A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technology was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
The site at Fermoy Wood has been identified as a early Iron Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory. The nearest excavated site to the Fermoy Wood fulacht fiadh was the brushwood platform and trackway and nearby discovery of Giant Irish Deer in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension).
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
The site at Fermoy Wood has been identified as a early Iron Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory. The nearest excavated site to the Fermoy Wood fulacht fiadh was the brushwood platform and trackway and nearby discovery of Giant Irish Deer in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension).
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
This document provides an architectural survey of nine sites along the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme in Ireland. It describes the methodology used, which included field inspections and historical research. Each site is then documented with descriptions, photographs, sketches, and historical map extracts. The sites include a former smithy, entrance gates and avenue, several vernacular farm complexes, the remains of a country house and associated buildings, sections of an old road and bridge, and a standing ruin. Recommendations are provided to mitigate impacts to cultural heritage.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
This white paper discusses corrosion in harsh environments and how to select reliable electrical connectors. It explains the main types of corrosion like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking. It also outlines materials commonly used for connectors like brass, aluminum, and stainless steel. The paper recommends connector solutions for different applications, including saltwater, medical, and oil/gas environments. It provides guidelines for choosing connectors that can withstand corrosion and ensure long-lasting connections.
Tom Berkley completed a work experience placement from May 6th to June 13th at Darrian Cars. Over the four week period, he assisted with various tasks related to building and repairing racing vehicles. Some of the key activities included applying fiberglass to chassis molds, preparing and painting suspension components, assembling gearboxes, installing piping and wiring, and fabricating roll cages and other metal structures. By gaining hands-on experience with multiple aspects of motorsports engineering, Tom was able to enhance his skills and knowledge of the vehicle manufacturing process.
Patterns of Reading Impairments in Cases of Anomia - Dr Christopher WilliamsDr Christopher Williams
This document provides a table of contents for a research paper that examines language processing in individuals with aphasia using a cognitive model of language. It includes chapters that describe the study methodology, present results from control participants and several case studies of individuals with different types of aphasia, and provide an overall discussion and conclusions regarding the ability of the cognitive model to explain performance across tasks.
Red hat enterprise_linux-5.5-technical_notes-en-usDuong Hieu
This document provides summaries of changes made between Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions 5.4 and 5.5. It includes over 200 package updates with brief descriptions of changes such as bug fixes, security fixes, and new features for each package. Some notable updated packages include kernel, libvirt, NetworkManager, openssl, samba, and systemtap.
This article gives a few good reasons to migrate, along with an overview of the most important features added to Delphi product releases since version 7.
Here are the steps to edit the glyph for character A in your new "My Handwriting" font:
1. Double-click on the cell labeled "A" in the Glyph Overview window to open the Glyph Edit window.
2. Choose Contour from the Insert menu. Use left mouse clicks to add points on the contour and right mouse clicks to add points off the contour to create curves.
3. Create two contours to represent the letter A, making sure the contours that need filling are clockwise.
4. Press Apply or click the first point to finish the contour.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 to create the second contour.
6. Use the Select tool to check
This document is a catalog for appliance parts from Marcone Appliance Parts. It contains over 100 pages listing parts for dryers, washers, and commercial laundry equipment from brands such as Amana, Frigidaire, General Electric, Maytag, Whirlpool, and more. The parts are organized by brand and include diagrams, pictures, and descriptions to help identify the correct replacement part needed. Contact information is provided at the beginning for placing orders.
1. This document discusses the environmental management system at Kaiyodai University from 2005 to 2006. It describes the implementation of the EMS according to international standards.
2. Key metrics and results are presented such as reductions in CO2 emissions, water usage, and waste. The EMS led to improved monitoring and management of environmental impacts.
3. The EMS underwent continual improvements and expansion over the two year period. More areas and facilities were incorporated into the system. Staff training and awareness activities helped strengthen the environmental program.
This document provides an overview and specifications for several chemical structure file formats used by MDL, including Connection Table files (CTAB), Molfiles, Reaction files (Rxnfiles), and more. It describes the basic components and blocks within each file type, such as the header, atom and bond blocks in CTAB files, and molecule and reaction blocks in Rxnfiles. The document also covers enhancements to CTAB files like handling large molecules.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
This document provides an introduction and translation notes for the book "Spring Live". It discusses how the book came to be translated into Chinese and how Spring was configured in the Equinox application server for the examples. The introduction gives an overview of the book's content and objectives.
1. This document appears to be an annual environmental report from 2007 for a university campus in Japan. It includes sections on the university's energy usage, emissions, waste management, and environmental management systems.
2. A highlight is that total energy usage decreased from 2007 to 2008, with reductions in electricity, gas, and water consumption. Emissions of CO2 and industrial waste also declined year-over-year.
3. The university had implemented an Ecology (Energy) Management System to monitor and improve its environmental performance using the PDCA (plan-do-check-act) cycle. Data was tracked on multiple indicators to evaluate progress.
This document provides a guide for developers on Liferay Portal 4.0. It covers setting up the development environment including required tools and libraries. It then discusses installing and configuring Liferay Portal on various application servers and with different database options. The document also includes information on upgrading Liferay versions, configuring mail servers, and running multiple portal instances. Finally, it describes customizing the portal through the use of the /ext directory and development with Eclipse.
The site at Gortore 2 was discovered during Phase 2 geophysical testing when a possible ditched enclosure was identified. The excavated site comprised as series of ditches, linear features and furrows that were probably post-medieval in date.
The excavation of the site at Kilshanny 3 comprised a burnt mound. The mound overlay a large rectangular trough, two pits and a post-hole. Two Late Bronze Age radiocarbon dates were returned from the fills of the trough and a pit. A small quantity of charred cereals and plant remains were recovered from the burnt mound.
Archaeological Report - Ballinglanna North 2, Co. Cork (Ireland)John Tierney
The excavation of the site at Ballinglanna North 2 E2415 was divided into three areas of excavation. No archaeology was recorded in Area 1. The archaeological features at Area 2 comprised four hearths, a pit, three post-holes, and a stake-hole. The archaeological features excavated at Area 3 included 16 pits and a post-hole. Modern field boundaries were recorded within the area of excavation. A small assemblage of flint artefacts dating to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age period was recorded at the site. An early medieval radiocarbon date was returned from one of the pits in Area 3.
This archaeological excavation report details the excavation of a post-medieval spade mill and lime kiln located in Coololla, Co. Galway. The spade mill structure was interpreted as a water-powered forge, likely used to produce spades. Stone foundations and a mill race were uncovered. The adjacent lime kiln structure contained evidence of limestone extraction and firing. While these structures were located near one another, there is no evidence they were contemporaneous. The report provides historical background on land use and ownership in the local area from the medieval period through the 17th century, and discusses the excavated structures and artifacts in detail.
This was a previously known classic kidney shaped burnt mound which was listed as a
Recorded Monument (GA103:083). The site was located within the lands acquired for
the N18 Oranmore to Gort scheme and was fully excavated. The large mound consisted
of a series of deposits consistent with those from other burnt mounds. A single oval
shaped trough was located partially under the mound and to the north-west of the expected
trough location at the centre of the kidney shape. Some slag and a chert scraper
(E3866:23:1) were recovered from stratified deposits within the mound.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
The Historic Graves Project involves community volunteers conducting archaeological surveys of historic graveyards. Volunteers use GPS cameras and audio recorders to photograph, document, and map over 1,200 headstones across 11 graveyards over two years. For each graveyard, the project creates a folder with a register of graves, a sketch map, contact sheets of photographs, and record sheets. The goal is to explore, protect, and promote awareness of Ireland's historic graveyards.
This white paper discusses corrosion in harsh environments and how to select reliable electrical connectors. It explains the main types of corrosion like pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion cracking. It also outlines materials commonly used for connectors like brass, aluminum, and stainless steel. The paper recommends connector solutions for different applications, including saltwater, medical, and oil/gas environments. It provides guidelines for choosing connectors that can withstand corrosion and ensure long-lasting connections.
Tom Berkley completed a work experience placement from May 6th to June 13th at Darrian Cars. Over the four week period, he assisted with various tasks related to building and repairing racing vehicles. Some of the key activities included applying fiberglass to chassis molds, preparing and painting suspension components, assembling gearboxes, installing piping and wiring, and fabricating roll cages and other metal structures. By gaining hands-on experience with multiple aspects of motorsports engineering, Tom was able to enhance his skills and knowledge of the vehicle manufacturing process.
Patterns of Reading Impairments in Cases of Anomia - Dr Christopher WilliamsDr Christopher Williams
This document provides a table of contents for a research paper that examines language processing in individuals with aphasia using a cognitive model of language. It includes chapters that describe the study methodology, present results from control participants and several case studies of individuals with different types of aphasia, and provide an overall discussion and conclusions regarding the ability of the cognitive model to explain performance across tasks.
Red hat enterprise_linux-5.5-technical_notes-en-usDuong Hieu
This document provides summaries of changes made between Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions 5.4 and 5.5. It includes over 200 package updates with brief descriptions of changes such as bug fixes, security fixes, and new features for each package. Some notable updated packages include kernel, libvirt, NetworkManager, openssl, samba, and systemtap.
This article gives a few good reasons to migrate, along with an overview of the most important features added to Delphi product releases since version 7.
Here are the steps to edit the glyph for character A in your new "My Handwriting" font:
1. Double-click on the cell labeled "A" in the Glyph Overview window to open the Glyph Edit window.
2. Choose Contour from the Insert menu. Use left mouse clicks to add points on the contour and right mouse clicks to add points off the contour to create curves.
3. Create two contours to represent the letter A, making sure the contours that need filling are clockwise.
4. Press Apply or click the first point to finish the contour.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 to create the second contour.
6. Use the Select tool to check
This document is a catalog for appliance parts from Marcone Appliance Parts. It contains over 100 pages listing parts for dryers, washers, and commercial laundry equipment from brands such as Amana, Frigidaire, General Electric, Maytag, Whirlpool, and more. The parts are organized by brand and include diagrams, pictures, and descriptions to help identify the correct replacement part needed. Contact information is provided at the beginning for placing orders.
1. This document discusses the environmental management system at Kaiyodai University from 2005 to 2006. It describes the implementation of the EMS according to international standards.
