Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17 individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data. (Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects. (Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemin.
Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studenmallisonshavon
Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17 individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data. (Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects. (Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemin ...
Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studen.docxfestockton
Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17 individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data. (Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects. (Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemin ...
Running head ENGLISH COMPOSITION IIENGLISH COMPOSITION II1.docxtodd271
Running head: ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
1
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
Roscoe Armstrong
Waldorf University
Answer to Question 1
Thesis statement: Postpartum depression has made it difficult for mothers to have a healthy relationship with their child. It has been observed that a high rate of prevalence is observed among these mothers six months after child delivery. For properly managing the postpartum depression, identification of several challenges during this period is extremely essential. Answer to Question 2
Some tips for locating sources for research papers to help classmates are in various places. I would tell them to first start with the library. If accuracy is concerned, the library has many sources that are more accurate as compared to something such as Wikipedia. Depending upon the research paper size, a number of sources can be used, but the main goal must be the use of sources, which will be very much authoritative (Ghiani et al., 2014). Now, for finding sources, which are authoritative, most of these sources are cited by other sources. Another place to check is Google Scholar. It would be much better if the trail of citations is followed to the primary sources. After finding all reputable sources, this can help in explaining the topic. It is essential to get sources, which are behind the sources for your research paper. This can be considered as an area for having a real opportunity in setting the research paper apart from other classmates. There must be at least one source per page of the research paper. Answer to Question 3
Focused knowledge provides a greater depth of knowledge as well as an understanding of any given subject (Dong et al., 2017). By possessing a working knowledge of any particular subject and along with such an increased knowledge of that particular subject through focused research, will help in arriving at a deep understanding of the subject. Focused knowledge is considered a product of smart research and it is also useful in utilizing time efficiently (Jensen, 2014). Such focused research may challenge several ideas which are preconceived and back those up or rather force the individual in altering his/ her perspective on that subject. Focused knowledge is mainly narrow and mostly restricts itself to a particular topic or subject.
This kind of knowledge can be developed by searching the sources which are the best. Anyone who is looking up any particular topic must know what he/ she is actually looking for and how that individual is going to utilize it within the research paper (Masuda et al., 2014). They must also see if the chosen source is credible or not and after checking he or she must find the first source instead of the second one. Therefore, for obtaining the best research paper possible, particular questions which are to be answered that will help in writing the research paper must be ensured.
References
Dong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z. X., & Li, C. (2017). Enhan.
Running Head MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROMEMunchausen SyndromeKr.docxglendar3
Running Head: MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME
Munchausen Syndrome
Krystina Joseph
Columbia College
Munchausen Syndrome Article Review
Introduction
The Munchausen Syndrome Article explains about the Munchausen Syndrome, which is a rare fictitious disorder which involves the frequent hospitalization together with an intentional display of signs of sickness and pathological lying. In this regards, the management needs the security history taking with collaboration with the sound clinical processes which entails organicity exclusion in addressing the psychological problems. It is worth noting that a case which is presented having unusual symptoms of same dimensions are as well discussed. The case in this regards brings the finer nuances in the assessment of the entity (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Question
Based on the abstract of the article, it can be denoted that the research question of the article is the need to understand more on the Munchausen Syndrome as well as the symptoms and therefore the need to ensure that such issues are solved by having a sound clinical process to handle the problem. The problem for the case as well was to find out what caused the 19-year-old housewife to vomit pink substance.
Findings
The findings depict that the 19-year-old housewife was suffering from a factitious disorder, also termed as the Munchausen syndrome. The psychometry performed also showed that there is an elevation of scales of anxiety together with hysteria. Consequently, being managed in an empathetic as well as non-confrontational manner, the psychotherapy was intended to improve the positive coping abilities while at the same time improving the interpersonal relationships which had been imparted (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Methods Used
The methods used involved observations and clinical assessments. Observations were done by checking regularly the presence of the bloodstained vomits as well as the asthenia and any forms of skin allergy. This was carried out to ensure that the patient had no issues. The observations, as well as little conversation, showed that there were no cases of psychiatric illnesses for the patient in the past. Further, the assessment entails involves the systematic examinations which were performed within the normal limit. The psychiatric evaluation was performed together with ward observations which were intended at revealing the comfortability of the patient while in the hospital (Prakash., et al 2014).
The credibility of the Source of Information
To know the credibility of sources, the authors are scrutinized where their qualifications and their areas of experience assessed to understand whether the information provided is related to the topic at hand. For this article, it can be denoted that all the information provided is credible. This is because all the four authors who contributed to the article have sufficient skills and knowledge pertaining to health-related disorders, and thus, their pieces of information.
Running Head MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROMEMunchausen SyndromeKr.docxtodd581
Running Head: MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME
Munchausen Syndrome
Krystina Joseph
Columbia College
Munchausen Syndrome Article Review
Introduction
The Munchausen Syndrome Article explains about the Munchausen Syndrome, which is a rare fictitious disorder which involves the frequent hospitalization together with an intentional display of signs of sickness and pathological lying. In this regards, the management needs the security history taking with collaboration with the sound clinical processes which entails organicity exclusion in addressing the psychological problems. It is worth noting that a case which is presented having unusual symptoms of same dimensions are as well discussed. The case in this regards brings the finer nuances in the assessment of the entity (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Question
Based on the abstract of the article, it can be denoted that the research question of the article is the need to understand more on the Munchausen Syndrome as well as the symptoms and therefore the need to ensure that such issues are solved by having a sound clinical process to handle the problem. The problem for the case as well was to find out what caused the 19-year-old housewife to vomit pink substance.
Findings
The findings depict that the 19-year-old housewife was suffering from a factitious disorder, also termed as the Munchausen syndrome. The psychometry performed also showed that there is an elevation of scales of anxiety together with hysteria. Consequently, being managed in an empathetic as well as non-confrontational manner, the psychotherapy was intended to improve the positive coping abilities while at the same time improving the interpersonal relationships which had been imparted (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Methods Used
The methods used involved observations and clinical assessments. Observations were done by checking regularly the presence of the bloodstained vomits as well as the asthenia and any forms of skin allergy. This was carried out to ensure that the patient had no issues. The observations, as well as little conversation, showed that there were no cases of psychiatric illnesses for the patient in the past. Further, the assessment entails involves the systematic examinations which were performed within the normal limit. The psychiatric evaluation was performed together with ward observations which were intended at revealing the comfortability of the patient while in the hospital (Prakash., et al 2014).
The credibility of the Source of Information
To know the credibility of sources, the authors are scrutinized where their qualifications and their areas of experience assessed to understand whether the information provided is related to the topic at hand. For this article, it can be denoted that all the information provided is credible. This is because all the four authors who contributed to the article have sufficient skills and knowledge pertaining to health-related disorders, and thus, their pieces of information.
1)What is MWLs service concept, and what is your evaluation of it.docxSONU61709
1)What is MWL's service concept, and what is your evaluation of it?
2) What is your assessment of MWL's current position? Which are the most important issues? Which are most urgent?
3) As Brianna Murphy, what would you do about the issues facing MWL? Lay out a plan of action for how you intend to spend your next few months.
Instructions:
· Paper should be in APA format
· It should have 8 pages
· There should be 3 Authored references which should be properly cited
· The above questions are related to a case study(Makin waves london)
I need you to answer each one of these two questions based on the details provided below
1. While there is great emphasis on the physician-patient relationship, XX School of Medicine also emphasizes the importance of training future physicians to care for communities and populations. Describe how your experiences would contribute to this aspect of the mission of the XX School of Medicine.
2. Research is essential to patient care, and all students at Yale School of Medicine complete a research thesis. Tell us how your research interests, skills and experiences would contribute to scholarship at XX School of Medicine.
The responses should be 250 words for each question, double check the word choice and pay attention to the meaning be professional, NO spelling or grammatical issues. Be specific and critic
1- Hospital:
Shadowing and following doctors in the emergency department for more than two years and gain an experience in the medical field. Was
exposed to two programs: the first one was only shadowing with the doctors. the second program has involved making studies and data
analysis with the doctors. From May 2016 to May 2018 I have worked as a hospital shadowing. Over this period I participated in various
activities like participation in Biomedical and EMRAP Practicum programs. With these programs, I have been able to understand the
common disease causes and their trends in the society. Also, I had a hand in Emergency Room environment where I provided medical
services together with other experience
From May 2016 to May 2018 I have worked as a hospital shadowing. Over this period I participated in various activities like participation
in Biomedical and EMRAP Practicum programs. With these programs, I have been able to understand the common disease causes and
their trends in the society. Also, I had a hand in Emergency Room environment where I provided medical services together with and
under the supervision of other experienced doctors. I learned the importance of patient-doctor confidence and the many advantages that
accompany it especially in terms of patient healing.
When it comes to the handling of special cases, I have experienced and witnessed how they should be handled. Emergency cases have
already established a routine and a unique mechanism in my practices in how they are handled. There are different codes regarding the
emergency case for instance code red is for fire while code blue is for ...
Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studenmallisonshavon
Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17 individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data. (Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects. (Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemin ...
Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studen.docxfestockton
Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17 individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data. (Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects. (Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemin ...
Running head ENGLISH COMPOSITION IIENGLISH COMPOSITION II1.docxtodd271
Running head: ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
1
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II
Roscoe Armstrong
Waldorf University
Answer to Question 1
Thesis statement: Postpartum depression has made it difficult for mothers to have a healthy relationship with their child. It has been observed that a high rate of prevalence is observed among these mothers six months after child delivery. For properly managing the postpartum depression, identification of several challenges during this period is extremely essential. Answer to Question 2
Some tips for locating sources for research papers to help classmates are in various places. I would tell them to first start with the library. If accuracy is concerned, the library has many sources that are more accurate as compared to something such as Wikipedia. Depending upon the research paper size, a number of sources can be used, but the main goal must be the use of sources, which will be very much authoritative (Ghiani et al., 2014). Now, for finding sources, which are authoritative, most of these sources are cited by other sources. Another place to check is Google Scholar. It would be much better if the trail of citations is followed to the primary sources. After finding all reputable sources, this can help in explaining the topic. It is essential to get sources, which are behind the sources for your research paper. This can be considered as an area for having a real opportunity in setting the research paper apart from other classmates. There must be at least one source per page of the research paper. Answer to Question 3
Focused knowledge provides a greater depth of knowledge as well as an understanding of any given subject (Dong et al., 2017). By possessing a working knowledge of any particular subject and along with such an increased knowledge of that particular subject through focused research, will help in arriving at a deep understanding of the subject. Focused knowledge is considered a product of smart research and it is also useful in utilizing time efficiently (Jensen, 2014). Such focused research may challenge several ideas which are preconceived and back those up or rather force the individual in altering his/ her perspective on that subject. Focused knowledge is mainly narrow and mostly restricts itself to a particular topic or subject.
This kind of knowledge can be developed by searching the sources which are the best. Anyone who is looking up any particular topic must know what he/ she is actually looking for and how that individual is going to utilize it within the research paper (Masuda et al., 2014). They must also see if the chosen source is credible or not and after checking he or she must find the first source instead of the second one. Therefore, for obtaining the best research paper possible, particular questions which are to be answered that will help in writing the research paper must be ensured.
References
Dong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z. X., & Li, C. (2017). Enhan.
Running Head MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROMEMunchausen SyndromeKr.docxglendar3
Running Head: MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME
Munchausen Syndrome
Krystina Joseph
Columbia College
Munchausen Syndrome Article Review
Introduction
The Munchausen Syndrome Article explains about the Munchausen Syndrome, which is a rare fictitious disorder which involves the frequent hospitalization together with an intentional display of signs of sickness and pathological lying. In this regards, the management needs the security history taking with collaboration with the sound clinical processes which entails organicity exclusion in addressing the psychological problems. It is worth noting that a case which is presented having unusual symptoms of same dimensions are as well discussed. The case in this regards brings the finer nuances in the assessment of the entity (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Question
Based on the abstract of the article, it can be denoted that the research question of the article is the need to understand more on the Munchausen Syndrome as well as the symptoms and therefore the need to ensure that such issues are solved by having a sound clinical process to handle the problem. The problem for the case as well was to find out what caused the 19-year-old housewife to vomit pink substance.
Findings
The findings depict that the 19-year-old housewife was suffering from a factitious disorder, also termed as the Munchausen syndrome. The psychometry performed also showed that there is an elevation of scales of anxiety together with hysteria. Consequently, being managed in an empathetic as well as non-confrontational manner, the psychotherapy was intended to improve the positive coping abilities while at the same time improving the interpersonal relationships which had been imparted (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Methods Used
The methods used involved observations and clinical assessments. Observations were done by checking regularly the presence of the bloodstained vomits as well as the asthenia and any forms of skin allergy. This was carried out to ensure that the patient had no issues. The observations, as well as little conversation, showed that there were no cases of psychiatric illnesses for the patient in the past. Further, the assessment entails involves the systematic examinations which were performed within the normal limit. The psychiatric evaluation was performed together with ward observations which were intended at revealing the comfortability of the patient while in the hospital (Prakash., et al 2014).
The credibility of the Source of Information
To know the credibility of sources, the authors are scrutinized where their qualifications and their areas of experience assessed to understand whether the information provided is related to the topic at hand. For this article, it can be denoted that all the information provided is credible. This is because all the four authors who contributed to the article have sufficient skills and knowledge pertaining to health-related disorders, and thus, their pieces of information.
Running Head MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROMEMunchausen SyndromeKr.docxtodd581
Running Head: MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME
Munchausen Syndrome
Krystina Joseph
Columbia College
Munchausen Syndrome Article Review
Introduction
The Munchausen Syndrome Article explains about the Munchausen Syndrome, which is a rare fictitious disorder which involves the frequent hospitalization together with an intentional display of signs of sickness and pathological lying. In this regards, the management needs the security history taking with collaboration with the sound clinical processes which entails organicity exclusion in addressing the psychological problems. It is worth noting that a case which is presented having unusual symptoms of same dimensions are as well discussed. The case in this regards brings the finer nuances in the assessment of the entity (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Question
Based on the abstract of the article, it can be denoted that the research question of the article is the need to understand more on the Munchausen Syndrome as well as the symptoms and therefore the need to ensure that such issues are solved by having a sound clinical process to handle the problem. The problem for the case as well was to find out what caused the 19-year-old housewife to vomit pink substance.
