Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
The following report details a survey undertaken to record the architectural components and features of importance of nine study areas along the route of the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme (Contract 1, West). The study also sought to ascertain any phasing of construction that may be evident i.e. various extensions, additions or modifications to the various properties which have been carried out over time. Cartographic and documentary research was also carried out in order to provide a date range of the original construction and any subsequent additions.
A total of 15 architectural heritage sites were identified in the EIS over the area covered by Contract 1. Six of these sites were modern and were surveyed by Niall Roycroft, Project Archaeologist. The remaining nine areas of Architectural Heritage (AH) interest form the study.
The study site of Lissanisky House and associated features are listed in the Record of Protected Structures (RPS) of the Tipperary North County Development Plan 2004-2010 (RPS No. S258) and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage for County Tipperary. Inclusion in the RPS affords the house and the pillared entrance statutory protection under the Planning and Development Acts 2000-2002.
This report has been carried out in advance of construction of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme (Contract 1, West). At an earlier stage of the design process, the EIS envisaged that either all or part of these study sites would be physically impacted upon during the course of the road construction works. As a result, the nine study sites are the subject of either a Level 1 or Level 2 architectural survey as directed by the NRA Project Archaeologist (Appendix 1).
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
The following report details a survey undertaken to record the architectural components and features of importance of nine study areas along the route of the proposed N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme (Contract 1, West). The study also sought to ascertain any phasing of construction that may be evident i.e. various extensions, additions or modifications to the various properties which have been carried out over time. Cartographic and documentary research was also carried out in order to provide a date range of the original construction and any subsequent additions.
A total of 15 architectural heritage sites were identified in the EIS over the area covered by Contract 1. Six of these sites were modern and were surveyed by Niall Roycroft, Project Archaeologist. The remaining nine areas of Architectural Heritage (AH) interest form the study.
The study site of Lissanisky House and associated features are listed in the Record of Protected Structures (RPS) of the Tipperary North County Development Plan 2004-2010 (RPS No. S258) and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage for County Tipperary. Inclusion in the RPS affords the house and the pillared entrance statutory protection under the Planning and Development Acts 2000-2002.
This report has been carried out in advance of construction of the N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme (Contract 1, West). At an earlier stage of the design process, the EIS envisaged that either all or part of these study sites would be physically impacted upon during the course of the road construction works. As a result, the nine study sites are the subject of either a Level 1 or Level 2 architectural survey as directed by the NRA Project Archaeologist (Appendix 1).
This report comprises the Final Report of excavations undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects along the line of the proposed Castledermot Sewerage Scheme in 2004. Kildare County Council proposed to upgrade the sewerage system in Castledermot village running from the Lerr River to the south along Abbey St. and Main St. to Skenagun to the north. The present town contains extensive archaeological remains, both upstanding and subsurface, of the earlier Medieval town (KD040-002). Therefore in 2002, an archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the sewerage trench was carried out (Byrne 2000). This was followed by a programme of test excavations (Lynch 2002). The results of this work led to a decision to archaeologically resolve the line of the proposed pipe trench in advance of commencement of construction works. Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated the line of the proposed trench between June and December 2004 under excavation licence number 04E0750. While the excavated trench was narrow, it offered a lengthy cross-section of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town. The excavation revealed a number of facets of the town during these periods including the Medieval town walls and a cemetery. Following archaeological resolution of the trench, it was backfilled to be opened at a future date for the insertion of the sewerage pipes.
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
The site at Mitchelstown 1 was discovered during archaeological investigations along the route of the Mitchelstown Relief Road. The site comprised three houses constructed in at least two phases, one of the houses having been cut by the other two. The houses were approximately 10m in diameter and were roughly D-shaped in plan, with entrances centrally located on the straight side, facing east. One of the houses showed clear evidence of having had an internal division in the form of a slot trench running between two structural postholes. The slot trench could have held a wattle wall separating the entrance area (approximately one-third of the floor area) from the remainder of the house.
Little evidence was found of the material culture or economy of the inhabitants of the Mitchelstown houses. No pottery was recovered from the site and the few lithics were undiagnostic.
The number of cereal grains recovered from the soil samples was too small to allow any interpretation of the economy or diet of the population. A striking aspect of the environmental material however was the large number of seeds of the Dock family. These are usually considered to be weed seeds brought into houses inadvertently along with cereals. However, that is unlikely here, given the paucity of cereal grains on the site, and it may be that Dock seeds were deliberately gathered as a food source. Parallels for this have been found in Britain and Denmark where Dock seeds have been found in the gut contents of bog bodies.
The Mitchelstown houses have numerous parallels among the growing numbers of Middle Bronze Age houses now being discovered in recent Irish excavations and add to the expanding settlement pattern of the period.
The recording of three Early Bronze Age pots within a small pit is a very significant find. There are no parallels for the two small pots, one of which was decorated to represent a human face or body. The pit containing the pottery was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River on the western fringe of the road corridor, it is possible that further archaeological features are located to the west. The pit maybe associated with the burnt mound. The radiocarbon date returned for the pottery would overlap with Early Bronze Age dates returned for Fulachta Fiadh in Stagpark 3 (04E1119), located 2200m to the south, and are almost identical to dates returned for Early Bronze Age activity in Stagpark 1 (04E1120), located 1400m to the south.
There are 16 Bronze Age burials, comprising cist burials, Food Vessel burials, Urn burials and pit burials, recorded within a 13 km radius of the site. The burials are generally located on low-lying ground between 60 m and 100 m OD. Some are located within 500 m of the Funshion River and its tributaries, the Sheep River, the Tooraleagan River and the Gradoge River. Generally, Early Bronze Age burials tend to be concentrated in low-lying areas such as valley floors, while the associated settlement sites are probably located on higher ground along the valleys (Cooney & Grogan 1999, 103). While the majority of graves contain the remains of one individual, multiple burials, either collective or successive, also occurred. The majority of the Cordoned Urns are associated with burials and the simple pit grave is the commonest type (Waddell 2000, 149).
The Mitchelstown pit and pottery group shares some characteristics of Early Bronze Age burial practices in terms of the low-lying location in the river valley, the simple form of the pit itself, and the deposition of the Cordoned Urn. However, many aspects are very different. The creation of a face and human features on Vessels 2 and 3, the positioning of the ears, anatomically incorrect, on both vessels and the inclusion of a spoon are all unusual. In addition, despite the inclusion of a Cordoned Urn - usually a funerary vessel, there was no evidence of burial recorded at the site. The deposition therefore points away from burial and towards other ritual, for instance libation to a deity. It is also possible that this pit does not exist in isolation and other archaeological features, including burials, may be located in the area to the west, beyond the edge of the road corridor.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
Archaeology in the Holy Bible
List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archaeology Student Study
Work Book is an Online School of Prayer Student Workbook with Instructor Sister Lara helping students study Biblical Artifacts and their history in Biblical Studies of Arts.
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
Budjah was the God of the dreamtime and King Billy Turner was his Great Great Great Grandfather and his grandmother Florence Richards was born at Deep Creek where you will find an 8ft long footprint of the Great Spirit Father Biame. Please feel free to read this document.
The Covid-19 pandemic & the evolution of migration intentions among Tunisian ...Jamaity
This study was carried out as part of the participation of the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES) in the research project "Social Protection in (post) Covid MENA" as member of the "Arab Hub for Social Protection" Consortium.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.
The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth.
Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west.
Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.
A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped alignment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.
A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.
The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
In Bricketstown townland a number of agricultural features were exposed including a limekiln, land divisions, hearth and stakeholes, a platform with medieval waste and evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation. The main features of the sites included early land divisions (ditches), a work surface with residues from various industrial activities, a hearth surrounded by stakeholes/hearth furniture, later land divisions (ditches) that enclosed ridges and furrows and a kiln. The archaeological evidence from the site is generally indicative of activity associated with agriculture, incorporating a kiln, furrows, boundaries and drainage ditches.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
Three phases of archaeological activity were recorded on the site. The earliest phase is a Neolithic house and associated features within Area ІІ. An Early Bronze Age pit was located in Area І some 70m south of the house site. The final phase of activity related to Post-Medieval agricultural practices and included a back-filled ditch within Area ІІ.
The moated site comprised a rectangular moated area with an inside bank, a sub-rectangular building, and extensive evidence for activity outside the moat including numerous field boundaries, drains, furrows, working areas, a pottery kiln and a possible bisque firing kiln.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
Archaeology in the Holy Bible
List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archaeology Student Study
Work Book is an Online School of Prayer Student Workbook with Instructor Sister Lara helping students study Biblical Artifacts and their history in Biblical Studies of Arts.
