Abstract. The study was carried out to investigate the composition and type of different urinary
stones upon application of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. ATR FTIR spectra revealed the
marker bands of a mixed stone composition containing calcium oxalate monohydrate/ calcium
carbonate, respectively calcium oxalate monohydrate/cystine. The surface morphology of the samples
and elemental analysis was performed by SEM-EDAX confirming the presence of oxalate, carbonate
and cystine in the samples. Combination of FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX allowed quantitative
and qualitative evaluation of components, the spatial distribution and the percent of major and trace
elements present in a single sample.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Non-lesions, Misdiagnoses, Missed Diagnoses, and Other Interpretive Challenge...EPL, Inc.
“Non-lesions, Misdiagnoses, Missed Diagnoses, and Other Interpretive Challenges in Fish Histopathology Studies: A Guide for Investigators, Authors, Reviewers, and Readers.” Wolf JC (presenter), Baumgartner WA, Blazer VS, Camus AC, Engelhardt JA, Fournie JW, Frasca S, Groman DB, Kent ML, Khoo LH, Law JM, Lombardini ED, Ruehl-Fehlert C, Segner HE, Smith SA, Spitsbergen JM, Weber K, Wolfe MJ. The 33rd Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. June 22-26, 2014.
For full-resolution viewing, please open or save file as a PDF.
This document discusses the potential role of nanobacteria in dental pulp stone formation. It presents evidence from an in vitro study where nanobacteria were able to colonize on a tooth surface and induce apatite stone formation, similar to what is seen in dental pulp stones. An epidemiological analysis of 18 patients with severe dental pulp stones found high rates of kidney stones, gallstones, and other calcifications in the patients and their family members, suggesting nanobacteria may contribute to stone formation in multiple parts of the body. The document concludes that while more research is needed, nanobacteria may play a pathogenic role in dental diseases by causing abnormal biomineralization and stone formation in the dental pulp and other tissues.
Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Colorado Histo-Prep provides histopathology and clinical pathology services for research studies. They have capabilities in tissue processing, histology, clinical chemistry, hematology, digital micrography, special staining including Grocott's Methenamine-Silver and immunohistochemistry. Colorado Histo-Prep's services include anatomic pathology, dermal irritation testing, tuberculosis and arthritis research, and studies involving rodents, rabbits, primates and other species.
This document discusses two pathways for kidney stone formation: Randall's plaques and Randall's plugs. Randall's plaques involve the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the basement membrane of renal tubules and interstitium, which can grow and erode through the papillary epithelium to expose the plaque to urine. Randall's plugs involve crystal formation and retention in terminal collecting ducts leading to plugging, with stones potentially forming behind the plugs. The document reviews the history and morphological characteristics of Randall's plaques as seen through microscopy studies.
This document summarizes a study examining various magnesium alloys as degradable implant materials for orthopedic applications. Five alloys (LAE442, WE43, MgCa0.8, AX30, ZEK100) were implanted into rabbit tibiae. Over 3, 6, and 12 months: 1) Weight loss and mechanical strength decreased more for calcium-containing than rare-earth alloys; 2) Histology showed less bone reaction for alloys with slower, more uniform degradation like LAE442; 3) μ-CT imaging found better bone-implant contact for LAE442 compared to MgCa0.8. The study evaluated alloy degradation rates and biocompatibility in vivo.
The document is the scoring guidelines for the 2012 AP Biology exam. It provides examples of student responses that would earn points on the exam for various multiple choice and free response questions. The scoring guidelines describe the key points and level of understanding required to earn each point to help evaluate student exam performance.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Non-lesions, Misdiagnoses, Missed Diagnoses, and Other Interpretive Challenge...EPL, Inc.
“Non-lesions, Misdiagnoses, Missed Diagnoses, and Other Interpretive Challenges in Fish Histopathology Studies: A Guide for Investigators, Authors, Reviewers, and Readers.” Wolf JC (presenter), Baumgartner WA, Blazer VS, Camus AC, Engelhardt JA, Fournie JW, Frasca S, Groman DB, Kent ML, Khoo LH, Law JM, Lombardini ED, Ruehl-Fehlert C, Segner HE, Smith SA, Spitsbergen JM, Weber K, Wolfe MJ. The 33rd Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. June 22-26, 2014.
For full-resolution viewing, please open or save file as a PDF.
This document discusses the potential role of nanobacteria in dental pulp stone formation. It presents evidence from an in vitro study where nanobacteria were able to colonize on a tooth surface and induce apatite stone formation, similar to what is seen in dental pulp stones. An epidemiological analysis of 18 patients with severe dental pulp stones found high rates of kidney stones, gallstones, and other calcifications in the patients and their family members, suggesting nanobacteria may contribute to stone formation in multiple parts of the body. The document concludes that while more research is needed, nanobacteria may play a pathogenic role in dental diseases by causing abnormal biomineralization and stone formation in the dental pulp and other tissues.
Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Colorado Histo-Prep provides histopathology and clinical pathology services for research studies. They have capabilities in tissue processing, histology, clinical chemistry, hematology, digital micrography, special staining including Grocott's Methenamine-Silver and immunohistochemistry. Colorado Histo-Prep's services include anatomic pathology, dermal irritation testing, tuberculosis and arthritis research, and studies involving rodents, rabbits, primates and other species.