Findings
The findings depict that the 19-year-old housewife was suffering from a factitious disorder, also termed as the Munchausen syndrome. The psychometry performed also showed that there is an elevation of scales of anxiety together with hysteria. Consequently, being managed in an empathetic as well as non-confrontational manner, the psychotherapy was intended to improve the positive coping abilities while at the same time improving the interpersonal relationships which had been imparted (Prakash., et al 2014).
Research Methods Used
The methods used involved observations and clinical assessments. Observations were done by checking regularly the presence of the bloodstained vomits as well as the asthenia and any forms of skin allergy. This was carried out to ensure that the patient had no issues. The observations, as well as little conversation, showed that there were no cases of psychiatric illnesses for the patient in the past. Further, the assessment entails involves the systematic examinations which were performed within the normal limit. The psychiatric evaluation was performed together with ward observations which were intended at revealing the comfortability of the patient while in the hospital (Prakash., et al 2014).
The credibility of the Source of Information
To know the credibility of sources, the authors are scrutinized where their qualifications and their areas of experience assessed to understand whether the information provided is related to the topic at hand. For this article, it can be denoted that all the information provided is credible. This is because all the four authors who contributed to the article have sufficient skills and knowledge pertaining to health-related disorders, and thus, their pieces of information.
1)What is MWLs service concept, and what is your evaluation of it.docxSONU61709
1)What is MWL's service concept, and what is your evaluation of it?
2) What is your assessment of MWL's current position? Which are the most important issues? Which are most urgent?
3) As Brianna Murphy, what would you do about the issues facing MWL? Lay out a plan of action for how you intend to spend your next few months.
Instructions:
· Paper should be in APA format
· It should have 8 pages
· There should be 3 Authored references which should be properly cited
· The above questions are related to a case study(Makin waves london)
I need you to answer each one of these two questions based on the details provided below
1. While there is great emphasis on the physician-patient relationship, XX School of Medicine also emphasizes the importance of training future physicians to care for communities and populations. Describe how your experiences would contribute to this aspect of the mission of the XX School of Medicine.
2. Research is essential to patient care, and all students at Yale School of Medicine complete a research thesis. Tell us how your research interests, skills and experiences would contribute to scholarship at XX School of Medicine.
The responses should be 250 words for each question, double check the word choice and pay attention to the meaning be professional, NO spelling or grammatical issues. Be specific and critic
1- Hospital:
Shadowing and following doctors in the emergency department for more than two years and gain an experience in the medical field. Was
exposed to two programs: the first one was only shadowing with the doctors. the second program has involved making studies and data
analysis with the doctors. From May 2016 to May 2018 I have worked as a hospital shadowing. Over this period I participated in various
activities like participation in Biomedical and EMRAP Practicum programs. With these programs, I have been able to understand the
common disease causes and their trends in the society. Also, I had a hand in Emergency Room environment where I provided medical
services together with other experience
From May 2016 to May 2018 I have worked as a hospital shadowing. Over this period I participated in various activities like participation
in Biomedical and EMRAP Practicum programs. With these programs, I have been able to understand the common disease causes and
their trends in the society. Also, I had a hand in Emergency Room environment where I provided medical services together with and
under the supervision of other experienced doctors. I learned the importance of patient-doctor confidence and the many advantages that
accompany it especially in terms of patient healing.
When it comes to the handling of special cases, I have experienced and witnessed how they should be handled. Emergency cases have
already established a routine and a unique mechanism in my practices in how they are handled. There are different codes regarding the
emergency case for instance code red is for fire while code blue is for ...
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
COLLAPSETop of FormThe proper MLA citation for my four outside.docxmccormicknadine86
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
The proper MLA citation for my four outside scources are
1. “Code of Ethics for the CRNA.” AANA, www.aana.com/practice/clinical-practice-resources/code-of-ethics-for-the-CRNA.
2. Jessica. “CRNA Blog.” Nurse Jess, 16 May 2019, nursejess.com/.
3. Nelle. “What Your Nursing Textbook Didn't Teach.” Nurse Nelle, Nurse Nelle, 4 Apr. 2014, www.nursenelle.com/new-blog/nursing-textbook-didnt-teach.
4. Tawoda, Taryn. “5 Issues in the CRNA Supervision Debate: Anesthesiologists Weigh In.” Becker's ASC Review, 31 May 2012, www.beckersasc.com/anesthesia/5-issues-in-the-crna-supervision-debate-anesthesiologists-weigh-in.html
AANA is the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists which provides numerous or resources from ethics to practice requirements. The proper citation is listed as number 1 above. The association is a really credible source because it is an reputable source available to anyone who wants to know more about nurse anesthetists or looking for opportunities to further their career paths. The purpose of AANA is to provide numerous resources from what it requires to become a nurse anesthetists to what the board of nursing requires you to learn or acquire to be considered in the discourse. This is a good source for me to discuss my discourse community because the article found on AANA is about code of ethics for nurse anesthetists. This is what our ethnics should look like and what makes our discourse so different.
Nurse Jess is the author of this blog site. She is credible because she has taken her journey to the blog to help aspiring cRNA and cRNA to see what her career is like. Her purpose is to give us a real life insight on what measures we are willing to take if we are serious and passionate about our job. This is a good source for my paper and will help me discuss my discourse community in terms on what we are willing to learn to belong to this discourse. The proper MLA citation to her blog is listed as number 2 above.
Nurse Nelle is also an author of her own blog. She is credible because she is a real life cRNA who was not afraid to acquire her nursing skills. She took her chances in the hospital when she was getting experiences in which help her acquire skills she never knew she can ever have. Her purpose in creating the text I am using in my paper is acquiring skills if we take the chance. This is a good source for my paper because it helps me discuss the skills we can acquire in my discourse community. The proper mla citation format is listed above as number 3.
Tawoda is the author of the article cited in proper MLA as number 4. She is credible for me to use as a source for my paper because she has interviewed credible physicians who gave their input and opinions about cRNA. The author’s purpose for creating the text I am using is to give us a lens from a physician’s perspective on why cRNA are not as credible as they can be in the medical field. This is a good source for my paper and it will help me discuss my ...
Our journal has been staying at the forefront of research is essential. The International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering (IJITCE) offers a unique platform that combines rapid publication with rigorous peer review, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike.
1.Freeman, S. (2011). Improving cognitive treatments for delus.docxjeremylockett77
1.
Freeman, S. (2011). Improving cognitive treatments for delusions. Schizophrenia Research, 132, (2–3), 135-139. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.012
generation CBT for psychosis was successful but the strength of the treatment was weak and as the author states similar to those of clozapine (an antipsychotic used as a last resort for psychosis). Therapy is not up to date as it should be for delusions as delusion are understood quite well and therapy needs to catch up. The treatment of CBT for psychosis is similar to CBT treatment for anxiety.
Pay attention to single symptoms in psychosis
2.
Munro, Alistair (May 1992) Psychiatric Disorders Characterized by Delusions: Treatment in Relation to Specific Types. Psychiatric Annals, 22, 5, ProQuest Central pg. 232
3.
Ho-wai So, S., Roisin Peters, E., Swendsen, J., Garety, P.A., & Kapur, S. (2014) Changes in delusions in the early phase of antipsychotic treatment – An experience sampling study. Psychiatry Research 215, 568-573
Summarize including the research question addressed in the source, if applicable, and major findings.
Evaluate the usefulness of the source for your literature review, making sure to directly state why the source is informative for your specific topic
Three dimensions of delusions are always present in factor analyses and they are a conviction, distress, preoccupation, and disruption to life. More studies need to be done to learn how delusions respond to antipsychotic. Conviction has been least amenable to change shows the studies. Many studies ponder the question, “why does conviction exist?” There have been studies that show that reasoning bias including “Jumping to conclusion (JTC)” bias and by patients being inflexible contributes to the maintenance of delusions. JTC has also shown that the dimension of conviction of delusions and the severity of delusions is influenced by JTC. Delusions improve during the first few weeks of treatment and some studies show improvement in the first few hours.
It was hypothesized that delusion distress and preoccupation would reduce significantly over two weeks of antipsychotic treatment; but not a conviction. Female participants showed a higher response on all four delusion dimensions compared to the male participants. 57% of the participants showed the JTC bias. The no-JTC group showed a larger improvement in conviction and distress and with their delusions in general.
This study is important for my literature review and further studies because the three dimensions of delusions: distress, preoccupation, and conviction are important for the clinical implications of treatment. If we take into account these three dimensions it will benefit further research and treatments.
4.
The efficacy of a new translational treatment for persecutory delusions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (The Feeling Safe Study)
Freeman et al. (2016) Trials, 17:134. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1245-0
Summarize including the research questi ...
This the introductory presentation on the theory that underpins the consultation between doctor and patient. I would value any comments on these presentations: my hope is that your interest will lead to deeper insight into the process of consulting and to a sense of driving the quality of the interaction forward for the benefit of all parties.
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life.docxssusera34210
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life and the study of which ranges from how we design our cities to what lies on the ocean floor. One of the more important kinds of geography is political geography, which can involve everything from the creation of local zoning areas to borders between nations. In your opinion, which level of political geography is more important, that at the local level that impacts people’s everyday lives such as the ability to build an addition onto their house or a national one, which may involve disputed territory and result in armed conflict? Be sure to use examples to support your key points.
.
As an extra credit, Must discuss at least one (1) o.docxssusera34210
As an extra credit,
:
Must discuss at least one (1) other student's topic
Student discussion:
Since its emergence in the 1960's, plate tectonic theory has gained wide-spread acceptance as the model of how Earth's land masses shift over time. Plate tectonics developed historically in 1915 when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of "continental drift." He stated that the continents plowed through crust of ocean basins, which would explain why the outlines of many coastlines, such as South America and Africa, appeared to fit like missing pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
There are various types of plate boundaries such as: convergent plate boundaries, when two collide; divergent plate boundaries, when they spread apart; and transform boundaries, when they slide past each other.
http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate2.htm
.
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and.docxssusera34210
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and encouraged students, faculty, and staff to give back to their communities. In the companion Assignment for this module, you are developing a plan for a proposed Global Day of Service project. For this Discussion, you will explain the Global Day of Service project you are proposing for your Assignment and offer feedback and support for your colleagues’ projects.
Important Note:
You will share your ideas regarding your Module 5 Assignment in this Discussion. Be sure to read through the instructions for this Discussion and the Module 5 Assignment prior to beginning work this week.
To prepare:
Review the instructions for the Module 5 Course Project assignment.
Review the Walden University sites regarding social change and Walden’s Global Days of Service. Consider the many meaningful opportunities found in early childhood programs, K–12 schools, and communities for enacting social change. How will the Walden Global Day of Service project you are proposing in this module’s Assignment support social change in your program and field?
Review the Callahan et al. (2012) paper in the Learning Resources. Which of the eight features of social change will be reflected the most in your Day of Service project?
An explanation of the following:
The Day of Service project you are proposing for this module’s Assignment
How your proposed project would support social change in your program and field
Which of the eight features of social change are integrated the most in your Day of Service project
For this Discussion, and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style and provide reference citations.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this module’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Fullan, M. (2016).
The new meaning of educational change
(5th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Chapter 13, “The Future of Educational Change” (pp. 258–265)
Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., . . . Yob, I. (2012).
Expanding our understanding of social change: A report from the definition task force of the HLC Special Emphasis Project
[White paper]. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University.
Social Change Web Maps
[Diagrams]. Adapted from Expanding our understanding of social change, by Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., Ouzts, K., & Yob, I., 2008. Baltimore, MD: Walden University. Adapted with permission of Walden University.
Cooper, K. S., Stanulis, R. N., Brondyk, S. K. Hamilton, E. R., Macaluso, M., & Meier, J. A. (2016). The teacher leadership process: Attempting change within embedded systems. Journal of Educational Change, 17(1), 85–113. .
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become m.docxssusera34210
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become more easily accessible across the world, we are seeing an explosion of social activists, government agencies and terrorists using these technologies to further their efforts. Government and non-government entities use the internet to spread propaganda and information, recruit support and demonize opponents. The efforts of some radical groups, like ISIS, to shut down US infrastructure and thwart military activity can clearly be labeled as cyberterrorism. However, some groups, such as the loosely associated international network of self-proclaimed “hacktivists” identified as Anonymous, are blurring the lines between what constitutes terrorism and what is simply social activism. As technology continues to advance and further our capabilities, we are continuously presented with new and intriguing moral questions.
After reading the module notes and all of the supplemental materials, respond to the following:
Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade.
What is the fundamental difference between these two?
How has technology helped to advance these groups?
How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms?
In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance.
Support your position using appropriate sources that are properly cited.
.
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, Repetit.docxssusera34210
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, "Repetition and revision are fundamental to black artistic forms, from painting and sculpture to music and language use." This "Signifyin(g)" is a dynamic noted throughout hip-hop music because its foundation is rooted in "sampling" music that came before. But the content of rap also expresses a Black experience. Therefore, in your final response this week, discuss three significant subjects or themes that hip-hop artists Signify on in the African American literary tradition as they express their own notions of Blackness in lyrical rap music.
.
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to.docxssusera34210
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to be a part of our everyday life at the time of birth. Whether it’s our skin being threatening towards other groups of society, police brutality, not receiving the same education, jobs, or housing as those of other cultures; it’s something that burned into our part of growing up and learning how to maneuver the world around us. Being that this is something that is thrown in our face time and time again, I would like to talk about the trust or lack thereof, between “professional helpers” and African American males. You must first stop and take a look at the deep roots of past and current events that lead to African Americans not trusting the help that’s provided by doctors, lawyers, therapists, etc. For example, historical adversity, which includes slavery, sharecropping, and race-based exclusion from health, educational, social, and economic resources, translates into socioeconomic disparities experienced by Black and African American people today. Socioeconomic status, in turn, is linked to mental health: People who are impoverished, homeless, incarcerated, or have substance use problems are at higher risk for poor mental health.
Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind. The culture from which many African Americans are raised, has a greater distrust of the medical helpers and medical offices alike, from the belief of racial bias. A great example is that of the Tuskegee experiment, where the abuses of slaves by white doctors, simply for the use of medical experimentation. There was no sense of consent or refusal from the African American participants to participate, just because of their lower level in society and the mass discrimination during that time. It’s those issues of the past, that resist black males from seeking the help they truly need, in order to bring them back to the feeling of self and self-worth; and to add a more recent impact, just look at the COVID vaccine, many are skeptical of receiving it, just because of what happens at Tuskegee. Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind.
Most importantly, one must be willing to understand how having a multicultu.
As a work teamDecide on the proto personas each team member .docxssusera34210
As a work team
Decide on the proto personas each team member will create.
● Begin with your user assumptions worksheet
● Individually, create a list of audience attributes/characteristics (your own views on the user) on sticky notes
● cluster these into 3 - 8 profiles (Take a photo)
● discuss your clusters and move around notes as needed.
● decide as a team, which clusters will be turned into your proto personas.
Each team of three should have at least 3 different user types that you think will use your site. (4 if you are in a team of 4).
Individually
● Create two personas
o PROTO-PERSONA
The first should be one of the proto-personas agreed by your team members in the process above
▪ Use the information from the Lean UX reading and learning materials to help you create your persona
▪ This can be hand drawn and included in your final document as a photograph.
o TRADITIONAL PERSONA
The second is a traditional persona (NOT related to your project website). Use the student data & template provided:
▪ The persona needs to represent the statistical data provided
▪ Use the given ppt template to create the traditional persona or find your own and use that.
.
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, on.docxssusera34210
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, once you have selected a social problem, you begin the process of creating and implementing a policy that addresses that social problem.
Address the following items within your group's Wiki page for Part 2:
Topic is Immigration
Is the policy identified by your group dictated by local, state, or federal statute—or a combination thereof?
APA FORMAT
2 REFERENCES
.
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of .docxssusera34210
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of how social and cultural influences can impact the assessment process. Lack of awareness can lead to charges of discrimination and possible litigation.
Using support from the required readings, the Instructor Guidance, supplemental information derived from outside sources and your discussion, and information from the scenario below, you will (a) use information you have learned about Manuel to complete the
Child Study Team Referral Form
found in the
Week Three Instructor Guidance
, and (b) write a 3 page report with your recommendations for Tier Two RTI interventions that take Manuel's social and cultural background into account.
Scenario:
Manuel is becoming more and more listless in class and is still not doing well with his assignments. You have noticed though, that he seems to be making friends, as outside of class each morning you notice him joking and talking with a group of boys. They talk about BMX bikes and an online computer game that they all play. You are aware that some of the boys in that group are involved in the school robotics team and you begin to wonder how you could use his newly formed friendships and your insights into his interests to support his language arts skills.
You and Mr. Franklin are also excited about a workshop you just attended with Dr. Janette Klingner who talked about
how to realize the potential of RTI (Links to an external site.)
(Klingner, J, 2011) with culturally and linguistically diverse learners. The Child Study Team has been doing diagnostic work to see if there are other variables within the classroom and/or school environment that may be affecting Manuel's performance. What the Child Study Team discovers is that Manuel feels embarrassed by his slow reading compared to his classmates and does not see the relevance of classes that are not related to his intended career goal, engineering. The team also notes that Manuel is able to write well, but he often does not finish in-class assignments and tests, and his homework written assignments are very short. The lack of length in his assignments consistently costs him points.
When you talk to Manuel he shows pride when you compliment him on his bilingual ability and ask for his help in translating for a new student from Guatemala. Finally, the team becomes aware that Manuel does not want to be labeled "dumb" and is worried that he will be made fun of if he is pulled out of his regular classes for more intensive support. Manuel’s vision and hearing test were both are normal and his medical exam does not reveal any medical issues.
As a member of the Child Study Team (CST) and taking into account Manuel's interests and the social and cultural influences that may be affecting Manuel's school performance, you and the CST are planning your next steps. You and Mr. Franklin discuss what interventions would take into account Manuel’s cultural and linguistic background. .
More Related Content
Similar to Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studen.docx
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
COLLAPSETop of FormThe proper MLA citation for my four outside.docxmccormicknadine86
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
The proper MLA citation for my four outside scources are
1. “Code of Ethics for the CRNA.” AANA, www.aana.com/practice/clinical-practice-resources/code-of-ethics-for-the-CRNA.
2. Jessica. “CRNA Blog.” Nurse Jess, 16 May 2019, nursejess.com/.
3. Nelle. “What Your Nursing Textbook Didn't Teach.” Nurse Nelle, Nurse Nelle, 4 Apr. 2014, www.nursenelle.com/new-blog/nursing-textbook-didnt-teach.
4. Tawoda, Taryn. “5 Issues in the CRNA Supervision Debate: Anesthesiologists Weigh In.” Becker's ASC Review, 31 May 2012, www.beckersasc.com/anesthesia/5-issues-in-the-crna-supervision-debate-anesthesiologists-weigh-in.html
AANA is the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists which provides numerous or resources from ethics to practice requirements. The proper citation is listed as number 1 above. The association is a really credible source because it is an reputable source available to anyone who wants to know more about nurse anesthetists or looking for opportunities to further their career paths. The purpose of AANA is to provide numerous resources from what it requires to become a nurse anesthetists to what the board of nursing requires you to learn or acquire to be considered in the discourse. This is a good source for me to discuss my discourse community because the article found on AANA is about code of ethics for nurse anesthetists. This is what our ethnics should look like and what makes our discourse so different.
Nurse Jess is the author of this blog site. She is credible because she has taken her journey to the blog to help aspiring cRNA and cRNA to see what her career is like. Her purpose is to give us a real life insight on what measures we are willing to take if we are serious and passionate about our job. This is a good source for my paper and will help me discuss my discourse community in terms on what we are willing to learn to belong to this discourse. The proper MLA citation to her blog is listed as number 2 above.
Nurse Nelle is also an author of her own blog. She is credible because she is a real life cRNA who was not afraid to acquire her nursing skills. She took her chances in the hospital when she was getting experiences in which help her acquire skills she never knew she can ever have. Her purpose in creating the text I am using in my paper is acquiring skills if we take the chance. This is a good source for my paper because it helps me discuss the skills we can acquire in my discourse community. The proper mla citation format is listed above as number 3.
Tawoda is the author of the article cited in proper MLA as number 4. She is credible for me to use as a source for my paper because she has interviewed credible physicians who gave their input and opinions about cRNA. The author’s purpose for creating the text I am using is to give us a lens from a physician’s perspective on why cRNA are not as credible as they can be in the medical field. This is a good source for my paper and it will help me discuss my ...
Our journal has been staying at the forefront of research is essential. The International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering (IJITCE) offers a unique platform that combines rapid publication with rigorous peer review, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike.
1.Freeman, S. (2011). Improving cognitive treatments for delus.docxjeremylockett77
1.
Freeman, S. (2011). Improving cognitive treatments for delusions. Schizophrenia Research, 132, (2–3), 135-139. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.012
generation CBT for psychosis was successful but the strength of the treatment was weak and as the author states similar to those of clozapine (an antipsychotic used as a last resort for psychosis). Therapy is not up to date as it should be for delusions as delusion are understood quite well and therapy needs to catch up. The treatment of CBT for psychosis is similar to CBT treatment for anxiety.
Pay attention to single symptoms in psychosis
2.
Munro, Alistair (May 1992) Psychiatric Disorders Characterized by Delusions: Treatment in Relation to Specific Types. Psychiatric Annals, 22, 5, ProQuest Central pg. 232
3.
Ho-wai So, S., Roisin Peters, E., Swendsen, J., Garety, P.A., & Kapur, S. (2014) Changes in delusions in the early phase of antipsychotic treatment – An experience sampling study. Psychiatry Research 215, 568-573
Summarize including the research question addressed in the source, if applicable, and major findings.
Evaluate the usefulness of the source for your literature review, making sure to directly state why the source is informative for your specific topic
Three dimensions of delusions are always present in factor analyses and they are a conviction, distress, preoccupation, and disruption to life. More studies need to be done to learn how delusions respond to antipsychotic. Conviction has been least amenable to change shows the studies. Many studies ponder the question, “why does conviction exist?” There have been studies that show that reasoning bias including “Jumping to conclusion (JTC)” bias and by patients being inflexible contributes to the maintenance of delusions. JTC has also shown that the dimension of conviction of delusions and the severity of delusions is influenced by JTC. Delusions improve during the first few weeks of treatment and some studies show improvement in the first few hours.
It was hypothesized that delusion distress and preoccupation would reduce significantly over two weeks of antipsychotic treatment; but not a conviction. Female participants showed a higher response on all four delusion dimensions compared to the male participants. 57% of the participants showed the JTC bias. The no-JTC group showed a larger improvement in conviction and distress and with their delusions in general.
This study is important for my literature review and further studies because the three dimensions of delusions: distress, preoccupation, and conviction are important for the clinical implications of treatment. If we take into account these three dimensions it will benefit further research and treatments.
4.
The efficacy of a new translational treatment for persecutory delusions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (The Feeling Safe Study)
Freeman et al. (2016) Trials, 17:134. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1245-0
Summarize including the research questi ...
This the introductory presentation on the theory that underpins the consultation between doctor and patient. I would value any comments on these presentations: my hope is that your interest will lead to deeper insight into the process of consulting and to a sense of driving the quality of the interaction forward for the benefit of all parties.
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life.docxssusera34210
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life and the study of which ranges from how we design our cities to what lies on the ocean floor. One of the more important kinds of geography is political geography, which can involve everything from the creation of local zoning areas to borders between nations. In your opinion, which level of political geography is more important, that at the local level that impacts people’s everyday lives such as the ability to build an addition onto their house or a national one, which may involve disputed territory and result in armed conflict? Be sure to use examples to support your key points.
.
As an extra credit, Must discuss at least one (1) o.docxssusera34210
As an extra credit,
:
Must discuss at least one (1) other student's topic
Student discussion:
Since its emergence in the 1960's, plate tectonic theory has gained wide-spread acceptance as the model of how Earth's land masses shift over time. Plate tectonics developed historically in 1915 when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of "continental drift." He stated that the continents plowed through crust of ocean basins, which would explain why the outlines of many coastlines, such as South America and Africa, appeared to fit like missing pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
There are various types of plate boundaries such as: convergent plate boundaries, when two collide; divergent plate boundaries, when they spread apart; and transform boundaries, when they slide past each other.
http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate2.htm
.
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and.docxssusera34210
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and encouraged students, faculty, and staff to give back to their communities. In the companion Assignment for this module, you are developing a plan for a proposed Global Day of Service project. For this Discussion, you will explain the Global Day of Service project you are proposing for your Assignment and offer feedback and support for your colleagues’ projects.
Important Note:
You will share your ideas regarding your Module 5 Assignment in this Discussion. Be sure to read through the instructions for this Discussion and the Module 5 Assignment prior to beginning work this week.
To prepare:
Review the instructions for the Module 5 Course Project assignment.
Review the Walden University sites regarding social change and Walden’s Global Days of Service. Consider the many meaningful opportunities found in early childhood programs, K–12 schools, and communities for enacting social change. How will the Walden Global Day of Service project you are proposing in this module’s Assignment support social change in your program and field?
Review the Callahan et al. (2012) paper in the Learning Resources. Which of the eight features of social change will be reflected the most in your Day of Service project?
An explanation of the following:
The Day of Service project you are proposing for this module’s Assignment
How your proposed project would support social change in your program and field
Which of the eight features of social change are integrated the most in your Day of Service project
For this Discussion, and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style and provide reference citations.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this module’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Fullan, M. (2016).
The new meaning of educational change
(5th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Chapter 13, “The Future of Educational Change” (pp. 258–265)
Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., . . . Yob, I. (2012).
Expanding our understanding of social change: A report from the definition task force of the HLC Special Emphasis Project
[White paper]. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University.
Social Change Web Maps
[Diagrams]. Adapted from Expanding our understanding of social change, by Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., Ouzts, K., & Yob, I., 2008. Baltimore, MD: Walden University. Adapted with permission of Walden University.
Cooper, K. S., Stanulis, R. N., Brondyk, S. K. Hamilton, E. R., Macaluso, M., & Meier, J. A. (2016). The teacher leadership process: Attempting change within embedded systems. Journal of Educational Change, 17(1), 85–113. .
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become m.docxssusera34210
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become more easily accessible across the world, we are seeing an explosion of social activists, government agencies and terrorists using these technologies to further their efforts. Government and non-government entities use the internet to spread propaganda and information, recruit support and demonize opponents. The efforts of some radical groups, like ISIS, to shut down US infrastructure and thwart military activity can clearly be labeled as cyberterrorism. However, some groups, such as the loosely associated international network of self-proclaimed “hacktivists” identified as Anonymous, are blurring the lines between what constitutes terrorism and what is simply social activism. As technology continues to advance and further our capabilities, we are continuously presented with new and intriguing moral questions.
After reading the module notes and all of the supplemental materials, respond to the following:
Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade.
What is the fundamental difference between these two?
How has technology helped to advance these groups?
How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms?
In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance.
Support your position using appropriate sources that are properly cited.
.
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, Repetit.docxssusera34210
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, "Repetition and revision are fundamental to black artistic forms, from painting and sculpture to music and language use." This "Signifyin(g)" is a dynamic noted throughout hip-hop music because its foundation is rooted in "sampling" music that came before. But the content of rap also expresses a Black experience. Therefore, in your final response this week, discuss three significant subjects or themes that hip-hop artists Signify on in the African American literary tradition as they express their own notions of Blackness in lyrical rap music.
.