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
Budjah was the God of the dreamtime and King Billy Turner was his Great Great Great Grandfather and his grandmother Florence Richards was born at Deep Creek where you will find an 8ft long footprint of the Great Spirit Father Biame. Please feel free to read this document.
The Covid-19 pandemic & the evolution of migration intentions among Tunisian ...Jamaity
This study was carried out as part of the participation of the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES) in the research project "Social Protection in (post) Covid MENA" as member of the "Arab Hub for Social Protection" Consortium.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
In May 2005, Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated a fulacht fiadh and an isolated pit in Skehacreggaun td., Mungret. The fulacht fiadh dates to the Middle Bronze Age, within the usual date range for these monument types. The isolated pit is likely to date to the Bronze Age and it contained the only artefact recovered through these archaeological works. The scraper suggests craft and subsistence since prehistoric times.
Two distinct features were recorded on the western and eastern side of the route of the N8 during topsoil striping prior to the construction of the temporary realignment of the R614. Site A a Bronze Age / Iron Age ring ditch was located to the west of the N8 and Site B an Early Bronze Age enclosure was located to the east in Ballybrowney Lower.
Site A has been identified as a ring-ditch with an internal diameter of 4.25m. Cremated human bone was recorded in the fills of the ring ditch. It is likely to be associated with the large Bronze Age/Iron Age site on the route of the N8 to the north-east which was excavated by E. Cotter in 2003. The site included four enclosures, three circular houses and a medieval corn-drying kiln. The site was truncated by several levelled field boundaries, probably 18th in origin (Cotter 2004, 38).
Site B was a continuation of an Early Bronze Age enclosure partially excavated by E.Cotter in 2003. As it was not going to be disturbed it was not excavated but recorded, planned and covered.
Archaeological Test Excavation Report E2003 Ballybrowney, N8 RFJohn Tierney
Two main areas of high archaeological significance were identified during the testing of the proposed route option A. These were a sub rectangular enclosure and the upstanding enclosure elements of the ringfort.
The outer bank and ditch of the ringfort are still intact to a large degree and are visible on the surface within the CPO line. The area is heavily overgrown with mature and semi-mature trees and a dense understorey of secondary growth. Despite this, and despite having been truncated by the insertion of a trackway cutting through the outer bank and the construction of a stone revetment and drain on its southern side, the outer enclosing elements of the ringfort are to a large degree extant.
The insertion of a modern trackway in this location would have a severe negative impact on the northern enclosing elements of the ringfort.
The development site was a green field site, used for pasture for horses belonging to the Equestrian Centre, located in the western suburbs of Killarney town, to the north of the N72 linking Killarney to Killorglin. Killarney National Park is located to the south of the site. Ballydowny is bordered to the north by Groin townland and the development site holds panoramic views of Tomies Mountain and the Magillycuddy Reeks to the south-west.
Nine areas were excavated within the proposed development site. This included the excavation of five fulacht fiadh together with their associated hearths and troughs, a ring ditch with a cremation burial and the remains of two Medieval iron working areas and a prehistoric site with evidence of copper working. The radiocarbon
results show occupation in these areas from the Neolithic period, through the Bronze Age, Iron Age and up to the Early Medieval period. The excavation of these new sites highlights the concentration of archaeological monuments, particularly fulacht fiadh, in this area north of Lough Leane.
A small group of two pits dating to the Middle Neolithic and a burnt mound where hot stone technology was used was identified at Fermoy. This burnt mound technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The challenge of these sites is to determine which activity took place on each or indeed whether they were multifunctional. It can be suggested that the site was used for the manufacture of cloth by the processes of fulling or dying.
The site at Scartbarry has been identified as a Late Bronze Age burnt mound where hot stone technology was used but there is no definite evidence from this site to indicate the specific purpose of heating stones and water in the area; the technology could have been utilised in a variety of processes from cooking and bathing to fulling, felting, boat building and many other industrial processes. The site is just one of many similar monuments that have been discovered in the general area in recent years and it contributes to the widespread evidence for use of hot stones and water in the area in prehistory.
The site has been interpreted as an isolated hearth which was presumably used once or twice for warmth and/or for cooking. The absence of other features and of finds renders further interpretation difficult. Comparative sites where isolated hearths were discovered are relatively frequent in archaeological works but in many cases these isolated sites are not radiocarbon dated and the absence of any finds means that potentially they could date to any period.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects were engaged to monitor works within previously untested or unresolved locations along the route of the new N8 Rathcormac/Fermoy Bypass, between June 2004 and February 2005. Three previously unknown archaeological sites were discovered in the course of monitoring internal works. One such site was at Ballyoran Bog, where remains of Giant Irish Deer and a possible brushwood trackway were excavated. The skeletal remains of the Giant Irish Deer are a rare occurrence on archaeological sites, but one of the most interesting aspects of the excavation was the discovery that later inhabitants of the area were aware that deer remains were present in the bog, as tool marks on antler fragments demonstrate. Excavation and post-excavation analysis of the brushwood platform/trackway has revealed that the occupiers of this site exploited the immediate environs of the bog for construction materials. The discovery of the possible trackway is significant, given that the majority of those sites recorded in Ireland are located in the Midlands. In conclusion, the site at Ballyoran bog is important on a provincial, as well as a national scale.
The Harristown Little kiln appeared to be a typical key-hole shaped kiln. Two similar kilns were excavated as part of this project, both in Bricketstown townland (licence nos. 00E0476 and 00E0626). The radiocarbon date from this kiln (cal AD 1460-1660) was very close to the date of use at Bricketstown 00E0476 (cal AD 1450-1650). Channels were cut into the bases of both the Bricketstown kilns and these acted as wind tunnels which distributed air evenly through the kiln as it was burning but these were not present at Harristown Little.
Study: LNG and Coal Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas EmissionsMarcellus Drilling News
A study commissioned and released by the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas that purportedly shows using liquefied natural gas (LNG) to produce electricity produces much lower volumes of so-called greenhouse gases (GHGs) than does using coal to generate electricity--and therefore America should ramp up LNG exports because it will benefit the environment of the planet.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
An Introduction to the Ballyhoura Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration ProjectJohn Tierney
The BPRAE Project is a community genealogy project designed to strengthen links between the diaspora communities generated by the Peter Robinson Assisted Emigrations of 1823 & 1825. Eleven ships took over 2000 people from Munster and set them up in 7 townships in Ontario, Canada.
This is a pilot project - results will be published to thememorytrail.com throughout March 2016 - the survey lays foundations to pool data in a central location & to deal with PR families on both side of the Atlantic.
Human remains were recorded during archaeological monitoring of a watermains trench in the middle of the road at the junction between the Athenry Road and the Dublin Road Housing Estate The works were associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply Scheme in early 2012. The remains of 48 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a section of the boundary wall and internal ditch of Tuam Union Workhouse. The burials were originally located within the bounds of Tuam Poor Law Union Workhouse which had opened to admissions in 1846. Eighteen grave pits were identified, with each containing between two and four burials. The individuals buried within these grave pits were paupers.
Slides from John Tierney's talk on exploring the heritage of Ardmore in the era of digital research and publication. This talk is part of the www.reyndr.com project being developed by Eachtra in association with a number of community groups.
Community Genealogy in Ireland - Historic GravesJohn Tierney
Community engagement in historic graveyard surveys has a multiplier effect. What started as an archaeological survey of headstones has become community genealogy and local history. This talk was presented to the Irish Genealogical Research Society AGM in May 2013.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
Adare Castle Co. Limerick is located on the northern bank of the Maigue River c.150m east of the bridge. A bridge is marked in this location on the Down Survey map (c. 1656). The land in the vicinity of the castle is lowlying. The ruined Franciscan Friary is located 400m to the east and the Augustinian Friary 350m to the southwest.
The modern town of Adare is located c. 600m to the south of the castle, set back from the southern bank of the river. Recent archaeological work by Sarah McCutcheon (Limerick County Council) has demonstrated that the town (LI021-032) may have existed in its current location, in proximity to the Trinitarian Abbey, as early as the 13th/14th centuries (McCutcheon pers. comm.).
The castle was strategically constructed on the east bank of the Maigue River to protect the river’s first fordable crossing point some eight miles inland from where it issues into the Shannon Estuary. A fourteen arch bridge was later built by Gerald, the fifth Earl of Kildare, between 1390 and 1410 (Lewis 1837, 8-9). During repairs to the foundations of the bridge arches in the early decades of the nineteenth century a large post or pile of an earlier wooden bridge was revealed (Dunraven, 1865, 104).