This document discusses two pathways for kidney stone formation: Randall's plaques and Randall's plugs. Randall's plaques involve the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the basement membrane of renal tubules and interstitium, which can grow and erode through the papillary epithelium to expose the plaque to urine. Randall's plugs involve crystal formation and retention in terminal collecting ducts leading to plugging, with stones potentially forming behind the plugs. The document reviews the history and morphological characteristics of Randall's plaques as seen through microscopy studies.
This document summarizes a study examining various magnesium alloys as degradable implant materials for orthopedic applications. Five alloys (LAE442, WE43, MgCa0.8, AX30, ZEK100) were implanted into rabbit tibiae. Over 3, 6, and 12 months: 1) Weight loss and mechanical strength decreased more for calcium-containing than rare-earth alloys; 2) Histology showed less bone reaction for alloys with slower, more uniform degradation like LAE442; 3) μ-CT imaging found better bone-implant contact for LAE442 compared to MgCa0.8. The study evaluated alloy degradation rates and biocompatibility in vivo.
The document is the scoring guidelines for the 2012 AP Biology exam. It provides examples of student responses that would earn points on the exam for various multiple choice and free response questions. The scoring guidelines describe the key points and level of understanding required to earn each point to help evaluate student exam performance.
Dollmar S.p.A. is an Italian chemical company that produces nanotechnology-based pretreatments under the Dollcoat brand for various metal substrates. It has several subsidiaries and partnerships involved in chemical storage and distribution. The document describes Dollmar's main pretreatment products - Dollcoat SA 115, SA 119, SA 121, and SA 113. SA 115 is a multimetal nanotechnology-based passivation. SA 119 is a chrome-free passivation for hot-dip galvanized steel. SA 121 is a chrome-free, QUALICOAT-approved conversion coating for aluminum. SA 113 provides an easy-to-clean surface with low adhesion to inks, paints
EDS softwares INCA and EDAX_EM forum_Yina Guo_May 2016YinaGuo
The document discusses energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It provides an overview of how EDS works, factors that influence resolution and detection limits, and tips for acquisition and analysis using EDS software. Examples are given of multipoint analysis, elemental mapping, and line scans to identify phases in a steel sample.
Deepak Rajput presented research on laser processing of graphite. Titanium, zirconium, and niobium coatings were deposited on graphite substrates using the LISI TM process. Characterization found the coatings were fully dense and crack-free with carbide phases formed at the interfaces. A proposed mechanism is laser-assisted self-propagating high temperature synthesis due to the exothermic reactions. Future work includes heat treatment, advanced characterization, and publishing the results.
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When an X-ray beam hits a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions based on the atomic planes in the crystal. Bragg's law describes the diffraction pattern and is used to explain the angles and wavelengths of the diffracted X-rays. To collect diffraction data, crystals are mounted on a goniometer and bombarded with X-rays while being rotated, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can then be analyzed to determine information about the crystal structure like lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures how the mass of a sample changes as it is heated. Key points:
- TGA uses a high-precision balance called a thermogravimetric analyzer or thermobalance to measure mass changes as temperature is increased.
- Results are displayed as thermogravimetric (TG) curves plotting mass change vs. temperature or time. Curves reveal information about decomposition temperatures, reactions, and composition.
- Instrumentation includes the microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and data recorder. Microbalances must precisely and rapidly detect small mass changes under varying conditions.
- Interpretation of TG
The document discusses the key components and functioning of a diffractometer used in X-ray crystallography. It describes the X-ray tube, optics, goniometer, sample holder, detector and how they are used to produce and analyze diffracted X-rays. It also explains Bragg's law which governs X-ray diffraction from crystal planes and is important for analyzing diffraction patterns. Different X-ray diffraction methods including Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods are also summarized.
Skeletal radionuclide imaging plays an important role in understanding bone metabolism and evaluating bone abnormalities. Various radiotracers are used including 99mTc-MDP, 18F-NaF, and 18F-FDG. SPECT and PET are employed to produce images showing radiotracer distribution. Normal scans show clear, symmetric uptake throughout the skeleton with increased uptake in joints, while abnormal scans can detect changes in blood flow, osteoblastic activity, or bone destruction.
This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (urinary stones). It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, types, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of urinary stones. The main types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, infection stones, and cystine stones. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, blood tests, radiography, ultrasound, and CT. Treatment options include medical expulsive therapy, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and open surgery. Recurrence risks are reduced through lifestyle changes like increased fluid intake and dietary modifications.
This document discusses staghorn calculi, which are large branched kidney stones that fill the renal pelvis and calyces. It describes the composition of staghorn stones as struvite or a mixture of calcium and apatite. The document outlines the chemical process by which urease-producing bacterial infections lead to the formation of struvite stones. It discusses evaluation, risk factors, treatment options including percutaneous nephrolithotomy or shockwave lithotripsy, and the limited role of chemolytic therapy for managing large staghorn calculi.
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
The document provides information on stone disease (urolithiasis). It summarizes that calcium oxalate is the most common type of kidney stone found in India, making up 86.1% of stones. Supersaturation of urine from dehydration is a key factor in stone formation. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is now the first-line treatment for the majority (80-85%) of stones, allowing them to be broken up without surgery. Complications of ESWL can include hematuria and incomplete stone fragmentation.