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to.docxssusera34210
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to be a part of our everyday life at the time of birth. Whether it’s our skin being threatening towards other groups of society, police brutality, not receiving the same education, jobs, or housing as those of other cultures; it’s something that burned into our part of growing up and learning how to maneuver the world around us. Being that this is something that is thrown in our face time and time again, I would like to talk about the trust or lack thereof, between “professional helpers” and African American males. You must first stop and take a look at the deep roots of past and current events that lead to African Americans not trusting the help that’s provided by doctors, lawyers, therapists, etc. For example, historical adversity, which includes slavery, sharecropping, and race-based exclusion from health, educational, social, and economic resources, translates into socioeconomic disparities experienced by Black and African American people today. Socioeconomic status, in turn, is linked to mental health: People who are impoverished, homeless, incarcerated, or have substance use problems are at higher risk for poor mental health.
Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind. The culture from which many African Americans are raised, has a greater distrust of the medical helpers and medical offices alike, from the belief of racial bias. A great example is that of the Tuskegee experiment, where the abuses of slaves by white doctors, simply for the use of medical experimentation. There was no sense of consent or refusal from the African American participants to participate, just because of their lower level in society and the mass discrimination during that time. It’s those issues of the past, that resist black males from seeking the help they truly need, in order to bring them back to the feeling of self and self-worth; and to add a more recent impact, just look at the COVID vaccine, many are skeptical of receiving it, just because of what happens at Tuskegee. Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind.
Most importantly, one must be willing to understand how having a multicultu.
As a work teamDecide on the proto personas each team member .docxssusera34210
As a work team
Decide on the proto personas each team member will create.
● Begin with your user assumptions worksheet
● Individually, create a list of audience attributes/characteristics (your own views on the user) on sticky notes
● cluster these into 3 - 8 profiles (Take a photo)
● discuss your clusters and move around notes as needed.
● decide as a team, which clusters will be turned into your proto personas.
Each team of three should have at least 3 different user types that you think will use your site. (4 if you are in a team of 4).
Individually
● Create two personas
o PROTO-PERSONA
The first should be one of the proto-personas agreed by your team members in the process above
▪ Use the information from the Lean UX reading and learning materials to help you create your persona
▪ This can be hand drawn and included in your final document as a photograph.
o TRADITIONAL PERSONA
The second is a traditional persona (NOT related to your project website). Use the student data & template provided:
▪ The persona needs to represent the statistical data provided
▪ Use the given ppt template to create the traditional persona or find your own and use that.
.
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, on.docxssusera34210
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, once you have selected a social problem, you begin the process of creating and implementing a policy that addresses that social problem.
Address the following items within your group's Wiki page for Part 2:
Topic is Immigration
Is the policy identified by your group dictated by local, state, or federal statute—or a combination thereof?
APA FORMAT
2 REFERENCES
.
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of .docxssusera34210
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of how social and cultural influences can impact the assessment process. Lack of awareness can lead to charges of discrimination and possible litigation.
Using support from the required readings, the Instructor Guidance, supplemental information derived from outside sources and your discussion, and information from the scenario below, you will (a) use information you have learned about Manuel to complete the
Child Study Team Referral Form
found in the
Week Three Instructor Guidance
, and (b) write a 3 page report with your recommendations for Tier Two RTI interventions that take Manuel's social and cultural background into account.
Scenario:
Manuel is becoming more and more listless in class and is still not doing well with his assignments. You have noticed though, that he seems to be making friends, as outside of class each morning you notice him joking and talking with a group of boys. They talk about BMX bikes and an online computer game that they all play. You are aware that some of the boys in that group are involved in the school robotics team and you begin to wonder how you could use his newly formed friendships and your insights into his interests to support his language arts skills.
You and Mr. Franklin are also excited about a workshop you just attended with Dr. Janette Klingner who talked about
how to realize the potential of RTI (Links to an external site.)
(Klingner, J, 2011) with culturally and linguistically diverse learners. The Child Study Team has been doing diagnostic work to see if there are other variables within the classroom and/or school environment that may be affecting Manuel's performance. What the Child Study Team discovers is that Manuel feels embarrassed by his slow reading compared to his classmates and does not see the relevance of classes that are not related to his intended career goal, engineering. The team also notes that Manuel is able to write well, but he often does not finish in-class assignments and tests, and his homework written assignments are very short. The lack of length in his assignments consistently costs him points.
When you talk to Manuel he shows pride when you compliment him on his bilingual ability and ask for his help in translating for a new student from Guatemala. Finally, the team becomes aware that Manuel does not want to be labeled "dumb" and is worried that he will be made fun of if he is pulled out of his regular classes for more intensive support. Manuel’s vision and hearing test were both are normal and his medical exam does not reveal any medical issues.
As a member of the Child Study Team (CST) and taking into account Manuel's interests and the social and cultural influences that may be affecting Manuel's school performance, you and the CST are planning your next steps. You and Mr. Franklin discuss what interventions would take into account Manuel’s cultural and linguistic background. .
As an incoming CEO, how would you have approached the senior leaders.docxssusera34210
As an incoming CEO, how would you have approached the senior leadership team that neglected to stop the bleeding and encouraged the toxicity? Where would you say your organization lands on Deloitte's Six Personas of Change? Which of the six signature traits are you most comfortable with? And which requires more of a stretch for you?
.
As a prison administrator (wardensuperintendent), what would your r.docxssusera34210
As a prison administrator (warden/superintendent), what would your recommendation be for HIV testing within the prison system? Why or why not? If so, when should it take place (e.g. during admission, anytime during incarceration, just prior to release)? Should the offenders who are HIV/AIDS positive be segregated? Would it be a violation of the offender’s rights to be segregated from the general population? reaponse must be 400- 500 words
.
As a helpful tool for schools, organizations, and agencies working w.docxssusera34210
As a helpful tool for schools, organizations, and agencies working with families to have on hand to refer families to services that might be needed to assist the child and/or family.
Create a resource guide for your community (Mississippi) on services available that might help children and or families. This does not have to be an extensive list, but a representation of what should be included in an in-depth guide.
.
Article
Interspecies ChimerismwithMammalian Pluripotent
Stem Cells
Graphical Abstract
Highlights
d Naive rat PSCs robustly contribute to live rat-mouse
chimeras
d A versatile CRISPR-Cas9 mediated interspecies blastocyst
complementation system
d Naive rodent PSCs show no chimeric contribution to post-
implantation pig embryos
d Chimerism is observed with some human iPSCs in post-
implantation pig embryos
Wu et al., 2017, Cell 168, 473–486
January 26, 2017 ª 2017 Elsevier Inc.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036
Authors
Jun Wu, Aida Platero-Luengo,
Masahiro Sakurai, ..., Emilio A. Martinez,
Pablo Juan Ross,
Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
Correspondence
[email protected]
In Brief
Human pluripotent stem cells robustly
engraft into both cattle and pig pre-
implantation blastocysts, but show
limited chimeric contribution to post-
implantation pig embryos.
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036&domain=pdf
Article
Interspecies Chimerism
with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells
Jun Wu,1 Aida Platero-Luengo,1 Masahiro Sakurai,1 Atsushi Sugawara,1 Maria Antonia Gil,2 Takayoshi Yamauchi,1
Keiichiro Suzuki,1 Yanina Soledad Bogliotti,3 Cristina Cuello,2 Mariana Morales Valencia,1 Daiji Okumura,1,7
Jingping Luo,1 Marcela Vilariño,3 Inmaculada Parrilla,2 Delia Alba Soto,3 Cristina A. Martinez,2 Tomoaki Hishida,1
Sonia Sánchez-Bautista,4 M. Llanos Martinez-Martinez,4 Huili Wang,3 Alicia Nohalez,2 Emi Aizawa,1
Paloma Martinez-Redondo,1 Alejandro Ocampo,1 Pradeep Reddy,1 Jordi Roca,2 Elizabeth A. Maga,3
Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban,1 W. Travis Berggren,1 Estrella Nuñez Delicado,4 Jeronimo Lajara,4 Isabel Guillen,5
Pedro Guillen,4,5 Josep M. Campistol,6 Emilio A. Martinez,2 Pablo Juan Ross,3 and Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte1,8,*
1Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
2Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
3Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
4Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N� 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
5Clinica Centro Fundación Pedro Guillén, Clı́nica CEMTRO, Avenida Ventisquero de la Condesa 42, 28035 Madrid, Spain
6Hospital Clı́nico de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
7Present address: Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi,
Nara 631-8505, Japan
8Lead Contact
*Correspondence: [email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036
SUMMARY
Interspecies blastocyst complementation enables
organ-specific enrichment of xenogenic pluripotent
stem cell (PSC) derivatives. Here, we establish a ver-
satile blastocyst complementation platform based
on CRISPR-Cas9-mediated zygote genome editin.
As a future leader in the field of health care administration, you m.docxssusera34210
As a future leader in the field of health care administration, you may face many chronic health threats to various systems. As you work to combat these threats and ensure community wellness, you are likely to become an agent of social change. This objective may be more challenging and critical to achieve in matters such as health emergencies and outbreaks. For leaders, outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics elicit critical and timely attention to situations in health care administration.
In this week’s article by Gostin, Lucey, & Phelan (2014), the authors highlight the challenges present with an Ebola epidemic on a global scale. Using this Learning Resource from this week as well as 2–4 additional resources you may find from the Walden Library, current events, etc., consider your leadership perspective during an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic.
As you collaborate with your group, individually select one of the following leadership roles that would respond during this outbreak:
Director, FEMA
Director, CDC
Governor of an afflicted state
Incident Response Commander
Response Leader, American Red Cross (or other nongovernmental organization)
***Health Care Administrator for a large medical center (
I HAVE SELECTED THIS ROLE
)****
After selecting your leadership role, use a systems approach to work with your group to establish an immediate response in preventing another pandemic.
The Assignment—Part 1:Individual Case Analysis (1–2 pages):
Based on the leadership role you selected for the Assignment, include the following:
A summary of the leadership challenges this leader would face in assuring the system changes necessary to be prepared for the next outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic
An explanation of how your leadership challenges as this leader relate to challenges of the other leaders listed above
Note:
The leadership challenges that you describe should be those you would face as an individual in the role of your selected leader, rather than the functional challenges of the agency this individual leads.
The Assignment—Part 2:Group Case Study Analysis (2–3 pages):
Then, using your leadership Assignment for the Case Study, collaborate with your colleagues to create a Group Case Study Analysis that includes:
An explanation of how the challenges identified in the individual case analyses collectively affect crisis response by the system and the individuals within it
An explanation of how transformational and transactional leaders might influence outcomes within this case
A summary of how poor leadership might affect the outcome of the case
.
Article Title and Date of the Article .docxssusera34210
Article
Title
and
Date
of
the
Article
The
Economist
“Insider
dealing:
euro
outs
fear
that
euro
ins
might
do
them
down”
October
17,
2015
Summary
This
article
posted
as
a
special
news
report
by
The
Economist,
is
focused
on
the
Eurozone
and
European
Union,
and
how
they
are
experiencing
some
problems
that
might
hurt
both
the
euro
currency
and
relations
with
non-‐-‐-‐euro
zone
countries.
At
the
moment,
in
Europe
there
are
two
types
of
observers:
the
Europhiles
and
Euroskeptics.
The
Europhiles
are
those
who
admire
Europe
and
favor
the
participation
of
the
European
Union,
while
on
the
other
side
of
the
spectrum
are
the
Euroskeptics,
who
are
those
who
are
opposed
to
increasing
the
powers
of
the
European
Union.
Currently,
the
alarming
political
issue
that
has
been
growing
in
Europe
is
the
negative
relationship
between
those
countries
that
belong
to
the
European
Union
and
Eurozone,
against
those
who
are
members
of
the
European
Union
but
not
the
Eurozone.
The
argument
here
is
that
those
members
belonging
to
the
Eurozone
have
been
meeting
together,
while
excluding
non-‐-‐-‐Eurozone
members
and
making
decisions
such
as
bails,
which
affect
all
countries
within
the
European
Union.
The
Eurozone
countries
believe
that
that
only
those
countries
that
are
members
of
the
Eurozone
should
be
allowed
to
voice
their
opinions
and
make
decisions
on
everything
regarding
the
euro,
since
they
are
the
ones
directly
affected
by
it.
On
the
other
hand,
the
non-‐-‐-‐Eurozone
countries
feel
like
the
euro
members
are
“ganging
up”
on
them,
meaning
that
they
feel
like
those
countries
in
the
Eurozone
are
making
decisions
regarding
their
own
interests,
and
not
the
collective
interests
of
all
members
of
the
European
Union.
Association
to
specific
chapter
material
and
concepts
2.4
A
Single
Currency
for
Europe:
The
Euro
(40)
Chapter
2
discusses
the
global
financial
environment
including
the
European
Union,
the
Euro.
Article The Effects of Color on the Moods of College .docxssusera34210
Article
The Effects of Color on the Moods
of College Students
Sevinc Kurt1 and Kelechi Kingsley Osueke2
Abstract
This research aims to discover the psychological effects of colors on individuals, using the students’ union complex in a
university campus. This building was chosen due to its richness in color variances. The research method is survey, and
questionnaires were drawn up and distributed to an even range of students, comprising both international and local
students; undergraduate and graduate. Questionnaires have been collected and analyzed to find out the effects different
colors had on students’ moods in different spaces of the students’ union complex. This research would contribute to
understand more about colors and how they affect our feelings and therefore to make better decisions and increase the
use of spaces when choosing colors for different spaces to suit the purpose for which they are designed.
Keywords
color, mood, architectural space
Introduction
We live in a world of color (Huchendorf, 2007, p. 1).
