Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technology was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
The site at Fermoy Wood has been identified as a early Iron Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory. The nearest excavated site to the Fermoy Wood fulacht fiadh was the brushwood platform and trackway and nearby discovery of Giant Irish Deer in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension).
The site at Scartbarry has been identified as a Late Bronze Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unresolved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, between June 2004 and February 2005. Three previously unknown archaeological sites were discovered in the course of monitoring internal works. One such site was at Ballyoran Bog, where remains of Giant Irish Deer and a possible brushwood trackway were excavated. The skeletal remains of the Giant Irish Deer are a rare occurrence on archaeological sites, but one of the most interesting aspects of the excavation was the discovery that later inhabitants of the area were aware that deer remains were present in the bog, as tool marks on antler fragments demonstrate. Excavation and post-excavation analysis of the brushwood platform/trackway has revealed that the occupiers of this site exploited the immediate environs of the bog for construction materials. The discovery of the possible trackway is significant, given that the majority of those sites recorded in Ireland are located in the Midlands. In conclusion, the site at Ballyoran bog is important on a provincial, as well as a national scale.
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technology was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
The site at Fermoy Wood has been identified as a early Iron Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory. The nearest excavated site to the Fermoy Wood fulacht fiadh was the brushwood platform and trackway and nearby discovery of Giant Irish Deer in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension).
The site at Scartbarry has been identified as a Late Bronze Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unresolved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, between June 2004 and February 2005. Three previously unknown archaeological sites were discovered in the course of monitoring internal works. One such site was at Ballyoran Bog, where remains of Giant Irish Deer and a possible brushwood trackway were excavated. The skeletal remains of the Giant Irish Deer are a rare occurrence on archaeological sites, but one of the most interesting aspects of the excavation was the discovery that later inhabitants of the area were aware that deer remains were present in the bog, as tool marks on antler fragments demonstrate. Excavation and post-excavation analysis of the brushwood platform/trackway has revealed that the occupiers of this site exploited the immediate environs of the bog for construction materials. The discovery of the possible trackway is significant, given that the majority of those sites recorded in Ireland are located in the Midlands. In conclusion, the site at Ballyoran bog is important on a provincial, as well as a national scale.
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation of a disturbed ringfort (GA087-177) in Loughbown, County Galway. The excavation revealed evidence of Iron Age activity pre-dating the construction of the enclosure. Features excavated included a sub-circular structure, a causeway, entrance, internal bank, and a V-shaped external ditch enclosing the site. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples spanned the 4th century BC to the 17th century AD. Few artefacts were recovered, including a bracelet, quernstone, and knife blade. The excavation helped further the understanding of the construction and occupation of the site from the Iron Age period through the medieval period.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
This report details an archaeological excavation of an isolated hearth feature located in Bricketstown, Co. Wexford during construction of the N25 road. The hearth consisted of a charcoal-rich spread overlying three deposits within an irregular oval cut that had been heavily truncated by previous groundworks. Radiocarbon dating placed the hearth in the Iron Age period between 500 BC-500 AD. It was one of few Iron Age sites identified in County Wexford to date.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Tom Berkley completed a work experience placement from May 6th to June 13th at Darrian Cars. Over the four week period, he assisted with various tasks related to building and repairing racing vehicles. Some of the key activities included applying fiberglass to chassis molds, preparing and painting suspension components, assembling gearboxes, installing piping and wiring, and fabricating roll cages and other metal structures. By gaining hands-on experience with multiple aspects of motorsports engineering, Tom was able to enhance his skills and knowledge of the vehicle manufacturing process.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
The document reports on an archaeological excavation at Ballydowny in Killarney, County Kerry. Five cooking pits (fulachta fiadh), a ring ditch containing a cremation burial, two medieval iron working areas, and a prehistoric site with evidence of copper working were uncovered. Radiocarbon dating indicates occupation from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and into the early medieval period. The excavation revealed remnants of iron smelting and smithing, as well as five cooking pits that were likely used for boiling or steaming food. A ring ditch and associated cremation burial were also found, dating to the Bronze Age.
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
This white paper discusses corrosion in harsh environments and how to select reliable electrical connectors. It explains the main types of corrosion like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking. It also outlines materials commonly used for connectors like brass, aluminum, and stainless steel. The paper recommends connector solutions for different applications, including saltwater, medical, and oil/gas environments. It provides guidelines for choosing connectors that can withstand corrosion and ensure long-lasting connections.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
1. This document discusses the environmental management system at Kaiyodai University from 2005 to 2006. It describes the implementation of the EMS according to international standards.
2. Key metrics and results are presented such as reductions in CO2 emissions, water usage, and waste. The EMS led to improved monitoring and management of environmental impacts.
3. The EMS underwent continual improvements and expansion over the two year period. More areas and facilities were incorporated into the system. Staff training and awareness activities helped strengthen the environmental program.
The document discusses technical requirements for welding pipes and tubes. It specifies the standards for welding consumables, including wire and rods. Some key standards mentioned are GOST, DIN, AWS, ASTM, and ISO. The document establishes technical specifications for the mechanical and chemical properties of welding materials based on their intended use and to ensure quality and safety.
This document is a technical memorandum regarding the structural design of Modules A and C of the El Vigia Medical Surgical Hospital. It includes calculations for the beams and slabs of Modules A and C according to Panamanian design standards. The calculations were completed by Dr. Tania Croston for the owner, Caja del Seguro Social, and contractor, Constructora Nova. Diagrams and details of the reinforcing steel are provided for the beams and slabs.
This technical report summarizes the structural design of the foundations, columns, and shear walls for Modules A, B, and C of the Hospital Médico Quirúrgico - El Vigía. The design considers the load requirements specified in the Panamanian structural design code [REP_04]. Finite element models were created for each module using ETABS v9.0.7. Foundations were designed based on soil resistance determined by a geotechnical report. The structural system utilizes concrete columns, deep beams, and shear walls with post-tensioned slabs, except for level 300 of Module B which will have a two-way reinforced slab. Lateral forces will be resisted by the shear walls and bracing
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation of a disturbed ringfort (GA087-177) in Loughbown, County Galway. The excavation revealed evidence of Iron Age activity pre-dating the construction of the enclosure. Features excavated included a sub-circular structure, a causeway, entrance, internal bank, and a V-shaped external ditch enclosing the site. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples spanned the 4th century BC to the 17th century AD. Few artefacts were recovered, including a bracelet, quernstone, and knife blade. The excavation helped further the understanding of the construction and occupation of the site from the Iron Age period through the medieval period.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
This report details an archaeological excavation of an isolated hearth feature located in Bricketstown, Co. Wexford during construction of the N25 road. The hearth consisted of a charcoal-rich spread overlying three deposits within an irregular oval cut that had been heavily truncated by previous groundworks. Radiocarbon dating placed the hearth in the Iron Age period between 500 BC-500 AD. It was one of few Iron Age sites identified in County Wexford to date.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Tom Berkley completed a work experience placement from May 6th to June 13th at Darrian Cars. Over the four week period, he assisted with various tasks related to building and repairing racing vehicles. Some of the key activities included applying fiberglass to chassis molds, preparing and painting suspension components, assembling gearboxes, installing piping and wiring, and fabricating roll cages and other metal structures. By gaining hands-on experience with multiple aspects of motorsports engineering, Tom was able to enhance his skills and knowledge of the vehicle manufacturing process.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
The document reports on an archaeological excavation at Ballydowny in Killarney, County Kerry. Five cooking pits (fulachta fiadh), a ring ditch containing a cremation burial, two medieval iron working areas, and a prehistoric site with evidence of copper working were uncovered. Radiocarbon dating indicates occupation from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and into the early medieval period. The excavation revealed remnants of iron smelting and smithing, as well as five cooking pits that were likely used for boiling or steaming food. A ring ditch and associated cremation burial were also found, dating to the Bronze Age.
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
This white paper discusses corrosion in harsh environments and how to select reliable electrical connectors. It explains the main types of corrosion like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking. It also outlines materials commonly used for connectors like brass, aluminum, and stainless steel. The paper recommends connector solutions for different applications, including saltwater, medical, and oil/gas environments. It provides guidelines for choosing connectors that can withstand corrosion and ensure long-lasting connections.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
1. This document discusses the environmental management system at Kaiyodai University from 2005 to 2006. It describes the implementation of the EMS according to international standards.
2. Key metrics and results are presented such as reductions in CO2 emissions, water usage, and waste. The EMS led to improved monitoring and management of environmental impacts.
3. The EMS underwent continual improvements and expansion over the two year period. More areas and facilities were incorporated into the system. Staff training and awareness activities helped strengthen the environmental program.
The document discusses technical requirements for welding pipes and tubes. It specifies the standards for welding consumables, including wire and rods. Some key standards mentioned are GOST, DIN, AWS, ASTM, and ISO. The document establishes technical specifications for the mechanical and chemical properties of welding materials based on their intended use and to ensure quality and safety.
This document is a technical memorandum regarding the structural design of Modules A and C of the El Vigia Medical Surgical Hospital. It includes calculations for the beams and slabs of Modules A and C according to Panamanian design standards. The calculations were completed by Dr. Tania Croston for the owner, Caja del Seguro Social, and contractor, Constructora Nova. Diagrams and details of the reinforcing steel are provided for the beams and slabs.