Archaeological Report - 50-60 South Main Street, Wexford, Co. WexfordJohn Tierney
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity, in the form of a well and boundary wall, associated with the demolished buildings on Peter Street was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the central southern part of the site. The area of excavation measured 11.5m north-south by 12m east-west.
All the pits in the excavation trench were medieval in date and are likely to have served as rubbish dumps. The artefactual material and the faunal remains recovered from the various fills would support this hypothesis. There was no evidence that they were used for industrial practises, though waste material from industrial activity was mixed with domestic refuse. They were located in the area of the medieval house burgage plots. No evidence of medieval structures was recorded. It is likely to exist under the foundations of the existing upstanding structures on South Main Street.
The pottery assemblage from the site was examined by the ceramic specialist Clare McCutcheon. The majority of the pottery consisted of local and Irish wares, comprising of Lenister Cooking ware, Wexford-type coarse ware, ware, fine ware and cooking ware. The English wares consisted of Minety-type, Ham Green and Redcliffe wares. The Wexford-type wares indicate local pottery production, although no medieval pottery kilns have as yet been located in Wexford. The French wares particularly the Saintonge ware, from the southwest of France, jugs, represented the wealthier tastes.
The greatest proportion of archaeological features encountered at Shandon relate to Medieval activity. While nothing dateable was recovered from the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch itself, the discovery of 12th/13th century pottery from features inside and immediately outside the enclosure provides a strong case that the ditch is contemporaneous.
It must be considered a possibility that the enclosure at Shandon is a Medieval moated site. The latter have been defined as “all rectangular enclosures bounded by banks and moats of Medieval date, whether they enclosed a major house or simply a garden or cattle pen” (Barry 1987, 84). While there was no definite evidence of a bank at Shandon, there is a suggestion that one may have existed. Moated sites date to the 13th and 14th century (ibid., 85) and the local pottery found at Shandon overlaps with this date range.
It must also be considered that the Shandon enclosure relates to Hiberno-Norse activity. Prior to the present work, the motif piece was the sole indicator of such activity. However, this find is now further substantiated by the discovery of an 11th century Hiberno-Norse coin (Plate 12). Because of preservation by redesign and avoidance, a large proportion of archaeological features at Shandon were not excavated and consequently it is quite possible that further diagnostic Hiberno-Norse material survives on the site. However, one coin and a trial piece do not a Hiberno-Norse settlement make and it is plausible that the coin was deposited in Anglo-Norman times long after its original period of manufacture and use.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
Archaeological excavation of the site at Busherstown revealed a complex multi-period site with six phases of activity. In broad outline they confirmed the use of the area from the Early Neolithic period to the present time. The first period of activity was prehistoric in date and comprised a small assemblage of lithics and a circular structure (Structure A) dated on typological grounds to the Bronze Age. The second phase was dated to the early medieval period, when the area was used for cereal processing, as evidenced by the discovery of at least 17 cereal-drying kilns and a further seven possible kilns. The majority of the kilns were located in a line that extended for a distance of 80 m in a NW-SE direction. The firing chambers of the kiln were for the most part located at the NE. A small number of the kilns were partially enclosed (Structures D and E). The third phase of activity was defined by an enclosure (ditches C.68 and 447) which was probably contemporary with the cereal processing. The continuous use of the area of the enclosure in the medieval period was confirmed when certain areas of the site were enclosed through the construction of deep, wide ditches (ditches C.54 and C.63). The ditches (ditches C.227 and C.78) were re-cut in the later medieval period to function as an annexe to a moated site. A substantial ditch, 5.5 m wide by 1.7 m deep, defined the moated site. Only the southern corner of the moated site was located within the road corridor. However, the entire outline can be clearly seen in aerial photographs of the adjoining field to the north-east. Two structures (C and D) were contemporary with the moated site. The post-medieval period was represented by a large number of furrows crossing the site and material which had been dumped into the top fills of the ditches. The site was levelled in the recent past.
Authors: Ewelina Chrobak, Jacinta Kiely and Tori McMorran
The excavations at Kilsheelan, Co. Tipperary uncovered three areas of pits. The pits in two areas (Areas 2 and 3) were isolated and did not contain notable artefacts or environmental evidence. However, at Area 1 there were several pit clusters and artefacts and radiocarbon dates indicated occupation (probably intermittent rather than permanent) during the Early Neolithic.
Geophysical Survey: Land Adjacent to Archaeological Sites - County Offaly & C...John Tierney
A series of geophysical surveys commissioned by Eachtra Archaeological Projects was conducted at 5 sites outside the C.P.O. boundary of the new N7 Castletown to Nenagh road scheme. The survey areas were located adjacent to significant archaeological remains that were excavated within the C.P.O. boundary of the road scheme.
A combination of fluxgate gradiometer and magnetic susceptibility surveys were undertaken on the selected sites. The fluxgate gradiometer surveys were undertaken at a sampling resolution of 1 x 0.25 m and magnetic susceptibility survey at a 5 x 5m sampling resolution.
The bedrock geology along the scheme consists of a mixture of greywacke, siltstone, sandstone and mudstone all of which are suitable for magnetic surveys although very weak magnetic responses were noted across most sites. The majority of the survey areas was covered in short grass or cut crops at the time of survey.
A number of ditches were detected at Busherstown 1 which appear to represent a continuation of the archaeological activity revealed during the excavation. An arcing enclosure ditch has been identified to the south of the excavation.
Three possible ditches were detected across the Drumbaun 2 survey area. These appear to represent a continuation of the possible medieval boundary identified on the northern edge of the excavation. A continuation of a possible prehistoric boundary was also identified. Two possible pits were also identified within the confines of the medieval boundary.
A number of possible ditches were detected at Drumroe 1 which have a direct relationship to the archaeological excavation results. The edge of the probable zone of archaeological activity was also established with the detection of an arcing enclosure ditch.
A continuation to the medieval oval-shaped enclosure ditch was identified at Killeisk 1.
The mapped components of the ditched enclosure, from both excavation and geophysics, measures 95 m NW-SE and 41 m NE-SW, enclosing a total area of 0.335 hectares. A continuation of parts of the droveway was also identified along with a number of other possible ditches and a relict field boundary.
A possible boundary ditch was identified at Park 1. The remains of a “finger-shaped” ditch, which could be interpreted as a cursus monument, were also identified on the western edge of the survey area.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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1. Eachtra Journal
Issue 14 [ISSN 2009-2237]
Archaeological Excavation Report
06E0230 - 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny
Pits, a post-medieval stone-built well and two post-medieval walls
2. Archaeological Excavation Report,
11 Patrick Street,
Kilkenny,
Co. Kilkenny
July 2008
Client: David Gillespie,
Nolan Ryan Partnership
10 Ormond Street,
Kilkenny.
Licence No.: 06E0230
Licensee: Jacinta Kiely
Planning Register No.: 05/135
Contact details:
The Forge,
Written by: Jacinta Kiely & Antonia Doolan Innishannon, Co. Cork
Tel.: 021 4701616
E-mail: info@eachtra.ie
Web Site: www.eachtra.ie
3. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
Table of Contents
1 Summary..............................................................................................................1
2 Acknowledgements...............................................................................................1
3 Introduction.........................................................................................................2
4 Description of Development.................................................................................2
5 Site location and topography. ...............................................................................2
.
6 Background to the current development...............................................................3
7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigations...............................................3
8 Archaeological and Historical background...........................................................5
.
9 Excavation Results................................................................................................9
9.1 Medieval............................................................................................................10
9.2 Post-medieval.....................................................................................................11
9.3 Modern..............................................................................................................12
10 Discussion........................................................................................................... 13
11 Conclusion. ......................................................................................................... 15
.
12 References............................................................................................................ 16
13 Figures................................................................................................................. 19
14 Plates...................................................................................................................37
Appendix 1: Context register. .......................................................................................43
.
Appendix 2: Matrix.......................................................................................................63
Appendix 3: Finds register............................................................................................64
.
Appendix 4: Pottery Report..........................................................................................76
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4. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
Appendix 5: Animal Remains....................................................................................... 83
Appendix 6: Plant Remains. .........................................................................................88
.
Appendix 7: Catalogue of clay pipes..............................................................................98
Appendix 8: Catalogue of metal artefacts..................................................................... 106
Appendix 9: Catalogue of stone artefacts .................................................................... 107
Appendix 10: Catalogue of glass ................................................................................. 109
Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this
report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed
matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra
Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any form
without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.
