This paper presents a novel SAT-based approach for the computation of extensions in abstract argumentation, with focus on preferred semantics, and an empirical evaluation of its performances. The approach is based on the idea of reducing the problem of computing complete extensions to a SAT problem and then using a depth-first search method to derive preferred extensions. The proposed approach has been tested using two distinct SAT solvers and compared with three state-of-the-art systems for preferred extension computation. It turns out that the proposed approach delivers significantly better performances in the large majority of the considered cases.
Computational trust mechanisms aim to produce a trust rating from both direct and indirect information about agents behaviour. J\o sang’s Subjective Logic has been widely adopted as the core of such systems via its fusion and discount operators. Recently we proposed an operator for discounting opinions based on geometrical properties, and, continuing this line of investigation, this paper describes a new geometry based fusion operator. We evaluate this fusion operator together with our geometric discount operator in the context of a trust system, and show that our operators outperform those originally described by J\o sang. A core advantage of our work is that these operators can be used without modifying the remainder of the trust and reputation system
Algorithm Selection for Preferred Extensions EnumerationFederico Cerutti
The document discusses algorithms for enumerating preferred extensions in abstract argumentation frameworks. It compares the performance of four algorithms: AspartixM, NAD-Alg, PrefSAT, and SCC-P. It finds that algorithm selection based on graph features can accurately predict runtime, with up to 80% accuracy in classification, and improves performance over a single best solver by 2-3 times. Key discriminating features include density, number of arguments, number of strongly connected components, and features related to computing graph properties.
Cerutti--Web Information Systems (postgrad seminar @ University of Brescia)Federico Cerutti
The document discusses four pieces of advice for a CIO regarding web information system (WIS) projects. The first advice is to understand and manage the interfaces between project participants and phases. The second is that WIS projects require managing people and team members. The third is that a web application project requires more than just software engineering skills. The document discusses several life cycle models and their pros and cons. The fourth advice is that prototypes, if used properly, can effectively communicate with stakeholders and help validate designs to save time and money.
This document proposes a user-centered argumentation approach to overcome some of the challenges of user-generated tagging on the web. It presents a scenario of users discussing the identification of a bird seen in a video. It then:
1. Models the users' discussion as a graph of arguments and counterarguments.
2. Simplifies complex argumentation schemes for non-expert users.
3. Aims to determine an agreed outcome to the discussion through evaluating the acceptability of the arguments.
The goal is to facilitate knowledgeable discussion and identification of reliable information while keeping the process simple for typical web users. Formalizing the informal discussion as structured arguments allows analyzing the quality and relationships between the different viewpoints
In this paper we describe a decision process framework allowing an agent to decide what information it should reveal to its neighbours within a com- munication graph in order to maximise its utility. We assume that these neigh- bours can pass information onto others within the graph, and that the commu- nicating agent gains and loses utility based on the information which can be in- ferred by specific agents following the original communicative act. To this end, we construct an initial model of information propagation and describe an optimal decision procedure for the agent.
This paper presents a novel SAT-based approach for the computation of extensions in abstract argumentation, with focus on preferred semantics, and an empirical evaluation of its performances. The approach is based on the idea of reducing the problem of computing complete extensions to a SAT problem and then using a depth-first search method to derive preferred extensions. The proposed approach has been tested using two distinct SAT solvers and compared with three state-of-the-art systems for preferred extension computation. It turns out that the proposed approach delivers significantly better performances in the large majority of the considered cases.
Computational trust mechanisms aim to produce a trust rating from both direct and indirect information about agents behaviour. J\o sang’s Subjective Logic has been widely adopted as the core of such systems via its fusion and discount operators. Recently we proposed an operator for discounting opinions based on geometrical properties, and, continuing this line of investigation, this paper describes a new geometry based fusion operator. We evaluate this fusion operator together with our geometric discount operator in the context of a trust system, and show that our operators outperform those originally described by J\o sang. A core advantage of our work is that these operators can be used without modifying the remainder of the trust and reputation system
Algorithm Selection for Preferred Extensions EnumerationFederico Cerutti
The document discusses algorithms for enumerating preferred extensions in abstract argumentation frameworks. It compares the performance of four algorithms: AspartixM, NAD-Alg, PrefSAT, and SCC-P. It finds that algorithm selection based on graph features can accurately predict runtime, with up to 80% accuracy in classification, and improves performance over a single best solver by 2-3 times. Key discriminating features include density, number of arguments, number of strongly connected components, and features related to computing graph properties.
Cerutti--Web Information Systems (postgrad seminar @ University of Brescia)Federico Cerutti
The document discusses four pieces of advice for a CIO regarding web information system (WIS) projects. The first advice is to understand and manage the interfaces between project participants and phases. The second is that WIS projects require managing people and team members. The third is that a web application project requires more than just software engineering skills. The document discusses several life cycle models and their pros and cons. The fourth advice is that prototypes, if used properly, can effectively communicate with stakeholders and help validate designs to save time and money.
This document proposes a user-centered argumentation approach to overcome some of the challenges of user-generated tagging on the web. It presents a scenario of users discussing the identification of a bird seen in a video. It then:
1. Models the users' discussion as a graph of arguments and counterarguments.
2. Simplifies complex argumentation schemes for non-expert users.
3. Aims to determine an agreed outcome to the discussion through evaluating the acceptability of the arguments.
The goal is to facilitate knowledgeable discussion and identification of reliable information while keeping the process simple for typical web users. Formalizing the informal discussion as structured arguments allows analyzing the quality and relationships between the different viewpoints
In this paper we describe a decision process framework allowing an agent to decide what information it should reveal to its neighbours within a com- munication graph in order to maximise its utility. We assume that these neigh- bours can pass information onto others within the graph, and that the commu- nicating agent gains and loses utility based on the information which can be in- ferred by specific agents following the original communicative act. To this end, we construct an initial model of information propagation and describe an optimal decision procedure for the agent.
This document discusses computing the grounded extension of infinite argumentation frameworks (AFRA). It defines AFRA as frameworks with a finite set of arguments but an infinite set of attacks, represented by a regular language. It presents the dfa+ representation, which encodes an AFRA as a deterministic finite automaton such that argument states correspond to arguments and attack states correspond to subsets of attacks. It introduces concepts like splitting attack states when they have multiple incoming symbols. The goal is to use this representation to compute the grounded extension of infinite AFRA.
Cerutti--Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (postgrad seminar @ Universit...Federico Cerutti
This document provides an overview of knowledge representation and reasoning. It discusses several key concepts, including knowledge, representation, and reasoning. It also describes different approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning, such as classical logic, description logics, and non-monotonic logics. The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like first-order logic, description logics syntax and semantics, and the semantic web.
Cerutti--Verification of Crypto Protocols (postgrad seminar @ University of B...Federico Cerutti
The document summarizes the Dolev-Yao model for analyzing cryptographic protocols. It discusses how Dolev-Yao was one of the first papers to provide a formal model for analyzing protocols, but had limitations. Specifically, it introduced an adversarial model and reduction rules to represent message manipulation, and provided algorithmic methods to check protocols. However, the model made strong assumptions and could not describe many real protocols. Later works aimed to develop more general and expressive logical models and techniques to verify protocols.
The document presents an argumentation-based approach to modeling decision support contexts with what-if capabilities. It introduces argument schemes to represent knowledge supporting or attacking conclusions. Practical, factual, value, preference, and must argument schemes are defined. Attacks between arguments are also modeled. The approach is demonstrated through an example of treatment options for a patient, where arguments, attacks, values, preferences and a must value are formally represented. The goal is to provide transparent decision support that allows discussion and exploration of details.
1. The document discusses an argumentation-based framework for decision support that uses structural models of personality.
2. It presents an argumentation framework that represents practical arguments, preferences, emotions, values, facts, and other elements to model decision making.
3. The framework translates decision problems into an argumentation framework with recursive attacks to define concepts like defeat and determine preferred extensions to recommend decisions.
This document describes a presentation given by Federico Cerutti on argumentation-based practical reasoning. It introduces new models and algorithms for practical reasoning support. Cerutti presents a semi-formal approach using argument schemes and critique schemes to represent practical reasoning. He then discusses moving to a more formal representation and computation approach, allowing for recursive attacks. Finally, he discusses representing infinite argumentation frameworks using formal languages to compute semantics extensions. The presentation outlines Cerutti's approach and provides examples of applying the argumentation models.
The document presents a formalization of Abstract Argumentation Frameworks with recursive attacks (AFRA) as a generalization of Dung's Argumentation Frameworks that allows attacks to attacks recursively. It introduces AFRA through an example, provides the formal definition, discusses the relationship to Dung frameworks, compares to other approaches that also model recursive attacks, and outlines future work in further developing the theoretical foundations of AFRA and argumentation semantics within this framework.
Cerutti--Introduction to Argumentation (seminar @ University of Aberdeen)Federico Cerutti
The document discusses argumentation theory and non-monotonic logics. It introduces argumentation frameworks, which represent arguments and the attacks between them. It describes different types of arguments and attacks. It also covers argumentation semantics, which evaluate arguments within a framework to determine which arguments are justified. Various semantics are examined, including complete semantics and the labelling approach. Examples using abstract frameworks and logic programming are provided to illustrate key concepts in argumentation theory.
