Are you botching the security of your AngularJS applications? (DevFest 2016)

@PhilippeDeRyck
ARE YOU BOTCHING THE SECURITY
OF YOUR ANGULARJS APPLICATIONS?
Philippe De Ryck
DevFest 2016, Brussels, Belgium
https://www.websec.be

@PhilippeDeRyck
WHAT IS THE BIGGEST THREAT TO AN ANGULARJS APPLICATION?
DEVELOPERS (THAT ARE NOT SECURITY-AWARE)

@PhilippeDeRyck
KNOWLEDGE IS KEY TO BUILDING SECURE APPLICATIONS
§ My goal is to help you build secure web applications
− In-house training programs at various companies
− Hosted web security training courses at DistriNet (KU Leuven)
− Talks at various developer conferences
− Slides, videos and blog posts on https://www.websec.be
§ I have a broad security expertise, with a focus on Web Security
− PhD in client-side web security
− Main author of the Primer on client-side web security
− Part of the organizing committee of the SecAppDev course
§ I’m also a chef, so demo’s will be food-related!

@PhilippeDeRyck
CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING (XSS)
§ In an XSS attack, malicious content is injected into your application’s pages
− In the “original” XSS attacks, an attacker injected JavaScript code
− Today, injected content can be JavaScript, CSS, HTML, SVG, …

@PhilippeDeRyck
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0noqLisW_c

@PhilippeDeRyck
§ The real problem is that injected content runs in your context
− Complete access to your client-side data and code
− Ability to use any permissions the user has granted to your application
− The full power of XHR to contact your backend, in the name of the user
§ XSS attacks are very powerful, and unfortunately very common
− XSS is ranked 3rd in the OWASP top 10 and 4th in the SANS top 25

@PhilippeDeRyck
http://colesec.inventedtheinternet.com/beef-the-browser-exploitation-framework-project/

@PhilippeDeRyck
HOW DO YOU PROTECT AGAINST XSS?
§ The root cause behind XSS is confusion between data and code
− Untrusted data is mixed with trusted code, and sent to the browser
− The browser will never know which part is data and which is code
<div><h3>
Your search for
“<i>Crazy Cats<script>alert(“Miauw!”)</script></i>”
returned 5 results
</h3></div>
<div><h3>
Your search for “$query” returned $count results
</h3></div>

@PhilippeDeRyck
§ The server needs to render the data harmless
− By escaping “dangerous” parts in the data
<div><h3>
Your search for “encode($query)” returned $count results
</h3></div>

@PhilippeDeRyck
<div><h3>
Your search for
“<i>Crazy Cats<script>alert(“Miauw!”)</script></i>
returned 5 results
</h3></div>

@PhilippeDeRyck
§ The escaping process is context-sensitive
− HTML body <h1>DATA</h1>
− HTML attributes <div id=‘DATA’>
− Stylesheet context body { background-color: DATA;}
− Script context alert(“DATA”);

@PhilippeDeRyck
SO, WHAT’S THE DEAL WITH ANGULARJS?
§ AngularJS is often used as a library within traditional applications
− The server builds an HTML page, including AngularJS templates
− The server needs to render user-supplied data harmless to protect against XSS
<script src=“…/angular.js”></script>
…
<div><h3>
Your search for
“<i>encode($query)</i>”
returned $count results
</h3></div>

@PhilippeDeRyck
§ But is that even possible in an AngularJS environment?
<div class=”ng-app”>
{{constructor.constructor(‘alert(1)’)}}
</div>
<div class="ng-app">
<b class="ng-style: {x:constructor.constructor('alert(1)')()};" />
</div>

@PhilippeDeRyck
§ But is that even possible in an AngularJS environment?
− No
§ AngularJS attempted to prevent this with the expression sandbox
− Prevents direct access to global JavaScript functionality
− Impossible to lock down completely, so only available in AngularJS 1.2 - 1.6
− Angular2 offers offline template compilation

@PhilippeDeRyck
RULE #1
DO NOT COMBINE TEMPLATES WITH USER-SUPPLIED DATA ON THE SERVER
Provide the data separately to the client-side AngularJS application

@PhilippeDeRyck
AND WHAT IF WE DO IT THE ANGULAR WAY?
§ Remember the confusion between data and code?
− Templates and JavaScript code are considered the application’s code
− Data fetched from APIs is considered data
§ AngularJS knows which parts are untrusted
− And automatically applies Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE)
− SCE applies to all data bindings with ng-bind or {{ }}
− SCE is on-by-default since version 1.2
§ But what if we actually want to allow some HTML in the user’s data?

@PhilippeDeRyck
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9381926/angularjs-insert-html-into-view/25513186#25513186

@PhilippeDeRyck
ALL IS GREAT … UNTIL YOU GET A CALL ONE EVENING
What, no way! What happened? Did they steal our data?
No, it’s worse! Much worse!
They loaded the EmberJS library!
We’ve been hacked!
Then what?!