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iv
5. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
List of Figures
Figure 1: Extract from OS Discovery Series map 67 showing site location............................. 19
Figure 2: Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 19 for County Kilkenny.................... 20
Figure 3: Urban Archaeological Survey map 4d of Kilkenny showing site location................ 21
Figure 4: Urban Place Map showing site location.. ................................................................ 22
.
Figure 5: Rocque’s Survey of the city of Kilkenny 1758 showing site location........................ 23
Figure 6: Ordnance Survey five-foot plan of Kilkenny 1872 showing site location................. 24
Figure 7: 11 Patrick Street showing the area of the excavation................................................ 25
Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of the west end of the site....................................................... 26
Figure 9: Post-excavation plan of the east end of the site........................................................ 27
Figure 10: 11 and 12 Patrick Street showing possible boundaries of five burgage plots........... 28
Figure 11: West-facing sections of Sondage 1 showing pit C.40, east-facing section of Sondage 1
showing pit C.40 and east-facing section of Sondage 4 showing layers C61 and C.62............ 29
Figure 12: East-facing section of Sondage 2 showing pits C.80, C.56 and C.72..................... 30
Figure 13: West-facing section of Sondage 2 showing pits C.72, C.56 and C.80.................... 31
Figure 14: West-facing section of Sondage 3 showing pits C.68, C.76, and C.81................... 32
Figure 15: Section of pit C.53................................................................................................ 33
.
Figure 16: Section of pit C.66................................................................................................ 34
Figure 17: Profile of the exterior & interior of the well C.24 and the cut C.22.. .................... 35
.
Figure 18: Section of the well C.24 and the cut C.22............................................................ 36
List of Plates
Plate 1: View of area of excavation from west......................................................................... 37
Plate 2: View of pits C.74 and C.75 at mid-excavation from east........................................... 37
Plate 3: View of pits C.40, C.74 and C.75 from east.............................................................. 38
Plate 4: View of pits C.32 and C.33 from south..................................................................... 38
Plate 5: View of pit C.53 from west........................................................................................ 39
Plate 6: View of pit C.91 from east......................................................................................... 39
Plate 7: View of western section of the site from south-east.................................................... 40
Plate 8: View of cess pit C.4 from north-west......................................................................... 40
Plate 9: View of well C.24 from west..................................................................................... 41
Plate 10: View of eastern section of the site from west............................................................ 41
Plate 11: Aerial view of central section of the site from south................................................. 42
Plate 12: Aerial view of eastern section of the site from south................................................. 42
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6. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
1 Summary
Location No.11, Patrick Street Kilkenny
County Kilkenny
National Grid Reference 250700
155590
Sites and Monument Record KK19026
No.
Excavation Licence no. 06E0230 ext
OS Map Sheet no. Kilkenny sheet 19
Elevation OD 54 m
2 Acknowledgements
The excavation field crew included Antonia Doolan, Finn Delaney, Sara Camplese, Filip
Debniak, Raphael Wolanski, Adam O’ Leary, Simon Bolton and Ben Blakeman. Post-exca-
vation work was carried out by Antonia Doolan, Sara Camplese, Enda O’ Mahony and Ben
Blakeman. Specialists included Sara Camplese (medieval & post-medieval ceramics), Marga-
ret McCarthy (animal bone) and Penny Johnston (plant remains).
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1
7. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
3 Introduction
The following report details the results of an archaeological excavation undertaken in January
and February 2007 to the rear of the existing HSE building at 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny.
Archaeological testing and an architectural survey had previously been carried out in early
2006 (O’ Donoghue and McQueen 2006). This work has been carried out in advance of a
proposed development comprising of alterations to the existing building and construction of
a 3-storey office building (P.05/135) to rear, on behalf of Mr David Gillespie, c/o Dalton &
O’Donnell Architects. The features excavated comprised 26 pits, a post-medieval stone-built
well, and two post-medieval walls.
4 Description of Development
The Development Site currently comprises renovation of the existing HSE building front-
ing onto Patrick Street to the west, with an extension for an office built onto the rear. A
new building consisting of two offices, hallway and toilets is intended to be located against
the eastern boundary wall. The extension of the building fronting onto Patrick’s Street will
measure c. 34.7 m². The new building at the east of the site, which will occupy the northwest
corner of the site, will measure c. 255.4 m².
5 Site location and topography
Kilkenny city is located on a prominent bend on the River Nore in central County Kilkenny.
Two bridges, John’s Bridge and Greens Bridge, traverse the Nore linking both sides of the city
(figures 2 and 3). The River Nore flows in a southeast direction from Kilkenny and joins the
River Barrow immediately north of New Ross. Kilkenny is located at the junction of several
major roads, notably the N9/N10 between Carlow and Waterford, the N76 to Clonmel, the
N77 to Durrow and the N78 to Athy.
Kilkenny city is listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) as an Historic
Town (RMP KK019-026) and is therefore protected under the National Monuments Acts
1930-2004 (figure 2). The historic core of the city contains numerous sub-elements of ar-
chaeological and historical interest, which are detailed in the Urban Archaeological Survey
of County Kilkenny (figure 3).
The Proposed Development Site is located on the east side of Patrick Street in the city
centre within the zone of archaeological potential for Kilkenny City, RMP number KK019
026 (figure 2). The Nore River is c. 200 m to the north of the PDS and Kilkenny castle is c.
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8. ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 06E0230
100 m to the northeast. The site of St.Patricks Church, after which the street and parish are
named, is situated c. 150 m to the south of the PDS. A new hotel, The Pembroke, on the site
of Stratham’s Garage is located adjacent to the PDS to the south. Lanigan and Tyler (1987)
describe the South East Health Board (now the HSE) building, along with that of the adja-
cent Stratham’s Garage, as being out of proportion with the surrounding Georgian terraces
that lay along the eastern side of Patrick Street.
6 Background to the current development
Previous archaeological work at the site consisted of an archaeological assessment, undertaken
in 2006 by Julianna O’ Donoghue and Alison McQueen for Eachtra Archaeological Projects
(O’ Donoghue & McQueen 2006, presented in www.excavations.ie as site 1999:450). Four
trenches were opened, and archaeological material was recorded in each. Based on the results
presented in the assessment report, the subsequent Grant of Planning contained a condition
related to the archaeological aspects of the site. Condition 7 stipulated:
(a) The developer shall engage a suitably qualified archaeologist to carry out a full
archaeological excavation of the archaeological deposits to be impacted by the
proposed development…
(b) The substructure of the proposed building shall be designed to ensure minimal
ground disturbance and preservation in situ of archaeological deposits…
(c) A detailed report describing the results of all archaeological work, including any
required specialist reports, shall be submitted to the Local Authority and the
Department (DoEHLG) following the completion of archaeological work on
site.
The necessary archaeological excavations were carried out in January and February of
2007 under an extension to the testing licence (Licence number 06E0230 ext).
7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigations
A large number of testing and excavation works have been undertaken on Patrick Street and
the area around Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St. Mary’s/ St. Patrick’s Ward be-
tween 1990 and 2005 as follows:
(Most of the following descriptions are taken from www.excavations.ie which details the
results of excavations which have taken place between 1970 and 2002)
In 1990 test excavation by Heather King at Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St
Mary’s/ St Patrick’s. Eighteen trenches were opened on the site, the front area of which was
disturbed. Evidence for Anglo-Norman occupation was uncovered at the rear of the site along
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with part of the foundations of the medieval town wall and the town ditch, possibly dating
to the 13th or 14th centuries.
In 1995 test excavations were undertaken by Margaret Gowen Ltd. at Pudding Lane (Li-
cence 95E224). Five trenches were opened, a cobbled surface was uncovered.
In 1997 at Patrick Street/Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane, nine test trenches were ex-
cavated by Judith Carroll (Licence 97E468). Medieval pottery and slag was recovered from
the layers and the remains of a wall were uncovered, along with a possible 17th to 18th century
ditch.
In 1998, archaeological excavation located in the back gardens of nos. 26-29 Patrick
Street and at house no. 26 by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0092) was undertaken. A dense
concentration of pits was excavated with a possible 12th to 16th century date, along with a large
possible palisade trench.
Excavation at 33 Patrick St, undertaken by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0402) led to the
discovery of a dense concentration of medieval pits.
In 1998, excavation at Patrick St./Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane (Licence 97E0468)
was undertaken by Judith Carroll. Five areas were excavated with the discovery of a large
number of medieval and post-medieval pits and linear features, the foundations of earlier
walls, structural trenches, hearths, metal working evidence and undated human remains,
both articulated and disarticulated.
