Analyst, Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department
Muhammad Sajjad Nazir
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics., University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have increasingly become an area of controversy in the world of food and nutrition.
Consumers are oftenly barraged with a number of contradictory opinions and reports regarding the safety and
efficacy of sweeteners. Artificial sweetener consumption may cause migraines or headache, skin eruptions,
muscle dysfunction, depression, weight gain, liver and kidney effects, multiple sclerosis and blurred vision. But
on the other hand natural sweetners like stevia and its products are safe and don’t cause any health problem. So
it’s important for the consumer to choose sweeteners with great care.
Keywords: Stevia, Artificial Sweeteners, Health Problems, Natural Sweetners, Safety Issues.
Objectives
Based on valid research, this review aims to provide concrete information on the effects associated with
consumption of artificial sweeteners in comparison with stevia which is natural and no side effects on human
health. Much anecdotal information is available regarding the effects of artificial sweeteners on human health. A
proper understanding regarding effects of sweetners on human health and the difference between natural and
artificial sweeteners will help readers and consumers to construct a healthy diet plan and select more suitable
sweetners for daily life consumption.
Introduction
Sweet taste is universally regarded as the most pleasant experience as human being is born with a likeness for
sweets. This preference of sweetness may encourage our ancestral primates to choose energy dense foods and
possibly prevent starvation by storing extra calories in the body (American Dietetic Association, 2004).
Sweeteners are food additives that are used to improve the taste of everyday foods. Natural sweeteners are
sweet-tasting compounds with some nutritional value; the major ingredient of natural sweeteners is either mono-
or disaccharides. Artificial sweeteners, on the other hand, are compounds that have very little or no nutritional
value. But the role of sugar in diet and its effects on our lives remains a very controversial topic.
Pakistan has very strong tradition of use of sweets at all occasion and many people blame sugar as the main
reason of increase in body weight and diabetic patients in the country. Alongwith many other factors in
developing countries Diabetes mellitus is the fourth major cause of death and currently Pakistan rank at seventh
position and upto 2050 it is expected to move at fourth position (Khuwaja et al., 2003). It is believed that the
people of Indo-Pak born with a great liking of sweets and it remains with them from birth to death so only a few
people think that they can resist the taste of sweet foods. According to a report, increase of obesity in the world
among adult women and men is 35.5% and 32.2% respectively (American Medical Association, 2010).
Furthermore, 68% of deaths occur in overall world due to diabetes in 2007 as diabetic patients are 2-4 times
more likely to have a heart attack (Centers for Disease Control, 2007).
Today in the era of 21st
century world got changed and people are becoming more conscious about their diet and
health. More people than ever are dieting or reducing calories to cope with the chronic diseases. Hundreds of
new diets are introducing every year to reduce the millions of extra pounds of body weight. A very popular and
easy method of reducing body calories is to switch from high caloric to low caloric artificially sweetened
beverages and food products.
Artificial sweeteners have increasingly become an area of controversy in the world of food, health and nutrition.
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.15, 2014
138
Consumers are oftenly barraged with a number of contradictory opinions and reports regarding the safety and
efficacy of artificial sweeteners. Most commonly diet conscious, obese and diabetic patients use low caloric and
sugar-free products for lowering calories and controlling blood glucose level. Registered Dietitians (RDs) are
responsible for providing true, right and accurate information about sweetners to their patients for routine use in
different food products. Numerous conflicting reports arose many questions and doubts about the use and safety
of artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners in daily life.
Further, electronic media plays an important role to create awareness among masses about a problem and
influencing the people towards new developments (Scheufele, 2007). These problems in media are discussed in
communication sciences not health science (Chilton and Ilyin, 1993; Scheufele, 1999; Nisbet and Mooney,
2007).Medicinenet.com a website purports the following side-effects with artificial sweetener consumption:
migraines or headaches, skin eruptions, muscle dysfunction, depression, weight gain, liver and kidney effects,
blurred vision, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia-like symptoms (Table 1). They also claim the compounds to
be carcinogenic and allergenic (MedicineNet.com, 2010).