@PhilippeDeRyck
LET’S INVESTIGATE THE STACKOVERFLOW ADVICE …
https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$sce
https://docs.angularjs.org/error/$sce/unsafe

@PhilippeDeRyck
LETTING ANGULARJS 1.X DO THE WORK FOR YOU
§ Simple data will be encoded for the right context with SCE
§ AngularJS will not allow you to directly use untrusted data
§ Sanitizing untrusted data makes it safe to use
§ Static HTML snippets can be marked as safe if absolutely necessary
<p>{{var}}</p>var = “test<script>alert(1)</script>”
<p ng-bind-html=“var”></p><input ng-model=“var” />
<input ng-model=“var” />
angular.module(“…”, [‘ngSanitize’]
<p ng-bind-html=“var”></p>
<p ng-bind-html=“var”></p>var = $sce.trustAsHtml(“<b>test</b>)”

@PhilippeDeRyck
AND IT’S EVEN BETTER IN ANGULARJS 2.X
§ All data is sanitized by default
§ Static HTML snippets can be marked as safe if absolutely necessary
<input ng-model=“var” /> <p>{{var}}</p>
<p>{{var}}</p>var = domSanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustHtml(“<b>test</b>)”

@PhilippeDeRyck
http://stackoverflow.com/a/25513186

@PhilippeDeRyck
RULE #2
DO NOT MARK UNTRUSTED DATA AS SAFE
Use the built-in sanitizer to remove dangerous features from the untrusted data

@PhilippeDeRyck
XSS VULNERABILITIES WILL POP UP EVENTUALLY
§ You can deploy a second line of defense with Content Security Policy
− Server-driven browser-enforced security policy
− In case there is an XSS attack, the script will be severely constrained or even blocked
− CSP evolved to an extensive and powerful browser security policy
§ CSP locks down what can happen in a web page
− Refuses to execute inline script and style
− Only loads external resources if they are explicitly whitelisted
§ CSP has severe incompatibility problems with traditional web applications
− But is easy to deploy on an AngularJS application

@PhilippeDeRyck
A QUICK OVERVIEW OF CSP’S DIRECTIVES
§ CSP has directives for all kinds of resources
− default-src applies to any resource, if there’s no more specific directive
− img-src, script-src, style-src, …
§ A directive can have numerous valid values
− Keywords: ‘none’, ‘self’, *
− Expressions: https://websec.be, https:, https://websec.be/jquery.js, *.websec.be
§ If absolutely necessary, you can re-enable inline scripts, styles and eval
− By adding the ‘unsafe-inline’ or ‘unsafe-eval’ keywords to the directives

@PhilippeDeRyck
BROWSER SUPPORT FOR CSP LEVEL 1 IS AWESOME
http://caniuse.com/#search=csp

@PhilippeDeRyck
WRITING SANE CSP POLICIES
§ Deploy CSP using the Content-Security-Policy response header
− <meta> tags are a good alternative if headers are too difficult to use
§ Make your policy as secure as possible
− Avoid ‘unsafe-inline’ and ‘unsafe-eval’ , especially for scripts
− Be specific about which files you want to include to avoid bypass attacks
− Define all important directives to avoid override attacks with <meta> tags
§ Use available tools and features to make your life easier
− Google’s CSP Evaluator
− Report-uri.io for policy generation & report collection
https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/
https://report-uri.io/

@PhilippeDeRyck
RULE #3
DO NOT IGNORE THE TREMENDOUS POWER OF CSP
Make sure your apps are compatible, and lock down your CSP policy

@PhilippeDeRyck
THE FOCUS HERE TODAY WAS PURELY ON ANGULARJS
§ But there’s a lot more to building a secure application
− The web has evolved a lot in the last few years
− Plenty of new threats, but also plenty of new security technologies
§ Essential security principles to apply to your AngularJS applications
− Deploy your applications over HTTPS
− Use strong authentication mechanisms
− Perform access control in the right places, with the right data
− Protect against common threats against session management

@PhilippeDeRyck
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
§ I’m running a 2-day web security course on December 6 and 7
− Information and registration on https://essentials.websec.be
§ https://www.websec.be contains a lot of information about web security
− The slides for this talk will be available there
− Slide decks, videos and blog posts about various security topics
− Subscribe to the mailing list to stay up to date
§ Feel free to contact me with feedback, questions, or speaking invitations
philippe.deryck@cs.kuleuven.be /in/philippederyck

@PhilippeDeRyck
THE RULES OF ANGULARJS SECURITY
#3 DO NOT IGNORE THE TREMENDOUS POWER OF CSP
#2 DO NOT MARK UNTRUSTED DATA AS SAFE
#1 DO NOT COMBINE TEMPLATES WITH USER-SUPPLIED DATA
#0 YOU TELL ALL YOUR FRIENDS ABOUT THESE RULES!

Are you botching the security of your AngularJS applications? (DevFest 2016)

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