Auckland Volcanic Field Olivine Research Poster for AGU Fall 2013_Smidelainesmid
This poster was presented at the American Geophysical Union's Fall 2013 scientific conference. It describes research results from chemical analyses of olivine minerals found in the deposits of the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand. This research is a part of the publicly-funded DEtermining VOlcanic Risk in Auckland project.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of kidney stones (urolithiasis). It covers the epidemiology, types, diagnosis, and treatment options for kidney stones. For diagnosis, it recommends non-contrast CT scanning as the most sensitive test. For treatment, it describes medical expulsive therapy using drugs to help pass small stones, as well as minimally invasive procedures like ESWL, PNL, and ureteroscopy for larger stones. Factors like stone size, location, and composition are considered when selecting a treatment approach.
Renal stones are common, affecting around 10-15% of people in the US at some point. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of stone. Stones form due to supersaturation of minerals like calcium and oxalate in the urine. Investigations like ultrasound and CT are used to detect and characterize stones. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include medical expulsive therapy, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or open surgery. The goal is to remove stones while minimizing complications like bleeding or infection.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document summarizes an infrared spectroscopy study of CoxNi1-xFeCrO4 ferrite samples with x ranging from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.2. Two absorption bands below 1000 cm-1 were observed arising from vibrations in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The higher frequency v1 band around 600 cm-1 is attributed to Fe3+-O2- stretching in tetrahedral sites while the lower frequency v2 band around 460-505 cm-1 is attributed to Fe3+-O2- stretching in octahedral sites. The positions of the bands and calculated force constants and bond lengths provide information about cation distribution between the sites and changes with the addition of Co2+.
This study analyzed trace elements and heavy metals in the otoliths of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) captured from six locations in the Hudson River estuary using a novel solid phase extraction method coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method successfully measured low concentrations of elements that are difficult to detect due to calcium matrix interferences. Statistical analysis found significant differences in elemental compositions among sampling locations, with 78% accuracy in classifying eels to their site of capture. Elements like aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, manganese, nickel, and vanadium contributed most to distinguishing among sites and indicated varying exposure to pollution across the estuary.
The document summarizes a study that utilized inorganic geochemical analysis to develop high-resolution chronostratigraphic correlations of reef complexes in the Canning Basin of Western Australia. Over 2500 samples were collected from six field sections ranging from Frasnian to Famennian age. Elemental ratios like Cr/Al2O3, K2O/Al2O3 and Zr/Al2O3 revealed trends that allowed inference of changes in clay mineral input, siliciclastic input, and energy levels over time. These geochemical proxies provided correlational constraints not evident in traditional sequence stratigraphy. The integrated chronostratigraphy aids correlation where biostratigraphic and magnetic data are limited, helping address challenges in the
Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite andAlexander Decker
This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
Groundwater and surface water quality and pollution in the Chalkidiki district of northern Greece is examined. Chemical analyses of groundwater from different aquifers and host rocks show variations related to hydrothermal activity, seawater intrusion, anthropogenic influence, and natural processes. Surface water is also analyzed and found to be polluted from various sources. Geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological factors are used to explain the chemistry and pollution of waters in the region.
The document provides the syllabus for a Diploma in Radiation Technology program over two years. The first year covers subjects like radiological anatomy, physics, radiography techniques, darkroom procedures, and clinical and instrumental skills lab training. The second year covers subjects like advanced radiography techniques, principles of radiotherapy and radiation protection, recent advances, patient care, and clinical practice. The document also provides sample course codes, credit hours, exam structures, and references for some of the individual subjects.
Dollmar S.p.A. is an Italian chemical company that produces nanotechnology-based pretreatments under the Dollcoat brand for various metal substrates. It has several subsidiaries and partnerships involved in chemical storage and distribution. The document describes Dollmar's main pretreatment products - Dollcoat SA 115, SA 119, SA 121, and SA 113. SA 115 is a multimetal nanotechnology-based passivation. SA 119 is a chrome-free passivation for hot-dip galvanized steel. SA 121 is a chrome-free, QUALICOAT-approved conversion coating for aluminum. SA 113 provides an easy-to-clean surface with low adhesion to inks, paints
EDS softwares INCA and EDAX_EM forum_Yina Guo_May 2016YinaGuo
The document discusses energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It provides an overview of how EDS works, factors that influence resolution and detection limits, and tips for acquisition and analysis using EDS software. Examples are given of multipoint analysis, elemental mapping, and line scans to identify phases in a steel sample.
Deepak Rajput presented research on laser processing of graphite. Titanium, zirconium, and niobium coatings were deposited on graphite substrates using the LISI TM process. Characterization found the coatings were fully dense and crack-free with carbide phases formed at the interfaces. A proposed mechanism is laser-assisted self-propagating high temperature synthesis due to the exothermic reactions. Future work includes heat treatment, advanced characterization, and publishing the results.
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When an X-ray beam hits a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions based on the atomic planes in the crystal. Bragg's law describes the diffraction pattern and is used to explain the angles and wavelengths of the diffracted X-rays. To collect diffraction data, crystals are mounted on a goniometer and bombarded with X-rays while being rotated, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can then be analyzed to determine information about the crystal structure like lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures how the mass of a sample changes as it is heated. Key points:
- TGA uses a high-precision balance called a thermogravimetric analyzer or thermobalance to measure mass changes as temperature is increased.
- Results are displayed as thermogravimetric (TG) curves plotting mass change vs. temperature or time. Curves reveal information about decomposition temperatures, reactions, and composition.
- Instrumentation includes the microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and data recorder. Microbalances must precisely and rapidly detect small mass changes under varying conditions.