1. A survey of the number of calls received by a sample of Southe.docxdorishigh
1. A survey of the number of calls received by a sample of Southern Phone Company subscribers last week revealed the following information.
52, 43, 30, 38, 30, 42, 12, 46, 39, 37, 34, 46, 32, 18, 41, 5
a) Develop a stem-and-leaf chart. Note: A typical row for the Stem & Leaf plot might look like 3(0269. Where, the vertical line is obtained by using “Shift & |\” key. The line is inserted at the location of the cursor.
b) What basic conclusions can be drawn from this chart?
c) Compute the 5 number System for this data set and list Xmin, Q1, Q2, Q3 & Xmax. See Videos “5_Number_Sysytem” in Videos –Topics In Stat 230.
2. The chart below gives the percentage of counties in the US that use various methods for recording votes in 1980 & 2002. Set up side-by-side bar charts by year using the instruction for Side-By-Side Charts in the Class Notes Conference. Copy/Paste your Chart into the TFE Editor from EXCEL.
METHOD
1980
2002
Punch cards
18.5
15.5
Lever machines
36.7
10.6
Paper ballots
40.7
10.5
Optical scan
0.8
43.0
Electronic
0.2
16.3
Mixed
3.1
4.1
3. The following are a sample of the weights of nine jars of peanut butter.
7.69, 7.72, 7.80, 7.86, 7.90, 7.94, 7.97, 8.06, 8.09
a) Compute the median weight.
b) Compute the standard deviation of the sample using the shortcut formula. Show the formula and values for each term and compute the answer. Use the TFE Equation Editor.
c) Compute the 5 Number System for this data. Just list the values as Xmin=xxx, Q1=xxx,Q2=xxxx,Q3=xxxxx, Xmax = xxxx.
d) Are there outliers? An outlier value is defined as unusually large or small according to the expressions: Answer yes or no.
Outlier > Q3 + 1.5(Q3-Q1) or,
Outlier < Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1)
a) We have, Xmin= 7.69, Q1=7.80,Q2=7.90,Q3=7.97, Xmax = 8.09.
b) No, there is no outlier in the data.
(20 %)
4. Answer questions a. through f. of 3.23 below.
NOTE: The Bienayme-Chebyshev Rule is the same as the Chebyshev’s Rule in Table 2.6 of your text.
(20 %)
5. Compute the mean and standard deviation for the data in the table below. State your assumptions and show all calculations.
Distance
Frequency
0 to 5
5 to 10
10 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 25
4
15
27
18
6
6. A box contains 3 red balls and 4 green balls. If two balls are randomly selected in sequence, without replacement, what is the possibility that a red ball and a green ball are picked out of the box. State the rule for P(A&B) and then substitute the values and compute the answer.
You must have your topic approved before beginning work on Submission One.
To complete Submission One, you must complete this form AND attach to it an annotated bibliography. e outline should be typed. It is available on Blackboard. this worksheet is NOT intended to represent your completed mastery of your topic. Rather, it is intended to get you started. the goal is for you to understand and be able to identify the major components of your Capstone project, as well as make sure it is feasible from a research s ...
David Hand (Professor Emeritus and Senior Research Investigator, Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London.)
ABSTRACT: Science progresses through an iterative process of formulating theories and comparing
them with empirical real-world data. Different camps of scientists will favour different
theories, until accumulating evidence renders one or more untenable. Not unnaturally,
people become attached to theories. Perhaps they invented a theory, and kudos arises
from being the originator of a generally accepted theory. A theory might represent a
life's work, so that being found wanting might be interpreted as failure. Perhaps
researchers were trained in a particular school, and acknowledging its shortcomings is
difficult. Because of this, tensions can arise between proponents of different theories.
The discipline of statistics is susceptible to precisely the same tensions. Here, however,
the tensions are not between different theories of "what is", but between different
strategies for shedding light on the real world from limited empirical data. This can be in
the form of how one measures discrepancy between the theory's predictions and
observations. It can be in the form of different ways of looking at empirical results. It can
be, at a higher level, because of differences between what is regarded as important in a
particular context. Or it can be for other reasons.
Perhaps the most familiar example of this tension within statistics is between different
approaches to inference. However, there are many other examples of such tensions.
This paper illustrates with several examples. We argue that the tension generally arises
as a consequence of inadequate care being taken in question formulation. That is,
insufficient thought is given to deciding exactly what one wants to know - to determining
"What is the question?".
The ideas and disagreements are illustrated with several examples.
Persuasive Essay On Capital Punishment. Essay on Capital Punishment Internat...Monica Clark
007 Persuasive Essay About Death Penalty Capital Punishment L ~ Thatsnotus. Persuasive Writing - Capital Punishment. - GCSE Religious Studies .... Capital Punishment Persuasive Speech | PDF | Punishments | Capital .... Capital Punishment (Essay) | Capital Punishment | Hanging.
First, youll need to choose a topic for your final essay, which w.docxlmelaine
First, you'll need to choose a topic for your final essay, which will be at least 1,000 words in length. This is the topic you will use to create your outline in Week 2 and the essay in Week 3. Choose ONE of the topics below.
Option 1:
The American Dream lecture in Week 1 points out that Poor Richard’s Almanac was an annual publication that included calendar lists, home recipes, weather forecasts etc. What made Franklin’s almanac unlike other almanacs was the inclusion of Franklin’s witty parables and humorous writings. Franklin proposes in “The Way to Wealth” that anyone who works hard, avoids debt, and works toward attaining a virtuous character can be successful and ultimately wealthy—that the American Dream is accessible to all.
Watch either The Color Purple or The Great Gatsby (locate the films using Netflix, Amazon, or your local library) and argue why or why not Franklin’s assertions are correct. Provide examples from the film and your own explanations to support your assertions.
Your will have two choices for your thesis statement:
As is evident in the film The Color Purple (or The Great Gatsby), Franklin’s assertion that the American Dream is available to all people is incorrect because _________, ___________, and _________ (you will determine three points in support of your thesis, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
As is evident in the film The Color Purple (or The Great Gatsby), Franklin’s assertion that the American Dream is available to all people is correct because _________, ___________, and _________ (you will determine three points in support of your thesis, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
Option 2:
Write a comparison or contrast essay about two of the corresponding characters in the table below. You will choose three of the points of comparison from the pool below as your points of comparison or contrast. Keep in mind that the purpose of a comparison or contrast essay is to reveal something meaningful about the characters and their relationships to the text.
You will be using a point-by-point style of comparison, and you will have two choices for your thesis statement:
While some differences between __________ and __________ (names of characters in the pairing you chose) are evident, they are similar in the aspects of __________, __________, and __________ (you will determine three points of comparison from the pool, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
While some similarities between __________ and __________ (names of characters in the pairing you chose) are evident, they are different in the aspects of __________, __________, and __________ (you will determine three points of comparison from the pool, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
Choose one of the following pairings:
Choose three of the following points of comparison:
1. Rip Van Winkle and Anton Rosicky
A. Motivation
2. Dame Van ...
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.In Au.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly negative, with critics quick to note for example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE) prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig Aaron, managing director of Free Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes" -- one of which would be reserved for "managed services," a pay-for-play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial toll road on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest of us are stuck on the cyber-equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of the popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top twenty television shows are produced in America. There are few shows the are Canadian produced such as Degrassi, Gilmore Girls, and Dragons Den. The big six media companies control 90% of what we see on television which is bad for the viewers. These corporations slowly brainwash us with their views and beliefs with advertisements and bias news. This limits creativity and diversity in the media. In today's society i feel that whoever controls the media has lots of power which can influence the nation greatly
3.Net Neutrality
..
Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the
Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly nega
tive, with critics quick to note for
example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE)
prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig
Aaron, managing director of Free
Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow
ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes"
--
one of which would be reserved for
"managed services," a pay
-
for
-
play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial
toll r
oad on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest
of us are stuck on the cyber
-
equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this
discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of
the
popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous
Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top
twenty television shows a.
Question 1 The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a well known ic.docxamrit47
Question 1
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a well known icon around the world.
The Sydney Opera House is about 500m away and from it, the angle of elevation
to the top of the bridge is measured as 14°54' (to the nearest minute).
The place where this measurement is made is 1m above the water level.
On the other side of the harbour bridge, a second reading is taken from the second floor of a building
700m away and 20m above the water level. The angle of elevation is observed to be 9°15' (to the
nearest minute).
(a) Calculate an estimate of the height of the Harbour Bridge above the
water level.
(b) Discuss all possible errors in all measurements taken.
(c) Give a range for the maximum and minimum height.
Question 2
Three dice are thrown and the sum on the faces are recorded. This would
give values ranging from 3 (1-1-1) to 18 (6-6-6).
The experiment is run 300 times.
(a) Either carry out the experiment by rolling 3 dice, 300 times or use
Excel to simulate this experiment (Assistance is offered on how to do
this in a consultation session if required).
(b) Present the data in a table showing the frequency and cumulative
frequency columns.
(c) Compute the median, upper and lower quartiles
(d) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the results of your
experiment either by the use of the stats mode on your calculcator
or using excel.
(e) Interprete the mean as an area and use Simpson’s Rule with 5 values,
to estimate the mean again, (using the median, the quartiles and the
upper and lower extremes of 3 and 18). Comment on how accurate
this is.
