The document outlines a project on an Arduino-based line-following robot designed to automate the fruit transport system in an industrial setting, improving efficiency and reducing reliance on human labor. Key features include the use of various Arduino components like motors and sensors to navigate a specific path, with potential applications in multiple industries. The project faces challenges such as high costs and the need for skilled operators, but aims to enhance automation in Sri Lankan minor industrial plants.

1. Arduino Line
Following Robot
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2. Our Team
Dimuth Bandara
Raween Randewa
Raweena Bandara
Kasun Somarathna
Hashani Ranawake
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3. Information About the project
And the purpose of this project is to automate the fruit transport
system in this factory
In this industrial plant good carriers are essential to carry goods
from one place to another place. In most instances, carts or trucks
were used with human labour. This manual process is unreliable and
unefficient which causes wastage of time and money
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4. Objectives of
the project
Main objective-Move towards automation
Others
1)To increase efficiency of the system
2)To reduce the time delay in the old system
3)Identify the movements of the robot
4)Reduce the Wastage due to damages when
transporting
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5. Features Of
The
Application
This application can be used for
number of industries where industrial
automation is needed including motor
vehicle , hotels etc.
Arduino line follower follows a specific
path which is black in colour in white
background
In some instances there are line
followers which follow a white line in
dark background.
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6. Here we use
 Arduino Uno Board
 Arduino l298n motor driver
 3 Arduino IR sensors
 2 Arduino gear motors
 Jumper wires
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7. Arduino Uno
Board
 It is the most popular board
 Power using power USB and
barallel jack
 Voltage regulator control the
voltage given
 5v output gives input voltage to
the IR sensors
 GND use to ground the circuit
 Analog pins A0 to A5
 14 digital I/O pins which 6 provide
PWM
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8. Arduino l298n
Motor Driver
 A dual H Bridge Motor driver
 The module can drive DC motors
that have voltages between 5 and
35V, with a peak current up to
2A.Voltage regulator control the
voltage given
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9. How It Works
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10. Arduino IR sensor
 Based on Infra red radiations
 Works in range from 3.3v to 5v
 In black or darker surfaces IR
sensor turn off
 In white background IR sensor
Turn ON
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11. Arduino Gear
Motor
 Rotates Clockwise and
anticlockwise
 Works in range from 3.3v to 12v
 Gear motor is connected to
Arduino UNO via Arduino l298N
motor driver
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12. How It Works
Move Forward Move Left
Move Right Stop
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13. Move Forward
 All tracker sensors must be off
 The robot must be in line
 Two motors must rotate(ON)
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14. Move Left
 Left Sensor And Middle sensor
Must be OFF
 Right Sensor Must Be ON
 The robot must be in line
 Right Motor Must be ON
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15. Move Right
 Right Sensor And Middle sensor
Must be OFF
 Left Sensor Must Be ON
 The robot must be in line
 Right Motor Must be ON
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16. Stop
 All tracker sensors must be ON
 The robot must be outside line
 Two motors must be OFF
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17. Explanation
Using
Pseudocode
Read RS,LS,MS,LM,RM
IF LS equals zero ,MS equals zero and , RS equals zero
Turn on LM
Turn off RM
End IF
If LS equals zero , MS equals zero and, RS equals one
Turn on RM
Turn off LM
End IF
If LS equals one, MS equals zero and, RS equal Zero
Turn on LM
Turn off RM
End IF
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18. Explanation
Using
Pseudocode
contd…..
If LS equals one, MS equals zero and, RS
equal one
Turn on LM
Turn on RM
End IF
ELSE
Turn off LM
Turn off RM
END
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19. Code
int S_A=11; // speed of motor A
int M_A1=2;// motor a=+
int M_A2=3; // motor a=-
int M_B1=4; // motor b= -
int M_B2=5; // motor b=+
int S_B=10; // Speed of motor B
int R_S=A0; // sensor r
int S_S=A1; // sensor s
int L_S=A2; // sensor L
void setup() {
pinMode(M_B1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(M_B2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(M_A1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(M_A2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(S_B,OUTPUT);
pinMode(S_A,OUTPUT);
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20. pinMode(L_S,INPUT);
pinMode(S_S,INPUT);
pinMode(R_S,INPUT);
analogWrite(S_A,75);
analogWrite(S_B,75);
delay(200);
}
void loop() {
if((digitalRead(L_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==1)
&&(digitalRead(R_S)==0)){forword();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==0)){turnLeft();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==0)){turnLeft();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==1)){turnRight();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==1)){turnRight();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==1)){Stop();}
if((digitalRead(L_S)==1)&&(digitalRead(S_S)==0)&&(digitalRead(R_S)==1)){Stop();}
}
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21. void forword(){
digitalWrite(M_A1,LOW);
digitalWrite(M_A2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_B1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_B2,LOW);
}
void turnRight(){
digitalWrite(M_A1,LOW);
digitalWrite(M_A2,LOW);
digitalWrite(M_B1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_B2,LOW);
}
void turnLeft(){
digitalWrite(M_A1,LOW);
digitalWrite(M_A2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(M_B1,LOW);
digitalWrite(M_B2,LOW);
}
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22. How To Operate
 Handle with care.
 Check whether sensors are working.
 Don’t supply higher voltages and currents.
 Check whether the motors are rotating.
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23. A Practical Example
 Practical Example 01(Static Example)
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24.  Practical Example 02(Dynamic Example)
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25. Little More Than A Line Follower
 Identify Movement Using C# Serial Communication
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26. Connect Through Wifi
 Using esp 8266-1 or esp 8266 we can connect it to wifi and can observe using
php or c#
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27. Benefits of
the project
Reduce time delay in instances where we use human labor
More efficient
Reliable
Reduce wastage due to damages when transporting
Only small space is needed for storing items
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28. Disadvantages Of The Project
High Cost to Build. High Cost to Maintain. Operators with proper
knowledge is essential.
Reduce job opportunity
for labors.
As this is a new concept
traditional farmers will
not accept this method.
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29. Hardships We
Faced
The line following robot project challenged the group to cooperate,
communicate, and expand understanding of electronics, mechanical
systems, and their integration with programming.
Lack of proper Knowledge.
Lack of reliable resources.
Most of applications are highly costable
Difficult to connect Arduino with C#
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30. Conclusions
This is a new
concept in sri
Lankan minor
industrial plants.
But in other
countries this
concept is well
used.
This method can
be introduced to
sri Lankan minor
industrial plants.
We can move
towards
automation….
This will increase
job opportunity
in IT field
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31. Future Scope
 To implement automated systems in
Sri Lanka. Expected automated system
may contain automatically updating
applications and automatically
updating online databases (mostly in
clouds)
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32. THE END
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