Expert workshop on the creation and uses of combined environmental and economic performance datasets at the micro-level - 10-11 July 2018 - OECD, Paris
The document discusses opportunities for implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) activities in the Panipat Textile Cluster in India to help small and medium enterprises reduce their energy consumption and associated costs. It describes conducting energy audits of 25 textile industries in the cluster to identify opportunities for efficiency improvements. The audits found potential for reducing electricity and fuel use through measures like installing variable frequency drives, recovering waste heat and increasing use of renewable energy. Overall, the cluster was estimated to have a GHG reduction potential of 200,000 tons of CO2 equivalents through CDM activities.
This document outlines an energy management case study for TenCate Thiolon. It includes an analysis of TenCate's current energy use through a SWOT analysis and baseline data collection. Several technical energy saving options are proposed, including installing a cogeneration unit and optimizing the cooling
This is a presentation of summer internship of 8 weeks done in Reliance Infrastructure on the topic of EPC + energy audit of buildings + energy conservation application award nomination
1) Residential and commercial energy use for space heating, water heating, and space cooling accounted for over 80% of total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 according to the document.
2) The document outlines opportunities for reducing energy use and emissions from buildings through the increased use of renewable technologies like biomass heaters, solar thermal, and geothermal heat pumps for space and water heating.
3) It proposes several policy measures that could help increase the use of renewable heating technologies in Canada like a Green Heat Partnership, mandatory consideration of renewable options, and emission credits.
EAM ASE Breakfast Seminar NSW - April 2008jmortensen
This document discusses global asset sustainability and how an enterprise asset management system can help organizations improve the sustainability of their assets. It provides examples of how tracking asset energy consumption and efficiency can help identify savings opportunities from reducing waste and improving maintenance practices. The system allows integration of energy data to help optimize asset performance, replacement decisions, and achieve benchmark sustainability goals.
Leveraging best practices & emerging technologies to optimize industrial proc...TNenergy
This document summarizes Jason Smith's presentation on industrial process heating optimization. It discusses Miura's global operations supporting over 12,000,000 BHP of equipment. The presentation overview discusses optimization approaches, best practices for thermal energy management, assessment and benchmarking, and case studies. Optimization involves a holistic, data-driven process to maximize heat recovery, optimize load matching, and implement long-term management programs to reduce energy use and emissions. Case studies demonstrate potential savings from practices like minimizing radiant losses, improving combustion systems, and recovering waste heat.
Residential heat pumps in the future Danish energy systemIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses the potential role of residential heat pumps in future Danish energy systems based on energy system modeling. Residential heat pumps are found to supply 66-70% of individual heating demands after 2035, representing 24-28% of total heat demand. While Denmark's energy system can function without heat pumps, total system costs would increase by 16% and biomass use by 70%. Sensitivity analysis shows that parameters like heat pump performance and potential heat savings warrant further exploration to fully understand the impacts of residential heat pumps. The modeling highlights their potential to contribute flexibility and reduce excess renewable electricity production.
The document discusses opportunities for implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) activities in the Panipat Textile Cluster in India to help small and medium enterprises reduce their energy consumption and associated costs. It describes conducting energy audits of 25 textile industries in the cluster to identify opportunities for efficiency improvements. The audits found potential for reducing electricity and fuel use through measures like installing variable frequency drives, recovering waste heat and increasing use of renewable energy. Overall, the cluster was estimated to have a GHG reduction potential of 200,000 tons of CO2 equivalents through CDM activities.
This document outlines an energy management case study for TenCate Thiolon. It includes an analysis of TenCate's current energy use through a SWOT analysis and baseline data collection. Several technical energy saving options are proposed, including installing a cogeneration unit and optimizing the cooling
This is a presentation of summer internship of 8 weeks done in Reliance Infrastructure on the topic of EPC + energy audit of buildings + energy conservation application award nomination
1) Residential and commercial energy use for space heating, water heating, and space cooling accounted for over 80% of total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 according to the document.
2) The document outlines opportunities for reducing energy use and emissions from buildings through the increased use of renewable technologies like biomass heaters, solar thermal, and geothermal heat pumps for space and water heating.
3) It proposes several policy measures that could help increase the use of renewable heating technologies in Canada like a Green Heat Partnership, mandatory consideration of renewable options, and emission credits.
EAM ASE Breakfast Seminar NSW - April 2008jmortensen
This document discusses global asset sustainability and how an enterprise asset management system can help organizations improve the sustainability of their assets. It provides examples of how tracking asset energy consumption and efficiency can help identify savings opportunities from reducing waste and improving maintenance practices. The system allows integration of energy data to help optimize asset performance, replacement decisions, and achieve benchmark sustainability goals.
Leveraging best practices & emerging technologies to optimize industrial proc...TNenergy
This document summarizes Jason Smith's presentation on industrial process heating optimization. It discusses Miura's global operations supporting over 12,000,000 BHP of equipment. The presentation overview discusses optimization approaches, best practices for thermal energy management, assessment and benchmarking, and case studies. Optimization involves a holistic, data-driven process to maximize heat recovery, optimize load matching, and implement long-term management programs to reduce energy use and emissions. Case studies demonstrate potential savings from practices like minimizing radiant losses, improving combustion systems, and recovering waste heat.
Residential heat pumps in the future Danish energy systemIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses the potential role of residential heat pumps in future Danish energy systems based on energy system modeling. Residential heat pumps are found to supply 66-70% of individual heating demands after 2035, representing 24-28% of total heat demand. While Denmark's energy system can function without heat pumps, total system costs would increase by 16% and biomass use by 70%. Sensitivity analysis shows that parameters like heat pump performance and potential heat savings warrant further exploration to fully understand the impacts of residential heat pumps. The modeling highlights their potential to contribute flexibility and reduce excess renewable electricity production.