Question 3
People often are lost when it comes to knowing how much to
they can borrow to buy their homes.
Construct a simple spreadsheet application with the following
as input variables
The interest rate (% pa compounded monthly)
The amount to be borrowed.
The term in years of the loan.
The combined salary of the people buying the house.
The output of the calculator should include
(a) The monthly repayment for the loan.
(b) An estimate of when the loan would be half paid off.
(c) The percentage of the combined salary the repayment represents.
(d) The total interest paid out over the full term.
(e) The increase in repayment per month, should there be a 1% increase in interest rates.
(f) The decrease in the term if they switch to fortnightly repayments instead of monthly.
Present printouts for the following examples.
1. A couple on $150,000 wanting to borrow $500,000 over 30 years at 4.5% pa
2. A sole income earner on a salary of $80,000 wanting to borrow $200,000 over 25 years at 5% pa
3. A student earning $30,000 taking a share in a house requiring a loan (for his part) of $100,000
over 10 years at 6% pa.
Question 4
To make a rectangular grid of 2 rows of 3 squares requires 17 matches.
(a) How many matches would you need to make rectangular grids of m
rows of n squa ...
ASSIGNMENT 2AReview Question 6 the below question and select o.docxrock73
ASSIGNMENT 2A
Review Question 6 the below question and select one of the ill-structured problems taken from the journal Policy Analysis (now the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management Under the title “Department of Unintended Consequences”. Analyze the problem; then, provide an example on how classification analysis, hierarchy analysis, and synectics might be used to structure the problem you selected. Identify the problem you selected in your discussion with one of the following key phrases: (a) Egyptian agriculture, (b) ecologists and field mice, (c) San Francisco’s North Beach parking.
The ill-structured problems that follow are taken from illustrations published in the journal Policy Analysis (now the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management) under the title “Department of Unintended Consequences.”
For several thousand years, Egyptian agriculture depended on the fertilizing sediment deposited by the flood of the Nile. No longer, however. Due to expensive modern technology intended to improve the age-old lot of the peasant, Egypt’s fields must be artificially fertilized. John Gall, writing in the New York Times Magazine (December 26, 1976), reports that the Nile sediment is now deposited in the Aswan Dam’s Lake Nasser. Much of the dam’s electrical output is used to supply enormous amounts of electricity to new fertilizer plants made necessary by the construction of the dam.
University of Illinois ecologists can explain how certain harmful field mice spread from their native regions into areas where they had never before been found. They are using the new, limited-access, cross-country highways, which turn out to be easy escape routes with few barriers. Older highways and roads, as well as railroad rights-of-way, run into towns and villages every few miles and effectively deter mice migration. The Illinois group found that before interstate highways ran through central Illinois, one type of mouse was limited to a single county. But in six years of superhighways the four-inch-long creatures have spread sixty miles south through the center of the state. The ecologists are concerned lest the mice, a species that loves to chew on trees, become a threat in central and southern counties where apple orchards abound (Wall Street Journal, December 1, 1977).
Edward J. Moody … argues persuasively that worship of Satan has the effect of normalizing abnormal people. Thus, to “keep secret” from ordinary people their satanic power and existence, such persons are urged to behave as straight as possible. The effect, of course, is more effective social relations—the goal for which Satan’s name has been invoked in the first place! (P. E. Hammond, “Review of Religious Movements in Contemporary America,” Science, May 2, 1975, p. 442).
Residents of San Francisco’s North Beach areas must now pay $10 for the privilege of parking in their own neighborhood. A residential parking plan was recently implemented to prevent commuters from using the area as a dayti ...
IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT A SET OF RULES / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMjorge0050
Solve each trigonometric equation in the interval [0,2n) by first squaring both sides. fleas x=1+sin x Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice. O A- The solution set is .
(Simplify your answer. Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type an exact answer, using 1: as needed. Use integers or fractions for any numbers in the expression.) 0 B. There is no solution on this interval.
1) Those methods involving the collection, presentation, and chara.docxdorishigh
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to descriptive statistics and probability concepts. Specifically, it covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling, bias, and inference. The questions are designed to test understanding of key terminology, properties of distributions, and how to apply statistical techniques to answer questions about data and populations.
This document contains 54 multiple choice questions about probability concepts from the textbook "Quantitative Analysis for Management, 11e". The questions cover topics such as fundamental probability concepts, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, statistically independent events, probability distributions including binomial and normal distributions, and Bayes' theorem. For each question, the answer and difficulty level is provided along with the topic area.
This document contains 54 multiple choice questions about probability concepts from the textbook "Quantitative Analysis for Management, 11e". The questions cover topics such as fundamental probability concepts, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, statistically independent events, probability distributions including binomial and normal distributions, and Bayes' theorem. For each question, the answer and difficulty level is provided along with the topic area.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the relationship between hours worked during school and academic performance using unique data from a college with a mandatory work-study program. A naive OLS regression indicates working more hours is positively associated with better academic performance, but this does not account for endogeneity of hours worked. Instrumental variable estimators can help address endogeneity but finding good instruments is difficult. The study uses new data from Berea College, where all students receive tuition scholarships and must participate in work-study, to better understand how endogeneity may bias estimates of the impact of employment on academics.
PSY520 – Module 7Answer SheetSubmit your answers in the .docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY520 – Module 7
Answer Sheet
Submit your answers in the boxes provided. No credit will be given for responses not found in the correct answer area.
Chapter 19:
19.9Randomly selected records of 140 convicted criminals reveal that their crimes were committed on the following days of the week:
DAYS WHEN CRIMES WERE COMMITTED
FREQUENCY
MON.
TUE.
WED.
THU.
FRI.
SAT.
SUN.
TOTAL
Observed (ƒₒ)
17
21
22
18
23
24
15
140
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Using the .01 level of significance, test the null hypothesis that in the underlying population, crimes are equally likely to be committed on any day of the week.
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the decision rule?
Step 4
What is the critical X2?
What is the value of X2? (you will need to calculate this)
Step 5
What is the decision? (retain or reject the null hypothesis at the specified level of significance; note the relationship between the observed and critical X2 scores)
Step 6
What is your interpretation of the decision in relation to the original research problem?
Specify the p -value for this test result.
How might this result be reported in the literature?
19.10While playing a coin-tossing game in which you are to guess whether heads or tails will appear, you observe 30 heads in a string of 50 coin tosses.
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Test the null hypothesis that this coin is unbiased, that is, that heads and tails are equally likely to appear in the long run.
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the decision rule?
Step 4
What is the critical X2?
What is the value of X2? (you will need to calculate this)
Step 5
What is the decision? (retain or reject the null hypothesis at the specified level of significance; note the relationship between the observed and critical X2 scores)
Step 6
What is your interpretation of the decision in relation to the original research problem?
Specify the p -value for this test result.
19.13In 1912, over 800 passengers perished after the ocean liner Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. The table below compares the survival frequencies of cabin and steerage passengers.
ACCOMMODATIONS ON THE TITANIC
SURVIVED
CABIN
STEERAGE
TOTAL
YES
299
186
485
NO
280
526
806
TOTAL
579
712
1291
Source: MacG. Dawson, R .J. (1995). The “unusual” episode data revisited. Journal of Statistical Education, 3, no. 3.
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Using the .05 level of significance, test the null hypothesis that survival rates are independent of the passengers’ accommodations (cabin or steerage).
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
...
SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT 2.1Assignment 2.1 Liberty Challenged in Ninet.docxjames891
SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT 2.1
Assignment 2.1: Liberty Challenged in Nineteenth Century America Thesis and Outline
Due Week 7 and worth 50 points
America became a free independent nation. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the former mother country, England, recognized that its children, the colonies, were now on their own. A constitutional republic was birthed, and thus the challenges began. Slavery, the “Peculiar Institution,” was a monumental issue facing the country. Would it die or would it survive and possibly take a nation divided with it? This sectionalism followed Americans up into the Civil War. Dissect this crisis by addressing parts I and II below.
For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This will serve as the basis for your Assignment 2.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/.)
Part 1:
1. Write a thesis statement that is one to two (1-2) sentences long in which you:
a. State your thesis on the significance of this slavery issue, as exemplified in your research. Justify your response.
For the first part of this assignment you will create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your main idea to the reader. The body of the essay organizes the material you gather and present in support of your main idea. Keep in mind that a thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. (Note: Please consult the Purdue OWL website with tips on how to construct a proper thesis; the website can be found at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/.)
Part 2:
For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This will serve as the basis for your Assignment 2.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/.)2. Write a one to two (1-2) page outline in which you:
a. Describe two (2) outcomes of the 3/5ths Compromise, Missouri Compromise of 1820, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott Decision. Note: Be sure to provide two (2) outcomes for each legislation.
b. Suggest three (3) reasons why slavery was and is incompatible with our political and economic system.
c. List three to five (3-5) driving forces that led to the Civil War.
d. Use at least three (3) academic references besides or in addition to the textbook. Note: Wikipedia and other similar websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· This course requires use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SW.
This document discusses computing the grounded extension of infinite argumentation frameworks (AFRA). It defines AFRA as frameworks with a finite set of arguments but an infinite set of attacks, represented by a regular language. It presents the dfa+ representation, which encodes an AFRA as a deterministic finite automaton such that argument states correspond to arguments and attack states correspond to subsets of attacks. It introduces concepts like splitting attack states when they have multiple incoming symbols. The goal is to use this representation to compute the grounded extension of infinite AFRA.