Some scientists also suggest that consuming artificial sweeteners can produce significant changes in appetite
resulting in weight gain due to increased calories intake (Rogers et al., 1988). Furthermore, some health care
professionals and scientists suggest that long-term use of artificial sweeteners needs more research in order to be
approved for everyday use. Although a majority of websites and sources are not backed with peer reviewed
scientific articles, most consumers get their information from simple internet searches and start using artificial
sweetners without any consultancy.
Natural sweeteners as compared to artificial sweetners are thought to be safe because their extracts are derived
from plants. Stevia which is a natural sweetener has become increasingly popular in the last few years, marketed
as an all-natural sweetener and as an alternative to artificial sweeteners.
The purpose of this review is to gain knowledge about the different kinds of existing sweeteners, their
composition, their effects on human health and comprehensive comparison between natural and artificial
sweeteners to help readers during constructing a healthy diet plan and make educated decisions when using
products containing sweeteners.
Artificial Sweeteners:
Artificial sweeteners are sweeteners that are derived from a chemical synthesis of organic compounds which
may or may not be found in nature. Artificial sweeteners are relatively new and their uses are being researched
and extended every day. Artificial sweeteners could be classified into to two types on the basis of energy value.
1- Nutritive Sweetners
2- Non- Nutritive Sweetners
The nutritive sweeteners are mostly mono-saccharides polyols (xylitol, and sorbitol) and disaccharide
polyols (lactitolm and maltitol). Energy of these are equal to sucrose (Dills, 1989).
The non-nutritive sweeteners contain compounds from different chemical classes that feel sweet in taste
and sweeter then sucrose 30-13,000 times.
Summary of the Toxicity Cause by Artificial Sweeteners
Common Name Acute Chronic
Acesulfame-K Headache Genotoxic,
Thyroid tumors in rats.
Aspartame Headache, Dizziness, Dry face, Nausea, Vomiting Leukemia in rats.
Cyclamate Testicular atrophy and bladder cancer
in mice.
Neotame Hepatotoxic at high doses, Headache Weight loss, Lower birth rate.
Saccharin Diarrhea, Vomiting Cancer in breast fed animal
offsprings, Low birth weight,
Hepatotoxicity, Bladder cancer.
Sucralose Diarrhea Thymus shrinkage in rats.
Table 1: (Christina et al., 2008)
Aspartame (APM):
Aspartame (APM)) is composed of methyl ester of the dipeptideL-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine with molecular
weight of 294.3 and a source of 4 kcal/g of energy (Food and Drug Administration, 2006). APM was discovered
accidently by G. D. Searle in 1965 during working on gastrin hormone for the treatment of gastric ulcers (Mazur,
R.H. 1984).
APM is the most used artificial sweetener in the world (Fry, 1999). It is found to be 200 times sweeter than that
of sucrose and since 30 years it is using in different food products as a food additive. According to a report over
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200 million people all over the world use APM as an artificial sweetner (Aspartame Information Center. 2009).
The total world production of APM is more than 16,000 tons per year (USA Food Navigator, 2009) and among
those only United States consumption is more than 8000 tons per/year (U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2006).
As a sweetner APM can be found in 6000 products including carbonated soft drinks, chewing gum, candies,
desserts, yogurt, table top sweetener and many pharmaceutical products such as sugar-free cough drops and
vitamins (Butchko and Stargel, 2001).
So far, aspartame is the most controversial artificial sweetener due to its potential toxicity problem. Under
different studies it is found to be toxic and cause different problems (Beverage Institute for Health and Wellness,
2006; Filer and Stegink, 1988; Butchko and Stargel, 2001; Brassard and Poirier, 2007; Filerand and Stegink,
1988; Lieberman et al., 1988; Roberts, 2007; Soffritti et al., 2007; Stokes et al., 1991). It causes acute problems
like dry mouth, headache, mood change, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, reduced seizure threshold and chronic
problems like lymphomas and leukemia.
The genotoxic effects of the low calorie sweetener aspartame (ASP) was investigated using chromosome
aberration (CA) test, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test, micronucleus test on human lymphocytes
(Rencuzogullari, 2004). Results showed significant increase upto 2.5-4.2 folds in chromosomal aberration and in
the percentage of cells in bone marrow with increasing dose of the sweetener (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2000).