This document discusses saving 25% on utility bills through energy conservation measures. It provides an agenda for an energy conference that will discuss measuring current energy consumption, benchmarking against similar businesses, assessing opportunities like lighting upgrades and building automation, and ensuring projected savings are realistic. A sample project is presented that upgrades lighting, ventilation, automation/retro-commissioning, and mechanicals with a 5.65 year payback and 29% savings on the utility bill.
The document summarizes the work and results of an environmental internship at CST Industries Inc., a bolted storage tank manufacturer. Over the summer, the intern completed 5 projects that identified opportunities to reduce the company's environmental impacts and costs. Key results included annual savings of 469,572 kWh of electricity, 1,229 MMBtu of natural gas, and over 2.6 million gallons of water. The estimated savings were $92,474 per year and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 458 metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Future projects are proposed to achieve additional sustainability improvements across the facility.
Energy Concept For Future Use Sreevidhya@StudentsB Bhargav Reddy
The document provides an overview of energy concepts for future oil refineries with an emphasis on separation processes. It begins with introducing the motivation and focus of more energy efficient processes in oil refining. The outline includes discussing a vision for more sustainable and efficient refineries, an overview of the refining process, energetic issues in current refineries, thermodynamic analyses of key processes, and potential directions for improvements. Key processes like distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, and hydrotreating that account for most energy usage are examined in more detail.
http://www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, was represented at the Kentucky Energy Management Conference on Dec. 7, 2011. Energy Services Division Manager, Kelly Tisdale, presented "Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Conservation."
This document summarizes a study comparing steam processing of pellets produced from wood, straw, and switchgrass. The study developed a process model for steam pretreatment of these biomass feedstocks and conducted a techno-economic assessment. Key findings include that steam pretreatment increases pellet calorific value by 21% but also increases production costs. The optimal plant size was found to be around 270,000 tonnes per year for steam pretreated pellets due to economies of scale. Sensitivity analysis showed that capital and energy costs had the largest impact on overall production costs.
Improving residential sector in TIMES-KazakhstanIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes residential energy sector modeling work in Kazakhstan using the TIMES model. It provides an overview of Kazakhstan's residential energy access, consumption trends, and key challenges. Preliminary results from the TIMES-Kazakhstan model show natural gas increasing significantly in the baseline scenario for heating and water heating. District heating also emerges as a preferred option. Future work outlined includes further disaggregating building types, estimating fuel poverty, and accounting for health impacts of solid fuel use.
TGE Tech Ltd is an Israeli company that developed an innovative gasification technology focused on treating waste and biomass to recover energy. The technology transforms municipal waste into a clean combustible synthesis gas and sterile ashes. It has progressed from a 6kg/hour prototype in 2001 to a fully automatic 10 tonne per day pilot plant in Hiriya, Tel Aviv in 2005-2008. Emissions testing showed significant reductions in pollutants compared to incineration. The technology aims to provide cleaner waste treatment and cost reductions through energy generation and carbon credits.
ABA Energy Star Challenge for the Industryamericanbakers
The document provides an overview of the ENERGY STAR Challenge for the Baking Industry. The Challenge recognizes industrial sites that improve their energy intensity by 10% or more within 5 years. It outlines the 7 steps to participate: 1) select an energy metric, 2) establish a baseline, 3) set a 10% reduction goal, 4) verify data procedures, 5) sign up, 6) track energy use, 7) verify savings with a PE. Over 300 sites have participated, achieving over 12.8 trillion BTUs in energy savings.
How can we Reduce the Carbon Emissions from our ChurchP4X
This document provides guidance on reducing energy use and carbon emissions from Church of England buildings and properties, including churches, cathedrals, clergy homes, schools, and offices. It discusses evaluating energy use and emissions, identifying areas for improvement through energy audits, and implementing efficiency upgrades and renewable energy systems. Recommendations include setting an energy saving routine, calculating emissions using provided factors, prioritizing low-cost measures, and exploring grants for larger projects. The goal is to help Church properties lower their carbon footprints through conservation and sustainable practices.
Introducing Electricity Dispatchability Features in TIMES modelling FrameworkIEA-ETSAP
This document provides an update on the status of a project to improve the dispatch modeling of power plants in the TIMES energy systems modeling framework. It describes the implementation of a unit commitment (UC) problem into TIMES, which will allow the model to consider start-up costs and minimum run times of power plants when determining the optimal dispatch schedule. The document outlines the key features and constraints of the UC problem being modeled, provides an overview of the current implementation progress and tasks completed, and describes two different approaches - using binary variables or continuous variables - for formulating the UC problem in TIMES. Examples are also presented to demonstrate the UC modeling capabilities.
Electric heating loads, especially from electric fan heaters, electric stoves, and VRF heat pumps, contribute significantly to winter peak loads in Korea. While VRF heat pumps can be efficient, their performance is greatly reduced at low temperatures like -15°C. Mandatory energy labeling and minimum performance standards have been implemented for various appliances and are improving efficiency over time, with refrigerators seeing a 59% reduction in energy use and air conditioners improving by 20%. Further policy measures could help limit electric heating loads during winter.
The document analyzes the feasibility of installing wind turbines and solar panels at Puffin's new cold storage site to reduce energy costs and carbon footprint. It evaluates installing a 100kW Norvento wind turbine with a 36m tower and 24m blades. Simple cash flows show it would generate 258,717 kWh annually, saving over £46,000 per year in electricity costs. Over 20 years it would have a cumulative positive NPV of over £466,000. Solar options and payback periods are also analyzed for roof mounting.
Technical-Economic Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures in a Mid-Size Ind...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
The industry sector is facing many challenges such as global competition, energy pricing, environmental impact amongst others. Consequently, the necessity of energy efficiency measures has become evident; framing the objective of this project as to assess the technical and economic pre-feasibility of implementing energy efficiency measures in a dairy products manufacturing company located at the south of the Reunion Island with the help of RETSCreen ® a Clean Energy Project Analysis Software. The scope of the project is focused in one of the nine buildings where the company accomplishes different production processes, specifically in the ultra-high temperature pasteurization facility building (UHT).