According to the various researches, the color that
surrounds us in our daily lives has a profound effect on our
mood and on our behavior (e.g., Babin, Hardesty, & Suter,
2003; Kwallek, Lewis, & Robbins, 1988; Kwallek,
Woodson, Lewis, & Sales, 1997; Rosenstein, 1985). In
clothing, interiors, landscape, and even natural light, a color
can change our mood from sad to happy, from confusion to
intelligence, from fear to confidence. It can actually be used
to “level out” emotions or to create different moods (Aves
& Aves, 1994, p. 120). The design of an environment
through a variety of means such as temperature, sounds,
layout, lighting, and colors can stimulate perceptual and
emotional responses in consumers and affect their behavior
(Kotler, 1973 in Yildirim, Akalinbaskaya, & Hidayetoglu,
2007, p. 3233). Therefore, it may follow that if we could
measure it, we may get a clue as to how our mood varies
when in any enclosed space. The ambiance of the interior
space affects the users’ behaviors and perception of that
place by influencing their emotional situation. In this
context, it is believed that the various physical components
including light and color have a great importance on the
environmental characteristics of space, especially in public
use like students’ union centers.
Hence, using the appropriate color in design is important
in such buildings. It is also significant to draw cognitive
map and way finding in interiors. Environmental
interventions that promote way finding can be implemented
on two levels: the design of the floor plan typology and
environmental cues, which comprise signage, furnishings,
lighting, colors, and so on. Vivid color coding may enhance
short-term memory and improve functional ability (Cernin,
Keller, & Stoner, 2003). So the use of color is one of the
crucial elements in designing the appropriate circulation of
public interiors. Furtherm.
Art museums and art galleries are two different types of entitie.docxssusera34210
Art museums and art galleries are two different types of entities.
The primary difference is that while one goes to an art museum to view art and learn about art from an educational or cultural experience; one goes to an art gallery to view art, discover new artists, possibly from the perspective of purchasing the art.
Most museums are funded by governments, foundations, and corporate and private donors, and they are operated on a non-for-profit basis. Galleries seek to make profit and gain exposure for themselves and the artists they represent.Art galleries, are usually small businesses or centers that exhibit art for the purposes of promoting and selling art. One would typically visit an art gallery to discover an artist, possibly with an interest in buying the art. Art museums, on the other hand, are larger and are intended for education and cultural experiences. One would typically visit an art museum to view and study its permanent collection or to visit a touring exhibit of works on loan from another museum or institution.
There are 2 parts
to your Museum Critical Review assignment to be completed after visiting one or more of the following museum websites*
:
Dallas Museum of Art
https://dma.org/
Nasher Sculpture Center
https://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/
Meadows Museum of Art
www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/
Crow Collection
www.crowcollection.org
Kimbell Art Museum
www.kimbellart.org
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
www.themodern.org
Amon Carter Museum of American Art
www.cartermuseum.org
Google Arts and Culture Collections
https://artsandculture.google.com/partner
*Not all of the museums will have the diversity of time periods that you will need to complete the assignment. You may have to visit more than one of the listed museum websites if you choose one of the more time or region specific museums.
ARTS 1301 NLC Art Appreciation Museum Critical Review Assignment and Worksheet
I hope you are inspired by your visit to the museum websites.
This assignment is designed to meet both
Communication and Social Responsibility Student Learning Objectives.
There are 2 parts
to your Museum Critical Review assignment to be completed after visiting one or more of the following museum websites*
:
· Dallas Museum of Art
www.dma.org
· Nasher Sculpture Center
www.nashersculpturecenter.org
· Meadows Museum of Art
www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/
· Crow Collection
www.crowcollection.org
· Kimbell Art Museum
www.kimbellart.org
· Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
www.themodern.org
· Amon Carter Museum of American Art
www.cartermuseum.org
· Google Arts and Culture Collections
https://artsandculture.google.com/partner
*Not all of the museums will have the diversity of time periods that you will need to complete the assignment. You may have to visit more than one of the listed museum websites if you choose to go to one of the more time or region specific museums. Your instructor may choose to.
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group .docxssusera34210
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group typology in order to choose the appropriate group method for a specific population or problem. Each type of group has its own approach and purpose. Two of the more frequently used types of groups are task groups and intervention groups.
For this Assignment, review the “Cortez Multimedia” case study, and identify a target behavior or issue that needs to be ameliorated, decreased, or increased. In a 2- to 4-page report, complete the following:
Choose either a treatment group or task group as your intervention for Paula Cortez.
Identify the model of treatment group (i.e., support, education, teams, or treatment conferences).
Using the typologies described in the Toseland & Rivas (2017) piece, describe the characteristics of your group. For instance, if you choose a treatment group that is a support group, what would be the purpose, leadership, focus, bond, composition, and communication?
Include the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of group as an intervention.
REQUIRED resource for assignment
A Meeting of an Interdisciplinary Team
Paula has just been involuntarily hospitalized and placed on the psychiatric unit, for a minimum of 72 hours, for observation. Paula was deemed a suicidal risk after an assessment was completed by the social worker. The social worker observed that Paula appeared to be rapidly decompensating, potentially placing herself and her pregnancy at risk.
Paula just recently announced to the social worker that she is pregnant. She has been unsure whether she wanted to continue the pregnancy or terminate. Paula also told the social worker she is fearful of the father of the baby, and she is convinced he will try to hurt her. He has started to harass, stalk, and threaten her at all hours of the day. Paula began to exhibit increased paranoia and reported she started smoking again to calm her nerves. She also stated she stopped taking her psychiatric medications and has been skipping some of her
HIV
medications.
The following is an interdisciplinary team meeting being held in a conference room at the hospital. Several members of Paula’s team (HIV doctor, psychiatrist, social worker, and OB nurse) have gathered to discuss the precipitating factors to this hospitalization. The intent is to craft a plan of action to address Paula's noncompliance with her medications, increased paranoia, and the pregnancy.
Click one the above images to begin the conversation.
Physician
Dialogue 1
Paula is a complicated patient, and she presents with a complicated situation. She is HIV positive, has Hepatitis C, and multiple foot ulcers that can be debilitating at times. Paula has always been inconsistent with her HIV meds—no matter how often I explain the need for consistent compliance in order to maintain her health. Paula has exhibited a lack of insight into her medical conditions and the need to follow instructions. Frankly, I was astonished an.
artsArticleCircling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspectiv.docxssusera34210
arts
Article
Circling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspective, and the
Design of Roman Wall Painting
Jocelyn Penny Small †
Department of Art History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected]
† Mail: 890 West End Avenue, Apartment 4C, New York, NY 10025-3520, USA.
Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 14 September 2019
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Abstract: Many scholars believe that linear perspective existed in classical antiquity, but a fresh
examination of two key texts in Vitruvius shows that 1.2.2 is about modularity and symmetria,
while 7.Pr.11 describes shading (skiagraphia). Moreover, these new interpretations are firmly based on
the classical understanding of optics and the history of painting (e.g., Pliny the Elder). A third text
(Philostratus, Imagines 1.4.2) suggests that the design of Roman wall painting depends on concentric
circles. Philostratus’ system is then used to successfully make facsimiles of five walls, representing
Styles II, III, and IV of Roman wall painting. Hence, linear perspective and its relatives, such as
Panofsky’s vanishing vertical axis, should not be imposed retrospectively where they never existed.
Keywords: linear perspective; skenographia; skiagraphia; Greek and Roman painting; Roman fresco;
Vitruvius; Philostratus
Two systems for designing Pompeian wall paintings have dominated modern scholarship: a
one- or center-point perspective and a vanishing vertical axis.1 Neither method works for all the
variations seen on the walls of Styles II–IV. The vanishing vertical axis is considered a precursor of
linear perspective, whereas center-point construction is a form of linear perspective. Many scholars
believe that linear perspective was invented by the Greeks, only to be forgotten during the Middle
Ages and “reinvented” in the Renaissance.2 In contrast, I propose that linear perspective was not
known in any form in antiquity but, rather, was an invention of the Renaissance, which also created its
putative ancient pedigree.
1. Background
1.1. Definitions
First, it is important to define four key terms.
“Perspective” applies loosely to a wide range of systems that convert a three-dimensional scene
to two dimensions. Most scholars, however, mean “linear perspective” when they use the unqualified
term “perspective”. No standard definition exists for linear perspective, but only linear perspective
obeys the rules of projective geometry. Formal definitions refer to “station points” (the point or
place for the “eye” of the “viewer” and/or “artist”), vanishing points, horizon lines, and picture
planes, among other aspects. Horizontal lines converge to the “center point” or, in the case of
1 This topic is remarkably complex with a massive bibliography. Small (2013) provides a reasonable summary of the
scholarship to its date of publication. Since then, I have realized that the standard interpretations of key texts and objects
needs to be totally rethought. This artic.
Artists are often involved in national social movements that result .docxssusera34210
Artists are often involved in national social movements that result in the transformation not only of the art world, but also of society at large. Discuss the transformations that occurred as a result of any of the following civil rights movements (African American, Chicano/a, Native American, gay/lesbian) or the feminist movement. Use a specific example of a work of art in your discussion.
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Article Critique Assignment II February 23rd, 2018 Studen.docx
1. Article Critique: Assignment II
February 23rd, 2018
Student
Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients with
depression: A qualitative study.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen,
E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. (2017). Experiences of wake and light therapy in
patients with depression: A
qualitative study. International Journal Of Mental Health
Nursing, 26(2), 170-180.
Summary
Researcher’s for this study designed a qualitative methodology
approach. (Kragh et al.
2017) Thirteen participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe
depression were used. Individual
interviews were done by a nurse who was previously known to
the patients. This particular nurse
happened to be the first author. Participants were asked to keep
up with a diary, which the first
author would read and use as notes to prompt individuals for
more discussion later. Interviews
would primary be done at the end of a 9-week period. These 17
individual interviews were
conducted in a familiar place to the participants. A guide was
2. devised to propose interview
questions. Open and closed ended questions were used. Data
was then recorded. (Kragh et al.
2017)
The data was collected and analyzed. (Figure 1) Several other
researchers worked with
the first author in this study by analyzing the data. The other
researcher’s challenged the first
author’s interpretation of the data. Together, the authors came
up with an interpretation.
Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the data.
(Kragh et al. 2017) The study
concluded that in general the participants benefited from the
therapies. One main theme was
identified, and that was that participants had an overall positive
encounter with the therapy and
intervention. (Kragh et al. 2017) Four sub themes were
identified as well, which related to this
positivism, however also reflected certain negative aspects.
(Figure 2)
Critique
Depression is a major issue that many people are dealing with
today. Depression is the
world’s leading disability. (Kragh et al. 2017) While this may
seem debilitating, there are many
treatments to help those with this illness. Wake therapy is a
sleeping treatment where patients are
kept awake for a whole night and then the following day as
well. Wake therapy is one of those
treatments that has been proven to reduce symptoms in a matter
of hours. Wake therapy tends to
be paired with chronotherapeutic interventions which helps
3. prevent depressive symptoms from
returning. (Kragh et al. 2017) This article discusses a
qualitative study done over wake therapy
paired with the specific chronotherapeutic intervention, light
therapy. This study is interesting to
me as an interior design major, because behavioral healthcare
design is becoming more and more
popular. This is most likely an effect of the increased research
that has been provided over these
subjects.
Since depression is seemingly becoming a bigger and bigger
issue, it must be taken into
account more. As an interior designer, I must always keep the
user in mind. Those who will be
using the space that I create for them will be affected by
whatever environment I design. I must
put myself in the shoes of those who I will be designing for. As
someone who has a mental
health condition themselves, this is an issue that is easy to
empathize with. Empathic design is
something I am very interested in, so this information could be
significant research information
keep in mind for my future designs.
The authors of this research study created a clear and definitive
need for this study. They
clearly defined what depression is, and how many people it
affects. The authors then provided
examples of statistics on depression. This build-up lead into a
detailed explanation of what wake
therapy and light therapy interventions is. The author’s also
described the research that is out
today on such topics. They critiqued the studies that have
already been done, and explained what
4. they wanted to achieve. The authors were clear and to the point.
The author’s also made sure to control for a wide range of
variables, which helped
upstand the validity of this study. Depression has many
uncontrollable variables, yet many
methods were used to help prevent a bias with those
uncontrollable variables. The authors were
very picky with who they chose as participants. They did not
allow those who had “severe
suicidal ideation, panic anxiety and personality disorder, drug
or alcohol abuse, psychotic
disorder, pregnancy, glaucoma, epilepsy, and electroconvulsive
therapy” to participate. (Kragh et
al. 2017) In addition, the author’s made sure to be as inclusive
as they could. They made sure
that even though they had patients who had a depressive order
as a part of a bipolar disorder,
their “high” moods were adjusted for with mood-stabilizing
therapy. (Kragh et al. 2017) The
authors thoroughness helps justify their study.
While this study was very thorough, a key part could be
portrayed as prejudiced. Since
the participants knew the main interviewer previously, there is
potential for those responses to
have been swayed for many reasons. Allowing the study to be
done by someone familiar was
meant to help participants open up, however, it could have also
made participants do the
complete opposite. The first author was a nurse of the hospital
ward chosen, so how participants
felt about that first author previously, could have affected their
responses. The first author could
have also had a bias in what they documented in relation to
their own preconceptions.
5. If I were to continue this study, I would do several things
differently to assist in
guaranteeing validity of the study. I would choose a site that is
impartial to me. This way my
results will not be seen as biased. To ensure that this study has
a distinct focus I would consider
more variables. I would not include patients with bipolar
disorder. I would also restrict the age
gap to be smaller, or to include several smaller studies with
specific age groups. I would also
consider using people who have had a shorter history of
depression. A major theme that was seen
was that the patients were nervous about this recovery option. If
that fear could be eliminated or
reduced, different results may have been reflected. Continuing
this study would be interesting to
me because I want to find out more specific information on how
these concepts can be included
in interior environments; questions related to the interior’s
elements would be used to conduct
my research.
Figures
Figure 1. Data collected and analyzed by this study. This table
provides background information
on participants and their emotional state. Kragh, M., Møller, D.
N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K.,
Larsen, E. R., Videbech, P., & Lindhardt, T. Experiences of
wake and light therapy in patients
with depression: A qualitative study. International Journal of
Mental Health Nursing, 2017. p.
6. 172.
Figure 2. This picture shows the four sub-themes identified by
this study under the main theme.