Migraines affected women were reported in a case study ages 26, 32, and 40 years while chewing aspartame
additive popular chewing gum (Blumenthal, 1997). In 2007 four individuals experienced thrombocytopenia
attributed to aspartame containing products consumption (Roberts, 2007). Aspartame dose of 2-100 mg/kg found
involve in increasing phenylalanine without significant effects on cognitive performance (Filer & Stegink, 1988;
Lieberman et al., 1988; Stokes et ai., 1991).Increase incidence of brain tumor was reported in USA between
1970-1980 linked with environmental origin (Olney, 1996). Consumption of aspartame can cause elevations of
phenylalanine in the brain (Mayer and Wurtman, 1987) so we should needed extreme care in our daily life.
ACESULFAME-K (Ace-K):
Ace-K is reported 200 times sweeter than sugar and its sweetness similar to aspartame (Donnell, 2005). It is non-
caloric as body does not metabolize Ace-K and about 95% of the consumed sweetener is excreted (Calorie
Control Council, 2007). Its chemical formula is 6-methyl-1-2-3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-1-2-2-dioxide. German
scientists Clauss and Jensen discovered this sweet compound in 1967 while working in the Nutrinova Lab
(Nabors, 2001). The FDA approved Ace-K for beverage industry consumption in 1998. It was approved in 2003
for general public use and consumption except in poultry and meal (FDA, 2006). Acceptable daily intake (ADI)
of Ace-K is 15mg/kg of body weight per day. It is available in market with Sunett and Sweet One brand names
and use in different food products like frozen desserts, breath mints, candies, baked goods, cough drops and
beverages.
Numerous American scientists opposed the addition of Ace-K to sweeten beverages. These scientists asserted
that the studies on which the Ace-K was approved were seriously flawed. They claim that increasing the public
consumption could lead to danger and health risks. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) a non-
profit agency to protect the public filed a protest with the FDA and repeatedly expressed concerns that
acesulfame-K is a potential carcinogen. Dr. Michael Jacobson, Lisa Lefferts and Anne Garland of CSPI
published a book in 1991 titled as Safe Food: Eating Wisely in a Risky World. In it they say that acesulfame-K is
the worst artificial sweetener approved by the FDA (Jacobson et al., 1991). In the FDA final report 59 FR 61538
on acesulfame-K methylene chloride is mentioned as a compound formed in the initial manufacturing step and is
also known as a toxic carcinogen (Mercola and Pearsall, 2006). Side effects of chronic exposure include
headaches, depression, mental confusion, bronchitis, liver effects, nausea, loss of appetite, visual disturbances
and cancer in humans. In 1997, scientists of Indian reported that Ace-K cause mutation in mice bone marrow
cells (Mukherjee and Chakrabarti, 1997).
Cyclamate:
Cyclamate was discovered in 1937 by Michael at the University of Illinois, USA with some bitter aftertaste
(Audreith and Sveda, 1944). It is derived from N-cyclo-hexyl-sulfamic acid (CHS). It is 30 times sweeter than
sucrose and used in beverages and other food industry as an artificial sweetner. It is soluble in water as well as in
alcohol (Sain and Berman, 1984) and very stable than other sweeteners (Barlattani, 1970). It was banned in the
United States in 1970 due to associated health problems (Bopp and Price, 1991).
Metabolite product of cyclamate is cyclohexylamine reported to be rather toxic (Renwick, 1986, 2006). Recent
studies shows individuals convert cyclamate to cyclohexylamine during long-term consumption (Renwick et al.,
2004) and high dose cyclohexylamine cause testicular atrophy in rats (Serra-Majem et al., 2003). Other problems
associated with its consumption are cardiovascular and nervous system problem, reduced growth rate, bladder
cancer, thyroid adenoma, abnormalities in red, leukocyted, monolayer, bone marrow and germ cells (Fitzhugh,
et al., 1951; Nees and Derse, 1965; Kojima and Ichaibagese, 1966; Stoltz et al., 1970; Legator et al., 1969;
Rosenblum and Rosenblum, 1968; Yamamura et al., 1968).