The document recommends replacing 12 old chillers with new, more efficient 20-ton chillers to save on energy costs. Installing the new chillers would save an estimated $44,070 per year from reduced electricity and natural gas usage. The payback period would be 4.18 years based on a total implementation cost of $241,000 minus available rebates of $56,920.
This document summarizes information about ZOLOTYI KOROVAI, Ltd., a large bakery in Ukraine. It describes the company's production process, which involves receiving flour, mixing dough, proofing, baking, and packaging bread and bakery products. It also discusses energy efficiency measures the company has implemented with support from an advisory project, including calibrating burners to optimize fuel use, modernizing lighting, and establishing an energy monitoring system. These measures have reduced the company's natural gas and electricity consumption and costs. The document also notes the company provides training to employees on energy efficiency.
Low-grade fuel to high-quality energy by gasificationIlkka Hannula
Talk held at the International Conference on Thermochemical Conversion Science in 2013. It covers past and current development activities in the field of biomass and waste gasification
Estimation & Analysis of a 5KWP Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant at JIS College...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes a 5kWp solar photovoltaic power plant installed at JIS College of Engineering in Kalyani, India. It estimates that the plant will generate approximately 6635 kWh of electricity per year and will offset 6.184 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually. Over the 25-year lifespan of the plant, it is estimated to generate 165875 kWh of electricity and offset 154.596 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Trading the carbon credits earned from the plant at current market rates of €21 per ton would yield approximately Rs. 265,662 over 25 years and reduce the cost per kWh generated by the plant from Rs. 3.62 to Rs. 2.02. The simple pay
The document discusses Bureau of Energy Efficiency's standards and labeling program in India. It provides details on the program's objectives to provide energy efficiency information to consumers and reduce energy consumption. Key points covered include:
- Standards and labeling were introduced in 2006 for refrigerators, room air conditioners, tubular fluorescent lamps, and distribution transformers.
- The program aims to estimate and achieve significant energy savings through promoting efficient appliances. Estimates provided show potential savings in billions of kWh from efficient refrigerators and air conditioners.
- Regular check testing of labeled products is done to verify compliance with efficiency standards. An awareness campaign utilizes print, television, and radio to promote the program.
The Halychyna Milk Company processes and manufactures dairy products. It consumes significant amounts of electricity, natural gas, and wood chips in its production processes. An energy audit identified opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. The company implemented several measures recommended in the audit, such as insulating steam pipes and ice water pipes. This reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while lowering production costs.
This document summarizes a study estimating the costs and benefits of clean air policy scenarios involving the transition away from residential coal and other solid fuel heating in Ireland. The study finds that reducing particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions would provide the greatest health and environmental benefits. While medium-sized towns were identified as the highest priority, smaller towns in aggregate could also yield substantial benefits of €50-100 million annually. Future research opportunities are identified to enhance the analysis with more detailed residential fuel usage and emissions data.
The GAINS Model is used to analyze emission control strategies and their impacts on air quality, health, ecosystems and climate. It covers 10 air pollutants and 6 greenhouse gases across various sectors. The model projects activity levels based on energy models and optimizes emission reductions from over 2000 control measures applied to sectors like power, industry, transport, agriculture and households to determine cost-effective strategies for meeting policy targets. It has been applied to analyze pathways for India with 23 administrative regions.
This document discusses saving 25% on utility bills through energy conservation measures. It provides an agenda for an energy conference that will discuss measuring current energy consumption, benchmarking against similar businesses, assessing opportunities like lighting upgrades and building automation, and ensuring projected savings are realistic. A sample project is presented that upgrades lighting, ventilation, automation/retro-commissioning, and mechanicals with a 5.65 year payback and 29% savings on the utility bill.
The document summarizes the work and results of an environmental internship at CST Industries Inc., a bolted storage tank manufacturer. Over the summer, the intern completed 5 projects that identified opportunities to reduce the company's environmental impacts and costs. Key results included annual savings of 469,572 kWh of electricity, 1,229 MMBtu of natural gas, and over 2.6 million gallons of water. The estimated savings were $92,474 per year and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 458 metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Future projects are proposed to achieve additional sustainability improvements across the facility.
Energy Concept For Future Use Sreevidhya@StudentsB Bhargav Reddy
The document provides an overview of energy concepts for future oil refineries with an emphasis on separation processes. It begins with introducing the motivation and focus of more energy efficient processes in oil refining. The outline includes discussing a vision for more sustainable and efficient refineries, an overview of the refining process, energetic issues in current refineries, thermodynamic analyses of key processes, and potential directions for improvements. Key processes like distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, and hydrotreating that account for most energy usage are examined in more detail.
http://www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, was represented at the Kentucky Energy Management Conference on Dec. 7, 2011. Energy Services Division Manager, Kelly Tisdale, presented "Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Conservation."
This document summarizes a study comparing steam processing of pellets produced from wood, straw, and switchgrass. The study developed a process model for steam pretreatment of these biomass feedstocks and conducted a techno-economic assessment. Key findings include that steam pretreatment increases pellet calorific value by 21% but also increases production costs. The optimal plant size was found to be around 270,000 tonnes per year for steam pretreated pellets due to economies of scale. Sensitivity analysis showed that capital and energy costs had the largest impact on overall production costs.
Improving residential sector in TIMES-KazakhstanIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes residential energy sector modeling work in Kazakhstan using the TIMES model. It provides an overview of Kazakhstan's residential energy access, consumption trends, and key challenges. Preliminary results from the TIMES-Kazakhstan model show natural gas increasing significantly in the baseline scenario for heating and water heating. District heating also emerges as a preferred option. Future work outlined includes further disaggregating building types, estimating fuel poverty, and accounting for health impacts of solid fuel use.