In 1999 Eachtra Archaeological Projects undertook further excavations at 26 Patrick St
under licence 99E0165. During this work a number of medieval pits were excavated and re-
corded along with the foundations of a post-medieval building.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at 33 Patrick Street in
1999 following design changes under licence 98E0402ext. A number of large deep pits were
excavated which were interpreted to have served a variety of functions, from domestic cess
pits to industrial pits. Two small drying kilns and iron working evidence were also recorded
on the site.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at Patrick St./Pudding
Lane/Pennyfeather Lane in 1999 under an extension to licence 97E0468. This additional
area was composed of a cluster of intercutting pits, with the partial remains of a post-medi-
eval building.
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Anne Marie Lennon tested a development site at Patrick Street Upper for Mary Henry
Archaeological Services Ltd. under excavation licence number 01E0272. The site was imme-
diately northwest of the boundary wall of the site of St. Patricks Church. Two trenches at the
southeast end of site, one contained a spread of material with sherds of 13th to 14th century
Kilkenny type pottery and the other trench contained disarticulated human bone.
In 2002 Daniel Noonan conducted an impact assessment at 101 Patrick’s St under licence
02E1570 for Eachtra Archaeological Projects. The five trenches opened contained no archaeo-
logical remains.
Also in 2002, No.4 Rose Inn Street was tested and excavated under licence number
01E0466 by Simon Ó Faoláin for Eachtra Archaeological Projects. This site is approximately
150 m north of the current PDS. A well was uncovered and excavated to a depth of 0.5 m. It
was not possible to date the well.
In 2005 Bruce Sutton undertook excavations at Stratham’s Garage (Sutton and Johnston
2007), immediately east of the PDS under the Pembroke Hotel, following testing carried
out in 1999 by Jacinta Kiely for Eachtra Archaeological Projects, both of these phases were
carried out under excavation licence number 99E0757. In total 80 pits were excavated with
a small number of linear features and post-medieval structural elements also being present
on-site.
Overall, excavations over the past 10 years along Patrick Street have produced similar
archaeological material characterised by large numbers of densely concentrated medieval pits
in addition to a number of linear trenches and ditches. The pits served a variety of functions,
from domestic cesspits to industrial metal working pits and hearths. Although structural
remains of buildings and floor surfaces were recorded, these date to the post-medieval period
and there is no structural evidence for the early Anglo-Norman occupation that founded
Patrick Street. The preceding paragraphs have been adapted from Sutton and Kiely 2005.
8 Archaeological and Historical background
(Adapted from Sutton & Johnston 2007)
To date, no archaeological evidence for prehistoric settlement has been uncovered in Kil-
kenny city, suggesting that it was first occupied in historic times, and it has been a country
town for as long as historical records have existed (Bradley 1990, 63).
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Kilkenny is a corruption of Cill chainnigh which means ‘Canice’s Church’ and owes its
name to the foundation of St. Canice’s Monastery in the 6th century AD. According to the
Annals of Ulster, St. Canice died circa 600AD, but this date is based on later calculations
(Bradley 1990, 64). There are different accounts of the life of St. Canice all of which were
compiled in the 12th century. It is possible that St. Canice himself founded the monastery
but alternatively it may have been one of his disciples. The monastery itself was founded on
a small hill overlooking a fording point of the River Nore, at the present location of Green’s
Bridge.
Although St. Canice’s church provides the city of Kilkenny with its name, it was not the
earliest religious structure. A second church, St. Patrick’s, is also mentioned in a Life of St.
Canice and was located to the south, off what is now Patrick Street Lower (and south of the
PDS), though nothing survives of it today (Farrelly et al. 1993, 79). This church is known to
have pre-dated St. Canice’s and was possibly founded in the 5th century, with a later dedica-
tion to St. Patrick (Bradley 2000, 1). Although nothing is known of this early monastery
there must have been a central church building. There is evidence for a surrounding enclo-
sure, similar to other ecclesiastical sites of this period, which can be seen in the curved pat-
tern of Vicar Street, St. Canice’s Place and Dean Street (Bradley 1995, 156). Although not
present today, a lane running north to Troy’s Gate of the then existing town wall is visible
on Rocque’s map of 1758 (figure 5) and traces a possible continuation north of the enclosure
(Bradley 1990, 65). By the time of the arrival of the Normans, a stone church was located
at St. Patrick’s along with a round tower, which would have been a later 11th or 12th century
addition to the site (ibid., 66).
With the emergence of a powerful group known as the Osraige in the latter half of the
first millennium, Kilkenny began to increase in importance due to the fact that the central
base of power for this group comprised the fertile plains of Co. Kilkenny (Bradley 1990, 65).
The location of the monastery towards the centre of these lands, and at a fording point of the
River Nore, meant that its success as an ever growing settlement in size and importance was
almost guaranteed (Bradley 1995, 154). By the 12th century, the successors to the Osraige,
the Mac Gilla Patraic, held court at Kilkenny which suggests that even in pre-Norman times
the settlement served not just a religious function, but also an administrative one (ibid., 156).
This political importance most likely drew craftspeople and tradespeople to the settlement,
further increasing its importance.
The Anglo-Normans arrived in Ireland towards the end of the 12th century and quickly
supplanted the Mac Gilla Patraic in Kilkenny. At this time, settlement in the country con-
sisted of ports established by the Vikings and inland settlements concentrated around ec-
clesiastical sites. The Anglo-Normans swiftly constructed a number of towns and boroughs
around Ireland over the next hundred or so years, indicating a large influx of people into the
country. Kilkenny is one such city that saw the construction of an Anglo-Norman borough
in the town. The Normans were initially attracted to Kilkenny due to its strategic location on
land and riverine routeways (Bradley 2000, 2).
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Kilkenny castle, most likely constructed on an earlier motte and bailey, was built in 1173
some 750 m south of St.Canice’s on a knoll overlooking a second fording point of the Nore.
The existing structure dates to some time in the 13th century and served as an aristocratic
residence, administrative centre and gaol (Bradley 2000, 2). The castle passed out of the Mar-
shall family to the Norman de Clares in the mid 13th century. It passed to the Butlers in 1391
and stayed with this family until 1969 when the state took ownership (Bradley 1995, 158).
Kilkenny Castle to the south and St. Canice’s to the north effectively defined the boundaries
of the town. It is around the castle that the borough of Hightown or Englishtown was estab-
lished with burgesses - the backbone of Anglo-Norman town planning – in existence here by
1176 (Bradley 1990, 66). The earlier pre-Norman settlement centred on St. Canice’s became
known as Irishtown (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1), although care should be taken when referring to
these as ethnically separate areas (Bradley 1985, 446).
The 13th century saw large-scale development in Kilkenny, development which defined
the town for centuries to come. Richard Fitzgilbert de Clare undertook the initial Norman
settlement of Kilkenny, but it was not until his successor, William Marshall, visited Kilkenny
in 1207 that much of the building works in the settlement commenced. In that year new
foundation charters were issued to the town (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1) and after Marshall ne-
gotiated with the Bishop of Ossary for the procurement of the land between the castle and
St. Canice’s, the settlement began to expand. The settlement was centred on a single main
street, High Street, which was wider in the centre to accommodate a market in the town.
The burgage plots along the street would have been well-suited for commercial premises due
to their narrow frontage area, allowing a large number of shops and houses to front onto the
market and the main street (Bradley 1985, 439). Once burgage plots had been handed out,
it is quite possible that their boundaries remained unchanged for many years, although some
plots may have been divided or combined over time (ibid., 429) as owners bought or sold ad-
jacent plots of land. It is also during the middle of the 13th century that the first references are
made to a third borough, Donaghmore, which was located outside the town wall to the south
of Hightown, at what is now the southern end of Patrick Street. It is likely that a pre-existing
settlement was located here prior to this centred on St. Patrick’s Church.
The 13th century also saw the construction and renovation of a number of religious estab-
lishments, some of which later served as parish churches. Between 1207 and 1225 a Francis-
can monastery was built in Hightown. Construction of an Augustinian priory commenced
in 1211 and was completed in 1220. This was the first religious structure to be located on
the eastern bank of the River Nore. It prompted the building of a road and a second bridge
which linked the priory, and subsequent growth of settlement, to the town (Bradley 2000, 4).
The Dominican priory, or ‘Black Abbey’, was established in 1225 outside the city walls and
a small portion of it survives today (ibid., 4). St. Mary’s Church possibly began as a chapel
for those living close to the castle and would have been established soon after the foundation
of Hightown at the end of the 12th century. It later grew into a large Medieval parish church
with council meetings and town plays performed here (ibid., 3). Perhaps the most impressive
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religious structure to be constructed in the 13th century was the Cathedral, built at the loca-
tion of the earlier Canice’s church by Bishop Hugh de Rous. Building of the various sections
continued throughout the 13th century, long after de Rous’ death (Bradley 2000, 5). The Ca-
thedral is the only religious structure to have been constructed in the Borough of Irishtown
and continues to dominate the area to this day.
