Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation of a disturbed ringfort (GA087-177) in Loughbown, County Galway. The excavation revealed evidence of Iron Age activity pre-dating the construction of the enclosure. Features excavated included a sub-circular structure, a causeway, entrance, internal bank, and a V-shaped external ditch enclosing the site. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples spanned the 4th century BC to the 17th century AD. Few artefacts were recovered, including a bracelet, quernstone, and knife blade. The excavation helped further the understanding of the construction and occupation of the site from the Iron Age period through the medieval period.
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
The document is a table of contents for "The Bastiat Collection" published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute. It contains works by French economist Frederic Bastiat covering topics such as the seen and unseen effects of government policies, the nature of law, money, capital, and economic sophisms. The collection is presented in two hardback volumes and includes Bastiat's major works such as "That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen" and "Economic Harmonies."
This document provides background information on the former Quaker burial ground on Cork Street in Dublin. It discusses the historical origins and use of the burial ground from when it was established in 1697 to replace an earlier and smaller Quaker burial ground in St. Stephen's Green. Maps from 1675 and 1756 are reproduced to show the locations of the two burial grounds. The document also notes that the St. Stephen's Green burial ground was sold in 1805, after which all Quaker burials in Dublin took place at the Cork Street site until 1862.
This document discusses various topics related to architecture and town planning including:
1. It defines town planning and outlines its evolution and objectives such as developing green belts, housing, public buildings, recreational areas, transportation infrastructure, and zoning.
2. It discusses the importance of town planning in addressing issues like traffic, slums, industrial development, and ensuring amenities and open spaces.
3. It covers different forms and scales of planning from local to national to international levels.
4. It describes zoning, the distinction between zoning and land reservation, and how zoning regulates land use and development to achieve goals like safety, growth, and quality of life.
5. It discusses factors to consider for locating public
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
This document is a handbook of Texas property tax rules published by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. It provides an overview of the property tax rules in the Texas Administrative Code, covering topics such as appraisal district administration, special appraisal procedures, tax record requirements, and validation procedures. The handbook includes a table of contents that lists the titles and sections of the various property tax rules chapters in the Administrative Code.
This document is a declaration of covenants, conditions, and restrictions for Rio Vista Village. It defines various terms used throughout the document, such as "Association", "Common Area", "Owner", and establishes rules and guidelines for the community. The table of contents lists the defined terms and the page numbers they are discussed on.
This document provides a comprehensive review of literature from 2000 to 2010 on natural fibers and biopolymers that are commonly used as reinforcements in biocomposites. It discusses the most popular natural fiber types used, their sources, structures, properties and modifications. The fiber modification methods covered include physical treatments like corona and plasma treatments as well as chemical treatments such as silane, alkaline, acetylation and enzyme treatments. The review also examines the most common biopolymer matrices used in biocomposites and various processing techniques for manufacturing biocomposites, including their effects on mechanical properties. Finally, it concludes with recent developments and future trends in biocomposites.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
This document provides a list of artifacts significant to biblical archaeology studies. It includes artifacts from 2000 BCE to the 1st century CE that have been discovered and analyzed. The artifacts are organized chronologically by century. Several individual artifacts, like the Merneptah Stele and Mesha Stele, are discussed in more detail with descriptions of their historical context and significance. The document also references external lists of artifacts and museums where significant biblical archaeological finds are housed.
earthquake introduction with seismic zones and types of forces,terminology,causes of damages,architectural features effects building during earthquake,seismic design philosophy for building,earthquake resistance building,building design codes,horizontal layout of building,vertical layout of building
القوانين القمعية في تونس و مقترحات للاصلاحCPR-MONASTIR
This document is the copyright page and table of contents for a report published by Human Rights Watch in 2011. It lists the organization's international offices and provides bibliographic information for the report, including the ISBN number and year of publication. The table of contents previews the 10 main chapters that will be covered in the report, labeled with Roman numerals and dealing with various human rights issues.
This document provides a predictive model of the cultural landscape within the Blackfellow Creek focal area in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia. It summarizes the archaeological and environmental context of the area to identify locations of potential cultural significance to Indigenous peoples. The model integrates Traditional Owner knowledge with scientific data on geology, landforms, water sources, and vegetation to map invisible cultural sites as well as visible archaeological sites. The goal is to provide guidance for cultural heritage management within the area and establish a framework for ongoing collaboration with Traditional Owners.
This document is a lighting design report created with DIALux software. It includes preliminary remarks noting that energy consumption metrics do not account for lighting scenes. The report then provides a content index and summaries for several sites and areas including a corridor, street, and training rooms. Layout plans, luminaire lists, and illuminance calculations are presented for each area.
This document contains lighting design plans and calculations for a warehouse lighting project. It includes a luminaire list showing 27 recessed LED luminaires will be used. Calculations show the lighting will provide a perpendicular illuminance of 619 lux at the workplane, meeting the target of 350 lux or more. The total lighting power for the warehouse is 1692.9 watts. A luminaire layout plan shows the arrangement of the 27 luminaires spaced across the warehouse ceiling.
This document provides a table of contents for a report internals guide. The table of contents outlines topics related to expressions, appearance, conditional formatting, output text parameters, text formatting, HTML tags, RTF text, graphics, autosizing, barcodes, bands, lists, groups, page elements, columns, page numbering, empty bands, watermarks, panels, cross tables, and charts in reports. It provides a high-level overview of the structural and formatting elements that can be included in a report.
Promotion of animation in market of pakistan briefkashifzaidi008
This document provides a summary of the history and development of animation in Pakistan. It discusses 6 eras from 1947 to the present. It defines animation and describes its purposes and types, including cel, stop motion, 2D, and 3D computer animation. The structure of the animation industry and production process are outlined in 3 stages: conceptualization, pre-production, and production. Key aspects like marketing, SWOT analysis, and recommendations are also summarized.
The document contains the official basketball rules as approved by FIBA in April 2010. It defines key terms related to the court, equipment, teams, playing regulations and fouls. Specifically, it outlines the dimensions and markings of the basketball court, the required equipment for games, rules regarding teams and substitutions, and classifications of different types of fouls. The rules provide the framework for how the game of basketball is to be played internationally.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation carried out at Kiltotan Collinstown 14, Co. Westmeath. The excavation uncovered two parallel post-medieval ditches and two burnt pits that were possibly medieval iron smelting furnaces. Analysis of artefacts, ecofacts and radiocarbon dating provided insights into the medieval and post-medieval activity on the site. The excavated features at this site are similar to others in the surrounding area and add to the understanding of settlement patterns in this rich archaeological landscape over multiple periods.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation of a disturbed ringfort (GA087-177) in Loughbown, County Galway. The excavation revealed evidence of Iron Age activity pre-dating the construction of the enclosure. Features excavated included a sub-circular structure, a causeway, entrance, internal bank, and a V-shaped external ditch enclosing the site. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples spanned the 4th century BC to the 17th century AD. Few artefacts were recovered, including a bracelet, quernstone, and knife blade. The excavation helped further the understanding of the construction and occupation of the site from the Iron Age period through the medieval period.
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
The document is a table of contents for "The Bastiat Collection" published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute. It contains works by French economist Frederic Bastiat covering topics such as the seen and unseen effects of government policies, the nature of law, money, capital, and economic sophisms. The collection is presented in two hardback volumes and includes Bastiat's major works such as "That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen" and "Economic Harmonies."
This document provides background information on the former Quaker burial ground on Cork Street in Dublin. It discusses the historical origins and use of the burial ground from when it was established in 1697 to replace an earlier and smaller Quaker burial ground in St. Stephen's Green. Maps from 1675 and 1756 are reproduced to show the locations of the two burial grounds. The document also notes that the St. Stephen's Green burial ground was sold in 1805, after which all Quaker burials in Dublin took place at the Cork Street site until 1862.