TGE Tech Ltd is an Israeli company that developed an innovative gasification technology focused on treating waste and biomass to recover energy. The technology transforms municipal waste into a clean combustible synthesis gas and sterile ashes. It has progressed from a 6kg/hour prototype in 2001 to a fully automatic 10 tonne per day pilot plant in Hiriya, Tel Aviv in 2005-2008. Emissions testing showed significant reductions in pollutants compared to incineration. The technology aims to provide cleaner waste treatment and cost reductions through energy generation and carbon credits.
ABA Energy Star Challenge for the Industryamericanbakers
The document provides an overview of the ENERGY STAR Challenge for the Baking Industry. The Challenge recognizes industrial sites that improve their energy intensity by 10% or more within 5 years. It outlines the 7 steps to participate: 1) select an energy metric, 2) establish a baseline, 3) set a 10% reduction goal, 4) verify data procedures, 5) sign up, 6) track energy use, 7) verify savings with a PE. Over 300 sites have participated, achieving over 12.8 trillion BTUs in energy savings.
How can we Reduce the Carbon Emissions from our ChurchP4X
This document provides guidance on reducing energy use and carbon emissions from Church of England buildings and properties, including churches, cathedrals, clergy homes, schools, and offices. It discusses evaluating energy use and emissions, identifying areas for improvement through energy audits, and implementing efficiency upgrades and renewable energy systems. Recommendations include setting an energy saving routine, calculating emissions using provided factors, prioritizing low-cost measures, and exploring grants for larger projects. The goal is to help Church properties lower their carbon footprints through conservation and sustainable practices.
Introducing Electricity Dispatchability Features in TIMES modelling FrameworkIEA-ETSAP
This document provides an update on the status of a project to improve the dispatch modeling of power plants in the TIMES energy systems modeling framework. It describes the implementation of a unit commitment (UC) problem into TIMES, which will allow the model to consider start-up costs and minimum run times of power plants when determining the optimal dispatch schedule. The document outlines the key features and constraints of the UC problem being modeled, provides an overview of the current implementation progress and tasks completed, and describes two different approaches - using binary variables or continuous variables - for formulating the UC problem in TIMES. Examples are also presented to demonstrate the UC modeling capabilities.
Electric heating loads, especially from electric fan heaters, electric stoves, and VRF heat pumps, contribute significantly to winter peak loads in Korea. While VRF heat pumps can be efficient, their performance is greatly reduced at low temperatures like -15°C. Mandatory energy labeling and minimum performance standards have been implemented for various appliances and are improving efficiency over time, with refrigerators seeing a 59% reduction in energy use and air conditioners improving by 20%. Further policy measures could help limit electric heating loads during winter.
The document analyzes the feasibility of installing wind turbines and solar panels at Puffin's new cold storage site to reduce energy costs and carbon footprint. It evaluates installing a 100kW Norvento wind turbine with a 36m tower and 24m blades. Simple cash flows show it would generate 258,717 kWh annually, saving over £46,000 per year in electricity costs. Over 20 years it would have a cumulative positive NPV of over £466,000. Solar options and payback periods are also analyzed for roof mounting.
Technical-Economic Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures in a Mid-Size Ind...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
The industry sector is facing many challenges such as global competition, energy pricing, environmental impact amongst others. Consequently, the necessity of energy efficiency measures has become evident; framing the objective of this project as to assess the technical and economic pre-feasibility of implementing energy efficiency measures in a dairy products manufacturing company located at the south of the Reunion Island with the help of RETSCreen ® a Clean Energy Project Analysis Software. The scope of the project is focused in one of the nine buildings where the company accomplishes different production processes, specifically in the ultra-high temperature pasteurization facility building (UHT).
The document recommends replacing 12 old chillers with new, more efficient 20-ton chillers to save on energy costs. Installing the new chillers would save an estimated $44,070 per year from reduced electricity and natural gas usage. The payback period would be 4.18 years based on a total implementation cost of $241,000 minus available rebates of $56,920.
This document summarizes information about ZOLOTYI KOROVAI, Ltd., a large bakery in Ukraine. It describes the company's production process, which involves receiving flour, mixing dough, proofing, baking, and packaging bread and bakery products. It also discusses energy efficiency measures the company has implemented with support from an advisory project, including calibrating burners to optimize fuel use, modernizing lighting, and establishing an energy monitoring system. These measures have reduced the company's natural gas and electricity consumption and costs. The document also notes the company provides training to employees on energy efficiency.
Low-grade fuel to high-quality energy by gasificationIlkka Hannula
Talk held at the International Conference on Thermochemical Conversion Science in 2013. It covers past and current development activities in the field of biomass and waste gasification
Estimation & Analysis of a 5KWP Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant at JIS College...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes a 5kWp solar photovoltaic power plant installed at JIS College of Engineering in Kalyani, India. It estimates that the plant will generate approximately 6635 kWh of electricity per year and will offset 6.184 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually. Over the 25-year lifespan of the plant, it is estimated to generate 165875 kWh of electricity and offset 154.596 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Trading the carbon credits earned from the plant at current market rates of €21 per ton would yield approximately Rs. 265,662 over 25 years and reduce the cost per kWh generated by the plant from Rs. 3.62 to Rs. 2.02. The simple pay
The document discusses Bureau of Energy Efficiency's standards and labeling program in India. It provides details on the program's objectives to provide energy efficiency information to consumers and reduce energy consumption. Key points covered include:
- Standards and labeling were introduced in 2006 for refrigerators, room air conditioners, tubular fluorescent lamps, and distribution transformers.
- The program aims to estimate and achieve significant energy savings through promoting efficient appliances. Estimates provided show potential savings in billions of kWh from efficient refrigerators and air conditioners.