- Interpretation of TG
The document discusses the key components and functioning of a diffractometer used in X-ray crystallography. It describes the X-ray tube, optics, goniometer, sample holder, detector and how they are used to produce and analyze diffracted X-rays. It also explains Bragg's law which governs X-ray diffraction from crystal planes and is important for analyzing diffraction patterns. Different X-ray diffraction methods including Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods are also summarized.
Skeletal radionuclide imaging plays an important role in understanding bone metabolism and evaluating bone abnormalities. Various radiotracers are used including 99mTc-MDP, 18F-NaF, and 18F-FDG. SPECT and PET are employed to produce images showing radiotracer distribution. Normal scans show clear, symmetric uptake throughout the skeleton with increased uptake in joints, while abnormal scans can detect changes in blood flow, osteoblastic activity, or bone destruction.
This document provides an overview of urolithiasis (urinary stones). It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, types, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of urinary stones. The main types of stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, infection stones, and cystine stones. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, blood tests, radiography, ultrasound, and CT. Treatment options include medical expulsive therapy, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and open surgery. Recurrence risks are reduced through lifestyle changes like increased fluid intake and dietary modifications.
This document discusses staghorn calculi, which are large branched kidney stones that fill the renal pelvis and calyces. It describes the composition of staghorn stones as struvite or a mixture of calcium and apatite. The document outlines the chemical process by which urease-producing bacterial infections lead to the formation of struvite stones. It discusses evaluation, risk factors, treatment options including percutaneous nephrolithotomy or shockwave lithotripsy, and the limited role of chemolytic therapy for managing large staghorn calculi.
Growth and Analysis of Urea Thiourea Sodium Sulphate CrystalIOSR Journals
Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow
evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and
it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown
single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were
identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the
mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker’s microhardness test.
The document provides information on stone disease (urolithiasis). It summarizes that calcium oxalate is the most common type of kidney stone found in India, making up 86.1% of stones. Supersaturation of urine from dehydration is a key factor in stone formation. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is now the first-line treatment for the majority (80-85%) of stones, allowing them to be broken up without surgery. Complications of ESWL can include hematuria and incomplete stone fragmentation.
Auckland Volcanic Field Olivine Research Poster for AGU Fall 2013_Smidelainesmid
This poster was presented at the American Geophysical Union's Fall 2013 scientific conference. It describes research results from chemical analyses of olivine minerals found in the deposits of the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand. This research is a part of the publicly-funded DEtermining VOlcanic Risk in Auckland project.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of kidney stones (urolithiasis). It covers the epidemiology, types, diagnosis, and treatment options for kidney stones. For diagnosis, it recommends non-contrast CT scanning as the most sensitive test. For treatment, it describes medical expulsive therapy using drugs to help pass small stones, as well as minimally invasive procedures like ESWL, PNL, and ureteroscopy for larger stones. Factors like stone size, location, and composition are considered when selecting a treatment approach.
Renal stones are common, affecting around 10-15% of people in the US at some point. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of stone. Stones form due to supersaturation of minerals like calcium and oxalate in the urine. Investigations like ultrasound and CT are used to detect and characterize stones. Treatment depends on stone size and location, and may include medical expulsive therapy, shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or open surgery. The goal is to remove stones while minimizing complications like bleeding or infection.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document summarizes an infrared spectroscopy study of CoxNi1-xFeCrO4 ferrite samples with x ranging from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.2. Two absorption bands below 1000 cm-1 were observed arising from vibrations in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The higher frequency v1 band around 600 cm-1 is attributed to Fe3+-O2- stretching in tetrahedral sites while the lower frequency v2 band around 460-505 cm-1 is attributed to Fe3+-O2- stretching in octahedral sites. The positions of the bands and calculated force constants and bond lengths provide information about cation distribution between the sites and changes with the addition of Co2+.
This study analyzed trace elements and heavy metals in the otoliths of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) captured from six locations in the Hudson River estuary using a novel solid phase extraction method coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method successfully measured low concentrations of elements that are difficult to detect due to calcium matrix interferences. Statistical analysis found significant differences in elemental compositions among sampling locations, with 78% accuracy in classifying eels to their site of capture. Elements like aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, manganese, nickel, and vanadium contributed most to distinguishing among sites and indicated varying exposure to pollution across the estuary.
The document summarizes a study that utilized inorganic geochemical analysis to develop high-resolution chronostratigraphic correlations of reef complexes in the Canning Basin of Western Australia. Over 2500 samples were collected from six field sections ranging from Frasnian to Famennian age. Elemental ratios like Cr/Al2O3, K2O/Al2O3 and Zr/Al2O3 revealed trends that allowed inference of changes in clay mineral input, siliciclastic input, and energy levels over time. These geochemical proxies provided correlational constraints not evident in traditional sequence stratigraphy. The integrated chronostratigraphy aids correlation where biostratigraphic and magnetic data are limited, helping address challenges in the
Carbonaceous fullerene containing mineral shungite andAlexander Decker
This document discusses a mathematical model of the interaction between two natural minerals, shungite and zeolite, with water. Shungite is a carbon-containing mineral found in Russia, while zeolite is an aluminosilicate mineral found in Bulgaria. The minerals were treated with water and their energy spectra were analyzed using non-equilibrium and differential-equilibrium methods. Both shungite and zeolite were found to restructure the hydrogen bond energy between water molecules, increasing local maxima in the differential non-equilibrium spectra. The document proposes uses for these minerals in water treatment and purification due to their adsorption, catalytic, and bactericidal properties.