Construction of town walls around Hightown also began in the 13th century, probably
instigated by William Marshall after his visit in 1207, though they were not completed for
many years. The final completion of the town walls is dated to 1400 and attributed to Robert
Talbot, a man about which little is known (Prim 1949-51, 36). The walls are known to have
been in a near perfect state in the 18th century as represented on Rocque’s map of 1758 (figure
5) (Birthistle 1966, 5), although only small sections survive at present. There are 11 known
murage grants from Kilkenny dating to between 1250 and 1460 (Bradley 1990, 70) which
suggest ongoing work on the walls. These grants were provided by the king and gave towns
the right to impose tolls and taxes for the purpose of building the town’s defences, in order
to lessen the cost to the inhabitants. Kilkenny Castle was incorporated into the southern
line of the town wall, as often seen where castles are located at the edge of towns (Bradley
1985, 444). The western town wall ran along a natural ridge that commanded the approach
from that side. The northern wall formed the boundary with Irishtown. There was no eastern
wall as the river ran along this side creating a natural boundary. In total, the Hightown wall
encompassed an area of roughly 29 hectares (Farrelly et al. 1993, 7). That the construction
of the town walls took such a substantial length of time is evidenced by the fact that the
wall is of varied thickness and the four known towers – only one of which survives – were
of different types. This lack of uniformity suggests that the long length of time needed to
build the walls resulted in a lack of continuous planning in their construction (Bradley 1985,
442). Seven gates are known to have existed along the length of the wall: one at the border to
Irishtown, three along the western wall, one at John’s Bridge and two in the southern wall.
The gates in the southern wall were located next to the castle with a second on Patrick Street,
roughly between Upper and Lower Patrick Street. The latter was demolished at the end of the
19th century (Kenealy 1948, 34).
Irishtown was protected by its own set of defences, although these were neither as sub-
stantial nor as well maintained as those of Hightown, and little is known about them (Ke-
nealy 1948, 32). It has been suggested though that these walls were completed prior to 1400,
therefore before the completion of the Hightown wall. Four gates were located in the defences
surrounding Irishtown. As with the Hightown walls, no wall was present to the east as the
River Nore provided sufficient natural defence.
During the 14th century Kilkenny saw a period of decline with the outbreak of the Black
Plague. It was not until the 16th century when the Butler family were reinstated that the
town once again began to expand (Bradley 1995, 151). Prior to this, Kilkenny was ruled by
a number of rich merchant families. These families constructed many of the stone houses of
Kilkenny, such as Rothe House on High Street. It was the work of these families in 1609 that
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secured the elevation of Kilkenny to city status by James I (Farrelly et al. 1993, 2), although
this was revoked in 1650 with the Cromwellian invasions. After its capture by Cromwell the
importance of Kilkenny began to decline, although it was granted university status in 1690.
The rise of Dublin and Waterford meant that Kilkenny would never again be the administra-
tive centre it had been in the past. By the 18th century it had become a quiet country town,
despite the development of some new industries.
In 1843 the boroughs of Irishtown and Hightown were joined to form a single city with
one corporation and although much had changed, the basic layout of the city remained con-
stant to the early street pattern set out by the Normans, as can be seen by the first edition
ordnance survey map and 1872 5ft map (figure 6).
The HSE building currently fronting onto Patrick Street is a modern building dating to
around the 1960’s/70’s. Both the northern and eastern perimeter walls of the property are
protected structures and potentially date from before 1758, as there are walls in these loca-
tions represented on Roque’s map (O’ Donoghue and McQueen 2006, 6-7).
9 Excavation Results
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total
(figures 7-9, plates 10-12) two walls and a well were also excavated. Full contextual details
are listed in the context register Appendix 1 and the stratigraphic matrix Appendix 2. The
catalogue of all artefacts found is in the finds register Appendix 3 and specialist report on the
pottery is in Appendix 4. The results of analysis of environmental material are presented in
the animal bone report Appendix 5 and the plant remains report Appendix 6. Catalogues of
clay pipes are in Appendix 7, metal artefacts are in Appendix 8, stone artefacts in Appendix
9 and glass artefacts in Appendix 10.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. There-
fore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval,
whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. Howev-
er, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features
that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in
use in the medieval period.
Prior to commencement of excavation works, the archaeologist monitored the removal of
the garden soil horizon C.2 by machine to a depth of 0.3 m at the west end of the site and to
a depth of 0.7m at the eastern end of the site. Sherds of medieval and post-medieval pottery
were recovered from the garden soil. A section of the site, measuring c. 7 m NS by 8 m EW
was left unexcavated (figure 7). This will be landscaped and will not be subject to intrusive
groundworks.
When the garden soil C.2 was removed from the east end of the site a large dark spread
of material was observed along the centre of the area. Four sondages were excavated through
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the material to determine the nature and extent of it (figure 7). It was initially interpreted as
a ditch, orienated east-west which had been cut and recut. However, in the fourth sondage
a layer of dark material, 0.2 m in depth, was recorded. The layer located between Sondage 4
and Sondage 1 was removed, revealing two large pits in the process. Therefore it was decided
that the best way of proceeding would be to remove this dark spread of material which was
effectively masking the pits underneath.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The
pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were
on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were
a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A
total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded (plates 10-12).
9.1 Medieval
A total of 21 pits (C.32, C.33, C.40, C.41, C.43, C.53, C.56, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.80, C.81,
C.83, C.84, C.85, C.91, C.93, C.97, C.98, C.99 and C.100) were excavated (plates 2-4 and
6). They were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98,
were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth (figures 11-16). The
fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal
bone and pottery. The pits were located in very close proximity to one another particularly at
the eastern end of the site. Pit C.98 was the largest pit on site. It measured 6.6 m by 3.2 m by
0.95 m. The base sloped to the east. It cut pits C.81, C.99 and C.100. It is possible that the
pit represents the remains of at least three intercut pits.
Four of the pits (C.32, C.33, C.93 and C.97) were located at the western end of the site
(figure 8). They were truncated by a stone-lined pit C.4, wall C.27 and a modern sewer C.10.
They extended beyond the area of the excavation to the north and east and measured on aver-
age 1.4 m.
Fifteen pits (C.40, C.43, C.53, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.81, C.83, C.84, C.91, C.93, C.97,
C.98, C.99 and C.100) containing inclusions of medieval pottery were excavated. A further
six pits (C.32, C.33, C.41, C.56, C.80 and C.85) that did not contain any pottery are prob-
ably medieval in date. Less than five sherds of pottery were recorded in the fills of nine of the
pits (C.43, 74, C.84, C.91, C.93, C.97, C.98, C.99 and C.100). Between seven and eleven
sherds of pottery were recovered from the fills of four of the pits (C.72, C.74, C.75, C.79 and
C.81). 29 and 26 sherds of pottery were recovered from the fills of pits C.40 and C.53 respec-
tively. Layer C.63, located at the eastern end of the site was cut by two pits C.68 and C.76.
Three sherds of Kilkenny-type pottery were recovered from the layer. The medieval pottery
recovered was a mix of Leinster cooking ware, Kilkenny-type coarse ware and Kilkenny-type.
73% of the medieval pottery recovered was Kilkenny-type, which dates to the 13th/14th cen-
turies. The forms of Kilkenny-type pottery recovered are table vessels, mainly jugs.
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Plant remains were recorded in the fills of 12 of the pits (C.32, C.33, C.40, C.43, C.53,
C.56, C.72, C.74, C.75, C.79, C.81 and C.93). The proportion of cereal grains differed from
sample to sample but wheat and oats were the most common cereal types from all samples.
Pit C.53 measured 2.5 m by 1.3 m by 0.55 m in depth (plate 5). It was not truncated by any
of the other pits. It contained a large quantity of oat and wheat grains and a much smaller
proportion of indeterminate grains than any of the other pits. The largest samples of bones
came from pits C.40 and C.53 with lesser quantities of material occurring in eight other pits
(C.32, C.33, C.43, C.74/75, C.79, C.81, C.84 and C.93).
9.2 Post-medieval
The majority of the features dated to the post-medieval period were located at the western
end of the site (figure 8, plate 7). A large well and its associated cut were located to the south
of a large stone-lined pit C.4. A wall, C.27, was build on top of the western wall of the pit
C.4. Only the basal course of the wall had survived in situ. It was aligned north-south and
measured 0.5 m in width.