- Regular check testing of labeled products is done to verify compliance with efficiency standards. An awareness campaign utilizes print, television, and radio to promote the program.
The Halychyna Milk Company processes and manufactures dairy products. It consumes significant amounts of electricity, natural gas, and wood chips in its production processes. An energy audit identified opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. The company implemented several measures recommended in the audit, such as insulating steam pipes and ice water pipes. This reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while lowering production costs.
This document summarizes a study estimating the costs and benefits of clean air policy scenarios involving the transition away from residential coal and other solid fuel heating in Ireland. The study finds that reducing particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions would provide the greatest health and environmental benefits. While medium-sized towns were identified as the highest priority, smaller towns in aggregate could also yield substantial benefits of €50-100 million annually. Future research opportunities are identified to enhance the analysis with more detailed residential fuel usage and emissions data.
The GAINS Model is used to analyze emission control strategies and their impacts on air quality, health, ecosystems and climate. It covers 10 air pollutants and 6 greenhouse gases across various sectors. The model projects activity levels based on energy models and optimizes emission reductions from over 2000 control measures applied to sectors like power, industry, transport, agriculture and households to determine cost-effective strategies for meeting policy targets. It has been applied to analyze pathways for India with 23 administrative regions.
Climate Change Mitigation & AdaptationLaurence Mills
Climate Change Plan
Renewable Technologies
Financial Assistance
Conservation & Efficiency
Mitigation with Technology
Global Climate Change
UK Energy Supply & Climate
Scotland\'s Projected Climate Changes
Climate Change Adaptation & Forward Planning
This document is a student assignment on energy policy and economics that analyzes installing a combined heat and power (CHP) system for a manufacturing plant. It includes an introduction on energy policies, a feasibility evaluation of the plant's energy needs, an analysis of the costs and emissions reductions of a CHP system compared to the plant's current electricity and heating sources, and a payback calculation showing the CHP system would pay for itself in under 2 years. Key details provided include the plant's electrical and thermal load requirements, current energy costs, specifications of the proposed CHP system, estimated costs and savings, and reductions in CO2 and other emissions.
eni_Rossi Gianmarco - Energy Management System for the Optimization of the Up...Gianmarco Rossi
The document discusses developing an energy efficiency monitoring system for upstream oil and gas plants. It involves creating an energy system model using production data to estimate energy requirements and key performance indicators. Scenarios are developed like "business as usual" and "clean but not sparkling" to examine different strategies' impacts on energy intensity and emissions. The model shows potential savings from initiatives like compressor optimization, thermal energy recovery, and on-site electricity generation. Overall the analysis aims to finalize an innovative monitoring and optimization system to help achieve sustainability targets and reduce energy use.
Department of alternative energy development and efficiency (dede)PSPSolutions.net
This document discusses Thailand's energy situation and plans to increase renewable energy and energy efficiency. It provides the following key points:
1) Thailand currently relies heavily on fossil fuels for its energy needs, with renewable energy making up only 12.94% of total energy consumption.
2) Thailand has set targets in its Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) and Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) to increase renewable energy to 30% of total energy consumption and reduce energy intensity by 30% by 2036.
3) The EEP outlines 10 measures to promote energy efficiency, including energy management systems, building energy codes, and standards and labeling for energy efficient products. Designated factories and buildings are required to
1) The document discusses energy management systems in the Turkish cement industry, specifically the requirements for companies to obtain ISO 50001 certification by 2015.
2) It provides background on energy use in Turkey, noting that energy intensity is high and energy demand is growing rapidly compared to population. Better energy management like ISO 50001 can increase efficiency.
3) The document then details an example energy management system implemented at a cement plant in Turkey, including establishing energy performance indicators and baselines to monitor usage and drive improvements.
This document discusses energy audits and provides information on related topics. It defines an energy audit, describes the objectives and types of energy audits. It also discusses benchmarking, energy conservation opportunities, and instruments used in energy audits. Conversion factors and the Energy Conservation Act are outlined. Methodology, steps, and components of preliminary and detailed energy audits are summarized.
This document summarizes renewable energy incentives in the UK, including Feed-in Tariffs for electricity and the upcoming Renewable Heat Incentive for heat. Feed-in Tariffs provide payments for electricity generated from renewable sources like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, and anaerobic digestion. Rates vary based on technology and scale. The Renewable Heat Incentive will similarly incentivize renewable heat generation through technologies like biomass, heat pumps, and solar thermal. The document also provides funding sources and examples of the financial returns possible from a wind turbine and PV array project under the Feed-in Tariff scheme.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Anil Palamwar discusses the need for energy audits at both the macro and micro levels. He outlines some of the key reasons for conserving energy, including limited resources, cost reduction, and environmental impacts. Palamwar also discusses the importance of efficiency, providing examples of system losses throughout generation, transmission, and distribution. He emphasizes the importance of identifying and reducing losses to improve efficiency.
Australia has abundant coal and gas resources but is becoming a net importer of liquid fuels. Greenhouse gas emissions are high per capita due to the energy-intensive economy. Key programs to improve energy efficiency include the National Framework for Energy Efficiency, Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act, and Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Smart metering and continued electricity market reforms aim to enable time-varying pricing and demand-side management, but regulators may not allow innovative tariffs. While on track to meet short-term climate targets, further energy efficiency and demand-side management policies are still needed to reduce emissions beyond 2010.
This document summarizes recent evidence on the co-benefits of climate policies from various studies and models. Key points include:
1) Energy efficiency measures often have negative costs and provide direct financial benefits to consumers without considering externalities of energy use. However, free markets are sub-optimal and underinvest in efficiency.
2) Climate policies that stabilize emissions at 450 ppm have significant co-benefits like reducing health costs from air pollution, lowering energy imports and costs, and increasing economic productivity.