2. Key metrics and results are presented such as reductions in CO2 emissions, water usage, and waste. The EMS led to improved monitoring and management of environmental impacts.
3. The EMS underwent continual improvements and expansion over the two year period. More areas and facilities were incorporated into the system. Staff training and awareness activities helped strengthen the environmental program.
This document provides an overview and specifications for several chemical structure file formats used by MDL, including Connection Table files (CTAB), Molfiles, Reaction files (Rxnfiles), and more. It describes the basic components and blocks within each file type, such as the header, atom and bond blocks in CTAB files, and molecule and reaction blocks in Rxnfiles. The document also covers enhancements to CTAB files like handling large molecules.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
This document provides an introduction and translation notes for the book "Spring Live". It discusses how the book came to be translated into Chinese and how Spring was configured in the Equinox application server for the examples. The introduction gives an overview of the book's content and objectives.
1. This document appears to be an annual environmental report from 2007 for a university campus in Japan. It includes sections on the university's energy usage, emissions, waste management, and environmental management systems.
2. A highlight is that total energy usage decreased from 2007 to 2008, with reductions in electricity, gas, and water consumption. Emissions of CO2 and industrial waste also declined year-over-year.
3. The university had implemented an Ecology (Energy) Management System to monitor and improve its environmental performance using the PDCA (plan-do-check-act) cycle. Data was tracked on multiple indicators to evaluate progress.
This document provides a guide for developers on Liferay Portal 4.0. It covers setting up the development environment including required tools and libraries. It then discusses installing and configuring Liferay Portal on various application servers and with different database options. The document also includes information on upgrading Liferay versions, configuring mail servers, and running multiple portal instances. Finally, it describes customizing the portal through the use of the /ext directory and development with Eclipse.
The site at Gortore 2 was discovered during Phase 2 geophysical testing when a possible ditched enclosure was identified. The excavated site comprised as series of ditches, linear features and furrows that were probably post-medieval in date.
The excavation of the site at Kilshanny 3 comprised a burnt mound. The mound overlay a large rectangular trough, two pits and a post-hole. Two Late Bronze Age radiocarbon dates were returned from the fills of the trough and a pit. A small quantity of charred cereals and plant remains were recovered from the burnt mound.
Archaeological Report - Ballinglanna North 2, Co. Cork (Ireland)John Tierney
The excavation of the site at Ballinglanna North 2 E2415 was divided into three areas of excavation. No archaeology was recorded in Area 1. The archaeological features at Area 2 comprised four hearths, a pit, three post-holes, and a stake-hole. The archaeological features excavated at Area 3 included 16 pits and a post-hole. Modern field boundaries were recorded within the area of excavation. A small assemblage of flint artefacts dating to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age period was recorded at the site. An early medieval radiocarbon date was returned from one of the pits in Area 3.
This archaeological excavation report details the excavation of a post-medieval spade mill and lime kiln located in Coololla, Co. Galway. The spade mill structure was interpreted as a water-powered forge, likely used to produce spades. Stone foundations and a mill race were uncovered. The adjacent lime kiln structure contained evidence of limestone extraction and firing. While these structures were located near one another, there is no evidence they were contemporaneous. The report provides historical background on land use and ownership in the local area from the medieval period through the 17th century, and discusses the excavated structures and artifacts in detail.
This was a previously known classic kidney shaped burnt mound which was listed as a
Recorded Monument (GA103:083). The site was located within the lands acquired for
the N18 Oranmore to Gort scheme and was fully excavated. The large mound consisted
of a series of deposits consistent with those from other burnt mounds. A single oval
shaped trough was located partially under the mound and to the north-west of the expected
trough location at the centre of the kidney shape. Some slag and a chert scraper
(E3866:23:1) were recovered from stratified deposits within the mound.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
The Historic Graves Project involves community volunteers conducting archaeological surveys of historic graveyards. Volunteers use GPS cameras and audio recorders to photograph, document, and map over 1,200 headstones across 11 graveyards over two years. For each graveyard, the project creates a folder with a register of graves, a sketch map, contact sheets of photographs, and record sheets. The goal is to explore, protect, and promote awareness of Ireland's historic graveyards.
The site at Scartbarry has been identified as a Late Bronze Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unresolved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, between June 2004 and February 2005. Three previously unknown archaeological sites were discovered in the course of monitoring internal works. One such site was at Ballyoran Bog, where remains of Giant Irish Deer and a possible brushwood trackway were excavated. The skeletal remains of the Giant Irish Deer are a rare occurrence on archaeological sites, but one of the most interesting aspects of the excavation was the discovery that later inhabitants of the area were aware that deer remains were present in the bog, as tool marks on antler fragments demonstrate. Excavation and post-excavation analysis of the brushwood platform/trackway has revealed that the occupiers of this site exploited the immediate environs of the bog for construction materials. The discovery of the possible trackway is significant, given that the majority of those sites recorded in Ireland are located in the Midlands. In conclusion, the site at Ballyoran bog is important on a provincial, as well as a national scale.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
The document reports on an archaeological excavation at Ballydowny in Killarney, County Kerry. Five cooking pits (fulachta fiadh), a ring ditch containing a cremation burial, two medieval iron working areas, and a prehistoric site with evidence of copper working were uncovered. Radiocarbon dating indicates occupation from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and into the early medieval period. The excavation revealed remnants of iron smelting and smithing, as well as five cooking pits that were likely used for boiling or steaming food. A ring ditch and associated cremation burial were also found, dating to the Bronze Age.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation at a burnt mound site located at Urraghry townland in County Galway. The excavation uncovered a burnt mound, trough, stake-holes, gully, and paleochannel. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples indicated Early Bronze Age activity on the site. Mesolithic stone tools were also found, suggesting earlier occupation. The site contributes to understanding prehistoric settlement patterns in the area, with five Bronze Age sites excavated along this portion of a new road development.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation carried out at Kiltotan Collinstown 14, Co. Westmeath. The excavation uncovered two parallel post-medieval ditches and two burnt pits that were possibly medieval iron smelting furnaces. Analysis of artefacts, ecofacts and radiocarbon dating provided insights into the medieval and post-medieval activity on the site. The excavated features at this site are similar to others in the surrounding area and add to the understanding of settlement patterns in this rich archaeological landscape over multiple periods.
This report details the results of an archaeological excavation of a disturbed ringfort (GA087-177) in Loughbown, County Galway. The excavation revealed evidence of Iron Age activity pre-dating the construction of the enclosure. Features excavated included a sub-circular structure, a causeway, entrance, internal bank, and a V-shaped external ditch enclosing the site. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples spanned the 4th century BC to the 17th century AD. Few artefacts were recovered, including a bracelet, quernstone, and knife blade. The excavation helped further the understanding of the construction and occupation of the site from the Iron Age period through the medieval period.
The Harristown Little kiln appeared to be a typical key-hole shaped kiln. Two similar kilns were excavated as part of this project, both in Bricketstown townland (licence nos. 00E0476 and 00E0626). The radiocarbon date from this kiln (cal AD 1460-1660) was very close to the date of use at Bricketstown 00E0476 (cal AD 1450-1650). Channels were cut into the bases of both the Bricketstown kilns and these acted as wind tunnels which distributed air evenly through the kiln as it was burning but these were not present at Harristown Little.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
In May 2005, Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated a fulacht fiadh and an isolated pit in Skehacreggaun td., Mungret. The fulacht fiadh dates to the Middle Bronze Age, within the usual date range for these monument types. The isolated pit is likely to date to the Bronze Age and it contained the only artefact recovered through these archaeological works. The scraper suggests craft and subsistence since prehistoric times.
This report details an archaeological excavation of an isolated hearth feature located in Bricketstown, Co. Wexford during construction of the N25 road. The hearth consisted of a charcoal-rich spread overlying three deposits within an irregular oval cut that had been heavily truncated by previous groundworks. Radiocarbon dating placed the hearth in the Iron Age period between 500 BC-500 AD. It was one of few Iron Age sites identified in County Wexford to date.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
This document provides a geological report on the Mount Bisson rare-earth element claim group in north-central British Columbia. The report describes the property location, regional geology, lithologies present on the property, known mineral occurrences including the Ursa, Laura and Pegmatite 541 rare-earth showings, and exploration work conducted including geophysical surveys, soil and rock sampling. Rare-earth mineralization is hosted in granitic pegmatites and associated skarn zones and occurs as allanite, titanite and other rare-earth minerals. The report concludes that further exploration is warranted to evaluate the potential for economic rare-earth mineralization on the property.
This document is Volume II of the CNMI and Guam Stormwater Management Manual. It provides guidance on selecting and designing effective stormwater treatment systems. Chapter 2 describes a 6-step process for selecting the most suitable stormwater BMP for a site based on land use, physical constraints, watershed factors, stormwater management needs, pollutant removal requirements, and community/environmental considerations. Subsequent chapters provide details on non-structural BMPs (Chapter 3), design examples (Chapter 4), landscaping guidance (Chapter 5), design specifications (Chapter 6), maintenance plans (Chapter 7), soils information (Chapter 8), and additional design tools (Chapter 9).
This technical report summarizes exploration of the Nuuk Gold Province in western Greenland. The project includes four licenses covering over 1,277 km2. Exploration has included geological mapping, sampling, and drilling that has identified gold mineralization at several prospects. The report recommends an exploration program of mapping, prospecting, trenching, and 10,000 m of drilling to evaluate targets and advance the most prospective zones. If results are positive, further exploration and resource drilling would be warranted to determine the economic potential of the project.
Similar to Archaeological Excavation Report 05 E0078 Fermoy twd, N8RF (20)
An Introduction to the Ballyhoura Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration ProjectJohn Tierney
This document provides an overview of a genealogical tourism project led by Dr. Paul MacCotter and John Tierney to document the history of families that took part in the Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration from Ireland to Canada in the 1820s-1830s. The project involves surveying graveyards and mapping homestead locations to build an online geolocated database of records. The goal is to help descendants research their ancestry and trace the places their families lived before emigrating. Methods for collecting, organizing, and publishing the historical data online are discussed.