This document discusses various topics related to architecture and town planning including:
1. It defines town planning and outlines its evolution and objectives such as developing green belts, housing, public buildings, recreational areas, transportation infrastructure, and zoning.
2. It discusses the importance of town planning in addressing issues like traffic, slums, industrial development, and ensuring amenities and open spaces.
3. It covers different forms and scales of planning from local to national to international levels.
4. It describes zoning, the distinction between zoning and land reservation, and how zoning regulates land use and development to achieve goals like safety, growth, and quality of life.
5. It discusses factors to consider for locating public
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
This document is a handbook of Texas property tax rules published by the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. It provides an overview of the property tax rules in the Texas Administrative Code, covering topics such as appraisal district administration, special appraisal procedures, tax record requirements, and validation procedures. The handbook includes a table of contents that lists the titles and sections of the various property tax rules chapters in the Administrative Code.
This document is a declaration of covenants, conditions, and restrictions for Rio Vista Village. It defines various terms used throughout the document, such as "Association", "Common Area", "Owner", and establishes rules and guidelines for the community. The table of contents lists the defined terms and the page numbers they are discussed on.
This document provides a comprehensive review of literature from 2000 to 2010 on natural fibers and biopolymers that are commonly used as reinforcements in biocomposites. It discusses the most popular natural fiber types used, their sources, structures, properties and modifications. The fiber modification methods covered include physical treatments like corona and plasma treatments as well as chemical treatments such as silane, alkaline, acetylation and enzyme treatments. The review also examines the most common biopolymer matrices used in biocomposites and various processing techniques for manufacturing biocomposites, including their effects on mechanical properties. Finally, it concludes with recent developments and future trends in biocomposites.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
This document provides a list of artifacts significant to biblical archaeology studies. It includes artifacts from 2000 BCE to the 1st century CE that have been discovered and analyzed. The artifacts are organized chronologically by century. Several individual artifacts, like the Merneptah Stele and Mesha Stele, are discussed in more detail with descriptions of their historical context and significance. The document also references external lists of artifacts and museums where significant biblical archaeological finds are housed.
earthquake introduction with seismic zones and types of forces,terminology,causes of damages,architectural features effects building during earthquake,seismic design philosophy for building,earthquake resistance building,building design codes,horizontal layout of building,vertical layout of building
القوانين القمعية في تونس و مقترحات للاصلاحCPR-MONASTIR
This document is the copyright page and table of contents for a report published by Human Rights Watch in 2011. It lists the organization's international offices and provides bibliographic information for the report, including the ISBN number and year of publication. The table of contents previews the 10 main chapters that will be covered in the report, labeled with Roman numerals and dealing with various human rights issues.
This document provides a predictive model of the cultural landscape within the Blackfellow Creek focal area in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia. It summarizes the archaeological and environmental context of the area to identify locations of potential cultural significance to Indigenous peoples. The model integrates Traditional Owner knowledge with scientific data on geology, landforms, water sources, and vegetation to map invisible cultural sites as well as visible archaeological sites. The goal is to provide guidance for cultural heritage management within the area and establish a framework for ongoing collaboration with Traditional Owners.
This document is a lighting design report created with DIALux software. It includes preliminary remarks noting that energy consumption metrics do not account for lighting scenes. The report then provides a content index and summaries for several sites and areas including a corridor, street, and training rooms. Layout plans, luminaire lists, and illuminance calculations are presented for each area.
This document contains lighting design plans and calculations for a warehouse lighting project. It includes a luminaire list showing 27 recessed LED luminaires will be used. Calculations show the lighting will provide a perpendicular illuminance of 619 lux at the workplane, meeting the target of 350 lux or more. The total lighting power for the warehouse is 1692.9 watts. A luminaire layout plan shows the arrangement of the 27 luminaires spaced across the warehouse ceiling.
This document provides a table of contents for a report internals guide. The table of contents outlines topics related to expressions, appearance, conditional formatting, output text parameters, text formatting, HTML tags, RTF text, graphics, autosizing, barcodes, bands, lists, groups, page elements, columns, page numbering, empty bands, watermarks, panels, cross tables, and charts in reports. It provides a high-level overview of the structural and formatting elements that can be included in a report.
Promotion of animation in market of pakistan briefkashifzaidi008
This document provides a summary of the history and development of animation in Pakistan. It discusses 6 eras from 1947 to the present. It defines animation and describes its purposes and types, including cel, stop motion, 2D, and 3D computer animation. The structure of the animation industry and production process are outlined in 3 stages: conceptualization, pre-production, and production. Key aspects like marketing, SWOT analysis, and recommendations are also summarized.
The document contains the official basketball rules as approved by FIBA in April 2010. It defines key terms related to the court, equipment, teams, playing regulations and fouls. Specifically, it outlines the dimensions and markings of the basketball court, the required equipment for games, rules regarding teams and substitutions, and classifications of different types of fouls. The rules provide the framework for how the game of basketball is to be played internationally.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation carried out at Kiltotan Collinstown 14, Co. Westmeath. The excavation uncovered two parallel post-medieval ditches and two burnt pits that were possibly medieval iron smelting furnaces. Analysis of artefacts, ecofacts and radiocarbon dating provided insights into the medieval and post-medieval activity on the site. The excavated features at this site are similar to others in the surrounding area and add to the understanding of settlement patterns in this rich archaeological landscape over multiple periods.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
In May 2005, Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated a fulacht fiadh and an isolated pit in Skehacreggaun td., Mungret. The fulacht fiadh dates to the Middle Bronze Age, within the usual date range for these monument types. The isolated pit is likely to date to the Bronze Age and it contained the only artefact recovered through these archaeological works. The scraper suggests craft and subsistence since prehistoric times.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
The document reports on an archaeological excavation at Ballydowny in Killarney, County Kerry. Five cooking pits (fulachta fiadh), a ring ditch containing a cremation burial, two medieval iron working areas, and a prehistoric site with evidence of copper working were uncovered. Radiocarbon dating indicates occupation from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and into the early medieval period. The excavation revealed remnants of iron smelting and smithing, as well as five cooking pits that were likely used for boiling or steaming food. A ring ditch and associated cremation burial were also found, dating to the Bronze Age.
The site at Scartbarry has been identified as a Late Bronze Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory.
The document reports on an archaeological excavation at Kiltotan Collinstown 13, Co. Westmeath. The excavation uncovered two main areas of archaeological remains. Area A contained a large pit filled with burnt clay and charcoal dating to the Bronze Age, as well as some post-medieval ditches. Area B contained one irregular disturbed pit also containing burnt material that may be related to remains found further south beyond the road works area. The excavation helps add to the understanding of archaeological remains in the surrounding landscape, which contains evidence of activity dating from the Mesolithic through to the post-medieval period.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technology was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
The excavations at Kilsheelan, Co. Tipperary uncovered three areas of pits. The pits in two areas (Areas 2 and 3) were isolated and did not contain notable artefacts or environmental evidence. However, at Area 1 there were several pit clusters and artefacts and radiocarbon dates indicated occupation (probably intermittent rather than permanent) during the Early Neolithic.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation at a burnt mound site located at Urraghry townland in County Galway. The excavation uncovered a burnt mound, trough, stake-holes, gully, and paleochannel. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples indicated Early Bronze Age activity on the site. Mesolithic stone tools were also found, suggesting earlier occupation. The site contributes to understanding prehistoric settlement patterns in the area, with five Bronze Age sites excavated along this portion of a new road development.