This technical report summarizes the structural design of the foundations, columns, and shear walls for Modules A, B, and C of the Hospital Médico Quirúrgico - El Vigía. The design considers the load requirements specified in the Panamanian structural design code [REP_04]. Finite element models were created for each module using ETABS v9.0.7. Foundations were designed based on soil resistance determined by a geotechnical report. The structural system utilizes concrete columns, deep beams, and shear walls with post-tensioned slabs, except for level 300 of Module B which will have a two-way reinforced slab. Lateral forces will be resisted by the shear walls and bracing
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation at a burnt mound site located at Urraghry townland in County Galway. The excavation uncovered a burnt mound, trough, stake-holes, gully, and paleochannel. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples indicated Early Bronze Age activity on the site. Mesolithic stone tools were also found, suggesting earlier occupation. The site contributes to understanding prehistoric settlement patterns in the area, with five Bronze Age sites excavated along this portion of a new road development.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation carried out at Kiltotan Collinstown 14, Co. Westmeath. The excavation uncovered two parallel post-medieval ditches and two burnt pits that were possibly medieval iron smelting furnaces. Analysis of artefacts, ecofacts and radiocarbon dating provided insights into the medieval and post-medieval activity on the site. The excavated features at this site are similar to others in the surrounding area and add to the understanding of settlement patterns in this rich archaeological landscape over multiple periods.
The Harristown Little kiln appeared to be a typical key-hole shaped kiln. Two similar kilns were excavated as part of this project, both in Bricketstown townland (licence nos. 00E0476 and 00E0626). The radiocarbon date from this kiln (cal AD 1460-1660) was very close to the date of use at Bricketstown 00E0476 (cal AD 1450-1650). Channels were cut into the bases of both the Bricketstown kilns and these acted as wind tunnels which distributed air evenly through the kiln as it was burning but these were not present at Harristown Little.
In May 2005, Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated a fulacht fiadh and an isolated pit in Skehacreggaun td., Mungret. The fulacht fiadh dates to the Middle Bronze Age, within the usual date range for these monument types. The isolated pit is likely to date to the Bronze Age and it contained the only artefact recovered through these archaeological works. The scraper suggests craft and subsistence since prehistoric times.
This report summarizes the archaeological excavation of a burnt mound site located in Cooltymurraghy townland, Co. Galway. The site consisted of a burnt spread (C.7) that had been cut by a later water channel (C.16). Charcoal from the burnt spread yielded an Early Bronze Age radiocarbon date, consistent with other burnt mound sites in the area. The excavation is one of five Bronze Age sites uncovered along the route of a new road between Galway and Ballinasloe.
This site probably represents evidence of domestic occupation. Based on comparative evidence and the absence of any artefacts it has been assigned a prehistoric date. It may form either a corner from a fence line or may form part of a more complex structure such as a dwelling house. Rectangular houses are
known from the Neolithic through to the Bronze Age, and from the early historic period onwards.
The site comprised a kiln, a small pit, and a field system, evidenced by three ditches. This is one of three kilns discovered during the road development scheme. It was medieval/post-medieval in date and consisted
of a circular main chamber with the flue projecting to the south-southwest. It was probably a limekiln and there was evidence for several periods of use.
The site consisted of two concentrations of burnt mound material spread over an area of 20 m2 and an off-centre trough that was possibly originally plank-lined.
Archaeological excavations in Harristown Big townland revealed a number of anomalous archaeological features within an excavated area of c. 100 m2. A total of 33 excavated contexts were recorded including stake-holes, pits and a post-hole.
The site situated at Harristown Big consisted of five fire pits, one heat affected area, nine pits, three stakeholes and three areas where archaeological material accumulated in natural hollows. There was a proliferation of burnt waste and evidence for burning in situ. Two of the pits and a stakehole produced fragments of pottery identified crucibles and a small bowl or stand. Radiocarbon dating indicated that activity at the site was Middle or Late Bronze Age. Specialist analysis of the ceramics has facilitated the interpretation of the site as an area where metalworking was carried out.
The site at Ballyvergin comprised one hearth, two ditches, twenty-five stakeholes and a number of pits, some of which may have acted as troughs. It was located close to a stream and heat-shattered stones and charcoal were found in several of the deposits. The site has therefore been interpreted as a burnt mound, although the identification of troughs is tentative. The area of excavation was truncated by later (modern) field ditches.
This document provides a geological report on the Mount Bisson rare-earth element claim group in north-central British Columbia. The report describes the property location, regional geology, lithologies present on the property, known mineral occurrences including the Ursa, Laura and Pegmatite 541 rare-earth showings, and exploration work conducted including geophysical surveys, soil and rock sampling. Rare-earth mineralization is hosted in granitic pegmatites and associated skarn zones and occurs as allanite, titanite and other rare-earth minerals. The report concludes that further exploration is warranted to evaluate the potential for economic rare-earth mineralization on the property.
The excavations at Kilsheelan, Co. Tipperary uncovered three areas of pits. The pits in two areas (Areas 2 and 3) were isolated and did not contain notable artefacts or environmental evidence. However, at Area 1 there were several pit clusters and artefacts and radiocarbon dates indicated occupation (probably intermittent rather than permanent) during the Early Neolithic.
This technical report summarizes exploration of the Nuuk Gold Province in western Greenland. The project includes four licenses covering over 1,277 km2. Exploration has included geological mapping, sampling, and drilling that has identified gold mineralization at several prospects. The report recommends an exploration program of mapping, prospecting, trenching, and 10,000 m of drilling to evaluate targets and advance the most prospective zones. If results are positive, further exploration and resource drilling would be warranted to determine the economic potential of the project.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for a spade mill and lime kiln excavated at Coololla, Co. Galway. It includes background information on the archaeological and historical context of the site. The excavation uncovered the remains of a post-medieval building interpreted as a water-powered forge or spade mill, as well as a post-medieval lime kiln. While there is no evidence linking the two structures, they could potentially have been operated by the same individuals. The report provides detailed descriptions of the excavated structures and artifacts, and places them in the historical context of land use changes in the local area from the medieval to post-medieval periods.
This archaeological excavation report details the excavation of a post-medieval spade mill and lime kiln located in Coololla, Co. Galway. The spade mill structure was interpreted as a water-powered forge, likely used to produce spades. Stone foundations and a mill race were uncovered. The adjacent lime kiln structure contained evidence of limestone extraction and firing. While these structures were located near one another, there is no evidence they were contemporaneous. The report provides historical background on land use and ownership in the local area from the medieval period through the 17th century, and discusses the excavated structures and artifacts in detail.
Similar to Archaeological Excavation Report 05 E0233 Ballybrowney, N8 RF (19)
The Historic Graves Project involves community volunteers conducting archaeological surveys of historic graveyards. Volunteers use GPS cameras and audio recorders to photograph, document, and map over 1,200 headstones across 11 graveyards over two years. For each graveyard, the project creates a folder with a register of graves, a sketch map, contact sheets of photographs, and record sheets. The goal is to explore, protect, and promote awareness of Ireland's historic graveyards.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
An Introduction to the Ballyhoura Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration ProjectJohn Tierney
This document provides an overview of a genealogical tourism project led by Dr. Paul MacCotter and John Tierney to document the history of families that took part in the Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration from Ireland to Canada in the 1820s-1830s. The project involves surveying graveyards and mapping homestead locations to build an online geolocated database of records. The goal is to help descendants research their ancestry and trace the places their families lived before emigrating. Methods for collecting, organizing, and publishing the historical data online are discussed.
Mendicity Institute Transmission book June-August 1882John Tierney
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
From headstone to homestead - crowdsourcing & heritage in IrelandJohn Tierney
This document outlines John Tierney's work with Eachtra Archaeological Projects surveying historic graves and homesteads in Ireland. It provides guidance on conducting graveyard surveys through sketch plans, geotagged photos, and record sheets. It also describes a process for identifying historic homesteads through reconnaissance, geotagged photographs, and publishing findings online and in a shared spreadsheet. The goal is to link Irish emigrant communities both within Ireland through shared heritage sites and records, and with communities abroad where emigrants settled.
Human remains of 48 individuals were discovered and excavated during works associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply Scheme in Toberjarlath townland on the eastern edges of Tuam, County Galway. The burials were located within the bounds of the former Tuam Union Workhouse, which opened in 1846. Eighteen grave pits containing between two and four burials each were uncovered. Analysis showed the individuals were paupers buried in the former workhouse grounds in the 19th century. A section of the workhouse boundary wall and internal ditch were also excavated.
Slides from John Tierney's talk on exploring the heritage of Ardmore in the era of digital research and publication. This talk is part of the www.reyndr.com project being developed by Eachtra in association with a number of community groups.
Community Genealogy in Ireland - Historic GravesJohn Tierney
Community engagement in historic graveyard surveys has a multiplier effect. What started as an archaeological survey of headstones has become community genealogy and local history. This talk was presented to the Irish Genealogical Research Society AGM in May 2013.
The Historic Graves Project is a community collaboration that aims to promote genealogical tourism by pinpointing family names and histories across centuries in graveyards in southeast Cork, Ireland. Volunteers record information from historic graveyards to share online and create puzzles and stories to engage people in learning about the people and families represented in each place through time.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for Adare Castle in County Limerick, Ireland. It includes:
- A history of Adare Castle from its origins in the medieval period through different periods of occupation.