Mendicity Institute Transmission book June-August 1882John Tierney
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
From headstone to homestead - crowdsourcing & heritage in IrelandJohn Tierney
This document outlines John Tierney's work with Eachtra Archaeological Projects surveying historic graves and homesteads in Ireland. It provides guidance on conducting graveyard surveys through sketch plans, geotagged photos, and record sheets. It also describes a process for identifying historic homesteads through reconnaissance, geotagged photographs, and publishing findings online and in a shared spreadsheet. The goal is to link Irish emigrant communities both within Ireland through shared heritage sites and records, and with communities abroad where emigrants settled.
Human remains of 48 individuals were discovered and excavated during works associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply Scheme in Toberjarlath townland on the eastern edges of Tuam, County Galway. The burials were located within the bounds of the former Tuam Union Workhouse, which opened in 1846. Eighteen grave pits containing between two and four burials each were uncovered. Analysis showed the individuals were paupers buried in the former workhouse grounds in the 19th century. A section of the workhouse boundary wall and internal ditch were also excavated.
Slides from John Tierney's talk on exploring the heritage of Ardmore in the era of digital research and publication. This talk is part of the www.reyndr.com project being developed by Eachtra in association with a number of community groups.
Community Genealogy in Ireland - Historic GravesJohn Tierney
Community engagement in historic graveyard surveys has a multiplier effect. What started as an archaeological survey of headstones has become community genealogy and local history. This talk was presented to the Irish Genealogical Research Society AGM in May 2013.
The Historic Graves Project is a community collaboration that aims to promote genealogical tourism by pinpointing family names and histories across centuries in graveyards in southeast Cork, Ireland. Volunteers record information from historic graveyards to share online and create puzzles and stories to engage people in learning about the people and families represented in each place through time.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for Adare Castle in County Limerick, Ireland. It includes:
- A history of Adare Castle from its origins in the medieval period through different periods of occupation.
- A description and maps showing the location of the castle and areas excavated between 2001-2006, including the drawbridge, moat, kitchen, great hall, and two domestic areas.
- Results of the excavations including structures like walls, drains, and pits uncovered, along with artifacts found consisting of pottery, wood, bone, stone, metal, glass and leather objects.
- Environmental evidence from animal bones, plant remains, and shells analyzed to understand life at
Archaeological Report - 50-60 South Main Street, Wexford, Co. WexfordJohn Tierney
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity, in the form of a well and boundary wall, associated with the demolished buildings on Peter Street was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the central southern part of the site. The area of excavation measured 11.5m north-south by 12m east-west.
All the pits in the excavation trench were medieval in date and are likely to have served as rubbish dumps. The artefactual material and the faunal remains recovered from the various fills would support this hypothesis. There was no evidence that they were used for industrial practises, though waste material from industrial activity was mixed with domestic refuse. They were located in the area of the medieval house burgage plots. No evidence of medieval structures was recorded. It is likely to exist under the foundations of the existing upstanding structures on South Main Street.
The pottery assemblage from the site was examined by the ceramic specialist Clare McCutcheon. The majority of the pottery consisted of local and Irish wares, comprising of Lenister Cooking ware, Wexford-type coarse ware, ware, fine ware and cooking ware. The English wares consisted of Minety-type, Ham Green and Redcliffe wares. The Wexford-type wares indicate local pottery production, although no medieval pottery kilns have as yet been located in Wexford. The French wares particularly the Saintonge ware, from the southwest of France, jugs, represented the wealthier tastes.
The greatest proportion of archaeological features encountered at Shandon relate to Medieval activity. While nothing dateable was recovered from the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch itself, the discovery of 12th/13th century pottery from features inside and immediately outside the enclosure provides a strong case that the ditch is contemporaneous.
It must be considered a possibility that the enclosure at Shandon is a Medieval moated site. The latter have been defined as “all rectangular enclosures bounded by banks and moats of Medieval date, whether they enclosed a major house or simply a garden or cattle pen” (Barry 1987, 84). While there was no definite evidence of a bank at Shandon, there is a suggestion that one may have existed. Moated sites date to the 13th and 14th century (ibid., 85) and the local pottery found at Shandon overlaps with this date range.
It must also be considered that the Shandon enclosure relates to Hiberno-Norse activity. Prior to the present work, the motif piece was the sole indicator of such activity. However, this find is now further substantiated by the discovery of an 11th century Hiberno-Norse coin (Plate 12). Because of preservation by redesign and avoidance, a large proportion of archaeological features at Shandon were not excavated and consequently it is quite possible that further diagnostic Hiberno-Norse material survives on the site. However, one coin and a trial piece do not a Hiberno-Norse settlement make and it is plausible that the coin was deposited in Anglo-Norman times long after its original period of manufacture and use.
Archaeological excavation of the site at Busherstown revealed a complex multi-period site with six phases of activity. In broad outline they confirmed the use of the area from the Early Neolithic period to the present time. The first period of activity was prehistoric in date and comprised a small assemblage of lithics and a circular structure (Structure A) dated on typological grounds to the Bronze Age. The second phase was dated to the early medieval period, when the area was used for cereal processing, as evidenced by the discovery of at least 17 cereal-drying kilns and a further seven possible kilns. The majority of the kilns were located in a line that extended for a distance of 80 m in a NW-SE direction. The firing chambers of the kiln were for the most part located at the NE. A small number of the kilns were partially enclosed (Structures D and E). The third phase of activity was defined by an enclosure (ditches C.68 and 447) which was probably contemporary with the cereal processing. The continuous use of the area of the enclosure in the medieval period was confirmed when certain areas of the site were enclosed through the construction of deep, wide ditches (ditches C.54 and C.63). The ditches (ditches C.227 and C.78) were re-cut in the later medieval period to function as an annexe to a moated site. A substantial ditch, 5.5 m wide by 1.7 m deep, defined the moated site. Only the southern corner of the moated site was located within the road corridor. However, the entire outline can be clearly seen in aerial photographs of the adjoining field to the north-east. Two structures (C and D) were contemporary with the moated site. The post-medieval period was represented by a large number of furrows crossing the site and material which had been dumped into the top fills of the ditches. The site was levelled in the recent past.
Authors: Ewelina Chrobak, Jacinta Kiely and Tori McMorran
The excavations at Kilsheelan, Co. Tipperary uncovered three areas of pits. The pits in two areas (Areas 2 and 3) were isolated and did not contain notable artefacts or environmental evidence. However, at Area 1 there were several pit clusters and artefacts and radiocarbon dates indicated occupation (probably intermittent rather than permanent) during the Early Neolithic.
Geophysical Survey: Land Adjacent to Archaeological Sites - County Offaly & C...John Tierney
This document provides details of archaeological geophysical surveys conducted at 5 sites - Busherstown 1, Drumbaun 2, Drumroe 1, Killeisk 1, and Park 1 - located along the route of a new road scheme in Counties Offaly and Tipperary, Ireland. Magnetic gradiometer and susceptibility surveys were used to investigate the archaeological remains found during previous excavations. The surveys identified potential archaeological features extending beyond the excavation areas, including ditches, enclosures, and field boundaries, adding to the understanding of activity at these sites. The results provide valuable information to planners but require verification through archaeological excavation.
The excavation of the site at Moneygall 2 comprised a single pit of unknown date. The site is located in Moneygall townland, Cullenwaine parish, Offaly county. Jacinta Kiely directed the excavation and authored the excavation report. The pit was excavated and no datable artifacts or features were uncovered, so the date of the feature remains unknown.
Archaeological Report - Park 2, Co. Tipperary (Ireland)John Tierney
The excavation of the site at Park comprised a substantial mound of burnt material. The mound measured 32 m by 16 m by 0.5 m in depth. It overlay a trough, a well and two pits. Evidence of trough-side furniture in the form of 17 stake-holes and two post-holes was recorded at the western end of the trough. Two Middle Bronze Age radiocarbondates were returned from a fill of the trough and the well. Small quantities of plant remains and animal bone were recovered from the site.
The excavation of the site at Moatquarter comprised a Bronze Age house dating to the Middle Bronze Age. It was defined by a double ring of post-holes. The inner ring was concentric with the outer ring but the outer ring was not complete. It enclosed the rear and more than half the sides of the structure. The internal diameter of the structure was 5.8 m and it enclosed an area of 26.1 m2 . The entrance to the house faced south-southeast.
The excavation of the site at Loughan comprised a small group of features; four pits, three posts and two hearths. An Early Bronze Age date was returned from one of the features.
No structure was recorded but the group of features were probably domestic in origin, despite the lack of plant remains or artefactual evidence.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. Final excavation report of Neolithic pit and Bronze
Age fulacht fiadh at Fermoy,
N8 Rathcormac Fermoy,
Co. Cork
June 2010
Client: Roadbridge Ltd.,
Ballyclough,
Ballysheedy,
Co. Limerick
Licence No.: 05E0078
Licensee: Fiona O’Reilly
Contact details:
The Forge,
Innishannon, Co. Cork.
Written by: Fiona O’Reilly Tel.: 021 470 16 16
Fax: 021 470 16 28
E-mail: info@eachtra.ie
Web Site: www.eachtra.ie
3. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Table of Contents
i Project details .....................................................................................................v
ii Non-Technical Summary ....................................................................................v
iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ vi
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.1 Scope of the Fermoy/Rathcormac bypass project ..........................................1
1.2 Circumstances of discovery ..........................................................................2
1.3 Date and duration of excavation works .........................................................2
1.4 Size and composition of the excavation team ................................................2
2 Receiving Environment ......................................................................................3
2.1 The Natural Landscape ................................................................................3
2.2 The Human Landscape ................................................................................3
3 Original Research Framework ............................................................................6
4 Excavation Results ..............................................................................................6
4.1 Excavation Methodology ..............................................................................6
5 Full Stratigraphic Report ....................................................................................7
5.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing ..............................................................................7
5.2 Stratigraphic Discussion ..............................................................................11
5.3 Specialist reports .........................................................................................13
6 Discussion and Interpretation ...........................................................................14
7 Assessment of archaeology and significance ....................................................... 16
8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 16
9 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 17
10 Figures ............................................................................................................... 19
11 Plates .................................................................................................................28
12 Appendices ........................................................................................................ 32
12.1 Appendix 1: Matrix .....................................................................................32
12.2 Appendix 2: Context Register .....................................................................33
12.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register.........................................................................51
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Table of Contents cont.