The pit C.4 (plate 8) extended beyond the area of the excavation to the north. It measured
1.1m m NS by 2 m EW and was 0.8 m deep. Nine fills were recorded within the pit. With the
exception of the basal two fills, C.19 and C.36, the fills were silty clays and included stone,
pebbles, fragments of mortar, roof slates, ten sherds of post-medieval pottery, clay pipe stems
and bottle glass. One of the basal fills C.19 was very rich in archaeobotanical and faunal
remains. The evidence would indicate that it may have been used as a cess pit. The sample
was rich in the remains of un-charred seeds, particularly blackberry, raspberry and figs. The
presence of figs suggests a wealthy household’s diet. Bones from small domestic fowl, juvenile
and adult, hake and dogfish were identified.
The well C.24 was constructed within a large aperture C.22 (figures 17 and 18, plate 9).
The large aperture measured c. 3.3 m by 2.6 m. The well was constructed within the aperture
and the remainder of the cut was backfilled (C.11, C.12, C.16 and C.20). Occasional sherds
of pottery and clay pipe fragments were retrieved from fills C.12 and C.16. The well was stone
lined and measured 1 m in diameter. It was only partially excavated for safety reasons. The
fills (C.7, C.8 and C.23) included sherds of post-medieval pottery. No water was recorded in
well during excavation works.
Four pits (C.66, C.68, C.72 and C.76) were dated to the post-medieval period. All were
located on the northern side of the area of the excavation (figures 9 and 13). Three of the pits
(C.66, C.68 and C.72) measured on average 2.7 m in diameter by 0.7 m in depth. Pit C.66
included 7 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 5 clay pipes fragments, pit C.68 included 1
sherd of medieval pottery, 11 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 58 clay pipes fragments and
pit C.72 included 2 sherds of medieval pottery, 7 sherds of post-medieval pottery and 18 clay
pipe fragments. No finds were recovered from pit C.76.
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9.3 Modern
A sewer C.10, pit C.13 and the edge of the basement C.37 date to the recent past. The features
were all located at the western end of the site (plate 10). The sewer was aligned east-west.
Pottery
Pottery from the site was examined by Sara Camplese (Appendix 4). A total of 183 sherds
were counted from the site (after re-fitting) and almost 72% of these were medieval wares,
with types dating from the late twelfth to the fourteenth centuries.
Kilkenny-type pottery made up 73% of the medieval pottery, it dates to the 13th/14th
centuries. The forms of Kilkenny-type pottery recovered were table vessels, mainly jugs. The
remaining 51 sherds were post-medieval and date from 17th to late 19th Century.
The medieval assemblage was predominantly local Kilkenny Type wares, but Leinster
Cooking Ware and Bristol Redcliffe ware was also found. Imported ceramics included wares
from England (Bristol Redcliffe ware, Tin glazed earthenware, North Devon wares, Sgraf-
fito, Creamware, Pearlware, Glazed and Unglazed red earthenware, Transfer printed ware
and Stoneware) Germany (Anglo-german slipware, German slipware) and Holland (Dutch
glazed earthenware).
Animal Bone
The animal bone assemblage from this site was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix
5). 901 bones were recovered and these derived mostly from pits. The faunal assemblage is
typical of medieval urban samples the surface condition of the bone indicating that the bone
was discarded into the pits shortly after use. The proportion of fragments showing evidence
of butchery was high. Cattle and sheep dominated the samples with pigs being present in
lower frequencies. As is the case with most urban settlements of the period, horses are poorly
represented and there was no evidence to suggest that these animals were eaten. The range of
animal types found is quite narrow for an urban site but it is noteworthy that domestic fowl
dominate the post-medieval samples. The one feature that stands out is the absence of other
potential food animals such as wild game and fowl, food resources that would have been
plentiful in the local environment.
Plant Remains
The plant remains assemblage from this site was examined by Penny Johnston (Appendix 6).
A plant remains assemblage from medieval and post-medieval deposits produced large quan-
tities of wheat and oat grains. Only small amounts of barley and rye were found. Of note in
the samples was the presence of several legumes. Although preservation was poor several peas
were identified. These probably only became an important cultivar in Ireland after the Anglo-
Norman invasion. The widespread retrieval of legumes may be indicative of intensive arable
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management. The low density of the plant remains in all samples, except pit C.40, suggests
that these are carbonised plant remains included in discarded waste scattered across the site.
The rich sample from pit C.40 may have been taken from close to a source of burnt grains
such as a hearth or kiln. The proportions of cereal grains retrieved, while markedly differ-
ent from those found at the adjacent site of 12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site), had good
parallels in some other plant remains assemblages from medieval and post-medieval deposits
from Kilkenny city.
10 Discussion
The area of Patrick Street, Kilkenny, was originally occupied in the late 12th century by the
Anglo-Normans. The archaeological evidence from this excavation and from the adjoining
site to the south (12 Patrick St., Stratham’s Garage site 99E0757) supports this as no earlier
material was recorded during the course of the excavation.
The majority of the cut features at the site were pits, 26 in total. The function of the pits
seems to be domestic. None of the pit fills were burnt in situ or contained a large amount of
charcoal. A total of 21 of the pits were dated to the medieval period on the basis of the arte-
factual evidence. The inclusion of pottery sherds and animal bone in the pits would indicate
that the final use of most of the pits at the site was as a refuse dump.
Four separate medieval burgage plots were identified at the adjoining site to the south
(figure 10). The plots were identified on the basis of combining the spatial pattern of the
medieval archaeology with existing boundaries. Over 80 pits were recorded with inclusions
of pottery and animal bone. This suggests that the final use of most of the pits was as a
refuse dump. Almost 90% of the pottery was medieval wares with types dating from the late
twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Cattle and sheep bone dominated the animal bone as-
semblage. A relatively large sample of butchered horse bones was recovered from some of the
medieval pits. Fowl included domestic fowl, goose and duck. Marine species included cod,
haddock and ling.
Plot No. Medieval pits Post-medieval Ditches and Pits of unknown
pits linear features date
1 3 2 2
2 14 9 3 6
3 23 20 3 18
4 9
Table 1: Distribution of features at 12 Patrick Street (Strathams’s Garage Site 99E0757)
Plot No. Medieval pits Post-medieval pits Ditches and linear Pits of unknown
features date
1 21 5
Table 2: Distribution of features at 11 Patrick Street
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A group of 11 pits dating to the medieval period were excavated at 26 Patrick St (Kiely
2000). Medieval pottery and animal bone was recovered from the pits. All the plant remains
were preserved by charring and included cereals, cereal weeds, peas and beans.
The plant remains at 11 Patrick St. were predominantly cereals with wheat and oat as
the most common types found. Wheat was the most common type, at 50% of the entire
identifiable cereal assemblage, while oats were present in almost the same proportion (47%).
Barley was found only in very small amounts (only 3% of the entire cereal assemblage) and
only one grain of rye was retrieved from the site. These proportions differ from those retrieved
from similar feature types in the adjoining properties (12 Patrick St. (Stratham’s Garage site),
where 39% of the entire identifiable cereal assemblage was made up of wheat, 32% of oat,
24% of barley and 5% of rye (Dillon 2006). Most notably they differ in the proportions of
barley and rye that were present. However, the general trend from both sites indicates that
wheat and oat were the most common cereal types.
Site Wheat Barley Oat Rye Legumes
11 Patrick St 50% 3% 47% Present
12 Patrick St 39% 24% 32% 5% Present
26 Patrick St 77% 11% 8% 4% Present
Table 3: Percentage composition of identifiable cereal assemblage from three sites on Patrick
St. Kilkenny
The quantity of re-deposited subsoil on site suggests that the pits were excavated and the
excavated soil placed along side. The subsoil masks some of the earlier pits e.g. layer C.88
masked the fills of pits C.66, C.84 and C.79. Some of the pits, e.g. C.79 and C.40 included a
lens of re-deposited subsoil near the base of the pit. This suggests that a small layer of subsoil
was placed over the initial contents of the pit, maybe to seal it. The contents of the pit may
have been noxious or may have been sealed to prevent it being blown out of the pit. There
is very little space between many of the pits at the eastern end of the site. It is not likely
that many of the pits were open at the same time as access between them would have been
difficult.
The function of the very large pit, C.98, at the eastern end of site, is uncertain. It is likely
that this very large pit represents a number of intercut pits with very similar fills.