- A description and maps showing the location of the castle and areas excavated between 2001-2006, including the drawbridge, moat, kitchen, great hall, and two domestic areas.
- Results of the excavations including structures like walls, drains, and pits uncovered, along with artifacts found consisting of pottery, wood, bone, stone, metal, glass and leather objects.
- Environmental evidence from animal bones, plant remains, and shells analyzed to understand life at
Archaeological Report - 50-60 South Main Street, Wexford, Co. WexfordJohn Tierney
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity, in the form of a well and boundary wall, associated with the demolished buildings on Peter Street was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the central southern part of the site. The area of excavation measured 11.5m north-south by 12m east-west.
All the pits in the excavation trench were medieval in date and are likely to have served as rubbish dumps. The artefactual material and the faunal remains recovered from the various fills would support this hypothesis. There was no evidence that they were used for industrial practises, though waste material from industrial activity was mixed with domestic refuse. They were located in the area of the medieval house burgage plots. No evidence of medieval structures was recorded. It is likely to exist under the foundations of the existing upstanding structures on South Main Street.
The pottery assemblage from the site was examined by the ceramic specialist Clare McCutcheon. The majority of the pottery consisted of local and Irish wares, comprising of Lenister Cooking ware, Wexford-type coarse ware, ware, fine ware and cooking ware. The English wares consisted of Minety-type, Ham Green and Redcliffe wares. The Wexford-type wares indicate local pottery production, although no medieval pottery kilns have as yet been located in Wexford. The French wares particularly the Saintonge ware, from the southwest of France, jugs, represented the wealthier tastes.
The greatest proportion of archaeological features encountered at Shandon relate to Medieval activity. While nothing dateable was recovered from the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch itself, the discovery of 12th/13th century pottery from features inside and immediately outside the enclosure provides a strong case that the ditch is contemporaneous.
It must be considered a possibility that the enclosure at Shandon is a Medieval moated site. The latter have been defined as “all rectangular enclosures bounded by banks and moats of Medieval date, whether they enclosed a major house or simply a garden or cattle pen” (Barry 1987, 84). While there was no definite evidence of a bank at Shandon, there is a suggestion that one may have existed. Moated sites date to the 13th and 14th century (ibid., 85) and the local pottery found at Shandon overlaps with this date range.
It must also be considered that the Shandon enclosure relates to Hiberno-Norse activity. Prior to the present work, the motif piece was the sole indicator of such activity. However, this find is now further substantiated by the discovery of an 11th century Hiberno-Norse coin (Plate 12). Because of preservation by redesign and avoidance, a large proportion of archaeological features at Shandon were not excavated and consequently it is quite possible that further diagnostic Hiberno-Norse material survives on the site. However, one coin and a trial piece do not a Hiberno-Norse settlement make and it is plausible that the coin was deposited in Anglo-Norman times long after its original period of manufacture and use.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
Archaeological excavation of the site at Busherstown revealed a complex multi-period site with six phases of activity. In broad outline they confirmed the use of the area from the Early Neolithic period to the present time. The first period of activity was prehistoric in date and comprised a small assemblage of lithics and a circular structure (Structure A) dated on typological grounds to the Bronze Age. The second phase was dated to the early medieval period, when the area was used for cereal processing, as evidenced by the discovery of at least 17 cereal-drying kilns and a further seven possible kilns. The majority of the kilns were located in a line that extended for a distance of 80 m in a NW-SE direction. The firing chambers of the kiln were for the most part located at the NE. A small number of the kilns were partially enclosed (Structures D and E). The third phase of activity was defined by an enclosure (ditches C.68 and 447) which was probably contemporary with the cereal processing. The continuous use of the area of the enclosure in the medieval period was confirmed when certain areas of the site were enclosed through the construction of deep, wide ditches (ditches C.54 and C.63). The ditches (ditches C.227 and C.78) were re-cut in the later medieval period to function as an annexe to a moated site. A substantial ditch, 5.5 m wide by 1.7 m deep, defined the moated site. Only the southern corner of the moated site was located within the road corridor. However, the entire outline can be clearly seen in aerial photographs of the adjoining field to the north-east. Two structures (C and D) were contemporary with the moated site. The post-medieval period was represented by a large number of furrows crossing the site and material which had been dumped into the top fills of the ditches. The site was levelled in the recent past.
Authors: Ewelina Chrobak, Jacinta Kiely and Tori McMorran
Geophysical Survey: Land Adjacent to Archaeological Sites - County Offaly & C...John Tierney
This document provides details of archaeological geophysical surveys conducted at 5 sites - Busherstown 1, Drumbaun 2, Drumroe 1, Killeisk 1, and Park 1 - located along the route of a new road scheme in Counties Offaly and Tipperary, Ireland. Magnetic gradiometer and susceptibility surveys were used to investigate the archaeological remains found during previous excavations. The surveys identified potential archaeological features extending beyond the excavation areas, including ditches, enclosures, and field boundaries, adding to the understanding of activity at these sites. The results provide valuable information to planners but require verification through archaeological excavation.
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2. Final excavation report of a ring ditch at
Ballybrowney,
N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy,
Co. Cork
June 2010
Client: Roadbridge Ltd.,
Ballyclough,
Ballysheedy,
Co. Limerick.
Licence No.: 05E0233
Licensee: Fiona Reilly
Contact details:
The Forge,
Innishannon, Co. Cork.
Written by: Fiona Reilly Tel.: 021 470 16 16
Fax: 021 470 16 28
E-mail: info@eachtra.ie
Web Site: www.eachtra.ie
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Table of Contents
i Project details .................................................................................................... iv
ii Non Technical Summary ................................................................................... iv
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.1 Scope of the Fermoy/Rathcormac bypass project ..........................................1
1.2 Circumstances of discovery ..........................................................................2
1.3 Date and duration of excavation works .........................................................2
1.4 Size and composition of the excavation team ................................................2
2 Receiving Environment ......................................................................................3
2.1 The Natural Landscape ................................................................................3
2.2 The Human Landscape ................................................................................3
3 Original Research Framework ............................................................................6
4 Excavation Results ..............................................................................................6
4.1 Excavation Methodology ..............................................................................6
5 Full Stratigraphic Report ....................................................................................6
5.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing ..............................................................................6
5.2 Stratigraphic Discussion ...............................................................................8
6 Specialist reports.................................................................................................9
6.1 Radiocarbon results ......................................................................................9
6.2 Plant remains report .....................................................................................9
6.3 Cremated bone report...................................................................................9
7 Discussion and Interpretation ............................................................................ 10
8 Assessment of archaeology and significance ....................................................... 10
9 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 10
10 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 11
11 Figures ............................................................................................................... 12
12 Plates ................................................................................................................. 21
13 Appendices ........................................................................................................ 25
13.1 Appendix 1: Matrix .....................................................................................25
13.2 Context Register ..........................................................................................26
13.3 Appendix 3: Plant Remains Report by Penny Johnston ...............................30
13.5 Appendix 5: Summary account of site archive .............................................36
13.6 Appendix 6: Dissemination Strategy............................................................36
13.7 Appendix 7: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries .................................36
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy. ....................................12
Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO027, 028, 035, 036, 044, 045, 053 and 054 showing route of the N8
Rathcormac Fermoy. .............................................................................................................................13
Figure 3: Portion of RMP sheet CO035 showing location of Ballybrowney excavation........................14
Figure 4: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Area A, Area B and Bally-
browney Lower Bronze Age site 03E1058 ..............................................................................................15
Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Area A and Area B. ...........16
Figure 6: Mid-excavation plan of Area A...............................................................................................17
Figure 7: Post excavation plan of Area A. ............................................................................................18
Figure 8: Section of ring-ditch. ............................................................................................................19
Figure 9: Plan of area B. ..................................................................................................................... 20
List of Plates
Plate 1: From north view of ring ditch pre-excavation. ..........................................................................21
Plate 2: View of wood in fill C.33. ........................................................................................................21
Plate 3: From north mid-excavation of C.8/10. .....................................................................................22
Plate 4: From south post-excavation of C.8/C.10 ..................................................................................22
Plate 5: From south view of C.18 with base deposit C.44 in Grid 2. .....................................................23
Plate 6: Section through ditch C.23. .....................................................................................................23
Plate 7: Profile of ring ditch C.18 ......................................................................................................... 24
Plate 8: From north view of ring ditch ................................................................................................. 24
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i Project details
Project N8 Rathcormac Fermoy Bypass
Site Name Ballybrowney
Site Type Ring Ditch
Licence No. 05E0233
Licensee Fiona O’Reilly
Townland Ballybrowney Lower
Nat. Grid Ref. 179129 090559
Report Type Excavation Report
Report Status Final Report
Date of Submission May 2006
Distribution Ken Hanley, Project Archaeologist Cork County Council, Dept. of the Environment,
Heritage and Local Government, National Museum of Ireland, Cork Archaeological Survey Office,
and Roadbridge Ltd.
ii Non Technical Summary
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unre-
solved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy bypass. These works occurred
both within and outside the extents of the Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO). External works were
monitored under State Licence 04E0948, while internal works were appointed individual works num-
bers by the Project Archaeologist of the Cork National Road Design Office.