12.4 Appendix 4: Plant Remains Report by Penny Johnston ..............................52
12.5 Appendix 5: Pottery Report By Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan ..................54
12.6 Appendix 6: Lithics Report by Farina Sternke ...........................................57
12.7 Appendix 7: Summary account of site archive.............................................58
12.8 Appendix 8: Dissemination Strategy............................................................58
12.9 Appendix 9: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries ................................58
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy. ....................................19
Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO027, 028, 035, 036, 044, 045, 053 and 054 showing route of the N8
Rathcormac Fermoy. ............................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 3: Portion of RMP sheet CO035 showing location of Fermoy excavation. ................................21
Figure 4: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Fermoy excavation. ...........22
Figure 5: Post-excavation plan of area of fulacht fiadh. .........................................................................23
Figure 6: Sections of C.24, C.25 and C.23, C.8, C.55, C.56, C.51, C.59, C.58 and C.57. ................... 24
Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough and pits. ............................................................25
Figure 8: Post-excavation plan and sections of pits C.258 and C.262. ...................................................26
Figure 9: Middle Neolithic pottery 05E0078:259:1, 2 and 4. ................................................................27
List of Plates
Plate 1: Pre-excavation view of features located to the south of the old stream course C.8 from west. ...28
Plate 2: Pre-excavation of burnt mound from west. ...............................................................................28
Plate 3: Section of pit C.23 from south. ................................................................................................29
Plate 4: Section of pit C.24 from east. ...................................................................................................29
Plate 5: View of trough and pits underlying burnt mound from southeast. ...........................................30
Plate 6: View of trough C.102 and associated stakeholes from northwest. .............................................30
Plate 7:. View of hearth and associated stakeholes from south. ..............................................................31
Plate 8: Flint flake 05E0078:22:1, flint core and chunk 05E0078:259:13 & 14 .....................................32
Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report,
including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be
the writer’s, remains the property of the writer, Eachtra Archaeological Projects and Cork
County Council and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without written consent.
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i Project details
Project N8 Rathcormac Fermoy Bypass
Site Name Fermoy
Site Type Neolithic pits and Bronze Age Fulacht Fiadh
Licence No. 05E0078
Licensee Fiona Reilly
Townland Fermoy
Nat. Grid Ref. 181441 096233
Report Type Excavation Report
Report Status Final Report
Date of Submission May 2006
Distribution Ken Hanley, Project Archaeologist Cork County Council, Dept. of the Envi-
ronment, Heritage and Local Government, National Museum of Ireland, Cork Archaeological Survey
Office, and Roadbridge Ltd.
ii Non-Technical Summary
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unre-
solved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy bypass, between June 2004 and
March 2005. These works occurred both within and outside the extents of the Compulsory Purchase
Order (CPO). External works were monitored under State Licence 04E0948, while internal works
were appointed individual works numbers by the Project Archaeologist of the Cork National Road
Design Office.
External works included the construction of haul roads, temporary diversion roads and the preparation
of topsoil tip sites. These works were monitored by Eachtra on behalf of Roadbridge Ltd. in the town-
lands of Maulane East, Kilbrien, Curraghprevin, Fermoy, Mondaniel and Ballybrowney, between June
and December 2004. Tip sites, within which no groundworks took place, were also archaeologically
assessed in the months of June and July 2004. Between January and March of 2005, further external
works were supervised in the townlands of Rath-Healy and Fermoy. Archaeological sites were subse-
quently excavated in the townlands of Ballybrowney Lower, Fermoy, Scartbarry and Gortore.
This report details the excavation of Neolithic pits and a Bronze Age fulacht fiadh at Fermoy under
licence 05E0078.
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1 Introduction
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unre-
solved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy bypass, between June 2004 and
March 2005. These works occurred both within and outside the extents of the Compulsory Purchase
Order (CPO). External works were monitored under State Licence 04E0948, while internal works
were appointed individual works numbers by the Project Archaeologist of the Cork National Road
Design Office.
External works included the construction of haul roads, temporary diversion roads and the preparation
of topsoil tip sites. These works were monitored by Eachtra on behalf of Roadbridge Ltd. in the town-
lands of Maulane East, Kilbrien, Curraghprevin, Fermoy, Mondaniel and Ballybrowney, between June
and December 2004. Tip sites, within which no groundworks took place, were also archaeologically
assessed in the months of June and July 2004. Between January and March of 2005, further external
works were supervised in the townlands of Rath-Healy and Fermoy. Archaeological sites were subse-
quently excavated in the townlands of Ballybrowney Lower, Fermoy, Scartbarry and Gortore.
This report details the results of the excavation of a Neolithic pit and Bronze Age fulacht fiadh at Fer-
moy under State licence 05E0078.
1.1 Scope of the Fermoy/Rathcormac bypass project
The N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass is approximately 17.5 km in length. It will extend from the north-
ern end of the new N8 Glanmire–Watergrasshill road, in the townland of Meenane, passing west of
Rathcormac and east of Fermoy, towards its convergence with the existing N8 Cork-Dublin Road at
Moorepark West to the north (Figure 1).
The results of archaeological research conducted to date, as part of the N8 Rathcormac/ Fermoy By-
pass Project, are documented in the following reports:
• An Archaeological Assessment of N8 South Watergrasshill – Fermoy, by Sheila Lane & Associates,
March 2001
• N8 Watergrasshill – Fermoy Bypass, Archaeological Assessment: Fieldwalking, by Sheila Lane &
Associates, June 2001
• Built Heritage, Chapter 10, N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, Environmental Impact Statement by
Sheila Lane & Associates
These reports identified fourteen areas of archaeological potential which required investigation/resolu-
tion.
A centreline archaeological testing strategy uncovered a further 47 potential archaeological sites, de-
tailed in the following reports:
• Archaeological Testing Report, Final Report Vol. 1 & 2, N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass, by
Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd. May – July 2002
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• Additional Archaeological Testing N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass Scheme by Donald Murphy,
Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd.
Archaeological test excavations were undertaken on all but 1.1 km of the 17.5 km route in response to
the initial survey results. Forty-two sites of archaeological potential were identified and subsequently
resolved. These sites comprised enclosure sites, early medieval ringforts, prehistoric fulachta fiadh,
hearths, a cremation pit, prehistoric settlements, medieval settlement, a demesne wall and a lime
kiln.
1.2 Circumstances of discovery
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were appointed by the PPP Company, Direct Route (Fermoy) Con-
struction Ltd., to monitor internal works within the remaining 1.1 km of untested road take and to
monitor external works associated with road construction. In the course of these works, three fulachta
fiadh were discovered and excavated in the townlands of Fermoy (NGC 181441 096233), Fermoy
Wood (NGC 181441 096233) and Scartbarry (NGC 178310 087370) respectively (Figure 2). The
remains of a brushwood platform or possible trackway were excavated in Ballyoran bog (NGC 181405
095852). The skeletal remains of at least six Giant Irish Deer were also retrieved from unspecified
locations within Ballyoran bog. A ringditch (NGC 179129 090559) was discovered and excavated in
the townland of Ballybrowney and a prehistoric house site was excavated at Gortore (NGC 181815
101661).
1.3 Date and duration of excavation works
The excavation of the burnt mound at Fermoy commenced on 26/01/2005 under licence 05E0078 and
was completed on the 25/02/2005.
1.4 Size and composition of the excavation team
The archaeological excavation team consisted of the licence holder, one supervisor and three site as-
sistants.
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2 Receiving Environment
2.1 The Natural Landscape
The landscape between Watergrasshill and Moorepark, through which the new M8 will navigate,
generally comprises gently rolling, open farmland, combined with wooded river valleys and Old Red
Sandstone ridges. The new route will traverse a total of seven watercourses, the principal of which
are the Rivers Bride and Blackwater. Brown podzolics, which are particularly suited to pasture and
constitute the predominant soil type within Cork County, dominate the region concerned. The geol-
ogy of the route broadly consists of glacial deposits with some alluvial sediments in the river valleys.
Low-lying areas are occasionally peaty. The road scheme commences on the northern edge of the
Watergrasshill Anticline, which comprises purple mudstone and some sandstone of the Ballytrasna
Formation (a sub-type of Devonian Old Red Sandstone) (Sleeman and McConnell 1995). From there
it continues across the Bride River valley which is founded on Waulsortian limestone (GSI Sheet 22,
Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 map). To the west of Rathcormac village, where the mainline traverses
the higher ground of the Bride valley, the Waulsortian limestone is supplanted by the red and purple
mudstones and pale red sandstones of the Ballytrasna Formation (ibid.). To the north, the Bride valley
is flanked by an extension of the Nagles Mountains comprising a sandstone ridge. Having traversed
this ridge, the mainline then descends into the limestone region of the Blackwater River valley before
concluding its course in the Knockmealdown Sandstone formation of the Kilworth Mountains (ibid.).
Predominantly sandstone-based Quaternary sediments, ‘deposited from glacier ice or glacial meltwater
flowing from the ice’ (Sleeman and McConnell 1995, 1) overlie the bedrock geology of the motorway
route.
The northern extents of the new road scheme traverse the eastern side of the North Cork area, while
the bulk of the route lies within East Cork. Volume 2 of the Archaeological Inventory of County Cork
pertains to the East and South Cork regions (Power et al. 1994). This volume records a total of 2717
archaeological monuments within these divisions of the county. Over a quarter of the sites recorded
in this volume date to the prehistoric period and the majority of these prehistoric sites constitute
fulachta fiadh. Approximately 45% of the monuments recorded in Volume 2 comprise Early Medieval
sites, with ringforts constituting the most common site type of this period. Only 14% of the recorded
monuments date to the medieval period. Volume 4 of the archaeological inventory series encompasses
the North Cork region and records a total of 5496 monuments within the area (Power et al. 2000).
Over 40% of the monuments recorded in this volume constitute prehistoric sites, of which 1626 com-
prise fulachta fiadh. A further 40% of the monuments in this area constitute Early Medieval sites such
as ringforts, enclosures, souterrains and ecclesiastical centres. The Medieval period is represented by a
mere 8.5% of the monuments recorded.