Cerutti--Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (postgrad seminar @ Universit...Federico Cerutti
This document provides an overview of knowledge representation and reasoning. It discusses several key concepts, including knowledge, representation, and reasoning. It also describes different approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning, such as classical logic, description logics, and non-monotonic logics. The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like first-order logic, description logics syntax and semantics, and the semantic web.
Cerutti--Verification of Crypto Protocols (postgrad seminar @ University of B...Federico Cerutti
The document summarizes the Dolev-Yao model for analyzing cryptographic protocols. It discusses how Dolev-Yao was one of the first papers to provide a formal model for analyzing protocols, but had limitations. Specifically, it introduced an adversarial model and reduction rules to represent message manipulation, and provided algorithmic methods to check protocols. However, the model made strong assumptions and could not describe many real protocols. Later works aimed to develop more general and expressive logical models and techniques to verify protocols.
The document presents an argumentation-based approach to modeling decision support contexts with what-if capabilities. It introduces argument schemes to represent knowledge supporting or attacking conclusions. Practical, factual, value, preference, and must argument schemes are defined. Attacks between arguments are also modeled. The approach is demonstrated through an example of treatment options for a patient, where arguments, attacks, values, preferences and a must value are formally represented. The goal is to provide transparent decision support that allows discussion and exploration of details.
1. The document discusses an argumentation-based framework for decision support that uses structural models of personality.
2. It presents an argumentation framework that represents practical arguments, preferences, emotions, values, facts, and other elements to model decision making.
3. The framework translates decision problems into an argumentation framework with recursive attacks to define concepts like defeat and determine preferred extensions to recommend decisions.
This document describes a presentation given by Federico Cerutti on argumentation-based practical reasoning. It introduces new models and algorithms for practical reasoning support. Cerutti presents a semi-formal approach using argument schemes and critique schemes to represent practical reasoning. He then discusses moving to a more formal representation and computation approach, allowing for recursive attacks. Finally, he discusses representing infinite argumentation frameworks using formal languages to compute semantics extensions. The presentation outlines Cerutti's approach and provides examples of applying the argumentation models.
The document presents a formalization of Abstract Argumentation Frameworks with recursive attacks (AFRA) as a generalization of Dung's Argumentation Frameworks that allows attacks to attacks recursively. It introduces AFRA through an example, provides the formal definition, discusses the relationship to Dung frameworks, compares to other approaches that also model recursive attacks, and outlines future work in further developing the theoretical foundations of AFRA and argumentation semantics within this framework.
Cerutti--Introduction to Argumentation (seminar @ University of Aberdeen)Federico Cerutti
The document discusses argumentation theory and non-monotonic logics. It introduces argumentation frameworks, which represent arguments and the attacks between them. It describes different types of arguments and attacks. It also covers argumentation semantics, which evaluate arguments within a framework to determine which arguments are justified. Various semantics are examined, including complete semantics and the labelling approach. Examples using abstract frameworks and logic programming are provided to illustrate key concepts in argumentation theory.
1. A survey of the number of calls received by a sample of Southe.docxdorishigh
1. A survey of the number of calls received by a sample of Southern Phone Company subscribers last week revealed the following information.
52, 43, 30, 38, 30, 42, 12, 46, 39, 37, 34, 46, 32, 18, 41, 5
a) Develop a stem-and-leaf chart. Note: A typical row for the Stem & Leaf plot might look like 3(0269. Where, the vertical line is obtained by using “Shift & |\” key. The line is inserted at the location of the cursor.
b) What basic conclusions can be drawn from this chart?
c) Compute the 5 number System for this data set and list Xmin, Q1, Q2, Q3 & Xmax. See Videos “5_Number_Sysytem” in Videos –Topics In Stat 230.
2. The chart below gives the percentage of counties in the US that use various methods for recording votes in 1980 & 2002. Set up side-by-side bar charts by year using the instruction for Side-By-Side Charts in the Class Notes Conference. Copy/Paste your Chart into the TFE Editor from EXCEL.
METHOD
1980
2002
Punch cards
18.5
15.5
Lever machines
36.7
10.6
Paper ballots
40.7
10.5
Optical scan
0.8
43.0
Electronic
0.2
16.3
Mixed
3.1
4.1
3. The following are a sample of the weights of nine jars of peanut butter.
7.69, 7.72, 7.80, 7.86, 7.90, 7.94, 7.97, 8.06, 8.09
a) Compute the median weight.
b) Compute the standard deviation of the sample using the shortcut formula. Show the formula and values for each term and compute the answer. Use the TFE Equation Editor.
c) Compute the 5 Number System for this data. Just list the values as Xmin=xxx, Q1=xxx,Q2=xxxx,Q3=xxxxx, Xmax = xxxx.
d) Are there outliers? An outlier value is defined as unusually large or small according to the expressions: Answer yes or no.
Outlier > Q3 + 1.5(Q3-Q1) or,
Outlier < Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1)
a) We have, Xmin= 7.69, Q1=7.80,Q2=7.90,Q3=7.97, Xmax = 8.09.
b) No, there is no outlier in the data.
(20 %)
4. Answer questions a. through f. of 3.23 below.
NOTE: The Bienayme-Chebyshev Rule is the same as the Chebyshev’s Rule in Table 2.6 of your text.
(20 %)
5. Compute the mean and standard deviation for the data in the table below. State your assumptions and show all calculations.
Distance
Frequency
0 to 5
5 to 10
10 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 25
4
15
27
18
6
6. A box contains 3 red balls and 4 green balls. If two balls are randomly selected in sequence, without replacement, what is the possibility that a red ball and a green ball are picked out of the box. State the rule for P(A&B) and then substitute the values and compute the answer.
You must have your topic approved before beginning work on Submission One.
To complete Submission One, you must complete this form AND attach to it an annotated bibliography. e outline should be typed. It is available on Blackboard. this worksheet is NOT intended to represent your completed mastery of your topic. Rather, it is intended to get you started. the goal is for you to understand and be able to identify the major components of your Capstone project, as well as make sure it is feasible from a research s ...
David Hand (Professor Emeritus and Senior Research Investigator, Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London.)
ABSTRACT: Science progresses through an iterative process of formulating theories and comparing
them with empirical real-world data. Different camps of scientists will favour different
theories, until accumulating evidence renders one or more untenable. Not unnaturally,
people become attached to theories. Perhaps they invented a theory, and kudos arises
from being the originator of a generally accepted theory. A theory might represent a
life's work, so that being found wanting might be interpreted as failure. Perhaps
researchers were trained in a particular school, and acknowledging its shortcomings is
difficult. Because of this, tensions can arise between proponents of different theories.
The discipline of statistics is susceptible to precisely the same tensions. Here, however,
the tensions are not between different theories of "what is", but between different
strategies for shedding light on the real world from limited empirical data. This can be in
the form of how one measures discrepancy between the theory's predictions and
observations. It can be in the form of different ways of looking at empirical results. It can
be, at a higher level, because of differences between what is regarded as important in a
particular context. Or it can be for other reasons.
Perhaps the most familiar example of this tension within statistics is between different
approaches to inference. However, there are many other examples of such tensions.
This paper illustrates with several examples. We argue that the tension generally arises
as a consequence of inadequate care being taken in question formulation. That is,
insufficient thought is given to deciding exactly what one wants to know - to determining
"What is the question?".
The ideas and disagreements are illustrated with several examples.
Persuasive Essay On Capital Punishment. Essay on Capital Punishment Internat...Monica Clark
007 Persuasive Essay About Death Penalty Capital Punishment L ~ Thatsnotus. Persuasive Writing - Capital Punishment. - GCSE Religious Studies .... Capital Punishment Persuasive Speech | PDF | Punishments | Capital .... Capital Punishment (Essay) | Capital Punishment | Hanging.
First, youll need to choose a topic for your final essay, which w.docxlmelaine
First, you'll need to choose a topic for your final essay, which will be at least 1,000 words in length. This is the topic you will use to create your outline in Week 2 and the essay in Week 3. Choose ONE of the topics below.
Option 1:
The American Dream lecture in Week 1 points out that Poor Richard’s Almanac was an annual publication that included calendar lists, home recipes, weather forecasts etc. What made Franklin’s almanac unlike other almanacs was the inclusion of Franklin’s witty parables and humorous writings. Franklin proposes in “The Way to Wealth” that anyone who works hard, avoids debt, and works toward attaining a virtuous character can be successful and ultimately wealthy—that the American Dream is accessible to all.
Watch either The Color Purple or The Great Gatsby (locate the films using Netflix, Amazon, or your local library) and argue why or why not Franklin’s assertions are correct. Provide examples from the film and your own explanations to support your assertions.
Your will have two choices for your thesis statement:
As is evident in the film The Color Purple (or The Great Gatsby), Franklin’s assertion that the American Dream is available to all people is incorrect because _________, ___________, and _________ (you will determine three points in support of your thesis, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
As is evident in the film The Color Purple (or The Great Gatsby), Franklin’s assertion that the American Dream is available to all people is correct because _________, ___________, and _________ (you will determine three points in support of your thesis, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
Option 2:
Write a comparison or contrast essay about two of the corresponding characters in the table below. You will choose three of the points of comparison from the pool below as your points of comparison or contrast. Keep in mind that the purpose of a comparison or contrast essay is to reveal something meaningful about the characters and their relationships to the text.