External works included the construction of haul roads, temporary diversion roads and the preparation
of topsoil tip sites. These works were monitored by Eachtra on behalf of Roadbridge Ltd. in the town-
lands of Maulane East, Kilbrien, Curraghprevin, Fermoy, Mondaniel and Ballybrowney, between June
and December 2004. Tip sites, within which no groundworks took place, were also archaeologically
assessed in the months of June and July 2004. Between January and March of 2005, further external
works were supervised in the townlands of Rath-Healy and Fermoy. Archaeological sites were subse-
quently excavated in the townlands of Ballybrowney Lower, Fermoy, Scartbarry and Gortore.
This report details the excavation of a Iron Age ring ditch in Ballybrowney Lower under licence
056E0233.
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1 Introduction
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unre-
solved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy bypass, between June 2004 and
March 2005. These works occurred both within and outside the extents of the Compulsory Purchase
Order (CPO). External works were monitored under State Licence 04E0948, while internal works
were appointed individual works numbers by the Project Archaeologist of the Cork National Road
Design Office.
External works included the construction of haul roads, temporary diversion roads and the preparation
of topsoil tip sites. These works were monitored by Eachtra on behalf of Roadbridge Ltd. in the town-
lands of Maulane East, Kilbrien, Curraghprevin, Fermoy, Mondaniel and Ballybrowney, between June
and December 2004. Tip sites, within which no groundworks took place, were also archaeologically
assessed in the months of June and July 2004. Between January and March of 2005, further external
works were supervised in the townlands of Rath-Healy and Fermoy. Archaeological sites were subse-
quently excavated in the townlands of Ballybrowney Lower, Fermoy, Scartbarry and Gortore.
This report details the results of the excavation at Ballybrowney under State licence 05E0233 (figures
1-3).
1.1 Scope of the Fermoy/Rathcormac bypass project
The N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass is approximately 17.5 km in length. It will extend from the north-
ern end of the new N8 Glanmire–Watergrasshill road, in the townland of Meenane, passing west of
Rathcormac and east of Fermoy, towards its convergence with the existing N8 Cork-Dublin Road at
Moorepark West to the north (Figure 1).
The results of archaeological research conducted to date, as part of the N8 Rathcormac/ Fermoy By-
pass Project, are documented in the following reports:
• An Archaeological Assessment of N8 South Watergrasshill – Fermoy, by Sheila Lane & Associates,
March 2001
• N8 Watergrasshill – Fermoy Bypass, Archaeological Assessment: Fieldwalking, by Sheila Lane &
Associates, June 2001
• Built Heritage, Chapter 10, N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, Environmental Impact Statement by
Sheila Lane & Associates
These reports identified fourteen areas of archaeological potential which required investigation/resolu-
tion.
A centreline archaeological testing strategy uncovered a further 47 potential archaeological sites, de-
tailed in the following reports:
• Archaeological Testing Report, Final Report Vol. 1 & 2, N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass, by
Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd. May – July 2002
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• Additional Archaeological Testing N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass Scheme by Donald Murphy,
Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd.
Archaeological test excavations were undertaken on all but 1.1 km of the 17.5 km route in response to
the initial survey results. Forty-two sites of archaeological potential were identified and subsequent-
ly resolved by ACS Ltd. These sites comprised enclosure sites, early medieval ringforts, prehistoric
fulachta fiadh, hearths, a cremation pit, prehistoric settlements, medieval settlement, a demesne wall
and a lime kiln.
1.2 Circumstances of discovery
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were appointed by the PPP Company, Direct Route (Fermoy) Con-
struction Ltd., to monitor internal works within the remaining 1.1 km of untested road take and to
monitor external works associated with road construction. In the course of these works, three fulachta
fiadh were discovered and excavated in the townlands of Fermoy (NGC 181441 096233), Fermoy
Wood (NGC 181441 096233) and Scartbarry (NGC 178310 087370) respectively (Figure 2). The
remains of a brushwood platform or possible trackway were excavated in Ballyoran bog (NGC 181405
095852). The skeletal remains of at least six Giant Irish Deer were also retrieved from unspecified
locations within Ballyoran bog. A ringditch (NGC 179129 090559) was discovered and excavated in
the townland of Ballybrowney and a prehistoric house site was excavated at Gortore (NGC 181815
101661).
1.3 Date and duration of excavation works
The excavation of the ring-ditch at Ballybrowney commenced on 28/02/2005 under licence 05E0233
and was completed on the 11/03/2005.
1.4 Size and composition of the excavation team
The archaeological excavation team consisted of the licence holder, one supervisor, three site assistants.
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2 Receiving Environment
2.1 The Natural Landscape
The landscape between Watergrasshill and Moorepark, through which the new M8 will navigate,
generally comprises gently rolling, open farmland, combined with wooded river valleys and Old Red
Sandstone ridges. The new route will traverse a total of seven watercourses, the principal of which
are the Rivers Bride and Blackwater. Brown podzolics, which are particularly suited to pasture and
constitute the predominant soil type within Cork County, dominate the region concerned. The geol-
ogy of the route broadly consists of glacial deposits with some alluvial sediments in the river valleys.
Low-lying areas are occasionally peaty. The road scheme commences on the northern edge of the
Watergrasshill Anticline, which comprises purple mudstone and some sandstone of the Ballytrasna
Formation (a sub-type of Devonian Old Red Sandstone) (Sleeman and McConnell 1995). From there
it continues across the Bride River valley which is founded on Waulsortian limestone (GSI Sheet 22,
Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 map). To the west of Rathcormac village, where the mainline traverses
the higher ground of the Bride valley, the Waulsortian limestone is supplanted by the red and purple
mudstones and pale red sandstones of the Ballytrasna Formation (ibid.). To the north, the Bride valley
is flanked by an extension of the Nagles Mountains comprising a sandstone ridge. Having traversed
this ridge, the mainline then descends into the limestone region of the Blackwater River valley before
concluding its course in the Knockmealdown Sandstone formation of the Kilworth Mountains (ibid.).
Predominantly sandstone-based Quaternary sediments, ‘deposited from glacier ice or glacial meltwater
flowing from the ice’ (Sleeman and McConnell 1995, 1) overlie the bedrock geology of the motorway
route.
The northern extents of the new road scheme traverse the eastern side of the North Cork area, while
the bulk of the route lies within East Cork. Volume 2 of the Archaeological Inventory of County Cork
pertains to the East and South Cork regions (Power et al. 1994). This volume records a total of 2717
archaeological monuments within these divisions of the county. Over a quarter of the sites recorded
in this volume date to the prehistoric period and the majority of these prehistoric sites constitute
fulachta fiadh. Approximately 45% of the monuments recorded in Volume 2 comprise Early Medieval
sites, with ringforts constituting the most common site type of this period. Only 14% of the recorded
monuments date to the medieval period. Volume 4 of the archaeological inventory series encompasses
the North Cork region and records a total of 5496 monuments within the area (Power et al. 2000).
Over 40% of the monuments recorded in this volume constitute prehistoric sites, of which 1626 com-
prise fulachta fiadh. A further 40% of the monuments in this area constitute Early Medieval sites such
as ringforts, enclosures, souterrains and ecclesiastical centres. The Medieval period is represented by a
mere 8.5% of the monuments recorded.
2.2 The Human Landscape
The earliest known human occupation of Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period (c. 7000-4000 BC).
There is no known evidence for Mesolithic activity within the area affected by the road take. However,
the Blackwater Valley has yielded some confirmation of Mesolithic activity along its banks, in the form
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of flint scatters at Castleblagh and Kilcummer Lower (Power et al. 2000, 2). These sites are located
between 10 km and 12 km from the new motorway mainline.
There is greater evidence for later prehistoric activity within the environs of the road take however.
A number of fulachta fiadh, which have been listed in the Record of Monuments and Places, occur
within close proximity of the bypass. Fulachta fiadh have been interpreted as ancient cooking places,
usually surviving as ‘small horseshoe-shaped mounds of charcoal-enriched soil packed with fragments
of heat-shattered stones’ (Power et al. 1994, 24). Where these features have been truncated through
ploughing, they appear as black spreads. They are generally situated close to a water source (ibid.) such
as streams or marshy terrain. They comprise a water-filled trough or rectangular pit, lined with either
timber planks or stone (ibid.) in which food was cooked. Water in the trough was heated by ‘rolling
hot stones into it from a fire close by’ (ibid.). Once immersed in boiling water, experiments have shown
that meat wrapped in straw ‘cooked at a rate of twenty minutes per pound weight’ (ibid.). The heat-
shattered stones were removed from the trough after cooking and deposited to the side. After many
cooking episodes, these stones formed a mound surrounding three sides of the trough. There are over
300 of these monuments in the east and south Cork region, recorded in the Archaeological Inventory
of County Cork Vol II (Power et al. 1994). Three of these monuments occur within the townland of
Skahanagh North (CO053-091). Further clusters of these monuments occur in Ballinaltig (CO053-
067, 068), Coolcarron (CO035-075, 077), and to the southeast of Corrin Hill (CO035-050, 058, 068,
070). Another example of has been recorded at Ballynoe (CO035-081). In Ballyoran, a fulacht fiadh
listed as CO035-057, occurs approximately 60 m from the centreline of the route. It is described in
the Archaeological Inventory of County Cork (Volume 2) as being a truncated mound of burnt material
measuring 20 m x 16 m x 0.3 m deep (Power et al. 1994, 28). During the centreline test excavations
of the road corridor, further fulachta fiadh were encountered and subsequently resolved by ACS Ltd.