Groundwater and surface water quality and pollution in the Chalkidiki district of northern Greece is examined. Chemical analyses of groundwater from different aquifers and host rocks show variations related to hydrothermal activity, seawater intrusion, anthropogenic influence, and natural processes. Surface water is also analyzed and found to be polluted from various sources. Geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological factors are used to explain the chemistry and pollution of waters in the region.
The document provides the syllabus for a Diploma in Radiation Technology program over two years. The first year covers subjects like radiological anatomy, physics, radiography techniques, darkroom procedures, and clinical and instrumental skills lab training. The second year covers subjects like advanced radiography techniques, principles of radiotherapy and radiation protection, recent advances, patient care, and clinical practice. The document also provides sample course codes, credit hours, exam structures, and references for some of the individual subjects.
Interaction of chenodeoxycholic acid with cholesterol in a model system studi...Open Access Research Paper
Interaction of cholesterol which is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes that is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity and the bile chenodeoxycholic acid which significantly increased serum total cholesterol, and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and dissolves gallstones appears to be one of pivotal problem of biomedical gastroenterology. The methods of spin labels and spin probes have been proved to be power tools for solving structural and dynamical problems of chemistry and biology on molecular level. In present work the method of spin probes was used for investigation of quantitative interaction of cholesterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in ethanol possessing dielectric properties similar to ones of biological membranes. Using Electron Spin Resonance of nitroxide spin probe, it was shown that in the ethanol solution cholesterol molecules form aggregates, modeling a gallstone, which effectively bound chenodeoxycholic acid. The developed method can be used for study relationships between cholesterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in the in human blood, high-density-lipoproteins and gallstones.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
Clinical Approach of a Tooth with Radix Entomolaris and Five Root CanalsAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar with aberrant canal configuration can be diagnostically and technically challenging. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar . This article presents a case report of mandibular first molar with five root canals.
This document describes a study where researchers prepared an organic-inorganic hybrid crystal through a biomimetic mineralization process. The hybrid crystal was composed of uniform, alternating organic and inorganic layers just 1-2 nm thick. The inorganic phase was calcium phosphate nanocrystals, while the organic phases consisted of bovine serum albumin protein and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate surfactant. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed the hybrid crystal had a highly ordered lamellar structure with the organic and inorganic components intimately integrated at the nanoscale. This biomimetic material was found to be considerably flexible and elastic.
This document discusses kidney stones (urolithiasis), including:
- Types of stones are classified by composition, x-ray appearance, or size and shape. Common types include calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones.
- Risk factors for stone formation include age, sex, family history, diet, fluid intake, medical conditions, and anatomical abnormalities.
- Evaluation of stone patients includes analyzing the stone composition and performing metabolic testing to identify predisposing factors.
- Treatment options depend on the stone characteristics and include watchful waiting, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolith
Similar to SIMONA CAVALU_IDENTIFICATION OF THE URINARY STONE COMPOSITION UPON EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY (20)
Cavalu Simona_PMMA/Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 BONE CEMENTS: PRODUCTION, STRUCTURAL CHARACT...Simona Cavalu
The document discusses the production and characterization of acrylic bone cements reinforced with 5% magnesium aluminosilicate (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3). Structural analysis using FTIR and XRD showed the inclusion of the Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 crystalline phase within the PMMA polymer matrix. SEM images revealed the additive created a porous structure in PMMA, facilitating hydroxyapatite formation in vitro. Biocompatibility tests with human fibroblasts showed cell attachment and proliferation on specimens with and without the magnesium aluminosilicate; no cytotoxic effects were observed. The study aims to improve the mechanical and bioactive properties of acrylic bone cements.
SIMONA CAVALU_Biomaterials and regenerative biomedicineSimona Cavalu
This document appears to be listing the authors Iulian Vasile ANTONIAC, Simona CAVALU, and Stefan Ioan VOICU and their affiliation with Biomaterials and Regenerative Biomedicine. It seems to be citing their work but provides no other contextual information about the topic, findings, or purpose of their work within that field.
New evidences of key factors involved in “silent stones” ethiopathogenesis an...Simona Cavalu
The knowledge of the key factors involved in ethiopathogenesis of the gallstones disease requires chemical, structural and elemental composition analysis.
The knowledge of the key factors involved in ethiopathogenesis of the gallstones disease requires chemical, structural and elemental composition analysis
Simona cavalu_ Adherence Properties of Acrylic Bone Cement to AluminaSimona Cavalu
The aim of this study is to investigate the adherence properties of acrylic cement based on PMMA to alumina
ceramics. These ceramics are suitable for orthopedic and dental applications, as bioinert components in prosthetic
surgery. The surface of alumina specimens were subjected to a special treatment based on acid etched followed by
two dierent uoride treatments: SnF2 and NaBF4, respectively.
This document summarizes research on PMMA/Ag2O acrylic bone cement coated with collagen to improve biomineralization, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. Collagen was electrodeposited on cement samples containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% silver oxide. FTIR analysis showed collagen deposition depended on silver content. In vitro tests in simulated body fluid revealed silver ion release and mineralization of hydroxyapatite on surfaces over 3 weeks. Antimicrobial tests showed inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus growth, with effectiveness depending on silver content.