3) Models like the IEA WEO and ETP show the energy sector investments needed to transition to low-carbon technologies can be largely offset by fuel savings over time, even with a 10% discount
Linking the energy crisis with climate change, Ritu Mathu, TERI University, I...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
ENGR40 – Clean Energy Technology Course OverviewRobert Cormia
This course provides an overview of modern energy systems and clean energy technologies. It introduces concepts like renewable energy and systems thinking to understand challenges and opportunities in meeting key energy and climate goals. Students will learn about various clean energy solutions and careers through coursework, projects, and guest speakers. The goal is to train the next generation of energy professionals to transition us to a sustainable future.
2016.12.14 DryFining Coal Gen presentation FINALSandra Broekema
The document summarizes 6 years of operating experience with DryFining, a coal drying process. It has upgraded 1000 tons per hour of lignite coal since 2009, reducing moisture from 38% to 30% by weight. This has increased the coal's heating value and reduced emissions while improving the net plant heat rate by 4.5%. Case studies show the process can increase generation capacity at coal plants and reduce capital and operating costs. The process provides more flexible, efficient fuel enhancement that benefits both new and existing coal-fired power facilities.
“Keeping pace with technological change: The role of capabilities and dynamis...Structuralpolicyanalysis
The document summarizes the key points from a conference on productivity. It discusses how technological change has failed to significantly boost productivity and income, and the research presented offered explanations. Adoption of digital technologies has been slow and uneven, with the most productive firms benefiting most. Complementary investments in intangible assets like skills and management are also important for adoption. While market concentration has increased, its implications are still debated. Ensuring strong competition, reducing barriers to business dynamism, and supporting skills development and technology adoption were highlighted as important for countries to realize productivity gains from technological change.
This document discusses New Zealand's integrated longitudinal business database (LBD), which combines various administrative and survey data on firms over time. The LBD allows researchers to study questions about firm internationalization and its impacts. Research using the LBD shows firm internationalization can increase productivity but the effects are complex and heterogeneous. Insights from LBD research can help policymakers prioritize and target efforts to support firm internationalization, though the research provides only a partial picture and not definitive policy answers.
AI and Technological Anxiety: Paranoia , or are the robots out to get us Comm...Structuralpolicyanalysis
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1. Energy Savings through Foreign
Acquisitions? Evidence from
Indonesian Manufacturing
Plants
Arlan Brucal (with Beata Javorcik and Inessa Love)
10 June 2018 | OECD, Paris
2. Motivation
• FDI is widely perceived as a source of growth and development
• Foreign ownership leads to more sales, higher TFP and more
innovation
• Arnold & Javorcik (JIE 2009), Guadalupe et al. (AER 2012)
• But what about its impact on natural environment?
3. Anecdotal Evidence Is Mixed
• Foreign-owned textile rms dumping pollution in Citarum
River, Bandung, Indonesia
• Haze crisis resulting from increased palm oil production in
Indonesia
4. Anecdotal Evidence Is Mixed
• Resource Conservation
• PepsiCo initiated energy conservation programs that have
saved more than 4.6 mn kWh of electricity since their inception
• Baxter International installed energy-saving lighting systems
in 59 of its 97 worldwide sites by 1996, saving 30-40% of the
energy used ve years earlier
• Collaboration with external stakeholders on environmental
improvement projects.
• Goodyear helps design community-based recycling programs
• Texaco provides managers and sta to train employees of
Caltex Pacic in Indonesia in sound environmental practices.
• Internally-oriented Social Responsibility Practices
• MNCs certify their environmental management systems into
ISO 14001 guidelines. e.g. Sony Corporation (1998), ABB
(1997), and Goodyear (1997).
• Unilever companies have environmental certication programs
for their suppliers
5. This Paper
Examines the impact of foreign acquisitions on plant-level energy
intensity and CO2 emissions associated with energy use
6. Empirical Strategy
Within-plant output and energy use changes
• Matching based on pre-acquisition characteristics using
one-to-one Propensity Score Matching (PSM)
• Matching within year-(4-digit)industry groupings
• Dierences-in-Dierence on matched pairs
yit = αi + γPostt + β(Postt ∗ Acquiredi ) + εit (1)
where i denotes plant and t is the year. We consider two periods, i.e., t =
T − 1, T + s where T is the acquisition year and s =0,1,2. A separate model
is estimated for each s.
Decomposition of aggregate energy intensity changes
• Olley and Pakes (Econometrica, 1996)
7. Data
Focus on Indonesia, 1983-2001
• Large FDI inows from the early 1980s to the late 1990s
• No signicant environmental policies implemented during that
time
Data Source: Indonesian Annual Survey of Manufacturing,
1983-2001 (up to 2008 for robustness check)
• Includes manufacturing plants with 20 or more employees
• Detailed information on fuel and electricity, both in terms of
expenditure and physical units
• More than 300,000 plant-year observations for more than
40,000 plants
• Foreign acquisition dened as the change in foreign equity
share to over 20%
8. More on the Census of Manufacturing
Information included in the dataset:
1. employment (e.g., total, by gender, by type)
2. nancial data (e.g., output, sales, stock value, source of
capital)
3. trade data (e.g., exports, imports)
4. energy use data (fuel types in physical units and value,
electricity generated sold, etc.)