You will be using a point-by-point style of comparison, and you will have two choices for your thesis statement:
While some differences between __________ and __________ (names of characters in the pairing you chose) are evident, they are similar in the aspects of __________, __________, and __________ (you will determine three points of comparison from the pool, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
While some similarities between __________ and __________ (names of characters in the pairing you chose) are evident, they are different in the aspects of __________, __________, and __________ (you will determine three points of comparison from the pool, and those will become the topics of your three body paragraphs).
Choose one of the following pairings:
Choose three of the following points of comparison:
1. Rip Van Winkle and Anton Rosicky
A. Motivation
2. Dame Van ...
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.In Au.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly negative, with critics quick to note for example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE) prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig Aaron, managing director of Free Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes" -- one of which would be reserved for "managed services," a pay-for-play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial toll road on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest of us are stuck on the cyber-equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of the popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top twenty television shows are produced in America. There are few shows the are Canadian produced such as Degrassi, Gilmore Girls, and Dragons Den. The big six media companies control 90% of what we see on television which is bad for the viewers. These corporations slowly brainwash us with their views and beliefs with advertisements and bias news. This limits creativity and diversity in the media. In today's society i feel that whoever controls the media has lots of power which can influence the nation greatly
3.Net Neutrality
..
Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the
Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly nega
tive, with critics quick to note for
example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE)
prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig
Aaron, managing director of Free
Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow
ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes"
--
one of which would be reserved for
"managed services," a pay
-
for
-
play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial
toll r
oad on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest
of us are stuck on the cyber
-
equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this
discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of
the
popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous
Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top
twenty television shows a.
Question 1 The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a well known ic.docxamrit47
Question 1
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a well known icon around the world.
The Sydney Opera House is about 500m away and from it, the angle of elevation
to the top of the bridge is measured as 14°54' (to the nearest minute).
The place where this measurement is made is 1m above the water level.
On the other side of the harbour bridge, a second reading is taken from the second floor of a building
700m away and 20m above the water level. The angle of elevation is observed to be 9°15' (to the
nearest minute).
(a) Calculate an estimate of the height of the Harbour Bridge above the
water level.
(b) Discuss all possible errors in all measurements taken.
(c) Give a range for the maximum and minimum height.
Question 2
Three dice are thrown and the sum on the faces are recorded. This would
give values ranging from 3 (1-1-1) to 18 (6-6-6).
The experiment is run 300 times.
(a) Either carry out the experiment by rolling 3 dice, 300 times or use
Excel to simulate this experiment (Assistance is offered on how to do
this in a consultation session if required).
(b) Present the data in a table showing the frequency and cumulative
frequency columns.
(c) Compute the median, upper and lower quartiles
(d) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the results of your
experiment either by the use of the stats mode on your calculcator
or using excel.
(e) Interprete the mean as an area and use Simpson’s Rule with 5 values,
to estimate the mean again, (using the median, the quartiles and the
upper and lower extremes of 3 and 18). Comment on how accurate
this is.
Question 3
People often are lost when it comes to knowing how much to
they can borrow to buy their homes.
Construct a simple spreadsheet application with the following
as input variables
The interest rate (% pa compounded monthly)
The amount to be borrowed.
The term in years of the loan.
The combined salary of the people buying the house.
The output of the calculator should include
(a) The monthly repayment for the loan.
(b) An estimate of when the loan would be half paid off.
(c) The percentage of the combined salary the repayment represents.
(d) The total interest paid out over the full term.
(e) The increase in repayment per month, should there be a 1% increase in interest rates.
(f) The decrease in the term if they switch to fortnightly repayments instead of monthly.
Present printouts for the following examples.
1. A couple on $150,000 wanting to borrow $500,000 over 30 years at 4.5% pa
2. A sole income earner on a salary of $80,000 wanting to borrow $200,000 over 25 years at 5% pa
3. A student earning $30,000 taking a share in a house requiring a loan (for his part) of $100,000
over 10 years at 6% pa.
Question 4
To make a rectangular grid of 2 rows of 3 squares requires 17 matches.
(a) How many matches would you need to make rectangular grids of m
rows of n squa ...
ASSIGNMENT 2AReview Question 6 the below question and select o.docxrock73
ASSIGNMENT 2A
Review Question 6 the below question and select one of the ill-structured problems taken from the journal Policy Analysis (now the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management Under the title “Department of Unintended Consequences”. Analyze the problem; then, provide an example on how classification analysis, hierarchy analysis, and synectics might be used to structure the problem you selected. Identify the problem you selected in your discussion with one of the following key phrases: (a) Egyptian agriculture, (b) ecologists and field mice, (c) San Francisco’s North Beach parking.
The ill-structured problems that follow are taken from illustrations published in the journal Policy Analysis (now the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management) under the title “Department of Unintended Consequences.”
For several thousand years, Egyptian agriculture depended on the fertilizing sediment deposited by the flood of the Nile. No longer, however. Due to expensive modern technology intended to improve the age-old lot of the peasant, Egypt’s fields must be artificially fertilized. John Gall, writing in the New York Times Magazine (December 26, 1976), reports that the Nile sediment is now deposited in the Aswan Dam’s Lake Nasser. Much of the dam’s electrical output is used to supply enormous amounts of electricity to new fertilizer plants made necessary by the construction of the dam.
University of Illinois ecologists can explain how certain harmful field mice spread from their native regions into areas where they had never before been found. They are using the new, limited-access, cross-country highways, which turn out to be easy escape routes with few barriers. Older highways and roads, as well as railroad rights-of-way, run into towns and villages every few miles and effectively deter mice migration. The Illinois group found that before interstate highways ran through central Illinois, one type of mouse was limited to a single county. But in six years of superhighways the four-inch-long creatures have spread sixty miles south through the center of the state. The ecologists are concerned lest the mice, a species that loves to chew on trees, become a threat in central and southern counties where apple orchards abound (Wall Street Journal, December 1, 1977).
Edward J. Moody … argues persuasively that worship of Satan has the effect of normalizing abnormal people. Thus, to “keep secret” from ordinary people their satanic power and existence, such persons are urged to behave as straight as possible. The effect, of course, is more effective social relations—the goal for which Satan’s name has been invoked in the first place! (P. E. Hammond, “Review of Religious Movements in Contemporary America,” Science, May 2, 1975, p. 442).
Residents of San Francisco’s North Beach areas must now pay $10 for the privilege of parking in their own neighborhood. A residential parking plan was recently implemented to prevent commuters from using the area as a dayti ...
IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT A SET OF RULES / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMjorge0050
Solve each trigonometric equation in the interval [0,2n) by first squaring both sides. fleas x=1+sin x Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice. O A- The solution set is .
(Simplify your answer. Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type an exact answer, using 1: as needed. Use integers or fractions for any numbers in the expression.) 0 B. There is no solution on this interval.
1) Those methods involving the collection, presentation, and chara.docxdorishigh
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to descriptive statistics and probability concepts. Specifically, it covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling, bias, and inference. The questions are designed to test understanding of key terminology, properties of distributions, and how to apply statistical techniques to answer questions about data and populations.
This document contains 54 multiple choice questions about probability concepts from the textbook "Quantitative Analysis for Management, 11e". The questions cover topics such as fundamental probability concepts, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, statistically independent events, probability distributions including binomial and normal distributions, and Bayes' theorem. For each question, the answer and difficulty level is provided along with the topic area.
This document contains 54 multiple choice questions about probability concepts from the textbook "Quantitative Analysis for Management, 11e". The questions cover topics such as fundamental probability concepts, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, statistically independent events, probability distributions including binomial and normal distributions, and Bayes' theorem. For each question, the answer and difficulty level is provided along with the topic area.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the relationship between hours worked during school and academic performance using unique data from a college with a mandatory work-study program. A naive OLS regression indicates working more hours is positively associated with better academic performance, but this does not account for endogeneity of hours worked. Instrumental variable estimators can help address endogeneity but finding good instruments is difficult. The study uses new data from Berea College, where all students receive tuition scholarships and must participate in work-study, to better understand how endogeneity may bias estimates of the impact of employment on academics.
PSY520 – Module 7Answer SheetSubmit your answers in the .docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY520 – Module 7
Answer Sheet
Submit your answers in the boxes provided. No credit will be given for responses not found in the correct answer area.
Chapter 19:
19.9Randomly selected records of 140 convicted criminals reveal that their crimes were committed on the following days of the week:
DAYS WHEN CRIMES WERE COMMITTED
FREQUENCY
MON.
TUE.
WED.
THU.
FRI.
SAT.
SUN.
TOTAL
Observed (ƒₒ)
17
21
22
18
23
24
15
140
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Using the .01 level of significance, test the null hypothesis that in the underlying population, crimes are equally likely to be committed on any day of the week.
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the decision rule?
Step 4
What is the critical X2?
What is the value of X2? (you will need to calculate this)
Step 5
What is the decision? (retain or reject the null hypothesis at the specified level of significance; note the relationship between the observed and critical X2 scores)
Step 6
What is your interpretation of the decision in relation to the original research problem?
Specify the p -value for this test result.
How might this result be reported in the literature?