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving osseointegration of alumina/zirconia ceramic implants through fluoride surface treatment. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Fabricating alumina/zirconia composites and modifying their surface with SnF2 and NaBF4 treatments. Characterization showed the treatments incorporated fluoride onto the surface.
2) Evaluating the treatments in vitro with human fibroblast cultures, which showed better cell proliferation and layer formation on SnF2-treated surfaces.
3) Testing the treatments in vivo with rabbit femur implants, which revealed the SnF2 treatment resulted in better bone-implant contact after 6 weeks.
This document summarizes research on the adsorption behavior of hyaluronidase enzyme onto silver nanoparticles and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone substitute surfaces. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the adsorption. SERS spectra of hyaluronidase adsorbed to silver nanoparticles showed well-resolved Raman signals and indicated oxygen adsorption from functional groups. IR analysis of PMMA incubated with hyaluronidase showed shifts in amide band positions, suggesting changes to secondary structure upon adsorption. Band deconvolution and fitting of amide peaks revealed decreases in α-helix and β-sheet content for adsorbed hyaluronidase, with increases
This document summarizes research on the adsorption behavior of hyaluronidase enzyme onto silver nanoparticles and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone substitute surfaces. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the adsorption. SERS spectra of hyaluronidase adsorbed to silver nanoparticles showed well-resolved Raman signals and suggested oxygen adsorption from functional groups. IR analysis of PMMA incubated with hyaluronidase showed shifts in amide band positions, indicating changes to secondary structure upon adsorption. Band deconvolution and fitting of amide peaks revealed decreases in α-helix and β-sheet content for adsorbed hyaluronidase, with increases
SIMONA CAVALU_ Bone Cement silver joam2007Simona Cavalu
This study evaluated two types of silver-doped bone cement composites for their properties and ability to release silver ions with antibacterial effects. Electrochemical measurements showed both composites reduced calcium ion concentration in simulated body fluid over 14 days, with one composite releasing more silver ions within 5 hours. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed both composites developed hydroxyapatite crystal structures on their surfaces after 14 days, indicating bioactivity. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed mineral deposition and showed one composite absorbed more water over time. The antibiotic-containing composite showed greater mineralization and formation of a calcium phosphate layer, suggesting it may be more suitable for applications requiring bone growth.
This document summarizes a study that compares the microstructure, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of two types of acrylic bone cements: BIOLOS3® and ANTIBIOTIC SIMPLEX®. Electrochemical measurements, SEM imaging, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to analyze the materials after incubation in simulated body fluid for up to 34 days. The results showed that ANTIBIOTIC SIMPLEX® developed a more intense mineralization layer on its surface, as evidenced by greater calcium phosphate formation and water uptake. Hemolysis testing also indicated ANTIBIOTIC SIMPLEX® had better blood compatibility. In conclusion, the antibiotic-containing cement demonstrated superior in vitro bioactivity and bi
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
SIMONA CAVALU_IDENTIFICATION OF THE URINARY STONE COMPOSITION UPON EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
1. _______________________
Received: October 2009;
in final form March 2011.
ROMANIAN J. BIOPHYS., Vol. 21, No. 2, P. 107–112, BUCHAREST, 2011
IDENTIFICATION OF THE URINARY STONE COMPOSITION
UPON EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
I. OSWALD, SIMONA CAVALU, T.T. MAGHIAR, DIANA OSVAT
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, University of Oradea, 10, 1 Decembrie Square, 410081
Oradea, e-mail: ioanoswald5@yahoo.com
Abstract. The study was carried out to investigate the composition and type of different urinary
stones upon application of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. ATR FTIR spectra revealed the
marker bands of a mixed stone composition containing calcium oxalate monohydrate/ calcium
carbonate, respectively calcium oxalate monohydrate/cystine. The surface morphology of the samples
and elemental analysis was performed by SEM-EDAX confirming the presence of oxalate, carbonate
and cystine in the samples. Combination of FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX allowed quantitative
and qualitative evaluation of components, the spatial distribution and the percent of major and trace
elements present in a single sample.
Key words: urinary stones, lithotripsy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDAX.
INTRODUCTION
With the development of advanced instruments and techniques, minimally
invasive surgical procedure has gradually replaced open surgery for treating
proximal ureteral stones. Since the first successful application of extracorporeal
shock waves for lithotripsy (ESWL) of renal stones in 1980, the use of shock wave
therapy has rapidly expanded in medicine. For the first time in 1985, extracorporeal
shock waves were used for the fragmentation of gallstones. Today, besides treating
renal stones and gall stones, also salivary stones, pancreatic stones, nonunion of
long bones, epicondylitis humeri radialis, plantar fasciitis, and calcified tendinites
of the shoulder are being treated with varying success rates [11]. Urolithiasis is a
common, recurring disorder and certain intrinsic and extrinsic factors may be
linked in the genesis of urinary calculi. It is a heterogeneous agglutination of
various ingredients and a knowledge of the chemical composition of urinary stones
helps in understanding the pathogenesis, thereby providing guidelines for proper
medical management including adaptation of suitable prophylactic measures.