These included ‘Corrin 4’, excavated under licence 03E1463, and two burnt mounds at ‘Corrin 6’,
excavated under licence number 03E1636 (NRA Archaeological Discoveries). A further two fulachta
fiadh were excavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects at Scartbarry under Ministerial Order A014/
006and at Fermoy Wood under licence 04E1014.
The remains of a ring-barrow were also discovered during the advanced archaeological testing of the
route corridor at Skahanagh North, to the northeast of Watergrasshill (NRA Archaeological Discover-
ies). These prehistoric monuments comprise a low, ‘usually circular mound or level area, enclosed by a
fosse and external bank’ (Power et al. 1994, 55). Burial deposits, often in the form of a cremation and
‘sometimes enclosed in a stone box or cist’ have been uncovered within these features during excava-
tion (ibid.). These burial forms have been assigned to the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages (ibid.).
Corrin Hill is a prominent vista within the landscape surrounding the road take. The summit of the
hill is dominated by a Bronze-Age burial cairn, which when investigated in the 1830s, was found to
contain two burials (Doody 1999, 103). A further addition to the apex of this hill is a hillfort known
as ‘Carn Tigherna’ or ‘Carntierna’. Hillforts date from the Late Bronze Age into the Iron Age (500
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BC – 500 AD). The monument concerned is one of just three sites in North Cork which conforms
to Raftery’s definition of a ‘hillfort’ (Power et al. 2000, 205). The fort has been disturbed on its east-
ern side, but formerly stood to a height of 19 feet in 1886 (Power quoting Ó Murchú, ibid., 178). A
Discovery Programme survey carried out in 1995, revealed additional features such as complex exter-
nal earthworks and entrances which were previously unrecorded (www.discoveryprogramme.ie). The
Claidh Dubh, a linear earthwork measuring 22.5 km in length (Power et al. 2000, 203), occurs to the
west of the fort, stretching from the Nagles Mountains to the Ballyhoura Hills, crossing the Blackwa-
ter approximately 11 km to the west of Fermoy. Such earthworks are believed to have defended tribal
boundaries (ibid.). Doody’s investigations of the Claidh Dubh have shown that it dates prior to 100
AD (www.excavations.ie). The contemporaneity and proximity of the hillfort at Corrin to the Claidh
Dubh could suggest that this area was a centre of regional or provincial power in the Iron Age. During
centreline test excavations carried out by ACS Ltd., a probable Bronze Age settlement complex was
discovered and subsequently excavated by Eamonn Cotter under licence 03E1058. This site, located
in the townland of Ballybrowney Lower, predominantly comprised four enclosures and four houses
(NRA Archaeological Discoveries). Centreline testing also revealed the remains of a possible Iron
Age enclosure between Chainages 11180-11130 of the road take. This was later excavated by Aidan
O’Connell under licence 04E0912.
Prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion of the region, East Cork was dominated by the Uí Líatháin tribe.
The Uí Líatháin territory spanned an area extending south from the Corrin and Castlelyons region
towards Cork Harbour and east towards Lismore and Youghal. The main focus of settlement in this
period was the ringfort, described as a ‘circular or roughly circular area’, spanning 25-50 m in diameter
and ‘enclosed by an earthen bank’ (Power et al. 1994, 77). The archaeological excavation of these sites
has indicated that they served as defended farmsteads in the Early Medieval period (ibid.). Their earth-
works protected against ‘natural predators like wolves as well as the local warfare and cattle raiding
common at the time’ (ibid.). They are generally located on gentle hillslopes with commanding views
of the surrounding landscape. Few of these monuments are apparent towards the northern end of the
road scheme, however, concentrations of these structures occur on higher ground, for example, within
the Bride Valley. Recorded sites occur at Skahanagh North, Skahanagh South and at Scartbarry, as
well as at Mondaniel and Corrin. Some of these sites have been levelled and are only apparent through
cartographic analysis or in aerial photographs.
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3 Original Research Framework
The following issues will be addressed in this excavation report.
• The construction date or date of initial site activity and the date of abandonment.
• The absolute / relative chronology of site use in terms of phases and events.
• The location of known contemporaneous and comparable sites.
• The extent of the viable economic catchment area in terms of sources of water, food, raw ma-
terials, transportation routes etc
4 Excavation Results
4.1 Excavation Methodology
The area of the excavation measured 9m N-S by 9m E-W. A grid was established in the area of excava-
tion and the ground within it was cleaned by hand to locate and identify all archaeological features.
Each identified feature was excavated, planned, photographed and recorded, with every fill and cut
being assigned a context number. Charcoal and soil samples were taken from appropriate fills where
necessary, registered, bagged and labelled.
5 Full Stratigraphic Report
See Appendix 1 for the full stratigraphic matrix and Appendix 2 for the context register.
5.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during top-
soil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age
/ Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was
located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower (figure 4).
5.1.1 Early Bronze Age
Site B contained a slot trench, 8m long by 0.4m wide (Figure 9). It was recorded by description, photo-
graph and plan, covered in geotextile and soil. The slot trench extended beyond the area of the excava-
tion, to the west, into the main route of the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy. It was excavated within the area
of the main route by E. Cotter in 2003 under licence 03E1058 for ACS Ltd (figure 4). The enclosure,
named Enclosure 3, was located on the eastern edge of the route of the N8, it comprised a slot trench
(C705) with evidence of stone lining along the edges. The entire enclosure would have measured c.
22m in diameter. The trench was up to 0.55m deep and it appears to have held upright planks. A
number of small postholes and stakeholes were excavated within the enclosure but these did not form
any coherent pattern. A radiocarbon date was obtained from the slot trench cal BC 1700-1520 (Beta
201050) (Cotter 2004, 40).
5.1.1.1 Site A
This area of the excavation measured 9m by 9m (plate 1). There was evidence for at least three phases
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of Bronze Age / Iron Age activity associated with the earliest and circular ditch C.18, a Modern fourth
phase is represented by a two ditches. The natural sub-soil was dark orange silty sand with pebbles C.2.
The upper fills in the south-western side of the site had been truncated by machine stripping.
5.1.2 Phase 1 Bronze Age / Iron Age
A circular ditch C.18 formed the ring ditch. The ditch was 0.81-1m wide and enclosed an area c. 4.25m
in diameter (figure 6 and 7, plates 1, 7 and 8). The south-western quadrant, had been truncated by a
machine during topsoil stripping. The ditch was deepest (0.31m) and best preserved in the north. The
land sloped slightly to the south, this had a bearing on the fills of the feature. In several areas there was
evidence of silting and probable natural deposition of material in the base of the cut. Eight fills (C.4,
C.16, C.17, C.24, C.25, C.26, C.30 and C.44) were recorded in the primary ditch cut C.18 (plate
5). The majority of the fills were sandy clays. Flecks of charcoal in C.25 indicate that burning had
occurred in the area when the ditch was open but there was no evidence that it had occurred insitu
as is evident higher in the ditch. Fill C.30 was largest fill within the ditch and may have been delib-
erately back filled, it occurred throughout the length of the ditch. It had an orange hue in the north
and gradually became greyer in the south. This is probably due to water logging at the lower side of
the ditch. Two small deposits (C.16 and C.17) overlay C.30 in the NW portion of the ditch and C.4
overlay C.30 in the southern portion of the ditch.
5.1.3 Phase 2
A narrow slot (C.8/C.10) was cut into the fills on the inner edge of the ring ditch C.18. The slot
(0.28-0.60m wide by 0.12-0.18m deep) was shallow and irregular in places (figure 6 and plate 4). The
western area of the ditch was truncated during topsoil stripping therefore it is not possible to determine
whether C8/C10 continued around the entire circumference of the ring-ditch. 12 fills were recorded
in the slot (C.3, C.5/9, C.6, C.7, C.33, C.34, C.35, C.36, C.39, C.41, C.42 and C.43) but these fills
can be separated into distinct phases within C.8/10. The five lowest fills (C.5/9, C.36, C.39, C.42 and
43) were charcoal enriched. The charcoal rich material had burned in-situ with scorched earth evident
in places especially along the sides of the cut (plate 3). Burnt bone was included in five fills (C.3, C.35,
C.36, C.41, C.43). Only one sample from fill C.36 included human diagnostic bone fragments that
were sufficiently well preserved for identification (Fibiger, Appendix 4) The fill also contained one sloe
stone, which might have still been attached to twigs when it was burned, and two cleaver seeds (John-
ston, Appendix 3). C.3, C.7, C.41 and C.35 overlay the charcoal-enriched fills and sealed the slot from
the final phase of burning (C.33).
5.1.4 Phase 3
The upper fills (C.6 and C.33) of C.8/C.10 were located on the surface of the in filled slot. They were
burned insitu. The largest of the fills C.33 was a rich charcoal layer and was found in the eastern area
of C.8/C.10. Poorly preserved individual pieces of burnt oak wood (0.10-0.70m long by 0.10m wide)
were visible on the surface of the fill (plate 2). They had been laid lengthways along the curve of the
circle, therefore gave the impression that they had been deliberately laid as such and burned insitu. A
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radiocarbon date of cal BC 349-43 (UB-6770) was returned from the charcoal. C.6 was a small char-
coal deposit located in the SW section of the slot. Above this final burning was a silt deposit C34, it
had built up in places over C33 especially in the small hollows.