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Neotame:
Neotame, a derivative of aspartame is the most recent artificial sweetener. It is approved by FDA in 2002
(USFDA, 2002). It is zero caloric (European Food Safety Authority, 2007) and 6000-10,000 times sweeter than
sucrose as well as 30-60 times sweeter than aspartame (Nofre and Tinti, 2000). French scientists Nofre and Tinti
invented it as a derivative of dipeptide phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Its molecular structure is very much
similar to aspartame. As a sweetner it is using in different food products including soft drinks, jellies, processed
fruits, syrups, chewing gum, gelatins as well as cooking and baking applications due to good heat resistance.
Nofre and Tinti (2000) assert that over 90% of the neotame is excreted from the body in the form of fecal
material and urine. However, a small amount is absorbed and metabolized. Two articles published reports
change in body weight with the consumption of this sweetner due to toxicity, poor palatability resulting
decreased food intake (Flamm et al., 2003; Mayhew et al,. 2003).
Saccharin:
Saccharin is reported 300 times sweeter then sucrose (Bizzari et al., 1996; FDA, 2006). It decomposed at 228°C
in acid (Lide, 1997) and above 300°C in sodium and calcium salts (Mitchell and Pearson, 1991). Saccharin was
accidentally discovered by Remsen and Fahlberg as the first artificial sweetener in 1878 (Arnold, 1983). It was
used widespread until World War I due to saccharin’s low production cost and shortages of pure cane sugar
(Weihrauch and Diehl, 2004).
Arnold studied two generation saccharin bioassays. Results showed that humeral antibody production in rats is
seriously affected that may lead toward cancer. In 1977 FDA proposed a ban on saccharin use due to cancer
reports in laboratory rats (Arnold, 1984; Tisdel et al., 1974; Schoenig et al., 1985; Taylor et al., 1980). In 2000
ban is overturned (Calorie Control Council, 2007) but it is still ban in Canada (Health Canada, 2007).Exposure
to pure saccharin supported its role in pathogenesis of the liver damage (Negro et al., 1994). Several studies have
been done which shows association between bladder cancer and saccharine (Fukushima et al., 1986; Shibata et
al., 1989; Cohen et al., 1991; Ito et al., 1983; Fukushima et al., 1983; Fukushima et al., 1986). All of the
ingested saccharin after circulation in blood excreted through urine from body (Sweatman et al., 1981)
Sucralose:
Sucralose is zero caloric and 600 times sweeter than sucrose (International Food Information Council, 2005;
Goldsmith et al., 2000; Goldsmith and Merkel, 2001). Its molecular weight is 400 (sucralose Food Additive
Petition, 1987). Taste of sucralose is similar to cane sugar and don’t have any after bitter taste (Wiet and
Beyts.1992; Kuhn et al., 2004). This compound was accidentally discovered in 1976 by two researchers working
for Tate and Lyle, a sugar refiner based company in the United Kingdom and found this new compound to be
exceptionally sweet (Molinary and Quinlan, 2006; Roberts et al., 2000). Its brand name is splenda and approved
by FDA in 1999.
Research on animals i-e mice, rats and rabbits had shown that sucralose causes many problems like enlarged
liver and kidneys, shrunken thymus glands (up to 40%), Increased fecal weight, atrophy of lymph follicles in
spleen and thymus, decreased red blood cells, reduced growth rate, extension in the pregnancy period,
hyperplasia of the pelvis, aborted pregnancy and diarrhea (Bowen, 2003). Bigal and Krymchantowski (2006)
reported sucralose triggered migraines. Component of sweetner chemical structure 6-chloro 6-deoxyglucose is
responsible for inducing anti-fertility in rats (Finn & Lord, 2000). Japanese claimed that ingested sucralose
induces DNA damage in gastrointestinal organs (Sasaki et al., 2002). Reports of different studies have showed
strong association between ingestion of sweeteners and hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, fetal development and
retardation of placental (Arruda et al., 2003; Portela & Azoubel, 2004; Martins et al., 2005; De Matos et al.,
2006; Portela et al., 2007).
Natural sweetener
Natural sweeteners are sweet tasting compounds extracted from plants or natural products with some nutritional
value. No chemical modification is done during the extraction process of natural sweetners. Natural sweeteners
are very famous among masses and their production and extraction processes has been modified and perfected
over time.