The Harristown Little kiln appeared to be a typical key-hole shaped kiln. Two similar kilns were excavated as part of this project, both in Bricketstown townland (licence nos. 00E0476 and 00E0626). The radiocarbon date from this kiln (cal AD 1460-1660) was very close to the date of use at Bricketstown 00E0476 (cal AD 1450-1650). Channels were cut into the bases of both the Bricketstown kilns and these acted as wind tunnels which distributed air evenly through the kiln as it was burning but these were not present at Harristown Little.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unresolved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, between June 2004 and February 2005. Three previously unknown archaeological sites were discovered in the course of monitoring internal works. One such site was at Ballyoran Bog, where remains of Giant Irish Deer and a possible brushwood trackway were excavated. The skeletal remains of the Giant Irish Deer are a rare occurrence on archaeological sites, but one of the most interesting aspects of the excavation was the discovery that later inhabitants of the area were aware that deer remains were present in the bog, as tool marks on antler fragments demonstrate. Excavation and post-excavation analysis of the brushwood platform/trackway has revealed that the occupiers of this site exploited the immediate environs of the bog for construction materials. The discovery of the possible trackway is significant, given that the majority of those sites recorded in Ireland are located in the Midlands. In conclusion, the site at Ballyoran bog is important on a provincial, as well as a national scale.
This technical report summarizes exploration work conducted on the Carbo Property located in east-central British Columbia. The property consists of four claims totaling 14.63 sq km that contain niobium and rare earth element bearing carbonatite and alkaline intrusions. Exploration between 2006 and 2009 included soil and rock sampling, magnetometer and scintillometer surveys which identified niobium, cerium and barium anomalies. The report recommends an exploration program to further evaluate the anomalies identified.
This report analyzes the mechanical systems for a hotel swimming pool space. It includes calculations for winter and summer design loads due to factors like infiltration, heat loss, and latent gains from the pool. System designs are provided for ventilation, air conditioning, domestic water, heating, and drawings. The swimming pool was selected as the specialist zone due to the abnormal design conditions and high latent loads.
This document provides the Wetlands Delineation Manual published in 1987 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The manual establishes technical guidelines and methods for identifying and delineating wetlands subject to regulatory jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. It requires evidence of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology to designate an area as a wetland. The manual also describes characteristics and indicators used to identify these three wetland parameters and provides detailed methods for routine, comprehensive, and atypical wetland determinations.
This archaeological excavation report details the excavation of a post-medieval spade mill and lime kiln located in Coololla, Co. Galway. The spade mill structure was interpreted as a water-powered forge, likely used to produce spades. Stone foundations and a mill race were uncovered. The adjacent lime kiln structure contained evidence of limestone extraction and firing. While these structures were located near one another, there is no evidence they were contemporaneous. The report provides historical background on land use and ownership in the local area from the medieval period through the 17th century, and discusses the excavated structures and artifacts in detail.
This document summarizes the results of a basking shark survey conducted along the west coast of Scotland between 2002-2006. The survey identified two key hotspots: 1) the area around Hyskeir and Canna, where the highest numbers of sharks were observed with a sharks per unit effort of 1.05. 2) The area around Coll, which also had high numbers of sharks with a sharks per unit effort of 0.79. The survey recorded 298 individual sharks, with the majority between 5-7 meters in length. The hotspots identified face potential threats from marine tourism, fisheries bycatch, offshore renewable energy and climate change. The document recommends spatial management and further research to help conserve basking sharks in these
The site at Fermoy Wood has been identified as a early Iron Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory. The nearest excavated site to the Fermoy Wood fulacht fiadh was the brushwood platform and trackway and nearby discovery of Giant Irish Deer in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension).
Similar to Archaeological Report - Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick (Ireland) (20)
The Historic Graves Project involves community volunteers conducting archaeological surveys of historic graveyards. Volunteers use GPS cameras and audio recorders to photograph, document, and map over 1,200 headstones across 11 graveyards over two years. For each graveyard, the project creates a folder with a register of graves, a sketch map, contact sheets of photographs, and record sheets. The goal is to explore, protect, and promote awareness of Ireland's historic graveyards.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
An Introduction to the Ballyhoura Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration ProjectJohn Tierney
This document provides an overview of a genealogical tourism project led by Dr. Paul MacCotter and John Tierney to document the history of families that took part in the Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration from Ireland to Canada in the 1820s-1830s. The project involves surveying graveyards and mapping homestead locations to build an online geolocated database of records. The goal is to help descendants research their ancestry and trace the places their families lived before emigrating. Methods for collecting, organizing, and publishing the historical data online are discussed.
Mendicity Institute Transmission book June-August 1882John Tierney
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
From headstone to homestead - crowdsourcing & heritage in IrelandJohn Tierney
This document outlines John Tierney's work with Eachtra Archaeological Projects surveying historic graves and homesteads in Ireland. It provides guidance on conducting graveyard surveys through sketch plans, geotagged photos, and record sheets. It also describes a process for identifying historic homesteads through reconnaissance, geotagged photographs, and publishing findings online and in a shared spreadsheet. The goal is to link Irish emigrant communities both within Ireland through shared heritage sites and records, and with communities abroad where emigrants settled.
Human remains of 48 individuals were discovered and excavated during works associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply Scheme in Toberjarlath townland on the eastern edges of Tuam, County Galway. The burials were located within the bounds of the former Tuam Union Workhouse, which opened in 1846. Eighteen grave pits containing between two and four burials each were uncovered. Analysis showed the individuals were paupers buried in the former workhouse grounds in the 19th century. A section of the workhouse boundary wall and internal ditch were also excavated.
Slides from John Tierney's talk on exploring the heritage of Ardmore in the era of digital research and publication. This talk is part of the www.reyndr.com project being developed by Eachtra in association with a number of community groups.
Community Genealogy in Ireland - Historic GravesJohn Tierney
Community engagement in historic graveyard surveys has a multiplier effect. What started as an archaeological survey of headstones has become community genealogy and local history. This talk was presented to the Irish Genealogical Research Society AGM in May 2013.
The Historic Graves Project is a community collaboration that aims to promote genealogical tourism by pinpointing family names and histories across centuries in graveyards in southeast Cork, Ireland. Volunteers record information from historic graveyards to share online and create puzzles and stories to engage people in learning about the people and families represented in each place through time.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for Adare Castle in County Limerick, Ireland. It includes:
- A history of Adare Castle from its origins in the medieval period through different periods of occupation.
- A description and maps showing the location of the castle and areas excavated between 2001-2006, including the drawbridge, moat, kitchen, great hall, and two domestic areas.
- Results of the excavations including structures like walls, drains, and pits uncovered, along with artifacts found consisting of pottery, wood, bone, stone, metal, glass and leather objects.
- Environmental evidence from animal bones, plant remains, and shells analyzed to understand life at
Archaeological Report - 50-60 South Main Street, Wexford, Co. WexfordJohn Tierney
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity, in the form of a well and boundary wall, associated with the demolished buildings on Peter Street was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the central southern part of the site. The area of excavation measured 11.5m north-south by 12m east-west.
All the pits in the excavation trench were medieval in date and are likely to have served as rubbish dumps. The artefactual material and the faunal remains recovered from the various fills would support this hypothesis. There was no evidence that they were used for industrial practises, though waste material from industrial activity was mixed with domestic refuse. They were located in the area of the medieval house burgage plots. No evidence of medieval structures was recorded. It is likely to exist under the foundations of the existing upstanding structures on South Main Street.
The pottery assemblage from the site was examined by the ceramic specialist Clare McCutcheon. The majority of the pottery consisted of local and Irish wares, comprising of Lenister Cooking ware, Wexford-type coarse ware, ware, fine ware and cooking ware. The English wares consisted of Minety-type, Ham Green and Redcliffe wares. The Wexford-type wares indicate local pottery production, although no medieval pottery kilns have as yet been located in Wexford. The French wares particularly the Saintonge ware, from the southwest of France, jugs, represented the wealthier tastes.