2. I. Oswald, Simona Cavalu, T.T. Maghiar, Diana Osvat 2108
The highly variable composition of urinary calculi has led to the development
of many different methods of calculi analysis. Reliable analytical information is
fundamental for a study of the etiology of formation of stones and is required for
planning the policy of medical management. In general, analytical methods can be
divided into chemical and physical methods. These include biochemical analysis,
X-ray diffraction, polarization microscopy, infrared/Raman spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron
microscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and thermo
gravimetric analysis [10]. In the present study, FTIR analysis was applied for two
different types of stones after ESWL procedure, followed by Scanning electron
microscopy with elemental distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX) which is a very
important tool in assessing renal stone composition. Combination of FTIR
spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX allowed quantitative and qualitative evaluation of
components, the spatial distribution and the percent of major and trace elements
present in a single sample [4, 7].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two different urinary stones naturally removed upon ESWL procedure were
examined by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDAX. The shock wave parameters for
lithotripsy were as follows: generator type electrohydraulic, maximal focus
pressure (p+) is 41 MPa to 21 kV, energy shock wave per pulse (8 mJ), coupling of
the shock wave source to the body is dry (water cushion).
The stones were washed with distilled water, air dried and FTIR spectra were
recorded using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum BX FTIR spectrometer equipped with an
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Miracle accessory. The development of
diamond as an ATR material has opened up a number of sampling opportunities in
the mid infrared spectroscopy. The high refractive index ensures that for incidence
angles of 45 degrees, a typical infrared penetration of around 2 µm is achieved.
The extraordinary stable covalent bonding structure of diamond accounts for its
hardness and physical strength. Consequently, single reflection measurements are
capable of yielding good quality spectra under conditions of good optical contact of
the sample with the ATR crystal. Hence, the principal benefit is that ATR sampling
for abrasive or chemically hostile samples is now routine. The FTIR spectra of both
samples were recorded in the region 3000–400 cm–1
, operating in reflectance mode
with 4 cm–1
resolution, and scanning speed of 32 cm/min. A total of 128 scans were
accumulated for each spectrum. The surface morphology of the stones was
analyzed using a scanning electronic microscope type 5600 LV Jeol equipped with
an X-rays spectrometer type Oxford Instrument, with the following characteristics:
resolution 3.5 nm with secondary electrons; enlargement 300,000x; local
3. 3 Identification of the urinary stone composition upon extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 109
quantitative chemical analyses based upon the X-rays characteristic spectrum
(EDAX) for the elements listed between boron and uranium, with the detection
limit of 0.01%; low vacuum conditions 23 Pa.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The identification of the renal calculi composition is essential as it provides
information that could be useful for practitioners to find out the underlying cause
of kidney stone formation and to decide whether to treat the patients therapeutically
or surgically. A study of the chemical composition of renal stones is important for
understanding their etiology as well, permitting a proper management of the
disease and the prevention of its recurrence. From the recorded FTIR spectra of
both samples (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), the chemical constituents of renal stones were
identified and compared with the previously reported values [2, 9]. Based on the
spectral characteristics (Fig. 1), the first sample was identified as calcium oxalate
monohydrate (or whewellite). The marker bands of this spectrum are located
around 1600 cm–1
and 1307 cm–1
corresponding to asymmetric and symmetrical
stretching of the O–C=O bond [6, 9]. The confirmation of calcium oxalate is made
by the presence of the two discrete peaks at 948 and 888 cm–1
corresponding to the
O–C=O bending mode of vibration. According to the literature [5], the intense
band at 774 cm–1
assigned to C=O asymmetrical stretching is important for
distinguishing calcium oxalate monohydrate from calcium oxalate dehydrate. A
small amount of calcium carbonate is also detected in this sample through the
presence of the bands at 1462 cm–1
(C–O stretching) assigned in literature to calcite
form, respectively 1090 cm–1
and 644 cm–1
assigned to aragonite form. The general
features of the spectrum presented in Fig. 1 indicate that the first sample is a
mixture of calcium oxalate monohydrate (predominantly) and calcium carbonate.
Calcium oxalate stones mainly develop due to hyperoxaluria, which is a metabolic
disorder that causes the stone formation [2]. Oxalate is an end product of several
metabolic pathways (including those involved in serine, glycine, hydroproline and
ascorbate). 10 to 20% urinary oxalate is derived from dietary sources and food rich
in oxalate are cranberries, spinach, chocolate and tea [1, 2]. In Fig. 2 are presented
the characteristic features of a mixed stone containing calcium oxalate
monohydrate and cystine. The fingerprints of oxalate are located in this spectrum at
987, 870 and 779 cm–1
, but the intensity of these bands is drastically reduced
compared with those of the previous sample. This spectrum exhibited also the
specific bands of a protein, identified as cystine. The strong band located around
1650 cm–1
is assigned to C=O asymmetrical stretching vibration weakly coupled
with C–N stretching and in plane N–H bending (amide I), 1546 cm–1
and 1297cm–1
assigned to amide II and amide III respectively [3, 8]. The higher wavenumber
region of the spectrum is dominated by the strong band at 2357 cm–1
corresponding
to N–H and C–H stretching. Cystine stones are produced by an inherited disorder
of the transport of amino acid cystine that results in excess of cystine in the urine
4. I. Oswald, Simona Cavalu, T.T. Maghiar, Diana Osvat 4110
(cystinuria). Cystine crystals are unusually identified in the urinary deposits. The
main problem is recognizing cystine by FTIR as a component in mixture of stones
due to the similarity of wavelengths of cystine with that of whewellite and uric acid
[7]. Even though it is difficult to find out the presence of cystine molecule in FTIR,
it is possible to recognize it through EDAX and it will be possible to confirm the
presence of cystine in mixed urinary stones.