A small pit C.32 was recorded to the east of the ring ditch C.18.
5.1.5 Phase 4 Modern Features
The ring ditch C.18 was truncated by a slightly curved ditch C.23 (figure 7 and plate 6). The ditch
was orientated north-south and measured 8.2m in length. The northern terminal of the ditch C.23
partially cut the northern portion of the ring ditch C.18 and C.8/C.10. The southern terminal of the
ditch extended c. 2.5m beyond the ring ditch. On average it was 0.87m wide and was deepest (0.5m) in
the north. 11 sandy silt and silt fills (C.12, C.13, C.14, C.15, C.19, C.20, C.21, C.22, C.27, C.28 and
C.29) were recorded in the ditch. They varied in depth and some were confined to the edges as if they
had slipped in from the eroding sides. It appears that it had silted up over time. One cereal grain and
fragmentary remains of four unidentifiable grains were found in fill C.21 (Johnston, Appendix 3)
A portion of a shallow ditch C.37 (3m long by 0.55m wide by 0.17m deep) was recorded 1.5m to the
southeast of the ring ditch. It was orientated east-west and extended beyond the area of the excavation
to the east (figure 7). It terminated c. 0.70m to the east of the ditch C.23. A single silty clay fill C.38
was recorded in the ditch. The ditch extended beyond the area of the excavation to the east into the
main route of the N8 (figure 4). It was excavated within the area of the main route by E. Cotter in
2003 under licence 03E1058 for ACS Ltd. The ditch C.37 is probably a continuation of the ditch C.73.
C.73 cut a corn-drying kiln dated to cal. AD 630-780 (Beta 201043) (Cotter 2004, 40).
5.2 Stratigraphic Discussion
Three main phases of activity were identified at Ballybrowney. Firstly a ring-ditch (C.18) was excavated
to form an enclosed area 4.25m in diameter. No entrance was recorded. Shallow deposits of silt with
charcoal flecks were found at the base of the cut suggesting that when it was open burning had oc-
curred in the vicinity but not within the ditch cut. The ditch was then backfilled, possibly deliberately.
The second phase of activity then occurred. A second narrower ditch or slot (C.8/10) was dug along
and into the inner edge of the fills of the earlier ditch C.18. This suggests that it was excavated imme-
diately after the first was backfilled or at least before grass growth returned to mask the original ditch.
The fills of the second cut (C.8/10) were charcoal rich and some included tiny fragments of cremated
bone. Oxidised soil in places and especially along the sides of the cut (C.8/10) indicated that burn-
ing of the wood occurred insitu. A sloe stone, which might have still been attached to its twig when
burned, and two cleaver seeds were found in one of these fills. Cleavers are common weeds and may
have grown around the site at the time burning occurred in the ring-ditch (Johnston, appendix 3). Sev-
eral fills sealed this level of burning from the final upper phase of charcoal. The final phase of charcoal
was mostly confined to the south-eastern quadrant. The poorly preserved remains of seven branches
could be seen on the surface of the charcoal rich deposit. They had been roughly laid along the length
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of the cut and were probably burned insitu. The upper fills of the ditches in the south-western quadrant
of the site had been truncated by machine during topsoil stripping. It is therefore possible that charcoal
could also have been in this area. Charred oak timbers were found underlying cremated bone at a bar-
row in Ferns, Co. Wexford. The excavator (Frank Ryan) suggests that the timber under one cremation
was used as a stretcher for the cremated bone. The branches in Ballybrowney were burned after the
ring-ditch was in filled. Their burning might signify the end of use of the ring-barrow in the Iron Age.
No cremated bone was found in this deposit or above it.
6 Specialist reports
6.1 Radiocarbon results
An accelerator radiocarbon date was returned from the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Queens University
Belfast.
Table 1
Lab. Code Sample Material Context No. Yrs BP Calibrated Dates
2 sigma
UB-6770 Charcoal 33 2115± 36 cal BC 349-43
6.2 Plant remains report
The plant remains were examined by P. Johnston (Appendix 3). Seventeen samples were scanned but
only three of these contained the remains of charred plants; C21 (SS7), C36 (SS21) and C36 (SS22).
All of the contexts that included these remains were from the fills (C. 21, C.36) of the ring-ditch (ex-
cavated as Site A). The plant material from C.36 included a sloe stone and cleavers; it is possible that
the sloe stone was still attached to twigs on the wood that was burnt, and that common weeds such as
cleavers were growing around the slot.
6.3 Cremated bone report
The cremated bone was examined by L. Fibiger (Appendix 4). A total of eight samples were submitted
for analysis, including between two and 61 fragments each and weighing from just under one gram up
to three grams. All remains were greyish-white in colour, suggesting that they had been thoroughly
burned. Only one sample included diagnostic bone fragments that were sufficiently well preserved for
identification. Present were what appeared to be human femoral diaphysis and patella fragments. They
probably belonged to an adult individual and had been retrieved from a slot-trench that had been cut
into the inner edge of a ring-ditch. This small token deposit only represents a fraction of what would
be the expected bone weight of an adult cremation burial. It indicates the presence of depositional
practices that probably involved the differential deposition of the remains of one individual in different
locations.
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7 Discussion and Interpretation
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone
was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron
Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site
included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated
by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As
it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
8 Assessment of archaeology and significance
Ring-ditches belong to a broad classification of monuments known as barrows and can date from
the Late Neolithic to the Early Iron Age (O’Kelly 1989). Barrows are generally round with slight,
earthen mounds and a ditch and sometimes had an external bank. The term ring-ditch is used when
no mound is evident. Since the mounds are generally low it is however possible that ploughing could
have destroyed one at this site. Some of these monuments contain cremated remains either in pits in
the interior with or without accompanying vessels while fragments of cremated bones are found in the
ditches of others.
The diameters of ring-ditches/ring-barrows vary greatly some being as small as c.5m (Ferns, Co. Wex-
ford) and as large as 33.3m (Croom, Co. Limerick). Like the dimensions of these monuments the na-
ture of the cremated remains found also vary. Some ring-ditches/ring-barrows contain centrally placed
human cremations with accompanying vessels (Urbalreagh, Co. Antrim), others contain cremated
bone in the ditch fills (Barrow 2 at Mitchelstown). In some cases the cremated bone is so small that it
cannot be identified to species. The small fragments of cremated bone that were found at Ballybrowney
can be regarded as token burials. Cremation of the corpses took place elsewhere and presumably the
rest of the remains were disposed of at another location/s. At this stage of barrow development the bar-
rows had become symbolic monuments associated with burial ritual (Daly and Grogan). Several other
of these monuments have re-cut ditches for example Tullyallen 1, Co. Louth had 3 phases of ditch cuts
and barrow 61 at Mitchelstown, Co. Limerick had 2 phases.
9 Conclusion
The Iron Age ring ditch at Ballybrowney Lower adds another dimension to the major archaeological
complex, which included a Bronze Age settlement site, consisting of four enclosures and three circular
houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln, excavated by E. Cotter at Ballybrowney Lower. A ringfort
(CO044-029) was located to the immediate west of the complex.
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10 Bibliography
Cotter, E. (2005) Bronze Age Ballybrowney County Cork in Recent Archaeological Discoveries on
National Road Schemes 2004 NRA.
Daly and Grogan, (1980, 200), in Excavations. Online publication.
Doody, M. (1999), ‘Ballyhoura Hills project’, Discovery Programme Reports 5, 97-110. Royal Irish
Academy. Dublin.
Gowen, M. 1988 Three Irish Gas Pipelines: New Archaeological Evidence in Munster Dublin:
Wordwell.
Lane, S. (2001) An Archaeological Assessment of N8 South Watergrasshill – Fermoy. Unpublished Sheila
Lane & Associates Archaeological Report.
Lane, S. (2001) N8 Watergrasshill – Fermoy Bypass, Archaeological Assessment: Fieldwalking.
Unpublished Sheila Lane & Associates Archaeological Report.
Murphy, D. (2002) Final Report Volume 1: Archaeological Testing, N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass
Scheme. Unpublished Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd. Report.
NRA Archaeological Discoveries leaflet N22 Ballincollig Bypass Scheme
NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Watergrasshill Bypass.
NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.
O’Kelly, M.J. (1989), Early Ireland. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Power et al. 1994. Archaeological Inventory of County Cork. Vol II East & South Cork. The Stationery
Office, Dublin.
Power et al. 2000. Archaeological Inventory of County Cork. Vol IV East & South Cork. The Stationery
Office, Dublin.
Ryan, F. (1980-200), Excavations. Online publication.
Sleeman, A.G. & McConnell B. 1995. Geology of East Cork – Waterford. Geological Survey of
Ireland.
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Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO027, 028, 035, 036, 044, 045, 053 and 054 showing route of
the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.
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Legend
Pre-historic
Medieval
Post-Medieval
Not dated
05E0233
Ballybrowney
NGC 179129
090559
Figure 3: Portion of RMP sheet CO035 showing location of Ballybrowney excavation.
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Figure 4: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Area A, Area B and
Ballybrowney Lower Bronze Age site 03E1058
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Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Area A and Area B.