Kragh, M., Møller, D. N., Wihlborg, C. S., Martiny, K., Larsen,
E. R., Videbech, P., &
Lindhardt, T. Experiences of wake and light therapy in patients
with depression: A qualitative
study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 2017. p.
174.
case 1 chapter seven Garcia Vs Spun Steak
case 1 chapter 8 Wedow v. City of Kansas City, Missouri
case 2 chapter 11 Chalmers v. Tulon Company of Richmond
Please use this cases for the project
/
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reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
/
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
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8. /
Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private
use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private
use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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Printed by: [email protected] Printing is for personal, private
use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
9. /
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
/
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
/
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
Violators will be prosecuted.
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
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10. /
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use only. No part of this book may be
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use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
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reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission.
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13. Gender Discrimination
Source: National Archives and Records Administration
(NWDNS-44-PA-911)
Learning Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you should be able to:
1. LO1Recite Title VII and other laws relating to gender
discrimination.
2. LO2Understand the background of gender discrimination and
how we know it still exists.
3. LO3List the different ways in which gender discrimination is
manifested in the workplace.
4. LO4Analyze a situation and determine if there are gender
issues that may result in employer liability.
5. LO5Define fetal protection policies, gender-plus
discrimination, workplace lactation issues, and gender-
based logistical concerns.
6. LO6Differentiate between legal and illegal grooming
policies.
7. LO7List common gender realities at odds with common bases
for illegal workplace determinations.
14. 8. LO8Distinguish between equal pay and comparable worth and
discuss proposed legislation.
page 371
Opening Scenarios
SCENARIO 1
A discount department store has a policy requiring that all male
clerks be attired in coats and ties and all
female clerks wear over their clothing a short loose top
provided by the store, with the store’s logo on the front.
A female clerk complains to her supervisor that making her
wear the garment is illegal gender discrimination. Is
it? Why or why not?
SCENARIO 2
A male applies for a position as a server for a restaurant in his
hometown. The restaurant is part of a well-
known regional chain named for an animal whose name is a
colloquial term for a popular part of the female
anatomy. Despite several years of experience as a server for
comparable establishments, the male is turned
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781260031805/epub/OEB
PS/chapter08.xhtml?favre=brett#lo8-1
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781260031805/epub/OEB
PS/chapter08.xhtml?favre=brett#lo8-2
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781260031805/epub/OEB
PS/chapter08.xhtml?favre=brett#lo8-3
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781260031805/epub/OEB
PS/chapter08.xhtml?favre=brett#lo8-4
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781260031805/epub/OEB
16. otherwise to discriminate against any
individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions,
or privileges of employment, because
of such individual’s . . . sex [gender] . . . [Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, as amended. 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (a).]
(1) No employer . . . shall discriminate between employees on
the basis of sex by paying wages to
employees . . . at a rate less than the rate at which he pays
wages to employees of the opposite sex
. . . for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires
equal skill, effort, and responsibility,
and which are performed under similar working conditions,
except where such payment is made
pursuant to (i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system; (iii) a
system which measures earnings by
quantity or quality of production; or (iv) a differential based on
any other factor other than sex. . . .
[Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(d).]
(k) The term “because of sex” or “on the basis of sex” includes,
but is not limited to, because of or
on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical
conditions; and women affected by
pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be
treated the same for all employment-
related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe
benefit programs, as other persons not
so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work. . . .
[Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e.]
Note: Reread the Preface regarding the use of gender
terminology before reading this chapter.
17. page 372
Does It Really Exist?
LO2
What does a group of 25 attorney-mediators have to do with a
swimsuit calendar? Good question.
The Miami-based Florida Mediation Group has probably been
asking itself that same question
ever since it received a good deal of flack for having its name
emblazoned across one of several
themed calendars given away as gifts to clients.
Of all the bases for employment discrimination we cover in
class and in consulting, gender
seems to be the one that is most difficult for students to believe
exists. This, despite the fact that
a 2010 Harris Poll of 2,227 adults surveyed online found that 7
in 10 Americans say women often
do not receive the same pay as men for doing exactly the same
job, 63 percent agreed the United
States still has a long way to go to reach complete gender
equality, and 74 percent believe there
are more pressing issues to fix first.1 As Stuart J. Ishimaru,
then-acting chairman of the EEOC
stated: “Sex discrimination against males and females alike
continues to be a problem in the 21st
century workplace.”2
In fact, as recently as January 2014, in his State of the Union
address, dismissing policies and
stereotypes that prevent women and men from getting the same
opportunities and salaries in the
18. workplace, President Obama said
Today, women make up about half our workforce. But they still
make 77 cents for every dollar a man
earns. That is wrong, and in 2014, it’s an embarrassment. A
woman deserves equal pay for equal
work. She deserves to have a baby without sacrificing her job.
A mother deserves a day off to care
for a sick child or sick parent without running into hardship—
and you know what, a father does, too.
It’s time to do away with workplace policies that belong in a
“Mad Men” episode. This year, let’s all
come together—Congress, the White House, and businesses
from Wall Street to Main Street—to
give every woman the opportunity she deserves. Because I
firmly believe when women succeed,
America succeeds.3
We understand that if you are not used to thinking that it exists,
sometimes it can be difficult to
recognize gender discrimination when it plays itself out in the
workplace. Gender is a part of our
everyday life and so much related to it is based on stereotypes,
customs, mores, and ideas that
we learn from birth. Gender discrimination comes in so many
different forms. That is why in this
chapter we will provide many different manifestations of gender
discrimination for you to examine
so you can gain exposure. As a manager, supervisor, or business
owner, we want you to be able
to analyze fact situations in the workplace as they occur in
order to determine if there is potential
liability.
Suppose a woman is required by her employer to wear two-inch
heels to work. Doing so causes
19. her to develop bunions, which can only be removed by surgery.
After surgery she is ordered by
her doctor to wear flat shoes for two months. Her employer
refuses to permit her to do so. Left
with no alternative, she quits. The employer imposes no such
requirement on male employees.
When you realize that the employer’s two-inch-heels policy cost
the woman her job and that had
she been male this would not have happened, it becomes more
obvious that the policy is
discriminatory on the basis of gender.
page 373
Remember the wires of the bird cage in Exhibit 3.5. Those wires
are probably what the
members of the executive board of the Miami-Dade chapter of
the Florida Association of Women
Lawyers were thinking of when they registered their objection
to the calendar. “We believe this
type of advertising, whether picturing men or women, does not
promote dignity in the law and is
inappropriate when circulated by an organization that serves the
legal community.”4
Perhaps you got some sense of how widespread the issues are
and how frustrating they can
be for those who operate under them when, on January 21, 2017,
you watched (or participated)
as hundreds of thousands of men and women around the globe
marched and demonstrated
because of their anger over what they viewed as the incoming
administration’s refusal to even
acknowledge their concerns about gender discrimination. Or
perhaps you watched on March 8,
2017, International Women’s Day, as again, people
20. demonstrated around the world the need to
address these pressing issues.
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One of the takeaways from the demonstrations and the wide-
ranging issues involved is how
many issues gender discrimination and disparities touch and
how ingrained they are. It is not
difficult to discriminate on the basis of gender if an employer is
not sensitive to the issues involved.
(See Exhibit 8.1, “Gender-Neutral Language?”) Once again, as
with race discrimination, vigilance
pays off. This chapter will address workplace gender
discrimination in general, including
pregnancy discrimination, lactation policies, fetal protection
policies, and equal pay. Sexual
harassment, sexual orientation, and gender identity
discrimination are three other types of gender
discrimination and will be considered in subsequent chapters.
Gender discrimination covers both
males and females, but because of the unique nature of the
history of gender in this country, it is
females who tend to feel the effects of gender discrimination in
the workplace more so than men,
and the vast majority of EEOC gender claims are filed by
21. women. Interestingly, however, during
the 2008–2009 economic recession, more men than women lost
their jobs,5 with 78 percent of
the jobs lost in the recession held by males.6 The reason given
page 374is that the jobs women
hold tend to be more stable, but lower paying, and the male-
dominated sectors such as
construction, investment banking, and manufacturing tended to
be hardest hit.7 However, by
March of 2011, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 90
percent of the jobs gained in the
recovery had gone to men.8 By May 2012, three years after the
recovery began, women had
gained only 16 percent of the new jobs created and the
workforce participation rate of women
aged 45 to 54 had “dropped like a stone,” with married women
increasingly choosing not to work
because the low-paying jobs they could get in areas like
temporary help, health, leisure and
hospitality, or private education simply are not worth the cost
of daycare, commuting, and so on.9
Exhibit 8.1 Gender-Neutral Language?
Attorney Harry McCall, arguing before the U.S. Supreme Court,
stated, “I would like to remind you gentlemen” of
a legal point. Associate Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day
O’Connor asked, “Would you like to remind me, too?”
McCall later referred to the Court as “Justice O’Connor and
gentlemen.” Associate Justice Byron White told
McCall, “Just “Justices’ would be fine.”*
***
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures,
nearly half of states have moved to make the
22. language in their official documents gender-neutral. Changes
include replacements such
as handwriting for penmanship, first-year student for freshman,
and outdoor enthusiast for sportsman. The state
of Washington finds it more difficult to replace airman,
manhole, and manlock.†
Source: Newsweek, November 25, 1991, p. 17.
† Time, 2/18/13, p. 12.
Women are the single largest group of beneficiaries under
affirmative action. They seem to be
gaining in all facets of life. The latest presidential cycle saw the
first female selected as the
presidential candidate of a major political party. Janet Yellen
heads the U.S. Federal Reserve,
putting the world’s largest economy in the hands of a woman.
Three of the nine slots on the U.S.
Supreme Court are held by women. Nancy Pelosi was the first
female speaker of the U.S. House
of Representatives. Admiral Michele Howard, the first African-
American 4-star general,
commander of a ship in the U.S. Navy, and vice chief of the
Navy, commands the Naval forces in
Europe and Africa, captaining the USS Porter patrolling the
international waters off the Black Sea,
keeping an eye on Russian movements. Women head
corporations and states, own businesses,
and are members of the president’s cabinet. When Marissa
Mayer became CEO of Yahoo, it
made headlines when she was chosen and pregnant. Facebook’s
chief operating officer, Sheryl
Sandberg, was lauded for revealing she left work at 5:30 each
day after becoming a parent.
Beyonce signs a $50 million endorsement deal with Pepsi.
23. Walmart announced women-friendly
plans aimed at helping women-owned businesses and workers.
Women can now serve in combat
and even the Navy now permits women to serve on
submarines.10
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Things seem OK. You think to yourself, who would be dumb
enough to discriminate against
women these days? It can be hard to believe that gender
discrimination still exists when you go
to school and work with so many people of both genders; you
don’t feel like you view gender as
an issue, and it just seems like everything is OK. However, the
2016 EEOC statistics indicate that
gender still accounts for nearly one-third, 29.4 percent, of
substantive claims brought under Title
24. VII.
At the same time we see these strides made in the gender
sphere, we must keep in mind that
only 21 women, 4.2 percent, headed up Fortune 500 companies
as of March 2017, and 2016 saw
the number decline more than 12 percent, from 24 the year
before.11
When women account for nearly half the workforce, those
numbers may appear to seem
skewed.12 See Exhibit 8.2 “Catalyst Showing Female CEOs in
Fortune 500 Companies from 1995
to 2013.” One factor in the way of females’ progress is that,
even when women are imminently
qualified, “male leaders tend to feel comfortable around other
males, so they tend to network with,
and promote, those of the same gender.”13 Also, “female
leaders are caught in a Catch 22. If they
adopt a page 375command-and-control orientation, they are
viewed as inappropriately masculine.
If they act skillfully at solving disputes and settling conflicts,
they are viewed as too feminine to be
strong, directive leaders.”14
Exhibit 8.2 Catalyst Showing Female CEOs in Fortune 500
Companies from 1995 to
2013
“The Myth of the Ideal Worker: Does Doing All the Right
Things Really Get Women Ahead?”,
a 2011 major study by renowned women’s policy research group
Catalyst, found that regardless
25. of their career strategy, men seem to be paid for potential, while
women seem to be paid for
proven performance, and across all careers, men were more
likely to reach senior executive
positions than women. Men outpace women in rate of
advancement and compensation growth
from their first post–MBA job and it widens to $31,258 by mid-
career.15 The Harvard Business
School class of 2013 underwent an experiment for their two
years of study in which some of these
issues were directly confronted and attempts made to reverse
them. They noted that while all
students admitted to the MBA program were similarly qualified,
by the time they graduated, among
other things, men had spoken in class more (where participation
could be up to 50 percent of the
grade), had higher grades, won more awards, and landed more
prestigious jobs. By instituting
new policies and procedures, a dramatic impact was made, but it
remains to be seen whether it
will carry over into the workplace.16
As a reality check, one of our female graduate students was told
by an employer that if she
was a man with her qualifications, he would pay her 50 percent
more. Another was told she had
a full-time job upon graduation in a company in which she had
experienced a very successful
internship, but only if she allowed the president of the company
to set her up in an apartment so
she could be available to him whenever he wished to have sex
with her. She declined and started
her job hunt all over again, not finding another job in her field
until five months after she graduated.
Gender discrimination is real and is not just something that
happens to other people. It is real and
26. must be addressed in the workplace. But, first you have to be
able to recognize it.
page 376
Even professionals can be caught off guard. In 1999, a gender-
discrimination charge that
started with eight female stockbrokers at Merrill Lynch alleging
various forms of gender inequality,
particularly economic discrimination, ballooned to 900 women
and was still growing. “It’s been a
flood. I’ve been stunned. We were expecting 200–300 claims,
but the calls are still coming in,”
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said one of the lawyers representing the women. In 2004,
arbitrators determined that it was
standard operating procedure at Merrill Lynch to discriminate
against women. It was the first time
a Wall Street firm had been found to have engaged in systematic
gender discrimination. Merrill
27. Lynch spent more than $100 million settling close to 95 percent
of the 900 or so claims. In
subsequent press releases, the firm said this is not an accurate
picture of the firm today.