2.2 The Human Landscape
The earliest known human occupation of Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period (c. 7000-4000 BC).
There is no known evidence for Mesolithic activity within the area affected by the road take. However,
the Blackwater Valley has yielded some confirmation of Mesolithic activity along its banks, in the form
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of flint scatters at Castleblagh and Kilcummer Lower (Power et al. 2000, 2). These sites are located
between 10 km and 12 km from the new motorway mainline.
The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the beginnings of the clear-
ance of the woodlands. There is a paucity of evidence for Neolithic settlement sites in the south-west
of Ireland. Recent infrastructural development has increased the amount of Neolithic sites in County
Cork. A Neolithic house was excavated on the route of the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy at Gortore and on
the route of the Ballincollig Bypass at Barnagore. Both of these Cork examples produced essentially
the same radiocarbon results (cal BC 3940-3620 at Barnagore and cal BC 3928-3655 from Gortore)
and they represent the oldest known houses in the county. There is other evidence for Neolithic activity
on the route of the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy bypass; a single pit at Fermoy (05E0078), located c. 3km
to the south of Gortore along the route of the main road, produced twelve sherds of a Middle Neolithic
Globular bowl, and another site at Curraghprevin (c.12 km south of Gortore) produced Western Neo-
lithic (Early Neolithic) pottery and a radiocarbon date of 3090-2580 BC (Late Neolithic).
There is greater evidence for later prehistoric activity within the environs of the road take however.
A number of fulachta fiadh, which have been listed in the Record of Monuments and Places, occur
within close proximity of the bypass. Fulachta fiadh are usually interpreted as ancient cooking places
but are likely to have had a variety of functions. They usually surviving as ‘small horseshoe-shaped
mounds of charcoal-enriched soil packed with fragments of heat-shattered stones’ (Power et al. 1994,
24). Where these features have been truncated through ploughing, they appear as black spreads. They
are generally situated close to a water source (ibid.) such as streams or marshy terrain. They comprise
a water-filled trough or rectangular pit, lined with either timber planks or stone (ibid.). Water in the
trough was heated by ‘rolling hot stones into it from a fire close by’ (ibid.). Once immersed in boiling
water, experiments have shown that meat wrapped in straw ‘cooked at a rate of twenty minutes per
pound weight’ (ibid.). The heat-shattered stones were removed from the trough after cooking and de-
posited to the side. After many heating episodes, these stones formed a mound surrounding three sides
of the trough. There are over 300 of these monuments in the east and south Cork region, recorded in
the Archaeological Inventory of County Cork Vol II (Power et al. 1994). Three of these monuments occur
within the townland of Skahanagh North (CO053-091). Further clusters of these monuments occur
in Ballinaltig (CO053-067, 068), Coolcarron (CO035-075, 077), and to the southeast of Corrin Hill
(CO035-050, 058, 068, 070). Another example of has been recorded at Ballynoe (CO035-081). In
Ballyoran, a fulacht fiadh listed as CO035-057, occurs approximately 60 m from the centreline of the
route. It is described in the Archaeological Inventory of County Cork (Volume 2) as being a truncated
mound of burnt material measuring 20 m x 16 m x 0.3 m deep (Power et al. 1994, 28). During the cen-
treline test excavations of the road corridor, further fulachta fiadh were encountered and subsequently
resolved by ACS Ltd. These included ‘Corrin 4’, excavated under licence 03E1463, and two burnt
mounds at ‘Corrin 6’, excavated under licence number 03E1636 (NRA Archaeological Discoveries).
A further two fulachta fiadh were excavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects at Scartbarry under
Ministerial Order A014/006 and at Fermoy Wood under licence 04E1014.
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The remains of a ring-barrow were also discovered during the advanced archaeological testing of the
route corridor at Skahanagh North, to the northeast of Watergrasshill (NRA Archaeological Discover-
ies). These prehistoric monuments comprise a low, ‘usually circular mound or level area, enclosed by a
fosse and external bank’ (Power et al. 1994, 55). Burial deposits, often in the form of a cremation and
‘sometimes enclosed in a stone box or cist’ have been uncovered within these features during excava-
tion (ibid.). These burial forms have been assigned to the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages (ibid.).
Corrin Hill is a prominent vista within the landscape surrounding the road take. The summit of the
hill is dominated by a Bronze-Age burial cairn, which when investigated in the 1830s, was found to
contain two burials (Doody 1999, 103). A further addition to the apex of this hill is a hillfort known
as ‘Carn Tigherna’ or ‘Carntierna’. Hillforts date from the Late Bronze Age into the Iron Age (500
BC – 500 AD). The monument concerned is one of just three sites in North Cork which conforms
to Raftery’s definition of a ‘hillfort’ (Power et al. 2000, 205). The fort has been disturbed on its east-
ern side, but formerly stood to a height of 19 feet in 1886 (Power quoting Ó Murchú, ibid., 178). A
Discovery Programme survey carried out in 1995, revealed additional features such as complex exter-
nal earthworks and entrances which were previously unrecorded (www.discoveryprogramme.ie). The
Claidh Dubh, a linear earthwork measuring 22.5 km in length (Power et al. 2000, 203), occurs to the
west of the fort, stretching from the Nagles Mountains to the Ballyhoura Hills, crossing the Blackwa-
ter approximately 11 km to the west of Fermoy. Such earthworks are believed to have defended tribal
boundaries (ibid.). Doody’s investigations of the Claidh Dubh have shown that it dates prior to 100
AD (www.excavations.ie). The contemporaneity and proximity of the hillfort at Corrin to the Claidh
Dubh could suggest that this area was a centre of regional or provincial power in the Iron Age. During
centreline test excavations carried out by ACS Ltd., a probable Bronze Age settlement complex was
discovered and subsequently excavated by Eamonn Cotter under licence 03E1058. This site, located
in the townland of Ballybrowney Lower, predominantly comprised four enclosures and four houses
(NRA Archaeological Discoveries). Centreline testing also revealed the remains of a possible Iron
Age enclosure between Chainages 11180-11130 of the road take. This was later excavated by Aidan
O’Connell under licence 04E0912.
Prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion of the region, East Cork was dominated by the Uí Líatháin tribe.
The Uí Líatháin territory spanned an area extending south from the Corrin and Castlelyons region
towards Cork Harbour and east towards Lismore and Youghal. The main focus of settlement in this
period was the ringfort, described as a ‘circular or roughly circular area’, spanning 25-50 m in diameter
and ‘enclosed by an earthen bank’ (Power et al. 1994, 77). The archaeological excavation of these sites
has indicated that they served as defended farmsteads in the Early Medieval period (ibid.). Their earth-
works protected against ‘natural predators like wolves as well as the local warfare and cattle raiding
common at the time’ (ibid.). They are generally located on gentle hillslopes with commanding views
of the surrounding landscape. Few of these monuments are apparent towards the northern end of the
road scheme, however, concentrations of these structures occur on higher ground, for example, within
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the Bride Valley. Recorded sites occur at Skahanagh North, Skahanagh South and at Scartbarry, as
well as at Mondaniel and Corrin. Some of these sites have been levelled and are only apparent through
cartographic analysis or in aerial photographs.
3 Original Research Framework
The following issues will be addressed in this excavation report.
• The construction date or date of initial site activity and the date of abandonment.
• The absolute / relative chronology of site use in terms of phases and events.
• The location of known contemporaneous and comparable sites.
• The extent of the viable economic catchment area in terms of sources of water, food, raw ma-
terials, transportation routes etc
4 Excavation Results
4.1 Excavation Methodology
The area of the excavation measured 40m (N-S) by 20m (E-W). A grid was established in the area
of excavation and the ground within it was cleaned by hand to locate and identify all archaeological
features. Each identified feature was excavated, planned, photographed and recorded, with every fill
and cut being assigned a context number. Charcoal and soil samples were taken from appropriate fills
where necessary. All artefacts were retrieved, registered, bagged and labelled.
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5 Full Stratigraphic Report
See Appendix 1 for the full stratigraphic matrix and Appendix 2 for the context register.
5.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing
The archaeological site resolved in Fermoy townland comprised a burnt stone mound centred on Na-
tional Grid Co-ordinates (NGC) 182116 098274 to the west of Chainages 14400-14450 of the main-
line (Figure 4). The site was located east of Fermoy town within the eastern perimeter of Fermoy
townland and in the Barony of Condons and Clangibbon. The site occurred between the 50m OD and
60m OD contour lines on a north-facing ridge above the low-lying valley of the River Blackwater. The
site was excavated under State licence 05E0078. A further phase of topsoil stripping occurred within
the western extents of the borrow pit in early March 2005. In the course of monitoring these works,
two pits were encountered and excavated under the aforementioned licence number.
An area 38m (N-S) by 15m (E-W) was originally identified as an area of archaeological potential dur-
ing monitoring of topsoil stripping for a borrow pit on the western side of the new N8. This area was
extended on the northwestern side by approximately 10m (N-S) by 15m (E-W) when it was found
that burnt mound material continued into this area. The features excavated have been grouped into 5
groups according to their location on site:
1. Two Neolithic pits located 40m south of the burnt stone mound.
2. Early Bronze Age features located to the south of the dried up/diverted stream C.8.
3. Late Bronze Age features located to the north of the dried up/diverted stream C.8.
4. Late Bronze Age burnt stone mound and associated trough, stakeholes, hearth and pits.
5. Modern diverted stream C.8 and associated fills.
The site will be discussed by group from the earliest Neolithic activity to the latest Modern features
within each group. The natural subsoil (C.2) on site was very varied, it included dark orangish pink,
sandy silt and dark orange, sandy silt in the north to mid yellow, sandy silt with patches of whiter
sandier material in the southeastern end.
5.1.1 Group 1 Neolithic
Two shallow pits C.258 and C.262 were located 30m to the south of the burnt stone mound C.93. Pit
C.258 was located 4m to the east of pit C.262 (Figure 8). It measured 0.52m by 0.44m by 0.12m in
depth. The larger pit C.262 was oval in plan and measured 2.85m by 1.68m by 0.4m in depth. It con-
tained three sandy clay fills (C.259, C.260, C.261). The upper fill C.259 included 12 sherds of pottery
(05E0078-259:1-12, figure 9), which have been identified as belonging to a Middle Neolithic globular
bowl, and two fragments of flint (05E0078:5:13 & 14, plate 8) (Appendix 3). Pit C.258 measured
0.52m by 0.44m by 0.12m.