Stevia:
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) commonly known as “sweet leaf”, “sweet herb” and “honey leaf” is a perennial herb
belonging to the family Asteraceae. It was first discovered by M.S.Bertoni in 1887. Leaves of stevia contain
around 10 sweetening glycosides, of which Stevioside (3–10%), Rebaudioside A (13%), and Rebaudioside B, C,
D are more important (Yoshida, 1986). The main producing countries of stevia are China, Thailand, Paraguay,
Taiwan, Malaysia, Korea, Japan and Brazil. Stevia is 250-300 times sweeter than cane sugar, zero caloric and
without processing is highly safe to use (Thomas and Glade, 2010). Stevia is 100% natural sweetener because it
is extracted from Stevia plant and during manufacturing process undergoes no chemical modification. This
anticipates many consumers looking for healthy alternatives to sucrose sugar. Currently, Stevia is used in Brazil,
Korea, Israel, the United States of America, Japan, China, Canada, and Paraguay (Singh and Rao 2005) in
bakery, confectionery, beverage industry and in household products that is recommended by various researchers
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(Cardello et al., 1994).
Studies have reported stevia safety for phenylketonurian (PKU) and diabetic patients compared to other
sweeteners. Apart from non-calorie sweetener, it possesses flavor enhancing properties which complement to the
attraction of using steviol glycosides in beverages and food products. Stevioside besides sweetness alongwith
other related compounds that include rebaudioside A and dulcoside also offer therapeutic benefits i-e anti
inflammatory, anti hyperglycemic, antihypertensive, anti cancer, anti diarrhoeal, immunomodulatory and diuretic
actions (Chatsudthipong and Muanprasat, 2009). Steviol also function as drug modulator due to interaction with
drug transporters (Goyal et al., 2010).
Stevia was banned in the United States in the 1990’s unless labelled as a “supplement”. However in 2008, two
companies submitted FDA petitions to gain GRAS (Generally recognized as safe) status for 95% of higher
purified Rebaudioside A (Reb A) extract. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released “no objection”
letter to both companies (FDA, 2008) and the first products containing the rebaudiana extract appeared on
shelves that year (Calorie control center, 2008). In September 2009, the French Government became the first
government in the European Union (EU) to approve Stevia extracts consisting of at least 97% Rebaudioside A
(Reb A) as food and beverage sweeteners. Stevioside and stevia extracts are officially approved as food additives
in Korea, Brazil and Japan (Chatsudthipong and Muanprasat, 2009). The FDA asserts the safety of rebaudiana
for human consumption through peer reviewed research, general and multi-generational safety studies. In 2006,
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) announced a temporary accepted daily
intake (ADI) of stevioside upto 5.0mg/kg of body weight (JECFA, 2006). Pepsi and Coca Cola are the two
companies that patented stevia products under the trade name of PureVia and TruVia.
Effects as Sweetening Agent:
Stevia is 250-300 times sweeter than cane sugar, zero caloric and without processing is highly safe to use
(Thomas and Glade, 2010). Currently, Stevia is used in Brazil, Korea, Israel, USA, Japan, China, Canada, and
Paraguay (Singh and Rao, 2005) in bakery, confectionery, soft drink, beverage industry and in household
products that is recommended by various researchers (Cardello et al., 1999).
Antioxidant Activity:
Stevioside as a potential natural antioxidant (Stevia, 2007) have shown inhibitory properties on oxidative
phosphorylation occuring in mitochondria of rat liver (Kelmer et al., 1985; Bracht et al., 1985). Iso-steviol
inhibits endothelin -1 secretion and angiotensin-II-induced cell proliferation during attenuation of ROS (Reactive
Oxygen Species) generation (Ghanta et al., 2007).
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity:
Studies were carried to find the properties of stevia as anti inflammatory and immunomodulatory as a metabolite.
It was found that stevioside reduces the synthesis of inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated THP-1 cells by
interfering with the NF-kappa B and IKK beta signaling pathway and it induced TNF secretion mediated through
TLR-4 (Boonkaewwan et al., 2006). Regarding immunomodulatory activity on our immune system it acts as
stimulator for cellular immunity and phagocytic function (Sehar et al., 2008).