Unfortunately, that was only the beginning of Wall Street’s
gender-based litigation. Cases
continue to be brought by female employees against several
Wall Street firms for the same types
of discrimination that cost Merrill Lynch so much. In 2010
women filed EEOC claims against
Goldman Sachs investment bank, alleging systematic
discrimination against women including pay
and promotions.17 At least 58 women have joined in a 2009 suit
filed by the EEOC against
financial services and media company Bloomberg, founded by
former New York mayor Michael
Bloomberg, claiming pregnancy discrimination.18 Women at
Citigroup, Inc., filed a class action for
gender discrimination alleging they were laid off in the 2008
recession as part of the firm’s “glass
ceiling,” and lesser qualified or underperforming males were
retained.19 Morgan Stanley settled a
gender-bias class action suit for $46 million; Putnam
Investments was sued for its “ingrained
culture of chauvinism,” leading to demotions and firings based
on gender, a claim that has been
made against many, many companies since; Smith Barney was
sued for a pattern and practice
of gender discrimination against its female financial
consultants; and Wall Street bank Dresdner
Kleinwort Wasserstein Securities, LLC, was sued for $1.4
billion by female employees who
alleged they were hired as “eye candy,” subjected to Animal
House–like antics, passed over for
promotions, and generally treated like second-class citizens.
28. Clearly, Merrill Lynch’s $100 million message was not heard by
all. In fact, it was not even
heard by Merrill Lynch. In 2009 another group of women sued
Bank of America, which acquired
Merrill Lynch, alleging Bank of America had paid them
substantially lower bonuses than men
based on information from Merrill Lynch that BOA knew was
discriminatory.20 The next year, three
female financial advisors filed a class action lawsuit against
BOA Merrill Lynch alleging a pattern
and practice of gender discrimination in account distributions,
partnership opportunities, up-front
money, pay-out rate, other benefits in its compensation plan,
and opportunities for brokers to
increase their income.21 The case involving roughly 4,800
women who worked for Bank of
America and its subsidiary Merrill Lynch from 2007 onward
was settled for $39 million in
2013.22 However, similar charges were made in 2016 when a
senior female fixed-income banker
sued BOA for $6M, alleging she was paid less than half the
salary of similarly situated men there
and made to feel unwelcome in their “subordinate ‘bro club’ of
all-male syncophants.”23
page 377
But Wall Street is hardly alone. A $100 million class action
lawsuit filed by a female partner at
the law firm of Chadbourne & Parke alleged an “all-male
dictatorship.”24 In 2015, EEOC contacted
female directors in Hollywood to investigate gender
discrimination in the television and film
industry.25 Silicon Valley and the technology industry have
been having a rough time of it for the
29. past few years as well, with several high profile cases that have
resulted in ugly publicity even
when the companies end up winning the case. Venture capitalist
Ellen Pao created a sensation
in 2015 as the first woman to challenge the “boys club” in open
court rather than settle. She
alleged she was passed over for promotions, kept out of
meetings, barred from work trips, and
not invited to important Kleiner Perkins events because “It was
said that if there were women
there, the conversation would be tempered and it was because
women kill the buzz.”26 Pao
eventually lost her lawsuit, but opened the door for other
women to challenge similar treatment in
other tech and other companies.
Recent cases have been filed for everything from a female
animal handler terminated for
refusing to expose her breasts to a 300-pound gorilla who had a
“nipple fetish”27; to a female
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global transaction group director on track to become a managing
director who sued for being
terminated a month after she filed suit for gender discrimination
and sexual harassment alleging
she was Mommy-tracked after taking maternity leave28; to the
Clearwater, Florida, Fire & Rescue
chief being charged by the EEOC with gender discrimination for
ordering the department’s six
female firefighters to stay away from structure fires amid
reported threats that their male
colleagues might not protect them29; to a man suing in
California because there is no convenient,
easy, comparable way for him to take his wife’s name when
they marry as it is for her to take
his.30
Add race to the gender mix and it gets even worse. Known as
intersectionality, 2015
University of California at Hastings research found that while
the overwhelming majority of women
in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) fields
experience sexism, women of color
are put in “double jeopardy with a full 100 percent of the
interviewees reporting gender bias,
compared to 93 percent of white women.”31 An American Bar
Association study on women of
color in law firms, commissioned after a National Association
31. for Law Placement study found that
100 percent of female minority lawyers left their jobs in law
firms within eight years of being hired,
44 percent of the women reported being passed over for
desirable assignments (compared to 2
percent for white men), 62 percent said they had been excluded
from formal and informal
networking opportunities (compared to 4 percent of white men),
and 49 percent reported being
subjected to demeaning comments or other types of harassment
at their firms.32
intersectionality
Experiencing more than one type of discrimination at a time,
e.g., that of being black and female.
Gender equality in the workplace is an ever-evolving area and
does not occur in a vacuum.
The issues in the workplace are only one part of a much larger
environment of different, often
unequal, treatment of individuals based on gender. Imagine the
swimsuit calendar having bikini-
clad males instead of females. Do you think it would have been
received the same way?
Manifestations of gender differences in society are the basis for
differences in treatment in the
workplace. They can be as diverse and far-flung as the group of
Massachusetts teens suing
the page 378Selective Service System, arguing it is an
unconstitutional violation of the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments’ Equal Protection Clause for females
not to be subject to the draft just
as men are, asserting that “if people want women’s rights, they
should want it wholeheartedly,
including for women to have to fight in wars,”33 to the protest
over General Nutrition Center (GNC)
33. Learning Objectives
By the time you finish studying this chapter, you should be able
to:
1. LO1Describe the impact and implications of the changing
demographics of the American workforce.
2. LO2Define the prima facie case for national origin
discrimination under Title VII.
3. LO3Explain the legal status surrounding “English-only
policies” in the workplace.
4. LO4Describe a claim for harassment based on national origin
and discuss how it might be different from
one based on other protected classes.
5. LO5Identify the difference between citizenship and national
origin.
6. LO6Explain the extent of protection under the Immigration
Reform and Control Act.
page 324
Opening Scenarios
SCENARIO 1
Kayla, a supervisor, recently hired a new manager, Alex, but
has received complaints from customers that
they cannot understand him when they speak to him on the
telephone. Alex is a Romanian employee visiting
34. from the company’s Romanian office and is scheduled to remain
with the firm for two years. Kayla is concerned
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that if she allows Alex to perform duties similar to other
managers, the firm will lose customers; however, she is
unsure about the firm’s liability for decreasing Alex’s
responsibilities as a result of his foreign accent.
SCENARIO 2
Mohammed, an Arab-American Muslim high school student, had
a job after school at a fast-food restaurant.
A few co-workers started asking him why his “cousins” bombed
the World Trade Center. Mohammed ignored
their taunts. Then a manager began to add comments such as
“Hey, Mohammed, we’re going to have to check
you for bombs.” Mohammed felt humiliated and angry. Soon
after, he was terminated for accidentally throwing
away a paper cup that the manager was using. Mohammed
suspects that his religious and ethnic background
was the reason he was fired.
Statutory Basis
35. The statutory basis for protection against national origin
discrimination is presented in Exhibit 7.1,
“Legislation Prohibiting National Origin Discrimination.” These
statutes include section 703(a) of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration
Reform and Control Act of 1986.
Additional direction can be found in the EEOC’s Enforcement
Guidance on National Origin
Discrimination.
Exhibit 7.1 Legislation Prohibiting National Origin
Discrimination
TITLE VII, CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Sec. 703(a)
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer—
1. to fail or to refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or
otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect
to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, because of such individual’s . . . national origin.
IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986
Sec. 274A(a)
1. It is unlawful for a person or other entity:
A. to hire or to recruit or refer for a fee for employment in the
United States an alien knowing the alien is an
unauthorized alien with respect to such employment, or
B. to hire for employment in the United States an individual
without [verification of employment eligibility].
36. 2. It is unlawful for a person or other entity, after hiring an
alien for employment in accordance with paragraph (1), to
continue to employ the alien in the United States knowing the
alien is (or had become) an unauthorized alien with
respect to such employment.
3. A person or entity that establishes that it has complied in
good faith with the [verification of employment eligibility]
with respect to hiring, recruiting or referral for employment of
an alien in the United States has established an
affirmative defense that the person or entity has not violated
paragraph (1)(A).
Sec. 274(B)(a)
1. It is an unfair immigration-related practice for a person or
other entity to discriminate against any individual (other
than an unauthorized alien) with respect to the hiring, or
recruitment or referral for a fee, of the individual for
employment or the discharging of the individual from
employment—
A. because of such individual’s national origin, or
B. in the case of a protected individual [a citizen or authorized
alien], because of such individual’s citizenship status.
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Chez/Casa/Fala/Wunderbar Uncle Sam
The United States of America has always considered itself to be
37. a melting pot. Under this theory,
different ethnic, cultural, and racial groups came together in the
United States, but differences
were melted into one homogeneous mass composed of all
cultures. Recently, this
characterization has been revisited and other, more accurate
terms have been proposed. They
include such terms as a salad bowl, in which all the ingredients
come together to make an
appetizing, nutritious whole but each ingredient maintains its
own identity, or a stew, in which the
ingredients are blended together but maintain their distinct
identity, with the common thread of
living in America acting as the stew base that binds the
ingredients together.
While the words on the Statue of Liberty—“Give me your tired,
your poor, your huddled masses
yearning to breathe free”—have always acted as a beacon to
citizens of other countries to find
solace on our shores, the reality once they get here, even
sometimes after being here for
generations, is that they are often discriminated against, rather
than consoled. National origin was
included in Title VII’s list of protected classes to ensure that
employers did not make employment
decisions based on preconceived notions about employees’ or
applicants’ country of origin. Note
that section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, as amended
by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, also
may apply in those circumstances where national origin is a
proxy for or equivalent to race
(discussed later in this chapter).1
page 325Speaking of race, as was mentioned in the introduction
to the chapter on race
38. discrimination, recently there has been a sort of blending of the
race and national origin
categories, with employees bringing as race discrimination
cases those that had traditionally been
brought as national origin claims. The traditional distinctions in
the law are becoming blurred; but
the significant thing is that, for instance, whether being Latin is
considered race discrimination or
national origin discrimination, it is, in fact, illegal to make
workplace decisions on the basis of this
attribute. What is critical to understand is that a decision based
on either attribute is illegal; and
national origin is a distinct category in this textbook because it
is the way that such claims are
traditionally handled, and because we are reluctant to blend
completely the two areas when they
have quite different histories, implications, and analyses for
today’s employment arena.
The Changing Workforce
LO1
Over the past decade, we have seen a dramatic increase in the
number of immigrants to the
United States, particularly from Latin American and Asian
countries. In 2014 page 326alone, the
United States was home to a record 42.2 million immigrants
who, by 2016, comprised over 13.2
percent of the nation’s population. This number represents a
fourfold increase since 1960, when
there were 9.7 million immigrants living in the country. At that
time, immigrants made up only 5.4
percent of the U.S. population. The growth rate is expected to
39. continue and the number of
immigrants in the United States is expected to double by 2065.2
By 2016, the United States was
growing by one person every 8 seconds, and gaining one
international migrant every 29 seconds.3
In 1960, 84 percent of immigrants living in the United States
were born in Europe or Canada.
Since the passage of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization
Act, this demographic has changed
dramatically. As of 2014, European and Canadian immigrants
made up only 13.6 percent of U.S.
immigrants. Mexicans made up the largest share—27.7
percent—while Asian immigrants
comprised 26.4 percent of U.S. immigrants. Immigrants from
Latin America comprised 23.9
percent and 8.3 percent of immigrants were born in other
regions.4 In 2015, there were 26.3
million foreign-born workers in the United States, comprising
16.7 percent of the total labor force.
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Latinx5 accounted for 48.8 percent of the foreign-born labor
force, with Asians comprising a further
24.1 percent.6
From 2014 to 2015, unemployment rates for foreign-born
40. workers declined by 0.7 percent,
while dropping 0.9 percent for U.S.-born workers. In 2014, the
jobless rate among U.S.-born men
(5.6 percent) was higher than that for foreign-born men (4.5
percent). Despite having a slight edge
in employment, the median weekly earnings of foreign-born,
full-time workers were significantly
lower than their U.S.-born counterparts: $681 compared with
$837 (among women, a difference
of $626 to $740 and among men, a difference of $712 versus
$934). However, the earnings gap
narrows with higher levels of education: among those with a
bachelors degree or higher, earnings
were essentially identical.7
On its face, national origin discrimination appears to be
relatively simple to determine; however,
it has surprising complexities. Employers have always been
uncertain of the scope of Title VII’s
coverage in this area and what could be used as a defense
against decisions based on national
origin. (See Exhibit 7.2, “Realities about National Origin
Discrimination.”) Notwithstanding its
complexity, however, complaints to the EEOC based on alleged
national origin discrimination
have been on the rise since 1997. Between 1997 and 2015,
complaints of discrimination on the
basis of national origin grew from page 3276,712 to 9,438,
though the number of national origin
complaints being filed has declined a bit from its peak in 2011,
when it was 11,833.8 The link
between these two forms of complaint, particularly as they
pertain to Muslim and Arab-Americans
after the attacks of September 11, 2001, is discussed later in the
chapter.
41. Exhibit 7.2 Realities about National Origin Discrimination
1. “Citizenship” and “national origin” are not syn-onymous.
2. No matter the national origin of a restaurant, it likely will
still be required strictly to abide by Title VII non-
discrimination
principles in hiring its waitstaff.
3. The EEOC considers English-only rules applied at all times
presumptively discriminatory, although courts have not
always agreed.
Regulatory Overview
LO2
The national origin discrimination protection offered by Title
VII is similar to that of gender or
race and is used somewhat synonymously with ethnicity, though
they are distinguishable. That
is, it is an unlawful employment practice for an employer to
limit, segregate, or classify employees
in any way that would deprive them of employment
opportunities because of national origin. An
employer may not group its employees on the basis of national
origin, make employment
decisions on that basis, or implement policies or programs that,
though they appear not to be
based on an employee’s or applicant’s country of origin,
actually affect those of one national origin
differently than those of a different group.
national origin discrimination protection
It is unlawful for an employer to limit, segregate, or classify
employees in any way on the basis of national
42. origin that would deprive them of the privileges, benefits, or
opportunities of employment.