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5.1.2 Group 2 Early Bronze Age
Group 2 was located to the immediate south of the diverted stream bed/ditch C8 (Figure 5, plate 1).
The area was partially disturbed by vegetation and animal burrows. Five of the excavated features
(C.18, C.19, C.20, C.33, C.38) were found to be natural. C.28 was a modern pit dug by a machine. A
sherd of modern pottery was found at the base of the pit.
A curved linear feature C.36 was located 1-1.5m south of the stream bed C.8. It followed the same
alignment as the stream bed. The feature extended beyond the area of the excavation to the east. It
measured c. 5.4m in length by 1.2m in width by 0.4m in depth. It was filled with a black sandy silt
with inclusions of heat-shattered stones and charcoal.
A stony spread C.13, 0.16m deep, was located in the area between the linear C.36 and the stream bed
C.8. It followed the same alignment as the other two features and extended beyond the area of the
excavation to the east. It is likely that the three features are related.
C.13 overlay two pits C.47, C.53 and an irregular hollow C.46. The hollow was a natural feature. The
pits were truncated by the modern ditch C8. Pit C.47 measured 1.1m by 0.42m by 0.39m in depth.
The fill C.43 included charcoal and heat-shattered stone. Pit C.53 was located 1.75m to the northeast.
It measured 0.4m by 0.23m by 0.17m in depth.
Four pits were excavated south of C.36 (C.15, C.24, C.25 and C.23) (Figures 5 and 6). Pit C.15 was
the smallest in size measuring 0.54 in diameter. It contained a single silty sand fill. Pit C.24 was 1.50m
in diameter by 0.40m deep (Plate 4). The pit contained four fills (C.6, C. 16, C.26 & C.29). C.16,
C.26 and C.29 were investigated for charred seed remains. They contained charcoal but no seeds. The
fills were a mix of sands and silts. Fills C.16 and C.29 included heat-shattered stone. A stakehole C.42
was located 0.5m north of the pit. Pit C.25 was located 1m to the south of C.24 (Plate 3). It had been
cut by pit C.23 to the east. A flint flake was recovered from the fill C.22 (05E0078:22:1). Pit C.23 was
a sub-rectangular pit measuring 1.84 by 1.42m. It contained 5 fills (C.22, C.30, C.31, C.39 & C.40).
Fill C.22 included heat-shattered stone, some of the fills included fragments of charcoal. A calibrated
radiocarbon date of cal BC 2335-2036 BC (UB 6775) was obtained for charcoal from this fill. C.22,
C.30 and C.31 were examined for charred seed remains but contained only charcoal. A stakehole C.49
was located 0.3m north of the pits C.23 & C.25.
5.1.3 Group 3 Bronze Age
A group of pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the northern side of the stream bed C.8 and
to the north and east of the burnt stone mound. The group was comprised six post-holes (C.51, C.55,
C.56, C.55, C.57, C.58 and C.59), a ditch (C.74), four pits (C.65, C.85, C.91 and C.104), a metalled
surface C.88 and six stake-holes (C.67, C.69, C.76, C.78, C.81, C.87) (Figure 5, plate 2).
Six of the post-holes were orientated northeast – southwest c. 3m north of the modern ditch C.8 and to
the immediate east of the burnt stone mound (Figure 6). They varied in size from 0.48 by 0.43 to 0.70
by 0.65. They may have formed a substantial fence line or a rack 8.5m in length. The distance between
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the postholes was not uniform and varied between 0.5m-2m.
The four pits were located to the north and east of the burnt stone mound. Pit C.65 measured 0.86m
by 0.51m by 0.19m in depth and contained 3 silt fills. All three contained charcoal. Pit C.85 measured
0.87m by 0.76m by 0.1m and contained a single fill which included heat-shattered stone and charcoal
but no charred seed remains. Pit C.91 was located to the north of the burnt stone mound. It contained
two fills C.90 and C.83, the latter included heat-shattered stones and charcoal but no charred seed
remains. Pit C.104 was more substantial in size measuring 1.3m by 1.2m by 0.47m in depth. The silty
clay fill included charcoal. It cut a metalled surface C.88 which measured 1.5m by 1.1m and was con-
structed of small compacted stones. The metalled surface was set in hollow C.89 which was cut by the
diverted stream C.8.
The stakeholes (C.67, C.69, C.76, C.78, C.81, C.87) were similar in morphology being circular or
sub-circular in plan with vertical sides. The fills were silty sands and included flecks of charcoal. Four
of the six stakeholes were set in pairs. C.67 and C.69 were located 0.4m north of posthole C.57. C.76
and C.78 formed the second pair to the northwest. The northern side of stakehole C.81 was flat, it may
have contained a split wooden stake. Both its fills contained charcoal but no charred seeds.
The pits, postholes and stakeholes were probably associated with the burnt mound. Some of the fea-
tures were backfilled with the burnt mound material when they went out of use.
A portion of a ditch (C.74) was excavated in the northeastern corner of the site. It measured 2.2m in
width by 0.28m in depth and contained a single fill. It extended beyond the area of the excavation to
the north and east. It may have been a boundary ditch. It is not possible to say whether it is contem-
porary with other activity on site.
5.1.4 Group 4 Late Bronze Age Burnt stone mound
The mound comprised five spreads (C.93, C.98, C.99, C.100, C.101) and overlay a trough (C.102), two
pits (C.105, C.110), a possible second trough C.103 and a hearth (C.164) (Figure 5, plate 5). 61 stake-
holes were associated with the trough C.102 and hearth. The stakeholes on the northern side of the
hearth probably formed a screen. The stakeholes associated with the trough probably held a wooden
lining in place.
C.93 was the largest of the spreads that formed the mound of the burnt stone. It measured c. 10m by
9m. It comprised a black sandy silt with inclusions of heat shattered stone and charcoal. It overlay the
trough C.102, hearth C.164, possible trough C.103 and pit C.105.
The trough C.102 was rectangular in plan, orientated northwest-southeast and measured 2.15m by
1.46m and 0.48m deep (Figure 7, Plate 6). It was filled with the main burnt mound spread C.93. 20
stake-holes cut the base of the trough. Stake-holes were found along the base of the north-eastern,
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south-western and south-eastern sides. None were found along the north-western side where there was
a concave depression in the centre of the side. Three stakeholes were grouped at the base of the western
corner and four at the base of the northern corner. Other larger stake-holes were found in the original
ground level at the northern and western corners, three at the western corner and four stake-holes at
the northern corner. The southern corner of the trough was truncated by the pit/trough C.103. Four
stakeholes were located in the northern portion of the base of this pit. These may have formed part of
the group in the base of trough C.102. The stakeholes varied in size the smaller being on average 0.04m
in diameter and the larger were 0.1m in diameter on average.
Five additional stakeholes (C.133, C.142, C.188, C.220, C.222) were located on the perimeter of the
trough. The stakeholes varied in size with the smaller being on average 0.04m in diameter and the
larger were 0.1m in diameter on average. They were similar in morphology being generally circular in
plan with vertical sides.
A burnt hearth fill C.106 was located to the northwest of the trough. The underlying subsoil, C.164,
was heat-scorched. This hearth measured 1.5m by 1.1m by 0.05m deep. It was defined on the northern
edge by an alignment of 16 stakeholes (C.190, C.192, C.194, C.196, C.198, C.200, C.202, C.204,
C206, C.208, C.210, C.212, C.224, C.226, C.228, C.230) 1.4m in length (Figure 7, plate 7). A fur-
ther three stakeholes (C.214, C.216, C.218) were located to the west of the hearth.
Two small spreads of re-deposited natural were excavated on the western side of the trough C.102 and
pit C.103 (Figure 5, plate 5). C.112 was the primary deposit and may have accumulated from the exca-
vation of C102. C.111 overlay C.112 and was probably the material dug from the excavation of the pit
C.103. Pit C.110 cut the spread C.111. It measured 0.6m by 0.55m by 0.45m in depth and contained
three fills. The burnt mound spread C.93 formed the upper fill of the pit. A calibrated radiocarbon date
of cal BC 997-825 BC (UB 6776) was obtained from charcoal from the fill C.109 of pit C.110.
Stakehole C.131 was located on the eastern side of the pit and stakehole C.138 was located 0.1m to the
southeast of the pit.
Pit C.103 truncated the southern side of the trough C.102 and the northern side of pit C.105. It
measured 1.8m by 1.1m by 0.53m in depth. It was filled with the burnt mound material C.93. Four
stakeholes (C.114, C.116, C.153, C.186) cut the base of the pit. These could form part of the complex
associated with the trough C.102. Three stakeholes (C.154, C.155, C.156) were located on the south-
western side of the pit. They were on average 0.04m in diameter. A small post-hole (C.152) was located
at the northern corner of C.103. It had two packing stones one on the northeastern side and one on
the southeastern.
The pit C.105 measured 0.6m by 0.55m by 0.45m. It was filled with burnt mound material C93.
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5.1.5 Group 5 Modern Period
A large cut feature (C.8) c. 4.65m wide was recorded in the central area of the site. It curved from the
eastern baulk in a southwesterly direction and seemed to disappear after a time. A stream marked in
this area on the 1st and 2nd edition OS maps (CO035) meandered in a northwesterly direction from
Curraghmore House to the south. In the 3rd edition map the term ‘rises’ marked in the vicinity of
the site suggests that this was the location of a spring. The stream at that time seemed to flow in a
northwestern and southeastern direction. It seems that between 1905 and 1935 its course was altered
somewhat to flow along a straight drain in the field to the south of the site. Water flowed at the base of
the present cut C.8 in a northeastern direction into an open drain. It is most likely that the cut feature
represents the backfilled remains of a diverted stream bed that was altered after 1935.