9. Example: Calculation of Energy Usage
Assume: A plant using 100 barrels of diesel fuel at a certain time
period
100 barrels diesel x
5.825 million BTUs (MBTUs)
1 barrel
= 582.50 MBTUs
Using the same example above, we calculate the CO2 emissions as
below:
582.50 MBTUs x
71.80 kg CO2
1 MBTU
= 41, 845.04 kg CO2
10. Matched Sample: Average Output by Ownership
Acquired
Domestic
9.8
10
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
t-2 t-1 t t+1 t+2
t = year of acquisition
Figure: Energy Expenditure
11. Matched Sample: Average Energy Intensity by
Ownership
Acquired
Domestic
-4
-3.9
-3.8
-3.7
-3.6
t-2 t-1 t t+1 t+2
t = year of acquisition
Figure: Output Figure: Energy Expenditure
12. Matched Sample: Baseline Results
Output, Energy- and Emission-Intensity
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 0.838*** 1.047*** 1.013***
(0.113) (0.117) (0.122)
R-sq. (within) 0.203 0.240 0.229
No. of Obs. 840 840 840
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.276** -0.282** -0.326**
(0.119) (0.118) (0.127)
R-sq. (within) 0.013 0.014 0.016
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log (Energy Use/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.304** -0.285** -0.367***
(0.120) (0.125) (0.137)
R-sq. (within) 0.015 0.014 0.019
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log (CO2 Emissions/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.282** -0.262** -0.357***
(0.119) (0.124) (0.136)
R-sq. (within) 0.014 0.015 0.021
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
13. Robustness Checks
Excluding the eect of potential local competition
• matching is not within the same county (Kabupaten) Results
Removing the eect of potential changes in mark-ups
• Normalization of output based on materials, including export
share and interaction between export share and the treatment
dummy Results
Excluding the 1997-1998 Financial Crisis
• Dropping years beyond 1997 Results
Longer Time Horizon
• Extending to 5 years after acquisition Results
Dierent measures of intensities
• Energy Use (in MBTUs)/Output Results
• CO2 Emission/Output Results
Dierent Matching Procedures
• Coursened Exact Matching Balancing Results
• Inverse Probability Weights Balancing Results
14. Do Divestments Have the Opposite Effect?
Output, Energy- and Emission-Intensity
Acquisition Year One Year Later Two Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired -0.318*** -0.397*** -0.313***
(0.081) (0.092) (0.091)
R-sq. (within) 0.030 0.038 0.035
No. of Obs. 1024 1024 1024
Log (Energy expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired 0.296*** 0.406*** 0.290**
(0.099) (0.108) (0.121)
R-sq. (within) 0.021 0.035 0.016
No. of Obs. 1022 1022 1022
Log (Energy use/Output)
Post*Acquired 0.296*** 0.454*** 0.258**
(0.106) (0.119) (0.126)
R-sq. (within) 0.019 0.036 0.017
No. of Obs. 1022 1022 1022
Log (CO2 emissions/Output)
Post*Acquired 0.289*** 0.453*** 0.249**
(0.106) (0.120) (0.126)
R-sq. (within) 0.019 0.036 0.018
No. of Obs. 1022 1022 1022
Balancing
15. Preacquisition energy intensity matters!
Eect of acquisition on energy and emission intensities at varying
preacquisition energy intensities.
-2
-1
0
1
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
Log(energy expenditure/output)
-2
-1
0
1
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
Log(energy use/output)
-2
-1
0
1
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
Log(CO2 emission/output)
0
.1
.2
.3
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
0
.1
.2
.3
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
0
.1
.2
.3
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
Marginaleffect
Preacquisition log(energy expenditure/output)
The gure illustrates estimated combined coecients of foreign acquisition dummy and its interaction
with preacquisition energy intensity in equation 1 using the matched sample. The dashed lines correspond
to the 95-percent condence interval. The period focuses at one year after the acquisition (i.e., t + 1)
and estimates are relative to the preacquisition period.
16. Conclusion
• Foreign acquisitions increase production volume, which in
turn increases energy use and emissions
• But they reduce energy and emission intensities by 28 and
30%, respectively.
• Foreign divestment results have the opposite eect.
• Pre-acquisition energy-intensity matters.
• FDI contributes to aggregate improvements in energy
eciency, both through within-plant improvement and
reallocation
17. Your comments and suggestions
are welcome!
Email: a.z.brucal@lse.ac.uk
30. Average Energy Expenditure, by Ownership
(Matched Sample)
Acquired
Domestic
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
t-2 t-1 t t+1 t+2
t = year of acquisition
Figure: Energy Intensity
31. Robustness Check: Matches from Another
Kabupaten
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 0.829*** 1.037*** 1.008***
(0.114) (0.116) (0.123)
R-sq. (within) 0.199 0.238 0.225
No. of Obs. 836 836 836
Log (Energy Expenditure in Rps)
Post*Acquired 0.573*** 0.758*** 0.701***
(0.118) (0.126) (0.134)
R-sq. (within) 0.145 0.173 0.161
No. of Obs. 834 834 831
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.262** -0.286** -0.324**
(0.119) (0.119) (0.128)