3022.6 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 504.8
84.2
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100.2
cm-1
%R
1307.03
774.54
1582.14
2354.19
1738.48
2851.21
2925.47
1462.75
1374.63
1090.37
948.25
888.55
644.09
584.40
Fig. 1. ATR FTIR spectrum of mixed kidney stone containing calcium oxalate monohydrate
and calcium carbonate.
3011.2 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 570.6
94.02
94.5
95.0
95.5
96.0
96.5
97.0
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.03
cm-1
%R
2821.22
2625.69
2357.54
2016.75 1849.83
1652.38
1546.71
1404.88 987.75
870.95
779.18
701.32
1297.65
1111.09
Fig. 2. ATR FTIR spectrum of mixed kidney stone containing cystine
and calcium oxalate monohydrate.
5. 5 Identification of the urinary stone composition upon extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 111
In order to elucidate this aspect of mixed composition of some urinary stones,
the findings of FTIR were correlated with SEM-EDAX and detailed data
generated. Using SEM-EDAX, the spatial distribution of major and trace elements
were studied to understand their initiation and formation.
Fig. 3 presents the surface morphology of the mixed kidney stone containing
calcium oxalate monohydrate / calcium carbonate (a) and cystine/calcium oxalate
monohydrate (b) respectively, along with the quantitative results of the elemental
analysis. In the first case, the surface morphology indicates two different
crystallization regions, the dark colored region showing a reduced calcium content
as was revealed by the spatial distribution (not shown in this figure).The elemental
analysis confirmed the presence of oxalate structures, indicated by the percentage
of different elements present in a single sample. On the other hand, the uncertainty
regarding the presence of cystine or uric acid in the second sample (Fig. 3b) is
eliminated by the evidence of sulphur in elemental analysis, as cystine structure is
characterized by –S–S– bonds. The surface morphology in this case also confirms
the existence of two different crystallization regions, the spatial distribution indicating
that sulphur is concentrated in the massive, parallelepiped grey-colored structure,
while the white colored deposits on the surface consist mainly of calcium and trace
elements. The data obtained by SEM-EDAX analysis are in concordance with
FTIR spectral features and with previously reported results in literature.
Fig. 3. The morphology of the mixed kidney stone containing: a. calcium oxalate monohydrate /
calcium carbonate, and b. cystine / calcium oxalate monohydrate respectively, and the corresponding
EDS spectra of the compound elements.
6. I. Oswald, Simona Cavalu, T.T. Maghiar, Diana Osvat 6112
CONCLUSIONS
The accurate analysis of renal stones by combining FTIR spectroscopy with
SEM-EDAX analysis could definitely be helpful in understanding the genesis of
calculi formation. Our study was carried out in order to investigate the composition
of two different urinary stones upon application of extracorporeal shock waves for
lithotripsy. Identification of calcium oxalate monohydrate/calcium carbonate and
respectively cystine/calcium oxalate monohydrate mixed stones was made upon
comparing the fingerprint region of the FTIR spectra with the existing data in
literature. The confirmation of the FTIR results was sustained by the quantitative
evaluation of components through SEM-EDAX analysis. Even though it is difficult
to find out the presence of cystine molecule in FTIR, it is possible to recognize it
through EDAX and to confirm the presence of cystine in mixed urinary stones.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. CHANNA, N.A., A.B. GHANGRO, A.M. SOOMRO, L. NOORANI, Analysis of kidney stones
by FTIR spectroscopy, JLUMHS, 2007, 2, 66–73.
2. COE, F.L., Prevention of kidney stone, Am. J. Med., 1981, 71, 514–516.
3. FAZIL MARICKAR, Y.M., P.R. LEKSHUMI, L. VARMA, P. KOSHY, Problem in analyzing
cystine stones using FTIR spectroscopy, Urol. Res., 2009, 37, 263–269.
4. FAZIL MARICKAR, Y.M., P.R. LEKSHMI, L. VARMA, P. KOSHY, EDAX versus FTIR in
mixed stones, Urol. Res., 2009, 37, 271–276.
5. GANAPATHI RAMAN, R., R. SELVARAJU, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of human
gallstones, Romanian J. Biophys., 2008, 18, 309–316.
6. KANCHANA, G., P. SUNDARAMOORTHI, G.P. JEYANTHI, Biochemical analysis and FTIR
spectral studies of artificially removed renal stone constituents, J. Minerals and Materials
Characterisation & Engineering, 2009, 8, 161–170.
7. KHALIL, K.H., M.A. AZOOZ Application of vibrational spectroscopy in identification of the
composition of the urinary stones, J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2007, 3, 387–391.
8. SAHUBERT, G., Stone analysis, Urol. Res., 2006, 14, 1–5.
9. SAI SATHISH, R., B. RANJIT, K.M. GANESH, G. NAGESWARA RAO, C. JANARDHANA,
A quantitative study on the chemical composition of renal stones and their fluoride content,
Current Science, 2008, 94, 104–109.
10. STOLLER, M.L., M.V. MENG (eds), Urinary Stone Disease: the Practical Guide to Medical
and Surgical Management, Humana Press Inc., New Jersey, 2007, p. 179.
11. TISELIUS, H.G., Removal of ureteral stones with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and
ureteroscopic procedure, Urol. Res, 2005, 33, 185–190.