A section was excavated through the eastern end of the feature C.8. It measured c. 6m in length by
0.5m wide by 1m in depth. Six fills were identified in the section (Figure 6). The lowest fill (C.5) of
the stream bed C.8 was a loose, stone deposit. Approximately 55 sherds of glazed red earthen ware
and delft were found in the stream bed along with seven glass bottle sherds, 15 metal fragments, three
lumps of slag material, one slate fragment, two brick fragments and two earthenware tile fragments.
The finds are domestic in nature and might be associated with the house site marked on the 1st edition
CO035 map a short distance to the east. Rubble was also noted in the made up ground to the east of
the site between the route of the N8 and the site. The remaining ditch fills (C.7, C.4, C.10, C.9 and
C.3) were all re-deposited natural-type fills. C.3 was the upper fill and it extended beyond the cut of
the ditch to the north and the south. Evidence for a thin topsoil layer (C.12) was recorded under C.3
to the south of the eastern end of the bed. It was cut by the stream bed and overlay C.13 the stony
deposit associated with the earlier activity in Group 2.
5.2 Stratigraphic Discussion
In the main part of the site a burnt mound, associated pits, stake-holes, post-holes, other pits and two
ditches were found on this site. It not possible to directly relate strategraphically one part of the site to
the other but since the features cut natural subsoil (C.2) and many contained burnt mound material it
can be inferred that many are roughly contemporary. Radiocarbon results however have indicated that
material from pit C.23 in Group 2 in the southern area has an Early Bronze Age date while a posthole
C110 in Group 4 in the main burnt stone spread area has a Late Bronze Age date. The two outlying
pits, located 30m to the north of the burnt mound are earlier in date. The pottery included in the fill
of pit (C.258) belongs to a Middle Neolithic globular bowl.
Stratigraphically this site can be divided into three phases.
1. The Neolithic
2. The Bronze Age
3. The modern period.
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5.2.1 Phase 1
5.2.1.1 The Neolithic
Two pits dated to the Middle Neolithic were located 30m south of the burnt mound. The larger pit in-
cluded 12 sherds of Middle Neolithic globular bowl and two fragments of flint (Figure 9, plate 8). The
ceramic vessels are associated with funerary context and have also been recorded on settlement sites.
5.2.2 Phase 2
5.2.2.1 Bronze Age
Two radiocarbon dates obtained suggest that activity on site occurred in the Early and Late Bronze
Age. It is possible that the early date is the result of old wood being used in the Late Bronze Age. The
site could however have been abandoned and reused at a later date. It is difficult to determine which
features are contemporary as the majority cut the sub-soil. Therefore it is suggested that the activity
on the southern side of the stream is Early Bronze Age in date and the activity on the northern side is
Late Bronze Age.
The complex of pits in Group 2 were divided from Group 3 and 4 by a stream which was altered in
modern times and diverted underground.
The features of Group 3 and 4 will be discussed together. It is possible that an open stream flowed to
the south of the burnt mound during the Bronze Age. Activity therefore occurred on both sides of a
stream course. The most interesting part of the site was the features in Group 4. It can be suggested
that the pits C102 and C105, the arc of stake-holes and the in situ burning at the northeastern end of
C102 were contemporary. The line of possible post-holes and occasional stake-holes in Group 3 may
be contemporary with the burnt mound.
The small mound of redeposited natural C112 to the east of C102 was probably the material dug from
the ground to make the pit. It can be suggested that the stakes in the base of the pit C102 had held
planks in place to line the pit. The deliberate concave middle section of the northeastern wall and the
lack of stake-holes on this side suggest that it may not have been lined on this side or that straight
planks were not used. The concave section almost resembled a chute. The fire on the northwestern
side seemed to be confined to the pit side of the arc of stakes. If stones had been heated in this fire the
chute-like feature at this end of the trough would have allowed them to be pushed easily into the pit.
It can be suggested that the large stakes which were at the northern and western corners of the pit were
part of a feature that had been replaced on several occasions. It does not seem to have formed part of a
four sided enclosing structure. Perhaps the stakes were the vertical uprights of a rack. Similarly placed
stake-holes were found at one end of the wood lined trough at Scartbarry, A0014/002.
The placement of the stake-holes around the fire is curious. They may represent a wicker- work type
feature to shelter the fire though it would have been in danger of catching fire. The stake-holes were
not very deep so perhaps they formed part of a removable structure.
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The site eventually went out of use and the burnt mound slipped into the pits and troughs. A hollow
formed in the centre of the mound where the main pits were located. This hollow naturally filed up
with material over time.
5.2.3 Phase 3
5.2.3.1 Modern Period
In the modern period the stream which was marked on the O.S. maps was diverted underground. This
work destroyed any archaeological evidence close to the stream or indeed evidence of the stream be-
ing contemporary with the site. It truncated two burnt stone-filled cuts C47 and C53 on the southern
side. The burnt stone material C32 in the curved cut C36 in the south of the site was partially covered
by the top fill of C8. This fill had been placed to level up the land to the side of the modern ditch. It
was not possible to determine whether the southern burnt stones C32 were once a continuation of the
mound (C93) on the north of the ditch or a separate burnt mound.
5.3 Specialist reports
5.3.1 Radiocarbon results
Radiocarbon dates were returned from the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Queens University Belfast. The
two dates returned from Queens were accelerator dates obtained from samples of charcoal.
Table 1
Lab. Code Sample Material Context No. Yrs BP Calibrated Dates
2 sigma
UB-6775 Charcoal 22 3770 ± 41 cal BC 2335-2036
UB-6776 Charcoal 109 2756 ± 38 cal BC 997-825
5.3.2 Plant remains report
The plant remains were examined by P. Johnston (Appendix 4). No plant remains other than charcoal
were recorded from any of the samples.
5.3.3 Prehistoric Pottery
The pottery was examined by H. Roche (Appendix 5). It has been identified as belonging to a Middle
Neolithic globular bowl
5.3.4 Lithics
Three flints was recovered and examined by F. Sternke (Appendix 6). Two of the flints were recovered
from the fill of a pit, one was a natural chunk (05E0078:5:13) and the second was a core (05E0078:5:14).
The lithics were not diagnostic but were recovered together with 12 sherds of Middle Neolithic pottery.
The core was produced on a split pebble and at least three flakes were removed from one end. One
flake (05E0078:22:1) was recovered from a pit south of the burnt mound. Both the core and the flake
represent waste products from lithic reduction.
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6 Discussion and Interpretation
The two pits dated to the Middle Neolithic are a significant discovery as Neolithic activity is rarely
recorded in this region. Two other Neolithic sites were recorded on the route of the N8. Gortore
(A012/003) located on the southern bank of the River Funshion and Curraghprevin located on the
southern bank of the River Bride. An Early Neolithic radiocarbon date of cal BC 3928-3655 was re-
turned from Gortore and a Late Neolithic radiocarbon date of cal BC 3090-2580 was returned from
Curraghprevin, as well as discoveries of Early Neolithic pottery (NRA Archaeological Discoveries).
The discovery of burnt stones and lined pits near a water source indicate that hot stone technology was
used on the site. This technology is traditionally associated with fulacht fiadh or Bronze Age cooking
spots. Water was heated by placing hot rocks into a water- filled trough. The wrapped meat was then
placed in the water and cooked. Experiments carried out by M.J. O’Kelly, who excavated Ballyvourney
I, Co. Cork in 1954, found that 450 litres of water in a trough boiled in 30-35 minutes and cooked
4.5kg of mutton in less than 4 hours (1989). Burnt stone spreads however may have been the by-prod-
uct of a variety of activities; ‘boat building (Lane Fox 1875), butter production (Fenton 1976), brine
evaporation, brewing (Stanley 1868; Gustawsson 1949), pottery filler, fulling and leather work (Luas
1965, Coles 1979), metallurgy (Briggs 1976)’ (Barfield and Hodder 1987, 371) and washing laundry. It
has also been suggested that they may have been used as saunas (Luas 1965 and Barfield and Hodder
1987). Not all excavated burnt mounds have wood lined troughs or even pits that can be interpreted
as pits for heating water. Stone lined examples have also been found for example at Reenarea, Valentia,
Co. Kerry (Mitchell 1990). It is therefore logical that burnt stone technology was used for different
purposes. It has been suggested that the term fulchta fiadh should only be used to refer to sites with
troughs and mounds of burnt stone (Brindley 1990). Radiocarbon dating of such sites produced a
Bronze Age date ranging from 3,800 to 2,400BP (Brindley 1990). There are however exceptions for
example a plank lined Mediaeval example from Waterford (Walsh 1990). The lack of datable finds
found during excavation of these monuments results in difficulties in their dating as well as their in-
terpretation.
It is likely that burnt stone technology was used for a variety of purposes from industrial to gastronom-
ic. The challenge is to determine which activity was carried out on each site. The fact that large pits or
troughs were found on the Fermoy site along with a burnt stone mound does not necessary indicate
that it is a fulacht fiadh or that it was used for cooking meat, especially when the number of other pits
and associated stake- and post-holes are considered. Several pits were found at the site and on two oc-
casions one was truncated by another suggesting the continuous use of the site over a period of time.
The row of possible post-holes to the east of the main pits on site (C102 and C103) could be interpreted
as a fence line, racks or tenter frames (where cloth was stretched in order to dry without shrinkage).
The discovery of several pits, the positions for possible tenter frames, a large, probably lined, trough
and the near vicinity to running water, all suggest the possibility that fulling, felting, leather working,
dying processes or cloth washing were carried out on site.
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Fulling cleans, shrinks and thickens cloth making it more dense and strong. It is carried out by beat-
ing it in water or waulking (walking hard on it) it with the addition of detergent (fullers earth, pot
ash or stale urine). This can be carried out in a sunken tank or a trough (perhaps the trough and pits
such as C102, C103). The process is quickened if the water is heated (water heated by means of hot
stone technology). The cloth is then rinsed in clean water by further waulking preferably in a run-
ning stream. Finally the cloth is hung out on lines or tenterhooks to dry (Jeffery 1991). Felting is the
close matting of fibres by heat, moisture and pressure. Since steam is a requirement a structure might
be necessary though from ethnographical examples one is not needed. In 1929 Kashmir shawls were
fulled by waulking damp cloth over hot stones and rinsing in a stream (film by A.F Barker in Jeffery,
102). Where dying is carried out it is advantageous for the lanolin in the wool to be removed first by
fulling. Dying requires hot and cold water, containers or troughs and plants such as woad. The physical
requirements for the fulling process were found on site but no woad was found in any of the samples.