The greatest proportion of archaeological features encountered at Shandon relate to Medieval activity. While nothing dateable was recovered from the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch itself, the discovery of 12th/13th century pottery from features inside and immediately outside the enclosure provides a strong case that the ditch is contemporaneous.
It must be considered a possibility that the enclosure at Shandon is a Medieval moated site. The latter have been defined as “all rectangular enclosures bounded by banks and moats of Medieval date, whether they enclosed a major house or simply a garden or cattle pen” (Barry 1987, 84). While there was no definite evidence of a bank at Shandon, there is a suggestion that one may have existed. Moated sites date to the 13th and 14th century (ibid., 85) and the local pottery found at Shandon overlaps with this date range.
It must also be considered that the Shandon enclosure relates to Hiberno-Norse activity. Prior to the present work, the motif piece was the sole indicator of such activity. However, this find is now further substantiated by the discovery of an 11th century Hiberno-Norse coin (Plate 12). Because of preservation by redesign and avoidance, a large proportion of archaeological features at Shandon were not excavated and consequently it is quite possible that further diagnostic Hiberno-Norse material survives on the site. However, one coin and a trial piece do not a Hiberno-Norse settlement make and it is plausible that the coin was deposited in Anglo-Norman times long after its original period of manufacture and use.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
Archaeological excavation of the site at Busherstown revealed a complex multi-period site with six phases of activity. In broad outline they confirmed the use of the area from the Early Neolithic period to the present time. The first period of activity was prehistoric in date and comprised a small assemblage of lithics and a circular structure (Structure A) dated on typological grounds to the Bronze Age. The second phase was dated to the early medieval period, when the area was used for cereal processing, as evidenced by the discovery of at least 17 cereal-drying kilns and a further seven possible kilns. The majority of the kilns were located in a line that extended for a distance of 80 m in a NW-SE direction. The firing chambers of the kiln were for the most part located at the NE. A small number of the kilns were partially enclosed (Structures D and E). The third phase of activity was defined by an enclosure (ditches C.68 and 447) which was probably contemporary with the cereal processing. The continuous use of the area of the enclosure in the medieval period was confirmed when certain areas of the site were enclosed through the construction of deep, wide ditches (ditches C.54 and C.63). The ditches (ditches C.227 and C.78) were re-cut in the later medieval period to function as an annexe to a moated site. A substantial ditch, 5.5 m wide by 1.7 m deep, defined the moated site. Only the southern corner of the moated site was located within the road corridor. However, the entire outline can be clearly seen in aerial photographs of the adjoining field to the north-east. Two structures (C and D) were contemporary with the moated site. The post-medieval period was represented by a large number of furrows crossing the site and material which had been dumped into the top fills of the ditches. The site was levelled in the recent past.
Authors: Ewelina Chrobak, Jacinta Kiely and Tori McMorran
Geophysical Survey: Land Adjacent to Archaeological Sites - County Offaly & C...John Tierney
This document provides details of archaeological geophysical surveys conducted at 5 sites - Busherstown 1, Drumbaun 2, Drumroe 1, Killeisk 1, and Park 1 - located along the route of a new road scheme in Counties Offaly and Tipperary, Ireland. Magnetic gradiometer and susceptibility surveys were used to investigate the archaeological remains found during previous excavations. The surveys identified potential archaeological features extending beyond the excavation areas, including ditches, enclosures, and field boundaries, adding to the understanding of activity at these sites. The results provide valuable information to planners but require verification through archaeological excavation.
The excavation of the site at Moneygall 2 comprised a single pit of unknown date. The site is located in Moneygall townland, Cullenwaine parish, Offaly county. Jacinta Kiely directed the excavation and authored the excavation report. The pit was excavated and no datable artifacts or features were uncovered, so the date of the feature remains unknown.
Archaeological Report - Park 2, Co. Tipperary (Ireland)John Tierney
The excavation of the site at Park comprised a substantial mound of burnt material. The mound measured 32 m by 16 m by 0.5 m in depth. It overlay a trough, a well and two pits. Evidence of trough-side furniture in the form of 17 stake-holes and two post-holes was recorded at the western end of the trough. Two Middle Bronze Age radiocarbondates were returned from a fill of the trough and the well. Small quantities of plant remains and animal bone were recovered from the site.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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3. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................1
Abstract.........................................................................................................................2
1 Introduction.........................................................................................................3
2 Site Location and Description...............................................................................3
3 Archaeological Background..................................................................................4
4 The Excavation.....................................................................................................4
4.1 Area 1.................................................................................................................5
4.2 Area 2.................................................................................................................7
4.3 Area 3.................................................................................................................8
4.4 Area 4.................................................................................................................8
4.5 Area 5.................................................................................................................9
4.6 Area 6.................................................................................................................9
4.7 Area 7................................................................................................................10
4.8 Area 8................................................................................................................11
4.9 Plant Remains....................................................................................................11
4.10 Charcoal............................................................................................................11
4.11 Cremated Bone..................................................................................................11
4.12 Pottery ..............................................................................................................12
4.13 Radiocarbon Dates............................................................................................12
.
5 Summary.............................................................................................................12
6 References............................................................................................................ 13
7 Figures................................................................................................................. 15
8 Plates...................................................................................................................30
Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within
this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other
printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and
Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any
form without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects ii
5. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
List of Figures
Figure 1: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Discovery Series Map, No. 65................... 15
Figure 2: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Rural Place Map....................................... 16
Figure 3: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” sheet, LI005 in conjunction with the Record of
Monuments and Places constraint map.................................................................................. 17
Figure 4: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1st edition 6” sheet LI005...................................... 18
Figure 5: Site development plan with 8 areas of archaeology highlighted............................... 19
Figure 6a: Area 1 post-excavation plan................................................................................... 20
Figure 6b: Area 1 sections...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 7a: Area 2 post-excavation plan................................................................................... 22
Figure 7b: Area 2 selected sections......................................................................................... 23
Figure 8: Area 3 post-excavation plan.................................................................................... 24
Figure 9: Area 5 post-excavation plan.................................................................................... 25
Figure 10a: Area 6 post-excavation plan................................................................................. 26
Figure 10b: Area 6 sections.................................................................................................... 27
Figure 11: Area 7 post-excavation plan & section................................................................... 28
Figure 12: Area 8 post-excavation plan and section................................................................ 29
List of Plates
Plate 1: View of recorded Enclosure, LI005:037.................................................................... 30
Plate 2: View of excavated Ring-ditch, Area 1........................................................................ 30
Plate 3: View of cremation F125 and circle of stake-holes, Area 1.......................................... 31
Plate 4: Area 1 post-excavation............................................................................................... 31
Plate 5: Area 2 pre-excavation................................................................................................ 32
Plates 6: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252.................................................................. 32
.
Plates 7: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252................................................................... 33
Plates 8: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252.................................................................. 33
.
Plates 9: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252.................................................................. 34
.
Plate 10: Area 2 post-excavation............................................................................................. 34
Plate 11: Cremation, F366 during excavation......................................................................... 35
Plate 12: Cremation, F366 during excavation........................................................................ 35
Plate 13: Cremation, F366 during excavation........................................................................ 36
.
Plate 14: Area 3...................................................................................................................... 36
Plate 15: Area 4...................................................................................................................... 37
Plate 16: Area 6, cremation pits F85, 86 & 87........................................................................ 37
Plate 17: Area 7, Fulacht Fiadh............................................................................................... 38
Eachtra Archaeological Projects iv
6. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Eachtra Archaeological Projects particularly Jacinta, Lar, Choryna, Rita and Mar-
ion; Chieftan Construction, namely John Collins; Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan for pottery
analysis; Adrian Kennedy for conservation advice; Catryn Power analysed the cremated bone;
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory processed samples for radiocarbon; Abigail
Brewer for the charcoal report and the plant remains report; Flor Hurley initially monitored
the site; Martin Doody for helpful discussion on the text; all of those who worked on the site
and finally Rory O’Callaghan for editing the text.