19.10While playing a coin-tossing game in which you are to guess whether heads or tails will appear, you observe 30 heads in a string of 50 coin tosses.
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Test the null hypothesis that this coin is unbiased, that is, that heads and tails are equally likely to appear in the long run.
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the decision rule?
Step 4
What is the critical X2?
What is the value of X2? (you will need to calculate this)
Step 5
What is the decision? (retain or reject the null hypothesis at the specified level of significance; note the relationship between the observed and critical X2 scores)
Step 6
What is your interpretation of the decision in relation to the original research problem?
Specify the p -value for this test result.
19.13In 1912, over 800 passengers perished after the ocean liner Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. The table below compares the survival frequencies of cabin and steerage passengers.
ACCOMMODATIONS ON THE TITANIC
SURVIVED
CABIN
STEERAGE
TOTAL
YES
299
186
485
NO
280
526
806
TOTAL
579
712
1291
Source: MacG. Dawson, R .J. (1995). The “unusual” episode data revisited. Journal of Statistical Education, 3, no. 3.
Question:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Using the .05 level of significance, test the null hypothesis that survival rates are independent of the passengers’ accommodations (cabin or steerage).
Step 1
What is the research problem?
Step 2
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Step 3
What are the degrees of freedom?
...
SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT 2.1Assignment 2.1 Liberty Challenged in Ninet.docxjames891
SUBMIT ASSIGNMENT 2.1
Assignment 2.1: Liberty Challenged in Nineteenth Century America Thesis and Outline
Due Week 7 and worth 50 points
America became a free independent nation. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the former mother country, England, recognized that its children, the colonies, were now on their own. A constitutional republic was birthed, and thus the challenges began. Slavery, the “Peculiar Institution,” was a monumental issue facing the country. Would it die or would it survive and possibly take a nation divided with it? This sectionalism followed Americans up into the Civil War. Dissect this crisis by addressing parts I and II below.
For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This will serve as the basis for your Assignment 2.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/.)
Part 1:
1. Write a thesis statement that is one to two (1-2) sentences long in which you:
a. State your thesis on the significance of this slavery issue, as exemplified in your research. Justify your response.
For the first part of this assignment you will create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your main idea to the reader. The body of the essay organizes the material you gather and present in support of your main idea. Keep in mind that a thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. (Note: Please consult the Purdue OWL website with tips on how to construct a proper thesis; the website can be found at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/.)
Part 2:
For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This will serve as the basis for your Assignment 2.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/.)2. Write a one to two (1-2) page outline in which you:
a. Describe two (2) outcomes of the 3/5ths Compromise, Missouri Compromise of 1820, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott Decision. Note: Be sure to provide two (2) outcomes for each legislation.
b. Suggest three (3) reasons why slavery was and is incompatible with our political and economic system.
c. List three to five (3-5) driving forces that led to the Civil War.
d. Use at least three (3) academic references besides or in addition to the textbook. Note: Wikipedia and other similar websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· This course requires use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SW.
This document summarizes and compares over 20 different definitions of algorithmic fairness that have been proposed in recent years. It focuses on definitions related to fairness in machine learning classification problems. The document first provides background on the definitions considered and the German Credit dataset used as a case study. It then explains statistical, individual, and causal definitions of fairness and discusses whether a classifier trained on the German Credit dataset exhibits gender bias according to each definition. The key findings are that some definitions consider the classifier to be fair while others consider it to be unfair, demonstrating that the definitions can be mathematically incompatible. The document aims to provide an intuitive explanation of the various fairness definitions.
This document provides instructions and examples for conducting analysis of variance (ANOVA). It begins by listing learning objectives for the chapter, which include discussing ANOVA concepts, the F distribution characteristics, testing for equal variances between populations, organizing data into ANOVA tables, and conducting hypothesis tests to determine if treatment means are equal. It then provides examples of one-way and two-way ANOVA, including calculating sums of squares, F-statistics, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis of equal means.
12
The Chi-Square Test: Analyzing
Categorical Data
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Describe the conditions that fit chi-square tests.
• Calculate and interpret the goodness of fit test and chi-square test of independence.
• Calculate and interpret the phi coefficient and Cramer’s V.
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
tan81004_12_c12_295-322.indd 295 2/22/13 3:44 PM
CHAPTER 1212.1 Examining Categorical Data
Chapter Outline
12.1 Examining Categorical Data
12.2 The Goodness-of-Fit (1 3 k) Chi-Square
Calculating the Test Statistic
Interpreting the Test Statistic
Understanding the Chi-Square Hypotheses
Distinguishing Between Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square Tests and t-Tests or ANOVAs
A 1 3 k (Goodness-of-Fit) Chi-Square Problem With Unequal fe Values
A Final 1 3 k Problem
12.3 The Chi-Square and Statistical Power
12.4 The Goodness-of-Fit Test in Excel
12.5 The Chi-Square Test of Independence
Setting up the Chi-Square Test of Independence
Interpreting the Chi-Square Test of Independence
Phi Coefficient and Cramer’s V
A 3 3 3 Test of Independence Problem
Chapter Summary
12.1 Examining Categorical Data
The 19th-century British statesman Benjamin Disraeli is credited with saying that there are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. Clearly, he had to have a place
in this book, even if it is in the final chapter. But he belongs here because of another com-
ment that is particularly relevant to the topics in this chapter. He observed that what
we anticipate seldom occurs and what we least expect generally happens (Oxford, 1980).
Disraeli’s expressed skepticism was almost certainly tongue in cheek. Indeed, the work
on regression in Chapters 9 and 10 is based on the understanding that outcomes are not
unpredictable, but the statement provides an effective segue into the connection between
what occurs and what might be expected to occur. That analysis is the focus of this chapter.
Part of the discussion in Chapter 2 was how data differ according to scale, and how the
statistics that can be calculated also relate to scale; you learned about different types of
data scales and the appropriate types of statistics for each. For example, for nominal scale
data, only the mode (Mo) makes sense as a measure of central tendency. Subsequent chap-
ters revealed that it is not only descriptive statistics that are specific to the scale of the data.
The more involved statistical tests are also data-scale dependent. Recall that the depen-
dent variable in a t-test, a z-test, and ANOVA must be data that fit a continuous (interval
or ratio) scale. Both variables in the Pearson Correlation must be at least interval scale.
These distinctions are very important. Along with whether the hypothesis deals with dif-
ference or association and whether the groups are independent, the scale of the data is an
important guide to determining the appropriate statistical procedure.
tan81004_12_c.
This document provides information about statistics and hypothesis testing concepts. It defines key terms like population, sample, parameters, statistics, standard error, random sampling, critical region, acceptance region, one-tailed and two-tailed tests, null and alternative hypotheses, type I and type II errors. It also describes common statistical tests like t-test, F-test, chi-square test and provides their assumptions and uses. Several examples of hypothesis testing problems and their solutions are given to illustrate statistical concepts and procedures.
Quantitative Analysis For Management 11th Edition Render Test BankRichmondere
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/quantitative-analysis-for-management-11th-edition-render-test-bank/ Quantitative Analysis For Management 11th Edition Render Test Bank
ECON 301 Midterm IClosed book and notes. Calculators are a.docxbudabrooks46239
ECON 301 Midterm I
Closed book and notes. Calculators are allowed
Feb 28th, 2019
12:30pm-1:45pm
Instructions: There are two parts in this exam. Part I has three pages. Parts II has five pages. Please
inspect the exam and make sure you have all EIGHT pages of questions, ONE page of formulas and ONE
page of standard normal distribution table. Do all your work on these pages. If you use the back of a
page, make sure to indicate that. If you have to round up an answer, make sure to report TWO decimal
digits.
Remember : You must show your work to get proper credits.
NAME:
RED ID:
1
1 Part I: Material Questions (41 Points)
1. Forest Green Brown, Inc., produces bags of cypress mulch. The weight in pounds per bag varies, as
indicated in the accompanying table.
Weight in pounds 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Proportion of bags 0.10 0.07 0.21 0.29 0.15 0.10 0.08
(a) (9 points) Calculate the mean of the weight per bag.
(b) (9 points) Calculate the standard deviation of the weight per bag.
Page 2
2. (12 points) A client has an investment portfolio whose mean value is equal to $1,000,000 with a standard
deviation of $30,000. He has asked you to determine the probability that the value of his portfolio is
between $970,000 and $1,060,000.
Page 3
3. What not to get them on Valentine’s Day! A recent study among adults in the USA shows that adults
prefer not to receive certain items as gifts on Valentine’s Day; namely, Teddy bears: 45%; Chocolate:
25%; Jewelry: 15%; Flowers: 12%; Don’t Know: 3%. A Pareto diagram picturing the ”Unwanted
Presents” is as shown below.
(a) (6 points) If you want to be 80% sure you did not get your valentine something unwanted, what
should you avoid buying? How does the Pareto diagram show this?
(b) (5 points) 400 adults are to be surveyed, what frequencies would you expect to occur for each un-
wanted item listed on the snapshot?
Page 4
2 PART II: Essay Questions (59 Points)
1. Individuals living in high-poverty areas perform worse than those living in low-poverty areas on a wide
range of outcomes such as earnings, health conditions and education levels. Motivated by such dis-
parities, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) o↵ered housing vouchers to
low-income families. These housing vouchers pay a large portion of the rents and utilities (e.g. Section
8). Image that you are a policy maker trying to evaluate the e↵ectiveness of the housing vouchers.