The well at the western end of the site was similar to a well excavated at the rear of 4, Rose
Inn Street, Kilkenny (licence 01E0466), c. 200 m to the north of the site. It is difficult to date
stone-lined wells. The well was back-filled with 19th and 20th pottery, brick and glass. The cut
of the well aperture disturbed medieval and post-medieval layers and pits.
One stone-lined cess pit was recorded at the western end of the site. Stone-lined pits are
commonly used as cess pits (Hurley 1997, 22; Hurley & Scully 1997, 245; Cleary & Hurley
2003, 89). In the case of stone-lined pits excavated in Waterford, 37 pits were excavated and
‘the presence of cess in most pits is noted’ (Hurley & Scully ibid.). As the layer C.19 contain-
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ing evidence of seeds was immediately above the basal fill of the pit, it is possible that it had
been partially cleaned out after use as a cess pit. It subsequently backfilled with mortar and
building rubble and was sealed by a layer of cobbles, C.5, near the top.
11 Conclusion
The majority of the cut features at the site were pits, 26 of these were excavated. The arte-
factual and/or stratigraphic evidence suggests that they dated to the medieval and/or the
post-medieval periods and that they were used as refuse and cess pits. The medieval pits were
primarily either rounded or sub-rectangular, with steep sides and flat base. All of the pits con-
tained similar fills and inclusions. This could indicate that they originally fulfilled different
functions but finally were infilled with the same (refuse) material.
The evidence from the excavation at 11, Patrick Street Kilkenny suggests that the area
originally formed part of an Anglo-Norman burgage plot, which was intensively utilised. The
burgage plot is the fourth to be excavated on the eastern side of Patrick Street. No evidence
of a medieval structure was recorded on site. Any medieval house site may have been de-
stroyed during the construction of the buildings that fronted onto Patrick Street or they may
have been located further west, under the footpath and/or road surface. The archaeological
material recorded at Patrick Street is comparable to that of earlier excavations in this part of
Kilkenny city and in particular to the other sites on Patrick Street.
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12 References
Abbreviations
NIAH National Inventory of Architectural Heritage
OSNB Ordnance Survey Name Books
RMP Record of Monuments and Places
Birthistle, D. 1966. ‘Gateways of the walls of Kilkenny’. Old Kilkenny review, 18, 5-9.
Bradley, J. 1985. ‘Planned Anglo-Norman towns in Ireland’. In. H.B. Clarke and A.
Simms, eds. History of Urban origins in Non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark,
Germany, Poland and Russia from the ninth to the thirteenth century. Part ii. BAR
international series 255 (ii).
Bradley, J. 1990. ‘The early development of the medieval town of Kilkenny’. In. W. Nolan
and K. Whelan, eds. Kilkenny. History and society. Geography publications
Bradley, J. 1995. ‘Kilkenny – The Faire City’. In. C. Howard, ed. In Irish Cities. Dublin:
Mercier Press, 150-163.
Bradley, J. 2000. ‘Kilkenny’. In. A. Simms, H.B Clarke and R. Gillespie, eds. Irish Historic
Towns Atlas, Royal Irish Academy.
Byrne, J. 2004 Byrne’s dictionary of Irish Local History. Cork: Mercier Press.
Cleary, R. & Hurley, M. 2003. Excavations in Cork City 1984-2000. Cork City Council.
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. 2004 Architectural
Heritage Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities. Dublin: Stationery Office.
Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands. 1999a Framework and Principles
for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. Dublin: Government Publications
Office.
Elder, S. D & Richardson, A. 2001. Final Report on Excavations to the rear of No. 33 Patrick
Street, Kilkenny, including Area six of the Patrick St./Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane
Development block. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to
the DoEHLG.
Farrelly, J, Loughran, A, and O’Reilly, B. 1993. Urban archaeological survey: County
Kilkenny. Dublin: Office of public works.
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Hurley, M. 1997. Excavations at the North Gate, Cork, 1994. Cork Corporation.
Hurley, M. & Scully, O. 1997. Late Viking Age & Medieval Waterford excavations
1986-1992. Waterford.
Kenealy, C.J. 1948. ‘The Walls of Kilkenny’. Old Kilkenny Review, 11, 32-38.
Kiely, J. 2000. Archaeological assessment report, former Stratham’s garage, Patrick St, Kilkenny.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to the DoEHLG.
Kiely, J. 2000. ‘Archaeological excavation at No. 26, Patrick Street, Kilkenny’. In Old
Kilkenny review, 52, 116-122.
Kilkenny County Council 2002 County Development Plan 2002. Kilkenny County
Council.
Lanigan, K.M. and Tyler, G. (ed) 1987. Kilkenny: Its Architecture and History. Belfast.
Noonan , D and Ryan, M. 2002. Archaeological assessment at 101 Patrick St, Kilkenny.
Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report submitted to the DoEHLG.
O’ Donoghue, J. and McQueen, A. 2006. Archaeological Assessment & Test Excavation
Report, 11, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects
report submitted to the DoEHLG.
Prim, J.G.A. 1849-51. ‘The builder of the walls of Kilkenny’. In Royal society of antiquities in
Ireland, 1, 34-37.
Smithwick, P. 1988. ‘St Francis Abbey’. In Old Kilkenny review, 5, 521-525.
Sutton, B. & Johnston, P. 2007. Archaeological Excavation Report, Stratham’s Garage
Site, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects Report
submitted to the DoEHLG.
Thomas, A. 1998. The Walled Towns of Ireland. Irish Academic Press.
Cartographic Sources
Byron, S. c. 1780 A plan of the city of Kilkenny. Dublin.
Dalton & O’Donnell. 2005 Proposed site ground plans.
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Down’s Survey map c. 1655
Dúchas – the Heritage Service. 1997 Record of Monuments and Places Map of County
Kilkenny (Reduced OS six-inch 2nd edition). Dublin.
Ordnance Survey. 1841 First edition six-inch map. Dublin.
Ordnance Survey. 1872 Five-foot plan of Kilkenny. Dublin.
Ordnance Survey. 1983 Urban Place map of Kilkenny. Dublin. (Urban Archaeological
Survey map).
Ordnance Survey. 1995 Discovery series first edition 1:50,000.
Ordnance Survey. 2005 Urban Place map of Kilkenny. Dublin. (Urban Archaeological
Survey map).
Online sources
DoEH&LG (2002) Excavations.ie – database of Irish excavation reports. Wordwell. www.
excavations.ie Accessed 28/02/06.
Kilkenny Borough Council. 2005 Kilkenny City Centre Local Area Plan. Kilkenny
www.kilkennycoco.ie Accessed 07/04/06.
NIAH (2005) National Inventory of Architectural Heritage of County Kilkenny. www.
builldingsofireland.ie Accessed 07/04/06.
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13 Figures
Figure 1: Extract from OS Discovery Series map 67 showing site location.
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Figure 2: Record of Monuments and Places map sheet 19 for County Kilkenny.
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Figure 3: Urban Archaeological Survey map 4d of Kilkenny showing site location.
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Figure 4: Urban Place Map showing site location.
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Figure 5: Rocque’s Survey of the city of Kilkenny 1758 showing site location.
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Figure 6: Ordnance Survey five-foot plan of Kilkenny 1872 showing site location.
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30. N
Plinth
Limits of
excavation
S
Q
M
5N 5N
5N 5N
C.53 5E 15E
N 0E C.43 10E
ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
V O
U
X
C.68
C.85
C.4
7N, Cess Pit
C.30
0E
C.77
C.66
C.33 C.72 C.76
C.98
C.92
G
C.27 C.32
C.96 L
I C.99
C.92 C.65
C.30
C.40 C.83 C.56
C.10 C.81
5N, C.92
0E Test Trench 3
C.92 C.84
C.82
C.75
C.25 F
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Limits of
excavation C.80
C.22 P
C.74
C.79
C.100
T
N SONDAGE 2
K SONDAGE 4 SONDAGE 3
J 0N 0N 0N R
H
5E 10E 15E
D 0N SONDAGE 1
B 0E
C.16
C.37
C.38 C.91
C.24
C.41 Limits of
excavation
Well
C
C.16
A
Baulk
E
0N,
0W
0m 4m
11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny
Figure 7: 11 Patrick Street showing the area of the excavation.
06E0230
25
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N
C.4
7N, Cess Pit
C.30
0E
C.33
C.92
C.27 C.32
C.96
C.92
C.30
C.10
5N, C.92
0E Test Trench 3
C.92
C.25 F
Limits of
excavation
C.22
D
B
C.16
C.37
C.38
C.24
Well
C
C.16
A
Baulk
E
0N,
0m 2m
0W
Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of the west end of the site.
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