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7. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Abstract
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monu-
ment was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following
monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late
Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the
smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 2
8. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
1 Introduction
Full planning permission was granted to developers to construct 180 houses, 82 apartments,
a crèche and ancillary works at Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick. This work was to be com-
pleted on a phased basis and all top-soil stripping for Phase 1 and part of Phase 2 was un-
dertaken by Flor Hurley, 03E1382 (Hurley, 2003). Stripping continued over eight days and a
large number of potential archaeological features were revealed in eight areas.
While monitoring was being undertaken for the current development, a new road was
also being constructed across the southern part of the site which was to replace part of School-
house Lane. This work formed a separate contract and was monitored and excavated by Lim-
erick County Council archaeologists. This team also excavated a number of pits and at the
time the area was being described as a possible Bronze Age flat cemetery.
The remains of two fulachta fiadh were fully excavated, one found during monitoring and
a second found as a result of the excavation. The remaining two were located along the line
of the access road and were not excavated as part of this project.
In Area 1 a ring-ditch and eight cremation pits were excavated. One of the pits was sur-
rounded by a circle of 11 stake-holes. Sherds of pottery were recorded in two examples and
three phases of cremation burial were interpreted. The ring-ditch was also excavated.
Eighty-nine pits were excavated in Area 2, all but 12 contained fragments of cremated
bone which produced evidence of social stratification with mature individuals primarily bur-
ied separately and all juveniles evident buried with a mature person. Pathology was also rec-
ognised in four examples. Evidence for the preservation and deterioration of bone and pottery
was well documented in one example. F366 was the only pit to be covered by a capstone that
served to preserve the burial in a different manner to the remainder. It also helped to preserve
the pot that contained the burial. Of the 89 pits excavated 15 contained fragments of Late
Bronze Age pottery which ultimately derived from settlement contexts.
Finally, three further cremation pits were recorded in Area 6, while a number of features
were excavated in Areas 3, 4 & 5 some of which included token deposits of cremated bone.
2 Site Location and Description
The development site is located in the eastern suburbs of Limerick city, in the townland of
Kilbane and parish of Kilmurry, national grid reference c. R162000/156000 (Figure 1).
The site is situated just south of Castletroy Golf Club and is bordered by two minor roads.
To the west are a row of individual properties on Golf Links Road which connects the N7
(to Dublin) and the N24 (to Waterford), while the south and south-east sides are bordered by
Schoolhouse Lane (Figure 2).
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 3
9. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
The site is roughly triangular in plan and generally slopes southward to the valley of the
Groody River, c. 0.5km south and west. Before development commenced the site was actively
managed for agriculture, and mature hedgerows remained along the south and south-eastern
boundaries. At least two field boundaries were removed from the centre of the development,
aligned north/south, and one of these had a small stream alongside. This has since been di-
rected through concrete pipes.
Included within the development-site boundaries, approximately mid-way on the south-
east side, are the remains of a Recorded Monument, LI005:037. This was not physically af-
fected by the current development.
3 Archaeological Background
Within the development site, in the townland of Kilbane or An Chill Bán meaning ‘white
church’ or ‘white wood’ (Joyce, 1923), there was one Recorded Monument, LI005:037 (Fig-
ures 3 & 4, Plate 1). This was located approximately halfway along the south-eastern bound-
ary and listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) as an Enclosure. However, the
feature appears as a flat-topped mound with an outer ditch that may be a Raised Ringfort
rather than an Enclosure. The circular platform is 1.5–2m high with a diameter of 38m. It
appears to be surrounded by a ditch, with only slight traces visible at ground level which are
best viewed on the northern side. The external diameter is c. 48m. When viewed from the
north-east the platform appears to be sunken at the centre.
4 The Excavation
Eight areas of archaeological potential were recorded during monitored top-soil strip-
ping throughout the Phase 1 development (Figure 5, see Appendices 1 – 7). Where possi-
ble, feature numbers allocated during monitoring were also assigned during the excavation.
However, due to extra features being recorded during the excavation and the difficulties
involved in separate companies undertaking each task this was not always possible and many
of the numbers allocated during monitoring were abandoned during the excavation and new
numbers allocated. Therefore, there is not always a direct correlation of features between the
monitoring and excavation reports.
Full details are available in the stratigraphic index (Appendix 1) and the stratigraphic
matrix (Appendix 2).
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 4
10. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
4.1 Area 1
A ring-ditch, a linear feature, eight cremation pits with a series of stake-holes and two isolated
features (including one cremation) were excavated in an area that measured approximately
100m2 (Figure 6, plate 4).
Over 100 cremation pits and 53 samples of cremated bone were excavated at Kilbane.
Only three of the samples included sexually diagnostic bone, all male. These were recovered
from F116 (fill F115), F125 (fill F126) and F136 in Area 1. Additionally, pathology, degenera-
tive joint disease in the form of osteophytosis was recorded in two samples F96 (fill F120)
and F136. Thirty-two sherds of Late Bronze Age pottery was recovered from three features,
cremation pits F21 and F22 and the linear F89.
Ring-ditch
A circular ditch (F97) enclosed two pits (F24 & F378) and was excavated 2m west of a small
cluster of cremation burials (Plate 2). F97 comprised a circular ditch cut into natural sub-
soil. The ditch was 0.80m wide and 0.24m deep, with an external diameter of 5.6m and an
internal diameter of 4m. The sides sloped to a slightly rounded, almost flat, base. It had one
fill, F113, composed of mid-brown silt, with small, fist-sized stones in the central lower part.
A charcoal sample was taken from the ring-ditch, but a14C date could not be achieved.
A layer, F132, was located within the ring-ditch F97 and was interpreted as a layer of bur-
ied sod and included flecks of charcoal. No features were located beneath F132, however two
features were cut into it, F24 and F378. F24 was a pit located within the north-west quadrant
of F97. It contained two fills, F106 and F107, both of which included flecks of charcoal while
the latter also included a large flat stone, similar to a capstone found over a cremation burial
in Area 2. F378 was located in the south-west quadrant of F97 and contained one charcoal-
flecked fill, F379.
Apart from the large stone in F24, which may have been intended as a capstone, no evi-
dence for the use of the pits existed. However, due to their morphology, their location within
a ring-ditch adjacent to a small cremation cemetery and the large stone within the fill of F24,
these features are thought to be pits that were originally excavated with the intention of inter-
ring cremations but were abandoned.
No stratigraphic relationship existed between the ring-ditch and the cremation burials
recorded from Area 1.
Linear F89
F89 was a shallow linear feature located 1.5m west of the ring-ditch, F97. It measured 5.2m
long by 1.6m wide and was generally 0.2m deep. It was filled with F139, composed of dark
brown silty clay with occasional flecks of charcoal and included two LBA pottery sherds.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 5
11. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Cremation pits
The cremation pits were generally circular in plan with an average diameter of 0.50m and an
average depth of 0.20m. The fills were composed of charcoal-rich silt with lumps of charcoal
recorded in three features. Substantial quantities of bone were recovered from four of the pits,
while occasional sherds of pottery were recorded in two examples.