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C.4 #
#
#
Grid 3 # #
Grid 4
C.5 #
# #
24,22
E 179127
N 090561
C.8
C.8
C.30
C.43
24,20 C.23
C.8
C.30
E 179129
N 090557
24,18
C.10
C.30 Grid 2
Grid 1
50 cm 0 1m
Figure 6: Mid-excavation plan of Area A.
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Grid 3
24,22 Grid 4
24,20
E 179127
N 090561
C.18
24,20
B A
24,20
C.23
Grid 2
E 179129
N 090557
Grid 1 24,18
24,18
24,16
24,16
C.40
C.38
C.37
24,14
24,14
50 cm 0 1m
Figure 7: Post excavation plan of Area A.
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1m
9
0
50 cm
Figure 9: Plan of area B.
1
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12 Plates
Plate 1: From north view of ring ditch pre-excavation.
Plate 2: View of wood in fill C.33.
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Plate 3: From north mid-excavation of C.8/10.
Plate 4: From south post-excavation of C.8/C.10
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Plate 5: From south view of C.18 with base deposit C.44 in Grid 2.
Plate 6: Section through ditch C.23.
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Plate 7: Profile of ring ditch C.18
Plate 8: From north view of ring ditch
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13.2 Context Register
Context no. Context type Measurements Description Grid/quadrant
1 Topsoil
2 Natural sub- Dark, orange, firm, silty sand with occasional 1, 2, 3, 4
soil sub-angular and sub-rounded fine pebbles and
sub-rounded medium pebbles and sub-angular
small stones.
3 Fill of C8 2.52x0.50- Mid, purplish brown, loose, silty sand with oc- 4
0.60x0.10-0.15 casional, sub-angular medium and coarse peb-
bles and occasional flecks of charcoal. Over C5.
4 Fill of C18 2.38x0.85 Mid, orangish brown, loose, silty sand with oc- 3, 4
casional rounded and sub-rounded fine pebbles
and occasional sub-rounded medium pebbles
and occasional charcoal flecks. Under C8 over
C30.
5 Fill of C8 2.14x0.44x0.16 Dark, greyish black, soft sandy silt and charcoal 3, 4
mix. Under C3 over C8. Insitu scorching at
base.
6 Fill of C10 0.30x0.32x0.05 Dark, greyish black, soft, sandy silt with oc- 1
casional sub-angular fine pebbles and moderate
flecks and small charcoal. Over C7.
7 Fill of C10 0.52x0.85x0.12 Mid, brownish grey, stiff sandy clay with 1
moderate sub-agular fine pebbles and moderate
sub-angular small stones. Under C6 over C9.
8 Cut of slot 1.60x0.44x0.16 In NW irregular, curved cut with sharp break 2, 3, 4
of slop N, S and imperceptible W. Base irregu-
lar and concave Orientated NE-SW. In E sides
steep and concave W and moderate concave E.
Break of slope base gradual. Base irregular and
flat. Fills C3, C5, C33, C34, C35, C36, C39,
C41, C42, C43. Cuts C4.
9 Fill of C10 0.60x1.02x0.20 Dark, brownish grey, stiff, sandy clay with 1
moderate sub-angular medium and coarse peb-
bles and flecks and small charcoal. Under C7
over C10.
10 Cut of slot 1.02x0.60x0.21 Linear cut with sharp break of slope top. Sides 1
steep and smooth N, moderate smooth S, gentle
smooth W, truncated E. Break of slope base
N sharp, gradual S and Imperceptible W. Base
concave. Orientated NW-SE. Filled with C9,
C7 and C6. Same as C8 in G2-4.
11 Cancelled
12 Fill of ditch 8.20x0.85x0.14 Mid, orangish, purple, soft, silt with moderate, 2, 4
C23 sub-angular coarse pebbles and occasional sub-
angular medium to large stones and occasional
flecks and small charcoal. Under C14.
13 Fill of ditch 1.30x0.87x0.22 Mid, brown, soft, sabdy silt with occasional 4
C23 angular and sub-angular fine pebbles and oc-
casional charcoal flecks and 3 large stones max.
0.38 x0.23. Under C14.
14 Fill of ditch 0.84x0.18x0.11 Mid, brown, soft, sandy silt with occasional 4
C23 angular and sub-angular fine pebbles and
moderate flecks and small charcoal. At S end of
ditch.
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Context no. Context type Measurements Description Grid/quadrant
15 Fill of ditch 4.30x0.60x0.05 Mid, bluish grey, soft, silt with occasional, sub- 2
C23 angular fine and medium pebbles and charcoal
flecks. Under C12.
16 Fill of trench 0.28x0.32x0.12 Mid, yellowish brown, soft, sandy clay with 1
C18 moderate angular stones. Under C10 over C17.
17 Fill of trench 1.21x0.56x0.09 Light, yellowish brown, soft, sandy clay with 1
C18 moderate sub-angular fine and medium peb-
bles. Over C30 under C16.
18 Cut of circular 6.22x5.90x0.13- Circular cut on average 1.00m in width with 1, 2, 3, 4
ditch 0.31 rounded corners and steep concave sides N,
gentle irregular S, moderate irregular E and
gentle irregular W. Break of slope base gradual.
Base concave. Truncated by C23 and digger
on S side. Fills C4, C16, C17, C24, C25, C26,
C30 and C44.
19 Fill of ditch 2.00x0.20x0.20 Light soft, sandy silt with occasional angular 4
C23 and sub-angular fine and medium pebbles.
20 Fill of ditch 1.90x0.68x0.01 Light, silvery grey, very soft, silty clay. Under 4
C23 C13 over C21.
21 Fill of ditch 0.68x0.64x0.03 Mid, yellowish grey, soft, sandy silt with occa- 4
C23 sional angular fine-coarse pebbles and occa-
sional charcoal flecks. Under C20 over C22.
22 Fill of ditch 7.70x0.65x0.12 Light, grey, very soft, sandy silt with occasional 4,2
C23 angular fin and medium pebbles, occasional
sub-angular medium stones and occasional
charcoal flecks. Under C21 over C19.
23 Cut of ditch 8.20x0.87x0.50 Continues to the south. Linear cut with 2, 4
rounded corners at N terminal. Sharp break of
slope top and bottom. Sides steep and smooth.
Base sub-rectangular and flat. Orientation
roughly N-S. Fills C12, C13, C14, C15, C19,
C20, C21, C22, C27, C28 and C29,
24 Fill of C18 1.10x1.00x0.15 Mottled, light blueish grey, soft, sandy clay 3, 1
and with occasional, sub-angular fine and medium
0.80x0.20x0.15 pebbles. Under C25 over C26.
and
1.00x0.20x0.15
and
0.90x0.30x0.15
25 Fill of C18 0.90x0.15x0.02 Dark, greyish brown, friable, sandy silt with 3
frequent flecks and small charcoal. Under C30
over C24.
26 Fill of C18 1.80x0.34 and Mid, greyish brown, firm sandy clay with occa- 3, 1
1.09x0.20 and sional sub-angular medium pebbles and moder-
1.02x0.20 ate sub-angular coarse pebbles. Under C24.
27 Fill of ditch 1.15x0.11x0.18 Mid, yellowish grey, soft, sandy silt with 4
C23 angular fine to coarse pebbles and occasional
charcoal flecks. Under C15.
28 Fill of ditch 1.15x0.15x0.15 Possible same as C6 G1. Mid, yellowish grey, 4
C23 soft, sandy silt with occasional, angular fine-
coarse pebbles and charcoal flecks. Under C19.
29 Fill of ditch 4.60x0.80x0.22 Light, brownish grey, soft, sandy silt with mod- 4
C23 erate angular fine pebbles and occasional angu-
lar medium pebbles and occasional sub-angular
small and medium stones and occasional flecks
of charcoal. Under C27 and over C20.
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Context no. Context type Measurements Description Grid/quadrant
30 Fill of C18 1.00 wide 0.15 In W, mid, orangish brown, friable, sandy silt 1, 2, 3, 4
deep with moderate sub-angular fine pebbles and
occasional sub-angular coarse pebbles and occa-
sional charcoal flecks. Under C4 and C17. Over
C25. In E Mid, brownish grey, friable silty sand
with occasional sub-angular fine and medium
pebbles and occasional flecks of charcoal. Was
greyer in G 2 due to water retention.
31 Fill of pit C32 0.04m deep Dark, pinkish brown, stiff, sandy clay with 1
moderate sub-angular coarse pebbles and mod-
erate sub-angular small stones. Fill of C32.
32 Cut of pit 0.04m deep Sub-circular pit, gradual break of slope top and 1
gentle smooth sides, imperceptible break of
slope base. Base sub-circular and concave. Fill
C31.
33 Fill of cut C8 2.60x0.50x0.03 Dark, greyish black, soft, silt and charcoal. 2, 4
Under C34 over C35.
34 Fill of cut C8 0.03 max depth Mid, grey, soft silt with occasional charcoal 4
flecks in patches. Over C33.
35 Fill of cut C8 2.50x0.60x0.11 Mid, orangish grey, silt with occasional sub- 2, 4
abgular fine-coarse pebbles and small stones
and flecks and small charcoal also occasional
flecks and small burnt bone. Under C33 and
over C41.
36 Fill of cut C8 4.00x0.65x0.07 Possibly same as C5 G3. Dark, bluish black, 2, 4
very soft, sandy silt with occasional angular
fine-coarse pebbles and small stones and fre-
quent flecks and small charcoal and moderate
medium charcoal and occasional large charcoal.
