The arm is divided into anterior and posterior compartments by intermuscular septa. The anterior compartment contains the biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis muscles and vessels like the brachial artery and basilic vein. The posterior compartment contains muscles like the triceps and vessels like the profunda brachii artery and radial nerve. Both compartments are surrounded by fascia and separated by intermuscular septa, with the neurovascular structures passing through their respective compartments.