Phase 1 – Cremations
The earliest phase of cremation burials was recorded in the base of the linear F89. They were
truncated by the linear. The remains of two cremations were excavated: F138 was associated
with two stake-holes, F129 and F133; and cremation F125 was located within a circle of 11
stakes-holes (F124, 123, 122, 135, 136, 130, 128,110, 121 (replaced or supported by 134) and
131) (Plate 3). The final two stakeholes were visible in the fill of F89. The cremation burial
F125 was surrounded by a circle of stakes and subsequently all but two of the stakes were
removed or disintegrated. The features were cut by the linear F89.
Stake-hole F127 cut cremation F125. It may have been used to mark the location of cre-
mation F125, or may have formed part of a small super-structure associated with it.
Phase 2 - Cremations
The 2nd phase of cremation burials comprised a group of four cremations (F21, F22, F96, and
F103) and two stakeholes. They cut the fill of the linear F89. An Early Bronze Age date Cal
BC 1690 to 1500 (Beta 215288) was returned from the fill of F103.
The cremation pit F21 truncated an earlier stake-hole, F110. Rim, basal and body sherds
of pottery were recovered from the fill of the cremation. The remains of stake-hole F136 un-
derlay cremation F21.
Phase 3 - Cremations
The third and final phase of cremation burials in Area 1 consisted of one cremation, F23
(filled with F101) which truncated an earlier burial, F103. This cremation pit included burnt
bone and charcoal-rich silt (Plate 4).
Isolated features
Finally, one cremation pit, F116, was recorded c. 1m south-east of linear F89. This was similar
in plan to those described above. The fill was a black, charcoal-rich silty clay with flecks of
burnt bone. It cut a short linear F118 (fill F117). The linear may have been associated with the
cremation pit as it included flecks of charcoal and flecks of burnt bone.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 6
12. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
4.2 Area 2
Cremation cemetery
A total of 89 pits were excavated in Area 2 (Figure 7, plate 5). The area measured 4 m north-
south by 8 m east-west and was located 125m north of Area 1. The pits measured on average
0.47m in diameter by 0.2m in depth with variations in diameters from 0.20m to 0.70m and
in depth from 0.07m to 0.40m. Only one of the pits F366 was covered by a capstone, others
were covered by a re-deposited sod layer. A small number of cremation pits were excavated
around bedrock. In general, the majority of the pits respected the location of others, but c. ten
of the pits truncated the edges of earlier pits (Plates 6 - 9).
All of the pits are considered to be cremation pits due to their homogeneity and morphol-
ogy. Substantial quantities of cremated bone were recovered from 44, flecks of cremated bone
were recovered from 34 and no trace of bone was recorded in 11 of the pits. Pathology was
recorded in two of the bone samples. Degenerative joint disease in the form of osteophytosis
was recorded in pit F345 (fill F344) while Schmorl’s nodes from herniated discs were evident
in F49 (fill 269). The largest amount of bone was recovered from the only covered cremation
pit F366.
Fragments of Late Bronze Age pottery was recovered from 15 of the pits. The assemblage
comprised 217 sherds and 67 fragments from between 17 to 24 vessels (Appendix 7). These
cremation pits were located within an area of 12m by 6m. Two possible post-holes (F280 and
F282) were recorded centrally within the group of cremations. Although very shallow, 0.10m
deep, and likely to have been truncated, the pits were 0.20m and 0.38m in diameter and may
have formed a central element to a superstructure over the cemetery. No further evidence for
a superstructure was apparent.
Individual excavation of F366
Cremation pit F366 was sealed by a capstone. The pit was 0.47m in diameter by 0.14m deep,
the capstone measured 0.45 by 0.36 by 0.06m in extent. A Middle Bronze Age date Cal BC
1290 to 1020 (Beta 215289) was returned from the pit. The pot and its contents were removed
from the pit as a single entity (Plates 11-13) and sent to Adrian Kennedy for further study
(Appendix 7). The contents of the pit were then excavated and recorded in layers and all bone
sent to Catryn Power for analysis (Appendix 6). The specialists confirmed that the structure
of the vessel had not survived due to decay over time. Only the form of the pot had been
intact and, in reality, only one sherd had survived. The form of the pot measured 0.18m in di-
ameter, 0.10–0.11m deep and was very fragile. It appeared bowl-shaped and was not inverted
although the base was never visible. Occasional rim sherds measured c.5–6mm in thickness
and included coarse temper. The pot was black on the outside and dark grey on the inside.
The bone was well preserved, and many diagnostic pieces were recorded. The bone was
occasionally burnt black or blue but was mostly pale brown. Pieces varied in length from
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 7
13. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
0.05–0.07m and there were different levels of preservation. Some pieces were very porous and
disintegrated easily. Most of the bone lay on one side of the pot, and it was tightly packed.
There was little soil between bone pieces, and the bone was most porous towards the base of
the pot. Following analysis of the cremated bone from F366, if was found that they represent
the remains of one individual, aged in the mid to late teens. This bone type was found within
and outside the pot, together with neonate remains found outside the pot only. No familial
relationship could be determined between the neonate and the older individual (Power, Ap-
pendix 6).
4.3 Area 3
Area 3 covered a relatively large area (30m north-south by 10m east-west ) and was divided
into two sections, north and south (Figure 8).
In the northern section there was one large pit, four post-holes and two pit/post-holes,
F79, F80, F258, F255, F210, F205 and F207 (Plate 14). F79 was a large, partly bowl-shaped
pit that included three fills, F214, F215 and F216. The two upper fills ranged from mid- to
dark brown silty clay with charcoal flecks, while the lower fill comprised black charcoal-rich
silt with heat cracked stones at the base. All of the features included charcoal flecks while
three included fragments of bone: F255, filled with F254, had unburnt bone fragments, while
F205 and F207, filled with F206 and F208 respectively, included small fragments of burnt
animal bone.
A short distance south two isolated pits/post-holes were recorded, F92 and F93, filled with
F320 and F321 respectively. They were similar in nature, c. 0.60m in length by 0.40–0.50m
in width and 0.45m deep and were filled with dark brown, silty clay. Possible packing stones
were recorded in F320 and flecks of charcoal and large burnt stones in F321.
Finally, in the most southerly section of Area 3 five features were recorded, F75, F77,
F78, F272 and F284. F78 included stone packing F322, and an upper fill which included
tiny fragments of burnt bone. This was also the case with the upper fill of F75, F304, which
included small burnt bone fragments and slight evidence of in situ burning.
4.4 Area 4
Located a short distance south of Area 3 the excavation covered an area 45m long by 6m
wide. Only those features found during monitoring were excavated due to time constraints
and in most cases new feature numbers were allocated as opposed to those assigned during
monitoring while many features were tested and considered natural. Twenty-four features
were excavated, including six stakeholes and 15 pits, and deemed likely to be archaeological
in nature (Figure 9 & Plate 15). Many features were anomalous and collectively did not ap-
pear to be associated with each other. Of the six stake-holes excavated (F524 – 527, F541 and
F548) four included flecks of charcoal. Charcoal was found in most of the 15 pits across the
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 8
14. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
area. 16g of burnt human bone, representing a minimum of three individuals, was recorded
in features 88, 520 and 568 collectively, and burnt stone was also recorded. Two sherds of
pottery were recovered from F573 and two stone artefacts, possibly rubbing stones, were
found during monitoring.
4.5 Area 5
Also located on the southern section of the site, ?m west of Area 6, Area 5 included eight pits,
two stake-holes, two possible post-holes and one later cultivation furrow (Figure 10). These
features were not part of a formal structure although they were recorded as possibly archaeo-
logical in nature as three of the pits included charcoal, three had fragments of burnt stone,
and F16 included 5g of burnt human bone representing a minimum of one individual.
4.6 Area 6
Cremation cemetery
Located 50m south of the cremation cemetery in Area 1, Area 6 included three cremation pits
(F85, F86 and F87) similar to those from Area 1 and 2. Also included were two deposits (F88
and F396) that included cremated bone and five cut features, three of these included flecks
of bone and charcoal while one, F400 included fragments of pottery (Figure 11).