The following sequence of events is suggested for cloth processing on this site.
1. Water heated by hot stone technology in the trough C102. Stones possibly heated on scorched
area (C164) to northwest of the trough.
2. Waulking of the cloth in the trough.
3. If the rocks were heated on the scorched area the fire would have gone out by the time the cloth
was ready to be removed from the trough. The cloth could then be dragged out of the trough
and hung over a rack (represented by large stake-holes in northern and western corners of the
pit) at this end of the trough. The cloth would be heavy with the weight of the water so it would
be advantageous to let it drain for a while.
4. The cloth could be then be rinsed and waulked in the stream.
5. It would finally be hung out on racks, tenter frames or clothes lines (post-holes C51, C55-59).
Other pits in the area may have been used for soaking cloth for dying, preparing dyes or cleaning.
Another possibility is that hot stones were placed on the scorched area adjacent to the trough C102,
the cloth draped over the rack and pegged at the base. Water placed on the stones would then produce
steam for part of the felting process. The best evidence for fulling in the Bronze Age has been found in
Denmark where a man’s fulled cape and caps were found at Muldbjerg (Jeffery 1991).
At some stage a later and smaller trough C103 was dug and it truncated C102. It is hard to see how the
loose burnt mound material found in C102 could have acted as a wall and it is therefore probable that
the second pit was also lined or that it acted as an extension to the first. It is associated with a small
pit or post-hole C110 to the east and a small mound of re-deposited natural C111 which was probably
removed from the ground during the excavation of C103.
Two radiocarbon dates from the site indicate activity in the Early Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age.
Burnt stone mounds are extremely common in this region with over 300 sites recorded in east and
south Cork (Archaeological Inventory of County Cork Vol II). They often occur in clusters: e.g two
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within Coolcarron townland (CO035-075, 077), six within Corrin townland (CO035-050, 058, 068,
070) and three within Ballyoran townland (CO035-052, 057, 071). More fulachta fiadh were excavated
on the route of the N8 Rathcormac Fermoy including Corrin 4 (03E1463), two burnt mounds at Cor-
rin 6 (03E1636), Fermoy Wood (04E1014) and at Scartbarry (A014/002). The nearest excavated site to
this burnt stone mound to the south was a fulacht fiadh at Fermoy Wood (04E1014) and the possible
platform and trackway excavated in Ballyoran Bog (04E1014 extension) and there is a possibility that
these sites are contemporary, suggesting a range of different past activities within the low-lying wetland
landscape. The archaeology suggests occupation on a long-term, although perhaps intermittent, basis
from around the Middle Neolithic.
7 Assessment of archaeology and significance
The Middle Neolithic pits are a significant discovery as another site on the route at Gortore dates to
the Early Neolithic and a site at Curraghprevin has evidence of Early and Late Neolithic activity. The
Bronze Age burnt stone mound maybe associated with a hitherto unrecorded contemporary settlement
site.
8 Conclusion
A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technol-
ogy was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a
variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other indus-
trial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed
whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of
cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
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9 Bibliography
Barfield, L.H. and Hodder, M.A. (1987) Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing in
Antiquity 61, 370-79.
Barfield, L.H. Hot stones: Hot food or hot baths? In Hodder and Barfield (1910, 59-67).
Brindley, A.L. and Lanting, J.N. (1990) The dating of fulachta fiadh in Buckley, V. (ed.) Burnt Offerings,
55-58.
Brunicardi, N. 1978. Fermoy to 1841 A Local History. Fox’s Printing Works, Fermoy.
Buckley, V. (ed.) (1990) Burnt Offerings. Dublin:Wordwell.
Jeffery, P. Burnt mounds, fulling and early textiles in Hodder and Barfield (1991, 97-107).
Lane, S. (2001) An Archaeological Assessment of N8 South Watergrasshill – Fermoy. Unpublished Sheila
Lane & Associates Archaeological Report.
Lane, S. (2001) N8 Watergrasshill – Fermoy Bypass, Archaeological Assessment: Fieldwalking.
Unpublished Sheila Lane & Associates Archaeological Report.
Luas, A.T. (1965) Washing and bathing in ancient Ireland in JRSAI 95, 65-114.
Mitchell, F. (1990) Early Bronze Age fulachts on Valentia Island in Buckley, V. (ed.) Burnt Offerings,
24-26.
Murphy, D. (2002) Final Report Volume 1: Archaeological Testing, N8 Rathcormac to Fermoy Bypass
Scheme. Unpublished Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd. Report.
NRA Archaeological Discoveries leaflet for the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy Road Scheme
NRA Archaeological Discoveries leaflet for the Ballincollig Bypass.
O’ Kelly, M. (1989) Early Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Power et al. 1994. Archaeological Inventory of County Cork. Vol II East & South Cork. The Stationery
Office, Dublin.
Power et al. 2000. Archaeological Inventory of County Cork. Vol IV East & South Cork. The Stationery
Office, Dublin.
Sleeman, A.G. & McConnell B. 1995. Geology of East Cork – Waterford. Geological Survey of
Ireland.
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24. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Walsh, C. (1990) A medieval cooking trough from Peter Street, Waterford in Buckley, V. (ed.) Burnt
Offerings 47-48.
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28. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Figure 4: Portion of route of N8 Rathcormac Fermoy showing location of Fermoy excavation.
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29. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
10,50 20,50 30,50
C.65
C.85
C.81 C.67
C.69
C.57
C.91
C.58
C.59
C.51
C.56
C.104
C.55
C.106 C.112
C.102
F
E 182113 C.111
N 098246
C.110 30,40
C.103
C.105
C93
E
C.8
C.36
A
C.24
30,30
C.49 B
D
C.23
C.25
C
C.33
30,20
1m 0 5m
Figure 5: Post-excavation plan of area of fulacht fiadh.
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30. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
A C D
B
C.25
C.24
C.23
E
C.3
F
C.9 C.4
C.10
C.7
C.5
G H I J K L M N O P
C.55 C.56 C.51 C.59 C.58 C.57
50 cm 0 50 cm
Figure 6: Sections of C.24, C.25 and C.23, C.8, C.55, C.56, C.51, C.59, C.58 and C.57.
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31. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
224 188
226
198
228 206 202 196 190
208 204 192
A 127
230 129
210 194
200 123
212 120 125
C.112
C.106
214
246
218 254
216 248
250 252
166
142
165
135
157
162
C.102 148
144
220 147
137
163 150
222 161
244 146 133
140
152
242
145
240
E 182123
E 182116 C.111 N 098247
N 098246 116
114 131
12,40 153 20,40
156
186
C.110
C.103 138
155
154
C.105
B
A B
C.105
C.102
C.103
50 cm 0 1m
Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough and pits.
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32. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
C.258
13,10 20,10
E 182127
E 182120
N 098216
C.262 N 098217
50 cm 0 1m
Figure 8: Post-excavation plan and sections of pits C.258 and C.262.
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34. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
11 Plates
Plate 1: Pre-excavation view of features located to the south of the old stream course C.8
from west.
Plate 2: Pre-excavation of burnt mound from west.
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35. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Plate 3: Section of pit C.23 from south.
Plate 4: Section of pit C.24 from east.
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36. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Plate 5: View of trough and pits underlying
burnt mound from southeast.
Plate 6: View of trough C.102 and associated stakeholes from northwest.
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37. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Plate 7:. View of hearth and associated stakeholes from south.
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39. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
12 Appendices
12.1 Appendix 1: Matrix
Please see attached CD for matrices.
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40. 05E0078 Fermoy, Co. Cork ISSUE 6: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
12.2 Appendix 2: Context Register
Context No. Type Dimensions Description Samples
1 Topsoil Removed by machine up to 0.40m deep
in places.
2 Natural In SE mid, yellow, soft, sandy silt with
patches of whiter sandier material. In
N dark, orangish pink, firm, sandy silt
with occasional angular medium stones.
Bands of dark orange, sandy silt. Under-
lying geology was soft rock.
3 Fill of stream bed 5.00x15.00 min Pink redeposited natural. Deliberate
C8 backfilled material in stream bed C8.
4 Fill of stream bed ?x4.65x0.30 Brown, soft, silt with moderate medium
C8 and coarse, sub-angular pebbles and
small sub-angular stones. Fill of C8
under C10 over C7.
5 Fill of stream bed ?x4.00x0.40 Stone fill of small, medium and large
C8 angular and sub-angular stones. Base fill
of cut C8. Under C7.
6 Fill of pit C24 0.66x0.50x0.15 Light, bluish grey, loose, silty sand with SS1
occasional sub-rounded medium peb-
bles. Fill of natural depression on top fill
C16 in pit C24.
7 Fill of stream bed ?x4.65x0.35 Light pink, firm, silty clay with moder-
C8 ate, angular fine, medium and coarse
pebbles and small and medium angular
stones. Fill in C8 under C4 and over
C5.
8 Stream bed cut ?x4.65x0.90 Unknown length. In section break of
slope top is gradual. Sides moderate and
smooth, break of slope base sharp, base
flat. Curved from east to south west.
9 Fill of stream bed ?x1.80x0.10 Light brown, soft, silty sand with occa-
C8 sional angular fine, medium and coarse
pebbles and angular small stones. Under
C3 over C10.
10 Fill of stream C8 ?x0.50x0.15 Light, yellow, soft, silty clay with oc-
casional sub-angular pebbles. Under C9
over C4.
11 Spread 2.00x?x0.15 Light, greyish white, firm silty clay with
occasional sub-angular fine, medium
and coarse pebbles. Found in area
between C8 and the burnt mound mate-
rial C32. Over C12.
12 Spread 1.60x?x0.15 Mid, brown, friable silty sand with oc-
casional sub-angular fine and medium
pebbles. Remnants of a topsoil layer seen
between C8 and burnt mound material
C32. Over C13 under C11.
13 Spread 2.00x?x0.16 Mid, grey, stony spread with frequent SS10
sub-angular medium and coarse peb-
bles. Between C8 and burnt mound
material C32. Over natural C2 under
C12.
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