An employee may successfully claim discrimination on the basis
of national origin if it is shown
that
1. She or he is a member of a protected class (i.e., articulate the
employee’s national origin).
2. She or he was qualified for the position for which she or he
applied or in which she or he was
employed.
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3. The employer made an employment decision against this
employee or applicant.
4. The position was filled by someone who was not a member of
the protected class.
43. Each of the above will be discussed in turn.
Member of the Protected Class
In connection with the first requirement, what is meant by
national origin? While the term is not
defined in Title VII, the EEOC guidelines on discrimination
define national origin discrimination
as “including, but not limited to, the denial of equal
employment opportunity because of [an
applicant’s or employee’s] or his or her ancestor’s place of
origin; or because an applicant has
the physical, cultural, or linguistic characteristics of a national
origin group.”
national origin
Individual’s, or her or his ancestor’s, place of origin (as
opposed to citizenship), or physical, cultural, or
linguistic characteristics of an origin group.
Note that the law provides protection against discrimination
based only on country of origin, not
on country of citizenship.9 Title VII protects employees who
are not U.S. citizens from employment
discrimination based on the categories of the Act, but it does
not protect them from discrimination
based on their status as immigrants, rather than as U.S. citizens.
That is, it protects a Somali
woman from gender discrimination, but not from discrimination
on the basis of the fact that she is
a Somali citizen, rather than an American citizen. The issue of
citizenship as it relates to national
origin is discussed later in this chapter.
page 328Many national origin cases under Title VII involve
claims of discrimination by those
who were not born in America; however, American-born
44. employees also are protected against
discrimination on the basis of their American origin. For
example, a court has held that the
employer’s conscious decision about whom to dismiss on the
basis of the national origin of its
employees (in an effort to promote “affirmative action”) was
not acceptable because that method
tended to disfavor Americans, in favor of other nationalities.
In addition to national origin encompassing the employee’s
place of birth, it also includes ethnic
characteristics or origins, as well as physical, linguistic, or
cultural traits closely associated with a
national origin group. For instance, courts have held that Cajuns
and people of Romani descent
(sometimes referred to by the more derogatory term, “gypsy”10)
are protected under Title VII.11 In
addition, the EEOC confirms that other ethnic groups, such as
Latinx, Arabs, and Kurds, are also
protected national origin groups.12 It also may serve as the
basis for a national origin
discrimination claim if the employee
• Is identified with or connected to a person of a specific
national origin, such as when someone suffers
discrimination because he or she is married to a person of a
certain ethnic heritage.
• Is a member of an organization that is identified with a
national group.
• Is a participant in a school or religious organization that is
affiliated with a national origin group.
• Has a surname that is generally associated with a national
origin group.
45. • Is perceived by an employer to be a member of a particular
national origin group, whether or not the
individual is in fact of that origin.
Qualification/BFOQs
The second factor that must be present for an employee to claim
national origin discrimination is
that the applicant or employee is qualified for the position. That
is, the claimant must show that
he or she meets the job’s requirements.
Contrary to situations involving disability or religion, the
employee in a national origin case must
show that she or he is qualified for the position without the
benefit of accommodation. No
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accommodation of one’s national origin is required of
employers. For example, while an employer
would be required to reasonably accommodate an employee’s
religious attire, there is no similar
responsibility to accommodate an employee’s attire of national
46. origin, such as traditional African
dress, unless it can be shown to overlap with his or her religion.
The employer may counter the employee’s claim that she or he
is otherwise qualified by
showing that national origin is actually a bona fide occupational
qualification (BFOQ) (discussed
in Chapter 3) for the job. In other words, the employer can
explain why a specific national origin
is necessary for the position applied for—why that national
origin is a legitimate job requirement
and is reasonably necessary for the employer’s particular
business.
page 329
It is important to note that customer, client, or co-worker
discomfort or preference in terms of
national origin may not be relied upon by the employer. But, as
you’ll see in the Espinoza v. Farah
Mfg. Co. case at the end of the chapter, citizenship is an
entirely different story.
English Fluency and Speaking Other Languages in the
Workplace
LO3
Some employers choose to maintain policies requiring all
employees either to be fluent in English
or to speak only English while in the workplace, even when
47. employees are speaking only among
themselves. Employers have also raised the question of what to
do if an employee’s accent
interferes with his or her job performance. Fluency
requirements, “English-only” policies, and
accent rules all raise slightly different issues, but all are
becoming increasingly relevant in today’s
diverse workforce. In 2014, 20.9 percent of the U.S. population
five years and older spoke a
language other than English in the home. Over 25 million
Americans, or nearly 9 percent of the
U.S. population aged five and over, spoke English less than
“very well.”13
Diversity in the workplace brings many benefits, including a
greater breadth of skills and life
experiences among the workforce. It also may present unique
challenges to employers,
particularly in the form of poor communication among those
who may prefer to speak in their
native tongue, which might be not English but Spanish, Hindi,
or Tagalog. While such
communication problems may cause confusion, fluency
requirements may not be appropriate for
some jobs, even within the same company, and severe English-
only restrictions may create
frustration and resentment among employees for whom English
is a second language. To avoid
alienating these employees, to ensure realistic and reasonable
job qualifications, and to decrease
the risk of litigation, employers should not permit managers to
arbitrarily impose language
restrictions.14
A job requirement that an employee must be fluent in English is
legal if fluency is required to
48. perform the work effectively. The EEOC has pointed out that
the degree of fluency required varies
from job to job, so blanket fluency requirements that apply
equally to the customer service
department and to warehouse workers might not be legal. To
best be protected from possible
Title VII liability, the employer must be able to show that
English fluency is required for the job
and that the requirement is necessary to maintain supervisory
control of the workplace. Perhaps
it may be required of an employee who has significant
communication with clients, or it may be
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justified as a BFOQ where the employee could not speak or
understand English sufficiently to
perform required duties.
Similarly, because an employee’s accent is often associated
with his or her national origin,
courts closely examine employment decisions based on accent
(since it may be used as a proxy
for national origin discrimination). However, an employer is
permitted to choose not to hire or
promote an employee to a position that requires clear oral
communication in English if the
employee’s accent substantially affects his or her ability to
communicate clearly. For example,
where a teacher was fluent in English but spoke with such a
49. thick accent that her students had a
difficult time understanding her, her discharge was upheld. On
the page 330other hand, if the
employee is in a job requiring little speaking and the employee
can understand English, the
requirement may be more difficult to defend—for instance,
requiring English fluency for a janitor
who talks little, has little reason to speak to carry out the duties
of the job, and who understands
what is said to him or her. In fact, in In re Rodriguez,15 the
court found that an employment
decision based on an employee’s accent and speech
characteristics (where due to the
employee’s national origin) was direct evidence of employment
discrimination sufficient to shift
the burden of proof to the employer to articulate a legitimate
non-discriminatory reason for the
decision that the employer “would have terminated the
[employee] had it not been motivated by
discrimination.” The court affirmed that “accent and national
origin are inextricably intertwined.”
Additionally, in Guimaraes v. SuperValu, Inc., the Court found
that even comments ridiculing
an employee’s accent could be relevant evidence of national
origin animus.16
Unlike the teacher above, in Scenario 1, Kayla is considering
decreasing Alex’s responsibilities
due to his foreign accent, rather than terminating him. However,
like the teacher, it is quite
possible in this scenario to show that speaking clear English is a
BFOQ, especially if it can be
50. shown that customers have been complaining that they cannot
understand him.
A closely related question is whether employers are permitted to
implement policies requiring
employees to speak only English in the workplace. These
policies may be based in well-
intentioned employer efforts aimed at decreasing workplace
tension where multiple languages
have segregated a workplace, improving employees’ English, or
promoting a safe and efficient
workplace. Though the U.S. Supreme Court has not yet ruled on
the lawfulness of English-only
policies in the workplace, lower courts have gone both ways on
this issue.17 Some have held the
policy to be discriminatory, excessively prohibitive, and a
violation of Title VII. Others have held
that it is not national origin discrimination if all employees,
regardless of ancestry, are prohibited
from speaking anything but English on the job and that there is
no statutory right to speak other
languages at work. It has been held that the right to speak one’s
native language when the
employee is bilingual is not an immutable characteristic that
Title VII protects.
Garcia v. Spun Steak Co., included at the end of the chapter, is
one of the most important
cases on the subject. In Garcia, the Ninth Circuit considered an
employer’s policy that required
bilingual workers to speak only English while on the job,
though it allowed other languages to be
spoken during breaks and employees’ personal time. Spanish-
speaking employees argued that
the policy was discriminatory because it denied them the ability
to express their cultural heritage,
51. denied them a privilege of employment enjoyed by speakers of
English as a first language, and
created an atmosphere of inferiority and intimidation. The court
rejected these arguments, stating
that Title VII “does not protect the ability of workers to express
their cultural heritage at the
workplace,” but is “concerned only with disparities in the
treatment of workers.” The court further
argued that “Title VII is not meant to protect against rules that
merely inconvenience some
employees, even if the inconvenience falls regularly on a
protected class.”
page 331In contrast, in EEOC v. Premier Operator Servs.,
Inc.,18 the district court struck down
an English-only policy that required all conversations on
workplace premises, including those
during breaks or personal time, to be in English. The court
found that the defendant presented
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insufficient evidence to establish that there was any business
necessity for the policy as
implemented. The court noted that, even if it were “to assume
that office ‘harmony’ [was] properly
considered to be a business necessity that would justify an
52. English-only policy,” there was no
credible evidence on the record that there was any discord
among employees so as to necessitate
a language-restrictive policy. The court therefore concluded that
“the speak English-only policy
as implemented and enforced . . . was a tool by which
discrimination based on national origin was
effected.”
In general, though, English-only rules have been upheld. In
Pachero v. New York Presbyterian
Hospital,19 an English-only requirement was implemented in
response to complaints from patients
who believed that Spanish-speaking employees were talking
about them in a language that they
did not understand. An employee brought suit alleging national
origin discrimination under
theories of a hostile work environment, disparate treatment, and
disparate impact. The hospital
argued that its English-only requirement was both limited and a
business necessity: it helped
facilitate better staff-patient relationships and employees were
permitted to speak Spanish (or any
other language) when patients were not present. The court
agreed and dismissed the plaintiff’s
case. The courts have also summarized the types of business
necessity justifications that have
been upheld: In EEOC v. Sephora USA,20 an English-only
policy was justified as a means of
improving communication with customers; the court in Montes
v. Vail Clinic, Inc.,21 held an
English-only policy was necessary to ensure safety for hospital
patients; the court in Roman v.
Cornell University22 found an English-only rule was justified
to avoid or lessen interpersonal
conflicts between employees; the court in Long v. First Union
53. Corp. of Virginia23 held that an
English-only policy was justified to ensure the business runs
smoothly and efficiently; and the
court in Tuffa v. Flight Servs. & Sys. Inc.24 found that a policy
requiring employees to read in
English does not discriminate on its face and the requirement
that employees pass a written test
in English is not direct evidence of discrimination.
However, challenges to English-only rules are increasing, and
some have resulted in large
awards and settlements to affected employees. In 2001, a class-
action suit filed by eighteen
Latinx housekeepers against the University of Incarnate Word
for requiring them …
Student
23 February 18
Article critique #2
Vlaović, Zoran, et al. “Comfort Evaluation as the Example of
Anthropotechnical Furniture
Design.”
The purpose of the article was intended to portray the weight of
the issue based on the
comfort and discomfort of desk chairs. In order to find true
answers, the authors conducted a
54. study that tested multiple different chairs that had different size
seats. The purpose of the
study was to determine if size and composition of the seat
would change comfort levels of
individuals that spend large amounts of time sitting in them per
day.
One thing I really loved about the article was how descriptive
it was. It really looked
deep into things that I never really thought about as an issue. I
had never placed seat cushion
size and shape as something that I would use as a determining
factor to comfort over a long
period of time, but I guess it does make a lot of sense. I felt like
the diagrams really help a lot
too in understanding all of the information really well! Overall,
I thought the article was very
informative and portrayed the information in a really clear and
descriptive manner.
Article
Critique Rubric
GOOD
2 PTS
55. FAIR
1.5 PTS
POOR
1 PTS
BAD
0 PTS
SUMMARY Good
The article is clearly but
succinctly summarized - only
the key points of the article are
touched upon. The article
summary takes up no more than
one third of the total
assignment.
Fair
The article is clearly
summarized, but some sub
points are addressed along
with main points.
Poor
The article summary is
unclear or overly detailed.
Often well over half of the
assignment is taken up by
the summary.
No Effort
56. CRITIQUE Good
Strengths and weaknesses that
are central to the article are
addressed. The discussion of
strengths and weaknesses take
up the majority of the
assignment.
Fair
Strengths and weaknesses
that are peripheral to the
article are addressed. The
discussion of strengths and
weaknesses take up the
majority of the assignment
Poor
Strengths and weaknesses
are addressed peripherally,
weakly, or not at all. The
discussion of strengths and
weaknesses take up only a
small part of the
assignment
MECHANICS
Good
57. There are no grammatical
errors or typos.
Fair
There are few grammatical
errors or typos
Poor
There are many
grammatical errors and/or
typos
FORMAT Good
APA/MLA and page length
requirements are met
Fair
APA/MLA and page length
requirements are met
Poor
APA/MLA and page length
requirements are not met.
58. Article Critique
■ Reference
– APA format
■ Summary
– One paragraph (what the study was about primarily and what
were the key findings)
– Write in your own words
■ Do not just copy and paste the abstract
■ Critique
– Minimum three paragraphs
■ What was good?
– Subjects, study design etc.
■ Shortcomings of the article
– Pick apart the article
■ How you would take the study forward?
– Do not just go with their directions for future research