The cremation pits were similar in plan: F85 and 86 were circular with a diameter of
0.45m and depth of 0.16m while F87 was sub-circular, approximately 0.10m wider but only
0.10m deep (Plate 16). Fragments of cremated bone from mature adults were recovered from
the cremation pits. An anatomical variation in the form of a Wormian Bone was found in
analysis of F86. This is an extra bone which occurs on the occipital bone and may be a domi-
nant genetic trait (Appendix 6). Later Bronze Age pottery sherds were recovered from the fills
of F85 and F87.
The two deposits F88 and F396 included charcoal and cremated bone. They measured
0.30m by 0.42m by 0.03m and 0.20m by 0.30m by 0.03m respectively and were not associ-
ated with any other feature. It is considered that these layers were disturbed and were likely
to have been dragged from the cremation pits during top-soil stripping.
Three of the remaining five features included flecks of charcoal and cremated bone, and
two also included burnt stone. It is likely that, although different in nature, these features
may have been associated with cremation burials F85, F86 and F87. F9 was a shallow linear
feature, 2m long and 0.65m wide; F398 was a large circular pit with a diameter of 0.77m and
depth of 0.20m, and F392 was a small pit 0.24m wide by 0.15m deep. F9 and F392 included
burnt stone while all three included fragments of cremated bone. It is not likely that this
was a result of disturbance but the features may have been in use when the cremations were
exposed.
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Finally a large pit, F400, and a smaller example, F8, both included flecks of charcoal
and Late Bronze Age pottery sherds, but their association with the remaining features is
unknown.
4.7 Area 7
Area 7 comprised two separate areas of archaeological material recorded during Phase 1
monitoring. The first of these areas comprised six features described by Flor Hurley in the
monitoring report. During Phase 1 works, these features were recorded and covered. Unfor-
tunately all but one was destroyed when a machine was used to clear rubble as part of the
re-alignment of Schoolhouse Lane. One feature survived, it consisted of a sub-rectangular
pit, F6, which measured, 0.45m wide by 1m long by 0.20m deep. It included two fills, F401
composed of scorched, loose, silty clay and F402 which was dark grey, loose silty clay with
flecks of charcoal.
Fulacht Fiadh
The second area comprised a layer of blackened silt with heat-shattered stones situated 5m
from a small stream (Plate 17). The stream was diverted through concrete pipes in the area
of the development site. The layer measured 8.5m by 10.5m. It was at most 0.20m deep and
it petered out towards the perimeter. Two large, shallow rectangular features and six smaller
pits underlay the layer (Figure 11). Although not a classic example, the feature is considered
to be the remains of a Fulacht Fiadh. There was no evidence of a fire or hearth.
A 1m wide trench, orientated north/south was excavated through the mound of burnt
material. Two layers were recorded in the mound: F502, an upper layer of blackened silt with
shattered stones, overlay F503, which was similar but included more charcoal. A second,
1m wide trench was then excavated, orientated east/west and subsequently each resultant
quadrant was excavated. Following the removal of the remains of the mound, two possible
troughs, F505 and F506 (the latter associated with two stake-holes F510 and F511), and six
smaller pits, F508, F504, F512 (which truncated F505), F516, F517 and F519, were excavated.
The troughs F505 and F506 were filled with typical fulacht mound material. However, they
were shallow – 0.20m and 0.30m deep (the latter was truncated by a field drain). It is con-
sidered that the two stake-holes recorded in F505 may have been part of an organic structure
used to help contain water within the feature and also that the larger shattered stones found
in the fill of F506 may be evidence of abandonment. There was less charcoal in this fill and
the stones were not used to their full potential.
The function of the smaller pits is unknown, perhaps domestic in nature. Two were filled
with the primary mound layer F503 while others were deliberately filled before being covered
by F503. Apart from the largest pit, F512, which truncated the possible trough F505, the pits
were generally 0.38m to 0.40m in diameter and varied from 0.03m to 0.19m deep.
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4.8 Area 8
Fulachta Fiadh
One feature was recorded in Area 8 during Phase 1 monitoring works. Unfortunately, it
was also disturbed at this time. It was a layer of burnt mound material F405 (Figure 12). It
was loosely compacted, black silty clay with small heat-shattered sandstones and occasional
shattered limestone. It measured 6m by 5m by 0.30m deep. One field-drain truncated F405.
There were no other features associated with this layer and it is considered to be the remains
of a layer from a fulacht fiadh and likely to be ex-situ.
4.9 Plant Remains
A total of ten samples from this site were examined by Abigail Brewer (Appendix 4).
Five of the samples produced plant remains other than charcoal. The plant remains recov-
ered from Area 2 probably represent material used as tinder or fuel.
4.10 Charcoal
A total of 56 samples were examined by Abigail Brewer (Appendix 5). The majority of the
charcoal samples came from the fills of the cremation pits. The charred wood remains were
dominated by hazel/alder, and ash with lesser amounts of willow/poplar, oak and other spe-
cies. Many of the fragments were from twigs or small branches which would be consistent
with the wood being collected as firewood.
4.11 Cremated Bone
The cremated bone was examined by Catryn Power (Appendix 6). The remains of fifty four
cremated people were identified; of these four were juveniles, and four were teenagers. The sex
of three males was established. Pathologies conditions were seen in four people and a genetic
anatomical variation was recorded in one adult. Social stratification was part of society in
some form as mature individuals were primarily buried separately, and all juveniles evident
were buried with a mature person. Parts of two funerary urns were used as vessels to hold the
cremated remains of people, which were then deposited in pits.
The number of pits with cremated bone deposits totalled fifty three. The pit, which con-
tained the funerary vessel may have yielded one or two individuals aged in the mid to late
teens, and a neonate, while three other deposits held two individuals, an adult and a juvenile
(under the age of fourteen years). If each burial pit (fifty one) represents a token deposit,
whether large or small, of a deceased person, then the total number of individuals in this
cemetery group is fifty four individuals (including the juveniles).
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4.12 Pottery
The pottery assemblage was examined by Eoin Grogan and Helen Roche (Appendix 7).
The Kilbane site, and its ceramic assemblage, forms an important addition to our under-
standing of the Late Bronze Age in North Munster. This assemblage contains the remains of
at least 30 and not more than 35 separate vessels. This is a significant collection especially as
the pots come largely as single examples from separate features. While there is some variation
the assemblage is reasonably homogenous and appears to be contemporary. All of the pot-
tery is generally from flat-bottomed vessels with unexpanded upright rims, gently rounded or
upright profiles and simple rounded junctions with the base. There is a broad range of sizes
amongst the vessels, between 0.14-0.22 m in external diameter. All the vessels seem to have
been used for cooking, derived from settlement contexts.
4.13 Radiocarbon Dates
Radiocarbon analysis was carried out by Beta Analytic Inc.
Lab. code Feature Sample Material Un-calibrat- 2 sigma Period
No. No. ed date calibrated date
Beta 105 3 Charcoal 3310 ±40 cal BC Early
215288 BP 1690-1500 Bronze
Age
Beta 365 49 Charcoal 2950 ±40 cal BC Middle
215289 BP 1290-1020 Bronze
Age
5 Summary
Kilbane is testimony to a long-standing tradition of cremation burial within unenclosed flat
cemeteries. Three cemeteries were excavated under the current license, a fourth was dug by
Limerick County Council, 03E1343 (McCutcheon, 2006), and finally Aegis Archaeology
Ltd (Hayes, 2006) excavated a small example, also in the townland of Kilbane, 02E1707.
The cemetery in Area 1 was small but elaborate. It included eight cremation pits, one of
which had been surrounded by a circle of stake-holes and a ring-ditch. Three phases of burials
were discerned.