R-sq. (within) 0.012 0.015 0.016
No. of Obs. 834 834 831
32. Matched Sample: Is It Just about Markups?
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Energy Expenditure/Materials Expenditure)
Post*Acquired -0.310** -0.266** -0.382**
(0.123) (0.128) (0.147)
R-sq. (within) 0.021 0.011 0.018
No. of Obs. 808 810 807
Log(Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.266** -0.290** -0.331***
(0.117) (0.117) (0.126)
Export share -0.002 0.001 0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
R-sq. (within) 0.016 0.015 0.016
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log(Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.317** -0.382*** -0.406***
(0.134) (0.136) (0.146)
Export share -0.003 -0.001 -0.001
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Post*Acquired*Export share 0.003 0.004 0.004
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
R-sq. (within) 0.018 0.023 0.021
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
33. Matched Sample: Dropping years beyond 1997
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 0.793*** 0.777*** 0.798***
(0.125) (0.134) (0.156)
R-sq. (within) 0.236 0.281 0.291
No. of Obs. 714 654 614
Log (Energy expenditure in Rps)
Post*Acquired 0.519*** 0.647*** 0.492***
(0.133) (0.152) (0.184)
R-sq. (within) 0.134 0.174 0.136
No. of Obs. 714 654 613
Log (Energy expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.273** -0.130 -0.310*
(0.131) (0.130) (0.160)
R-sq. (within) 0.019 0.012 0.031
No. of Obs. 714 654 613
Back
34. Matched Sample: Longer Time Period and
Constant Sample
Output, Energy Expenditure and Energy Intensity
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later 3 Years Later 4 Years Later 5 Yea
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 0.728*** 0.839*** 0.813*** 1.033*** 1.104*** 1.1
(0.135) (0.139) (0.150) (0.170) (0.180) (0
R-sq. (within) 0.247 0.316 0.281 0.299 0.292 0
No. of Obs. 462 462 462 462 462
Log (Energy Expenditure in Rps)
Post*Acquired 0.430*** 0.593*** 0.500*** 0.306 0.420** 0.6
(0.152) (0.159) (0.183) (0.198) (0.186) (0
R-sq. (within) 0.124 0.184 0.141 0.138 0.206 0
No. of Obs. 454 454 454 454 454
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.308** -0.272** -0.345** -0.718*** -0.675*** -0.4
(0.134) (0.126) (0.161) (0.157) (0.155) (0
R-sq. (within) 0.025 0.024 0.019 0.087 0.084 0
No. of Obs. 454 454 454 454 454
Back
35. Balancing Test: Variables used in matching
Variables
CEM PSM (no same county) IPTW
(N=440) (N=418) (N=143,216)
Treated Control p-value Treated Control p-value F-Stat p-value
Used in matching
Log (Real Output) 9.03 9.03 0.99 9.86 9.86 0.90 4.43 0.04
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output) -3.71 -3.71 0.99 -3.82 -3.82 0.65 0.80 0.37
Log (Real Output) 9.59 9.62 0.90 9.86 9.86 0.90 5.91 0.02
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output) -3.77 -3.79 0.92 -3.82 -3.82 0.65 0.02 0.89
Back
37. Coasened Exact Matching-DID Estimates
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 1.392*** 1.499*** 1.530***
(0.141) (0.144) (0.148)
R-sq. (within) 0.350 0.383 0.392
No. of Obs. 876 876 876
Log (Energy Expenditure in Rps)
Post*Acquired 1.012*** 1.189*** 1.159***
(0.140) (0.149) (0.158)
R-sq. (within) 0.221 0.248 0.253
No. of Obs. 871 868 868
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.372*** -0.297** -0.382***
(0.113) (0.121) (0.123)
R-sq. (within) 0.059 0.054 0.048
No. of Obs. 871 868 868
Back
38. IPW-DID Estimates
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Output)
Post*Acquired 1.659*** 1.763*** 1.906***
(0.184) (0.218) (0.221)
R-sq. (within) 0.803 0.807 0.809
No. of Obs. 138750 138750 138750
Log (Energy Expenditure in Rps)
Post*Acquired 1.353*** 1.421*** 1.399***
(0.176) (0.199) (0.220)
R-sq. (within) 0.806 0.802 0.800
No. of Obs. 138011 138009 138008
Log (Energy Expenditure/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.324*** -0.358*** -0.516***
(0.120) (0.133) (0.159)
R-sq. (within) 0.640 0.649 0.638
No. of Obs. 138011 138009 138008
Back
39. Matched Sample: Energy Use and CO2 Emissions
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Log(Energy Use in MBTUs)
Post*Acquired 0.539*** 0.770*** 0.664***
(0.118) (0.130) (0.136)
R-sq. (within) 0.138 0.178 0.168
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log (CO2 Emissions)
Post*Acquired 0.562*** 0.792*** 0.673***
(0.120) (0.130) (0.137)
R-sq. (within) 0.150 0.188 0.176
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log (Energy Use/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.304** -0.285** -0.367***
(0.120) (0.125) (0.137)
R-sq. (within) 0.015 0.014 0.019
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Log (CO2 Emissions/Output)
Post*Acquired -0.282** -0.262** -0.357***
(0.119) (0.124) (0.136)
R-sq. (within) 0.014 0.015 0.021
No. of Obs. 838 838 835
Back
40. Why Acquired Firms Did Not Reduce Energy
Intensity for Electricity?
Industrial Electricity Rates for Select ASEAN Counties, 1984-1992.
Source: Malhotra, et al. 1994.
Back
41. PSM-DID results: energy input prices.
Acquisition Year 1 Year Later 2 Years Later
Fuel price
Acquired -0.080 0.021 -0.059
(0.090) (0.014) (0.063)
R-sq. (within) 0.005 0.013 0.005
No. of Obs. 812 815 806
Log(fuel price)
Acquired 0.049 0.083 0.014
(0.057) (0.054) (0.057)
R-sq. (within) 0.004 0.008 0.001
No. of Obs. 812 815 805
Electricity price
Acquired -0.001 -0.003 0.006
(0.003) (0.003) (0.007)
R-sq. (within) 0.001 0.026 0.004
No. of Obs. 714 713 711
Log(electricity price)
Acquired -0.020 -0.043 0.016
(0.040) (0.044) (0.051)
R-sq. (within) 0.002 0.038 0.045
No. of Obs. 714 713 711
Back
49. Decomposition of Aggregate Changes in Energy
Intensity
Following Olley and Pakes (Econometrica, 1996):
Wt =
i
sit lnEIP
Aggregate weighted
energy intensity
= lnEIP
Unweighted average
energy intensity
+
i
(sit − st)(lnEIPit − lnEIP)
Covariance
Table: All Industries
50. Decomposition of Aggregate Changes in Energy
Intensity
Following Olley and Pakes (Econometrica, 1996):
Wt =
i
sit lnEIP
Aggregate weighted
energy intensity
= lnEIP
Unweighted average
energy intensity
+
i
(sit − st)(lnEIPit − lnEIP)
Covariance
Table: All Industries
Yjst = βForeignjt + γj + λst + εjst
where j denotes kabupaten (48), s sector (9) and t year (19).