Under C41 over C42.
37 Cut of ditch 2.95x0.55x0.17 Linear cut with gradual break of slope top and 2
gentle smooth side S, moderate irregular side
N. Gradual break of slope base. Base sub-rect-
engular and flat. Orientated NW-SE. Con-
tinues into main route N8 to the SE. Western
terminal- rounded with sharp break of slope top
and vertical steep side S, gentle irregular N and
steep irregular W. Gradual break of slope base
N, S and Imperceptible N. Base sub-rectangu-
lar and concave. Fill C38.
38 Fill of ditch 2.95x0.55x0.17 Dark, brown, very soft, silty clay with occa- 2
C37 sional, angular medium pebbles and moderate
small charcoal.
39 Fill of cut C8 0.35x0.06x0.05 Light, brownish grey, soft, sandy silt with oc- 4
casional angular fine pebbles and occasional
charcoal flecks. Under C35 over C36.
41 Fill of cut C8 Mid, greyish black, soft, sandy silt with occa- 4
sional angular fine-coarse pebbles and frequent
flecks of charcoal and moderate small charcoal.
Under C35 and over C36.
42 Fill of cut C8 0.68x0.35x0.14 Mid, greyish black, very soft, clayey silt with 2
occasional sub-angular fine pebbles and oc-
casional rounded medium pebbles and frequent
flecks-large charcoal. Under C36.
43 Fill of cut C8 1.00x0.20x0.10 Dark, reddish black, soft, sandy silt with oc- 4
casional angular fine and medium pebbles and
frequent charcoal flecks and occasional small
charcoal. Under C35.
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Context no. Context type Measurements Description Grid/quadrant
44 Fill of cut C18 2.00x0.30 and Mid, grey, soft, sandy clay with moderate 2
0.70x0.20 and sub-rounded coarse pebbles and occasional
0.50x0.18 large sub-angular stones and occasional small
charcoal. Under C30.
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13.3 Appendix 3: Plant Remains Report by Penny Johnston
Charred plant remains from Ballybrowney, Co. Cork (05E0233)
By Penny Johnston
Introduction
This report details the analysis of charred seeds and plant remains from samples taken during ex-
cavation at Ballybrowney, Co. Cork. The site comprised a fully excavated ring-ditch at Site A and a
slot-trench at Site B, but all the samples with plant remains were taken from the ring-ditch. The plant
remains from the site included the remains of weeds, sloe fruit stones and indeterminate cereal grains,
but they were present only in very small amounts.
Methodology
The samples were collected on site as bulk soil and were processed using a simple flotation method.
Each sample was saturated in water to allow carbonised plant material to float; this “flot” (the floating
material) was then poured into a stack of geological sieves and trapped in the sieve meshes (the smallest
measured 250µm). When all the carbonised material was collected the flot was then air-dried in pa-
per-lined drying trays prior to storage in airtight plastic bags. All the samples were initially scanned to
identify the samples with most potential for analysis, the scanning results are listed in Table 1. Sorting
and identification of material from the suitable the flots was carried out using a low-powered binocular
microscope (magnification x10 to x40) and identified seeds were separated and stored in sealed glass
phials. Nomenclature and taxonomic order follows Stace (1997), although in order to facilitate easy
reading of this text the scientific names are included only in the table of identified seeds presented at
the end of this report (Table 2).
Results
Seventeen samples were scanned but only three of these contained the remains of charred plants; C21
(SS7), C36 (SS21) and C36 (SS22). All of the contexts that included these remains were from a ring-
ditch (excavated as Site A) and two came from Phase 2 (the two samples from C36) while the last
sample came from Phase 4 (C21).
The earliest samples were taken from C36, the charcoal enriched fill of a narrow slot that cut the fills
on the inner edge of the ring-ditch. There was evidence for burning in situ, with scorched earth visible
along the lines of the slot cut. This suggests that the charred plant material from this context represents
plants that were placed or growing in this area when the fire was alight. The plant material included a
sloe stone and cleavers; it is possible that the sloe stone was still attached to twigs on the wood that was
burnt, and that common weeds such as cleavers were growing around the slot.
The sample from Phase 4 was taken from the fill of a linear ditch that truncated the ring-ditch. The
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36. 05E0233 Ballybrowney, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
plant remains were poorly preserved and consisted of one cereal grain that could not be identified to
type and several fragmentary remains of unidentifiable grains. The indeterminate nature of the assem-
blage and the tiny quantity of the remains means that further discussion is pointless.
Non-Technical Summary
This report examined the plant remains taken from a ring-ditch excavated at Ballybrowney, Co. Cork.
The plant remains assemblage was tiny and in terms of plant remains studies the results are insignifi-
cant. Some material charred in situ in a slot trench indicates that cleavers probably grew around the
site at the time of the fire.
References
Stace, C. A. 1997 New Flora of the British Isles (2nd edition) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Table 1: Scanned Soil samples from Ballybrowney, Co. Cork (05E0233)
Context S.S. No. Fraction Scanned Cereals Weeds Charcoal
5 ? 100% Present
5 6 100% Present
6 2 100% Present
7 4 100% Present
9 5 100% Present
21 7 100% Present Present
26 8 100% Present
33 9 100% Present
33 10 100% Present
33 11 100% Present
33 12 100% Present
33 13 100% Present
33 14 100% Present
33 15 100% Present
36 21 100% Present Present
36 22 100% Present Present
42 20 100% Present
Table 2: Identified Plant Remains from Ballybrowney, Co. Cork (05E0233)
Context 21 36 36
Sample 7 21 22
Sloe stones (Prunus spinosa) 1
Cleavers (Galium aparine) 1 2
Indeterminate cereal grains (Ceralia) 1
Fragments of indeterminate cereal grains (Ceralia) 4
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37. 05E0233 Ballybrowney, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
A Short Note on the Cremated Skeletal Remains from Ballybrowney, Fermoy, Co. Cork -
(05E0233)
By: Linda Fibiger BA (Hons) MSc MIAI
November 2005
A total of eight samples were submitted for analysis, including between two and 61 fragments each
and weighing from just under one gram up to three grams. All remains were greyish-white in colour,
suggesting that they had been thoroughly burned.
Only one sample included diagnostic bone fragments that were sufficiently well preserved for identifi-
cation. Present were what appeared to be human femoral diaphysis and patella fragments. They prob-
ably belonged to an adult individual and had been retrieved from a slot-trench that had been cut into
the inner edge of a ring-ditch. This small token deposit only represents a fraction of what would be
the expected bone weight of an adult cremation burial (between 2,000 and 3,500 g; McKinley 2000).
It indicates the presence of depositional practices that probably involved the differential deposition of
the remains of one individual in different locations.
References
McKinley, J.I. 2000. The analysis of cremated bone. In M. Cox & S. Mays (eds.) Human osteology in
archaeology and forensic science: 403-421. London: Greenwich Medical Media.
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38. 05E0233 Ballybrowney, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
C3
Number of fragments: 61
Weight: 2 g
Size: 0.1-2.3 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Includes cortical bone
C35 - Sample 17
Number of fragments: 44
Weight: 2 g
Size: 0.1-1.4 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Includes cortical bone
C35 - Sample 18
Number of fragments: 4
Weight: < 1 g
Size: 0.3-1.1 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Includes cortical bone
C35 - Sample 19
Number of fragments: 2
Weight: < 1 g
Size: 0.2-0.6 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Cortical bone
C36 - Sample 24
Number of fragments: 12
Weight: 3 g
Size: 0.2-1.6 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Mostly cortical bone. Includes human bone fragments (possible femoral diaphysis and
patella fragment).
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39. 05E0233 Ballybrowney, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
C41 - Sample 16
Number of fragments: 19
Weight: < 1 g
Size: 0.2-1.4 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Includes cortical bone
C43 - Sample 23
Number of fragments: 5
Weight: < 1 g
Size: 0.2-1.1 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Includes cortical bone
No Context/Sample Number
Number of fragments: 3
Weight: < 1 g
Size: 0.1-0.3 cm
Colour: Greyish-White
Identification: Cortical bone
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41. 05E0233 Ballybrowney, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
13.5 Appendix 5: Summary account of site archive
Ballybrowney 05E0233
Type Description Quantity
Contexts 44
Plans 1:100 plan
1:50 plan
1:20 plan
Sections 1:20 sections and profiles
Matrices 1
Photographs 238
Registers Context 1
Photograph 1
Drawing 1
Finds 1
Samples 1
13.6 Appendix 6: Dissemination Strategy
Ballybrowney 05E0233
Publications
Excavations 2004 Text submitted January 2004 Publication pending
NRA publication Text submitted February 2006 Publication pending
It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated publication requirements,
either in part or in full, should it so decide, and that copyright is aggisned to the Council in order that it may make
such information available to the public.
It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated presentation requirements,
either in part or in full, should it so decide.
13.7 Appendix 7: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries
Ballybrowney 00E0233
Phase 1 Monitoring September 2004
Phase 2 resolution Duration of excavation 28th Feb - 11th Mar 2005
Phase 3 post-excavation
Interim Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council December 2005
Final Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council April 2006
Publications
Excavations 2004 Summary submitted January 2005
NRA Monography Summary submitted to Cork County Council February 2006
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