Suppose you are most interested in the long-term impacts of housing vouchers on children who were
young when their families received the voucher.
(a) (8 points) You want to focus on the impact of housing vouchers on children’s future earnings. Your
colleague, another policy maker, suggests you to compare the average future earnings for children
whose families received a housing voucher with those whose families didn’t received a housing
voucher. Do you think your colleague’s suggestion is a good idea? Why?
(b) (8 points) Your economist colleag.
Similar to Formal Arguments, Preferences, and Natural Language Interfaces to Humans: an Empirical Evaluation (20)
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Tutorial at IJCAI 2019
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Technical appendix to the paper: "Formal Arguments, Preferences, and Natural Language Interfaces to Humans: an Empirical Evaluation" by Federico Cerutti, Nava Tintarev, Nir Oren, ECAI 2014, Pages 207 - 212,
DOI10.3233/978-1-61499-419-0-207.
http://ebooks.iospress.nl/volumearticle/36941
Abstract of the paper:
It has been claimed that computational models of argumentation provide support for complex decision making activities in part due to the close alignment between their semantics and human intuition. In this paper we assess this claim by means of an experiment: people's evaluation of formal arguments --- presented in plain English --- is compared to the conclusions obtained from argumentation semantics. Our results show a correspondence between the acceptability of arguments by human subjects and the justification status prescribed by the formal theory in the majority of the cases. However, post-hoc analyses show that there are some significant deviations, which appear to arise from implicit knowledge regarding the domains in which evaluation took place. We argue that in order to create argumentation systems, designers must take implicit domain specific knowledge into account.
Probabilistic Logic Programming with Beta-Distributed Random VariablesFederico Cerutti
by Federico Cerutti; Lance Kaplan; Angelika Kimmig; Murat Sensoy
Paper accepted at AAAI2019
We enable aProbLog—a probabilistic logical programming
approach—to reason in presence of uncertain probabilities
represented as Beta-distributed random variables. We
achieve the same performance of state-of-the-art algorithms
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we maintain the flexibility offered by aProbLog
in handling complex relational domains. Our motivation is
that faithfully capturing the distribution of probabilities is
necessary to compute an expected utility for effective decision
making under uncertainty: unfortunately, these probability
distributions can be highly uncertain due to sparse data. To
understand and accurately manipulate such probability distributions
we need a well-defined theoretical framework that is
provided by the Beta distribution, which specifies a distribution
of probabilities representing all the possible values of a
probability when the exact value is unknown.
Supporting Scientific Enquiry with Uncertain SourcesFederico Cerutti
In this paper we propose a computational methodology
for assessing the impact of trust associated to sources of
information in scientific enquiry activities—i.e. relating relevant
information and form logical conclusions, as well as identifying
gaps in information in order to answer a given query. Often trust
in the source of information serves as a proxy for evaluating the
quality of the information itself, especially in the cases of information
overhead. We show how our computational methodology
support human analysts in situational understanding, as well as
highlighting issues that demand further investigation.
This document provides an introduction to formal argumentation theory and summarizes several key concepts:
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- Some important semantics properties are outlined, including conflict-freeness, admissibility, strong admissibility, reinstatement, I-maximality, and directionality. Different semantics satisfy different combinations of these properties.
- References are provided for works on argumentation semantics by Dung, Baroni et al., and others that formally define argumentation frameworks and semantics.
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Handouts for the IJCAI 2017 tutorial on Argumentation. This document is a collection of technical definitions as well as examples of various topics addressed in the tutorial. It is not supposed to be an exhaustive compendium of twenty years of research in argumentation theory.
This material is derived from a variety of publications from many researchers who hold the copyright and any other intellectual property of their work. Original publications are thoroughly cited and reported in the bibliography at the end of the document. Errors and misunderstandings rest with the author of this tutorial: please send an email to federico.cerutti@acm.org for reporting any.
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Argumentation technology is a rich interdisciplinary area of research that, in the last two decades, has emerged as one of the most promising paradigms for commonsense reasoning and conflict resolution in a great variety of domains.
In this tutorial we aim at providing PhD students, early stage researchers, and experts from different fields of AI with a clear understanding of argumentation in AI and with a set of tools they can start using in order to advance the field.
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Handout for the course Abstract Argumentation and Interfaces to Argumentative...Federico Cerutti
This document provides an overview of abstract argumentation frameworks and semantics. It begins with definitions of Dung's argumentation framework (AF), including concepts like conflict-free sets, acceptable arguments, and admissible sets. It then covers properties that argumentation semantics can satisfy, like being conflict-free or reinstating acceptable arguments. Several semantics are defined, like complete, grounded, preferred and stable extensions. The document also discusses labelling-based representations of semantics and computational properties of decision problems for different semantics. In the second half, it outlines implementations, ranking-based semantics, argumentation schemes, semantic web argumentation, and natural language interfaces for argumentation systems.
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Handouts for the IJCAI 2015 tutorial on Argumentation.
This document is a collection of technical definitions as well as examples of various topics addressed in the tutorial. It is not supposed to be an exhaustive compendium of twenty years of research in argumentation theory.
This material is derived from a variety of publications from many researchers who hold the copyright and any other intellectual property of their work. Original publications are thoroughly cited and reported in the bibliography at the end of the document. Errors and misunderstandings rest with the author of this tutorial: please send an email to federico.cerutti@acm.org for reporting any.
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Handouts for the IJCAI 2015 tutorial on Argumentation.
This document is a collection of technical definitions as well as examples of various topics addressed in the tutorial. It is not supposed to be an exhaustive compendium of twenty years of research in argumentation theory.
This material is derived from a variety of publications from many researchers who hold the copyright and any other intellectual property of their work. Original publications are thoroughly cited and reported in the bibliography at the end of the document. Errors and misunderstandings rest with the author of this tutorial: please send an email to federico.cerutti@acm.org for reporting any.
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http://scienceartificial.com
Slides of the tutorial given at IJCAI 2015 http://ijcai-15.org/
Website for the tutorial: http://scienceartificial.com/IJCAI2015tutorial
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Formal Arguments, Preferences, and Natural Language Interfaces to Humans: an Empirical Evaluation
1. Formal Arguments, Preferences,
and Natural Language Interfaces
to Humans: an Empirical
Evaluation
Federico Cerutti Nava Tintarev Nir Oren
ECAI 2014 — Friday 22nd
August, 2014
2. Motivation
– Distributed autonomous systems increasingly used
– Reasoning can be formalized as argumentation
– However, if we need to explain this to people the information
presentation needs to be more natural
– Can we create a bridge between natural language and formal
argumentation?
– What kind of factors need to be considered
- Preferences between arguments?
- Domain specific knowledge?
2 of 31
4. Background on P&S
Rule-based argumentation framework
Allows to express arguments in favour of preferences among rules
Includes negation as failure an strong negation
Although it is pre-Dung1995, it is easy to draw a correspondence with
an abstract argumentation frameworks (there are some points where
we should be cautious, but it is not the case of this work)
4 of 31
5. Crash course on P&S
Each rule as a set of antecedents and a consequent
Strict (they cannot contain negation as failure atoms) and defeasible
rules
Arguments as sequence (instead of recursive structure like in ASPIC)
of rules
The conclusions of an argument is the set containing each consequent
of each rule of the argument
Attacks:
on some antecedent of some rule
on some conclusion
Skeptical semantics: grounded
Credulous semantics: stable
5 of 31
6. Example
S D
s1 : ⇒ sAAA
s2 : ⇒ sBBB
s3 : ⇒ sdoc
r1 : sAAA ∧ ∼ exAAA ⇒ poorer
r2 : sBBB ∧ sdoc ∧ ∼ exBBB ∧ ∼ exdoc ⇒ ¬ poorer
r3 : ∼ exexpert ⇒ r1 r2
A politician and an economist discuss the potential financial outcome of the
independence of a region X. The politician puts forward an argument in favour of
the conclusion “If Region X becomes independent, X’s citizens will be poorer
than they are now”. Another argument holding a contradicting conclusion (i.e.
Region X will not be poorer) is advanced by the economist. The economist’s
opinion is likely to be preferred to that of the politician, and is supported by a
scientific document.
rgs = {a1 = 〈s1,r1〉,a2 = 〈s2,s3,r2〉,a3 = 〈r3〉}; a2 rgs-defeats a1
a2 justified
6 of 31
8. The Experiment
Presenting each participant with a text, written in natural language,
followed by a questionnaire
Between subjects design across eight texts: each participant is shown a
single (randomly selected) text
Four domains:
1 weather forecast
2 political debate
3 used car sale
4 romantic relationship
Two KBs: base case, and extended case
The base case always consider two arguments a1 and a2 with two
contradicting conclusions; and a preference in favour of a2
8 of 31
9. The Extended Case for the Example
More recent research disputes the claim of the economist
S D
s1 : ⇒ sAAA
s2 : ⇒ sBBB
s3 : ⇒ sdoc
s4 : ⇒ sresearch
s5 : sresearch ⇒ ¬sdoc
r1 : sAAA ∧ ∼ exAAA ⇒ poorer
r2 : sBBB ∧ sdoc ∧ ∼ exBBB ∧ ∼ exdoc ⇒ ¬ poorer
r3 : ∼ exexpert ⇒ r1 r2
rgs = {a1 = 〈s1,r1〉,a2 = 〈s2,s3,r2〉,a3 = 〈r3〉,a4 = 〈s4,s5〉}
a2 rgs-defeats a1,a2 rgs-defeats a4,a4 rgs-defeats a2,
Two stable extensions:
{a1,a3,a4} and {a2,a3}
9 of 31
10. Domain 1: weather forecast
The weather forecasting service of the broadcasting company AAA says
that it will rain tomorrow (a1).