Effect on Reproductive System:
The safety of stevia on reproduction system was tested in female rats. It was suggested that aqueous extracts of S.
rebaudiana don’t amend the reproduction of female rats (Saenphet et al., 2006). So it food products could be
used without any fear during pregnancy period.
Mutagenic and Bactericidal Activity:
Genotoxic study of stevioside and steviol showed no evidence of Genotoxicity. Results suggest they don’t react
with DNA and exhibit not any genotoxic mutilation related to human risk. (Brusick, 2008).
Anti-Hypertensive Effect:
Results of evaluation study of hypersensitive patients specify that stevia may be operative in lowering blood
pressure. Stevioside causes vasorelaxation through inhibition of Ca2+ influx into the blood vessels (Ulbricht et
al., 2010).Stevia produces decrease in blood pressure and increase in diuretic and natriuretic effects in rats (Chan
et al., 2006; Melis, 1996; Melis, 1995).
Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect:
Stevioside reveal beneficial effects on the glucose metabolism as it decreases postprandial blood glucose levels
in type 2 diabetic patients. Stevioside and steviol has reversible insulinotropic effects in the presence of blood
glucose and provoke insulin secretion via a direct action on P-cells (Jeppesen et al., 2000) as well as on beta
cells. Repeated oral use of stevioside disclosed delayed insulin resistance in rats on a diet having high fructose.
(Chang et al., 2005). So, Stevioside may be helpful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (Chen et al., 2006).
Anti-Viral Activity:
Extracts of S. rebaudiana exhibit anti rotavirus activity both in-vitro and in-vivo (Takahashi et al., 2000). Hot
water extracts of Stevia showed anti human rotavirus activity and inhibitory in vitro action for multiplication of
all four strains of HRV (Takahashi et al., 2001).
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Anti -Cancer Activity:
Isosteviol and related compounds that are produced from stevioside by chemical conversion and bacterial
transformation were reported to have inhibitory action towards cancer cell growth in human (Maki et al., 2008).
Comparison Study of Stevia with Other Artificial Sweetners
Stevia Artificial Sweeteners
Appetite Regulator (It promote the feelings of
satisfaction )
Appetite Stimulator (It send signals to brain that
stimulate appetite)
It helps in weight loss Cause weight gain due to hunger stimulus
No major safety concern Use of artificial sweetener cause lot of side effects.
Not ferment even at 2000 0
C. Break during cooking may lead to brain tumor as
aspartame
Energy value: low (2.7 kcal/g) Energy value: High (Aspartame 4 kcal/g)
More intensity in sweetness Less intensity in sweetness
Cheaper Costly
Useful and helpful in management of diabetes Safety of artificial sweeteners in curing diabetes is
not established.
Table.2 Superiority of Stevia over Artificial Sweeteners (Williams and Burdock, 2009)
Toxicology:
Results of an experiment presents that stevioside does not promote bladder carcinogenesis (Mizushina et al.,
2005). Stevioside dose of 2500 mg/kg of the body weight/day was found to be effective on growth and
reproduction in rats (Melis, 1999). Acute toxicity studies of steviosides to rodents showed no lethality after 14
days after administration and no clinical signs of toxicity, histopathologicity and morphological changes were
observed (Aze et al., 1991).
Clinical Trials:
During clinical studies stevia extract shows changes in glucose, insulin and electrolytes in study of 60 healthy
volunteers. Patients were tested in both catabolic and anabolic phases. Significant reductions in blood glucose
were found with the 200 mg dose but not with the 50 mg dose in both anabolic and catabolic phases (Nunes et al.,
2007).
Conclusion:
Recent comprehensive studies on general and reproductive toxicity of stevioside demonstrate its safety at high
dietary intake levels. More, there is no indication and existance of genotoxic potential and allergic reactions of
stevioside (Qing Yang, 2010). In future, Stevia rebaudiana could become a complement to oral care in the form
of mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing gum, artificial saliva and chewable tablets. Keeping in view its therapeutic
benefits, it is a blessing and especially beneficial to obese, diabetic and hypertension patients.
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