An extensive unenclosed flat cremation cemetery was excavated in Area 2. 89 cremation
pits with burials of at least 54 individuals were excavated. Social stratification was evidently
part of society in Kilbane, with mature individuals primarily buried separately and all juve-
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niles buried with a mature person. Adolescents, once they had reached puberty, were likely to
have been buried in their own pit as mature adults.
The cemetery in Area 6 was a small example, with just three burial pits recorded.
Much bone was missing from the pits. Possibly samples of burials had been ritually de-
posited in nearby watercourses, perhaps the Groody river or the Shannon, only 5km to the
west. Ritual deposits of bone may also be accounted for by the small pockets of cremated
bone recorded in Areas 3, 4 and 5.
Two 14C dates were recorded for the current site. These span the Early to Middle Bronze
Age which, considering the complexities involved in the Bronze Age community achieving
the quality of cremated bone at Kilbane, is further evidence of the long-standing tradition of
cremation burial in this area.
The extensive collection of LBA pottery, with 30–35 flat-bottomed vessels represented,
together with the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh in the overall site, all pay credence to the ex-
istence of a large, well-established community in the area at that time. However, the location
of settlement evidence has yet to be established beyond the fact that all of the LBA pottery
originally derived from domestic contexts.
6 References
1st ed OS sheet LI005:037
3rd ed OS sheet LI005:037 in conjunction with the RMP
Discovery Series Map (No. 65, OSi)
Ireland South Map (OSi)
Rural Place Map (OSi) 1:2500
Ordnance Survey Letters
Hayes, A. 2006 In I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 2003: Summary accounts of archaeological
excavations in Ireland, pp 308.
Hurley, F. 2003 Archaeological Monitoring at Kilbane, Castletroy, Co. Limerick.
Unpublished specialist report. National Monuments Service, Department of the
Environment, heritage and Local Government, Dublin.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 13
19. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
McCutcheon, S. 2006 In I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 2003: Summary accounts of
archaeological excavations in Ireland, pp 308.
Power, C. 2005 An Analysis of the Assemblage of Cremated Human Remains from
Kilbane, County Limerick. Specialist report.
Waddell, J. 1998 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway University Press.
Appendices (including Specialist Reports)
At the time of submission the excavation archive including record sheets, registers, plans,
photographs and artefacts were being stored at the offices of Eachta Archaeological
Projects Ltd, Ballycurreen Industrial Estate, Kinsale Rd., Cork.
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20. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
7 Figures
Site Location
Figure 1: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Discovery Series Map, No. 65.
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21. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Figure 2: Extract from Ordnance Survey Ireland, Rural Place Map.
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22. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Site Location
Figure 3: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” sheet, LI005 in conjunction with the Record of
0 1 km
Monuments and Places constraint map.
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24. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
N
Area 2
Area 8
FF3
Area 7
Area 3
Area 1
Area 4
Area 6
Area 5
Figure 5: Site development plan with 8 areas of archaeology highlighted.
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25. 03E1717
N
C
C.97 B
C.96
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.22 C.23
C.103 C.24
C.135
C.122 C.378
C.110
C.123
C.125
C.124
C.21
E 12,
N10 E 20,
C.127 N10
C.136 C.89
C.121 C.131
C.134 C.130
C.128
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
A
C.138
C.129
C.133
D
C.118
C.116
0 1m
Figure 6a: Area 1 post-excavation plan.
20
26. 03E1717
A B
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.1 C.24
Section Trench
C.132
C.97
C.97
North-west facing section through Ring Ditch.
C
D
C.139 C.139
C.139 C.139
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
C.89 C.21
C.31
C.22
C.96
West facing section of C.89 (Fill.89)
50 cm 0 1 m
Figure 6b: Area 1 sections.
21
27. 03E1717
C.204 N
C.262
C.152
C.289
C.177 C.186 C.333
C.194
C.181 C.149
C.160 C.33
C.246 C.162
C.250
C.32
C.200
C.50
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.184
C.275 C.248
C.277
C.169 C.191
C.188
C.196
C.51 B A
B C.202
C.319 C.297 C.182
C.171 C.223
C.341
C.265 C.377 B
C.252 C.351
A C.339
A
C.315 B
C.268 C.299 C.317
C.349
C.30 C.151
C.167
A C.347
C.343
C.198 C.25
C.291
C.345
C.310 C.282 B
C.294 C.356
A C.217
C.359 B
C.280
C.307 C.292
C.36
C.313 C.259 C.35
C.38 A
C.48 A
C.47
C.27
C.366
C.55
C.53
C.40 C.46 C.45 B
B A
A
C.352
C.41 C.287 C.26 C.28
C.52 B
C.337
C.175 B
C.94
A
C.49
C.31
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
C.44 C.37
C.43 C.271
C.144
C.54
C.56
50 cm 0 1 m
Figure 7a: Area 2 post-excavation plan.
22
28. 03E1717
Area 2
Area 2 South facing section
Area 2 South-east facing section A B
North facing section A B
A B
C.344 C.341
C.353
C.342
C.345
C.338
C.343 C.352
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.339
Area 2
Area 2 East facing section
South-south-east facing section A Area 2
B
South-east section
A B A B
C.335 C.336 C.355
C.348 C.350 C.354
C.94 C.356
C.337 C.346
C.349
C.350 C.35
C.347
Area 2
Area 2
East facing section
Area 2 East facing section
A B
West facing section
A B A B
C.316 C.318
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
C,365 C.376
C.366 C.317
C.319
C.377
Area 2
West facing section
A B
C.334
Legend
C.28
Charcoal =
10 cm 0 50 cm
Burnt Bone =
Figure 7b: Area 2 selected sections.
23
30. N
03E1717
C.373
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.20
C.375
C.16
C.369
C.17
C.371
C.18
C.15
C.19
C.14
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
C.381
C.12
C.384
50 cm 0 50 cm
Figure 9: Area 5 post-excavation plan.
25
31. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
N
50 cm
0
C.392
50 cm
C.9
C.400
C.396
C.87
C.88
Figure 10a: Area 6 post-excavation plan.
C.86
C.398
C.85
C.8
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Area 6
West facing section
A B
C.390
C.9
Area 6
North facing section
B
A
C.399
C.400
Area 6 Area 6
West facing section South-west facing section
A B A B
Pottery C.397
C.398
C.393
C.8
Area 4
East facing section Area 6
North-east facing section
A B
A B
C.394
C.395
C.87
C.86
Legend
Charcoal =
Burnt Bone =
0 1m
Figure 10b: Area 6 sections.
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33. 03E1717
N
C.519
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
C.517 C.504
Modern Field Drain
Limit of
C.516
excavation
C.510
C.512 C.506
C.511
C.505
C.508
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
0 1m 2 cm
B
C.502
B
C.503
East facing section of Area 7 FF
C.504
0 1m 2 cm
Figure 11: Area 7 post-excavation plan & section.
28
34. 03E1717
N
C.405
Eachtra Archaeological Projects
SECTION
DITCH/DRAIN
A
B
C.405
Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
A B
C.405
SANDY TOPSOIL
20 cm 0 1m
Area 8
North facing section
Figure 12: Area 8 post-excavation plan and section.
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35. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
8 Plates
Plate 1: View of recorded Enclosure, LI005:037.
Plate 2: View of excavated Ring-ditch, Area 1.
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36. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Plate 3: View of cremation F125 and circle of stake-holes, Area 1
Plate 4: Area 1 post-excavation.
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37. 03E1717 Archaeological Excavation Report Kilbane , Castletroy, Co Limerick
Plate 5: Area 2 pre-excavation.
Plates 6: Area 2 cremations, F175, 27, 198 & 252.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects 32