Meanwhile, the forecast service of the broadcasting company BBB says that
it will be cloudy tomorrow but that it will not rain (a2).
It is also well known that the forecasting service of BBB is more accurate
than the one of AAA (a3).
However, yesterday the trustworthy newspaper CCC published an article
which said that BBB has cut the resources for its weather forecasting
service in the past months, thus making it less reliable than in the past (a4).
10 of 31
11. Domain 2: political debate
In a TV debate, the politician AAA argues that if Region X becomes
independent then X’s citizens will be poorer than now (a1).
Subsequently, financial expert (a3) Dr. BBB presents a document; which
scientifically shows that Region X will not be worse off financially if it
becomes independent (a2).
After that, the moderator of the debate reminds BBB of more recent
research by several important economists that disputes the claims in that
document (a4).
11 of 31
12. Domain 3: buying a car
You are planning to buy a second-hand car, and you go to a dealership with
BBB, a mechanic whom has been recommended you by a friend (a3).
The salesperson AAA shows you a car and says that it needs very little
work done to it (a1).
BBB says it will require quite a lot of work, because in the past he had to
fix several issues in a car of the same model (a2).
While you are at the dealership, your friend calls you to tell you that he
knows (beyond a shadow of a doubt) that BBB made unnecessary repairs
to his car last month (a4).
12 of 31
13. Domain 4: romance
After several dates, you would like to start a serious relationship with J.
but you turn to ask two friends of yours, AAA and BBB, for advice. You
have known BBB for longer than you have known AAA (a3).
AAA tells you that J is lovely and you should go ahead (a1),
while BBB suggests that you should be very cautious because J might have
a hidden agenda (a2).
After some weeks, CCC, who is also a close friend of BBB, tells you that
BBB has been into you for years; BBB is too shy to tell you about their
feelings about you, but are still possessive of you (a4).
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14. Formalisation summary
Domain Base Case Extended
Case
Type of reinstatement
1, weather 1.B 1.E preference attack
2, politics 2.B 2.E a2 rebuttal
3, buying car 3.B 3.E preference attack
4, romance 4.B 4.E preference rebuttal
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16. Methodology
Participants are asked to determine which of the following positions
they think is accurate:
A: I think that AAA’s position is correct (e.g. “X’s citizens will be
poorer than now”)
B: I think that BBB’s position is correct (e.g. “X’s citizens will not be
worse off financially”)
U: I cannot determine if either AAA’s or BBB’s position is correct
(e.g. “I cannot conclude anything about Region X’s finances”)
Rate a statements in terms of relevance (for the conclusion) and
agreement on a 7 points scale from Disagree to Agree for each
statement
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17. Hypotheses
H1: In the base cases (Scenarios 1.B, 2.B, 3.B and 4.B), the majority of
participants will agree with BBB’s statement (position B)
H2: In the extended cases (Scenarios 1.E, 2.E, 3.E and 4.E), the
majority of participants will agree that they cannot conclude
anything from the text (position U).
H3: The majority of participants who view a base case scenario will
agree with the preference argument, and find it relevant
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19. Hypotheses H1 and H2
0
15
30
45
60
A B U
%
Distribution of acceptability of actors’ positions
Base cases Extended cases
Distribution of the final conclusion A/ B/ U
Base cases, χ 2
analysis (2, N=77)=37.74, p < 0.001;
extended cases χ 2
(2, N=84)=8.0, p < 0.02
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20. Hypothesis H3
Participants rate how much (on a scale of 1 to 7) they agree with the
following statement (agreement), and whether it is relevant in drawing
their conclusion (relevance): “BBB is more trustworthy than AAA.”
Significant difference between the base and the extended cases for
agreement (Mann-Whitney U(1778), Z = −5.0, p < 0.001) and relevance
(Mann-Whitney U(1852), Z = −4.7, p < 0.001).
In addition, the median values both for agreement and relevance are
greater for the base cases than for the extended cases
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21. Post Hoc: Motivations
Base Cases Extended Cases
A B U A B U
1, weather 5.0 50.0 45.0 15.8 21.1 63.2
2, politics 5.3 63.2 31.6 21.1 10.5 68.4
3, buying car 0.0 68.2 31.8 23.8 23.8 52.4
4, romance 12.5 68.8 18.8 48.0 36.0 16.0
Distribution of the final conclusion A/ B/ U
Fisher (N = 161) = 48.756, p < 0.001, 10000 sampled tables, Monte Carlo
approach with 99% confidence interval (MC99)
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22. Post Hoc: Distributions of Base Cases
0
15
30
45
60
U1 U2 U3
%
Distributions of motivations for U (scenarios 1.B and 3.B)
1.B 3.B
Agreement with the U position in scenarios 1.B and 3.B:
U1: lack of information, U2: domain specific reasons; U3: other
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23. Post Hoc: Distributions between Base/Extended
Cases
Base Cases Extended Cases
A B U A B U
1, weather 5.0 50.0 45.0 15.8 21.1 63.2
2, politics 5.3 63.2 31.6 21.1 10.5 68.4
3, buying car 0.0 68.2 31.8 23.8 23.8 52.4
4, romance 12.5 68.8 18.8 48.0 36.0 16.0
Are the distributions of choices (among A, B, and U) in the base case
is significantly different from the distribution of choices in the
corresponding extended case?
YES for the third domain (3.B and 3.E, buying a car) — Fisher
(N = 43) = 10.693, p < 0.001, 10000 sampled tables, MC99.
NO for the first domain (1.B and 1.E, weather forecasts) — Fisher
(N = 39) = 3.832, p = 0.187, 10000 sampled tables, MC99.
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24. Post Hoc: Distributions Extended Cases
Base Cases Extended Cases
A B U A B U
1, weather 5.0 50.0 45.0 15.8 21.1 63.2
2, politics 5.3 63.2 31.6 21.1 10.5 68.4
3, buying car 0.0 68.2 31.8 23.8 23.8 52.4
4, romance 12.5 68.8 18.8 48.0 36.0 16.0
Domain has a significant effect on the distribution of positions — Fisher
(N = 84) = 16.308, p < 0.05, 10000 sampled tables, MC99.
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25. Post Hoc: Relevance and Agreement
Base cases Extended cases
RB
†
Md∗
B
RE
†
Md∗
E
C.D.‡
Relevance
1, weather 110.38 6.00 82.92 4.00 46.60
2, politics 107.45 6.00 69.45 4.00 47.19
3, buying car 118.05 6.50 67.45 4.00 44.38
4, romance 48.34 2.00 44.40 2.00 46.57
Agreement
1, weather 116.38 6.00 87.18 4.00 46.60
2, politics 103.34 6.00 65.05 4.00 47.19
3, buying car 121.93 6.50 64.33 4.00 44.38
4, romance 44.94 2.00 44.20 2.00 46.57
Statistically significant cases when |Rx − Ry| > C.D.
†
Mean rank as computed with the Kruskal-Wallis test
‡
Critical Difference, as computed in [Siegel and Castellan Jr., 1988] cited
by [Field, 2009] with α = 0.05.
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26. Post Hoc: Relevance and Agreement
Scenario 3.B Scenario 4.B
R3.B
†
Md∗
3.B
R4.B
†
Md∗
4.B
C.D.‡
Relevance 118.05 6.50 48.34 2.00 47.79
Agreement 121.93 6.50 44.94 2.00 47.79
Statistically significant cases when |Rx − Ry| > C.D.
†
Mean rank as computed with the Kruskal-Wallis test
‡
Critical Difference, as computed in [Siegel and Castellan Jr., 1988] cited
by [Field, 2009] with α = 0.05.
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28. Conclusions
Investigation into the relationship between formal systems of
defeasible argumentation and arguments in natural language
Results suggest a correspondence between the formal theory and its
representation in natural language
Preference generally applied “following” Prakken and Sartor:
importance of being able to represent them
Humans evaluate preference depending on the context
Collateral knowledge
Reverse of preference
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29. Acknowledgement
Research was sponsored by US Army Research laboratory and the UK Ministry
of Defence and was accomplished under Agreement Number W911NF-06-3-0001.
The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors
and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed
or implied, of the US Army Research Laboratory, the U.S. Government, the UK
Ministry of Defense, or the UK Government. The US and UK Governments are
authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes
notwithstanding any copyright notation hereon.
This research has been carried out within the project “Scrutable Autonomous
Systems” (SAsSY), funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research
Council (EPSRC, UK), grant ref. EP/J012084/1.
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31. References I
[Field, 2009] Field, A. (2009).
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Introducing Statistical Methods series).
SAGE Publications Ltd.
[Siegel and Castellan Jr., 1988] Siegel, S. and Castellan Jr., N. J. (1988).
Nonparametric Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences.
McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
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