Filipino 9 Napatutunayan kung Makatotohanan o Di-Makatotohanan ang mga PahayagJuan Miguel Palero
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa pagpapatunay kung Makatotohanan o Di-makatotohanan ang mga pahayag. Kasama rin dito ang ilang aktibidad patungkol sa paksa.
requirement for the subject in TTL 1 kahulugan at mga gawain sa araling elehiya sa kamatayan ni kuya sa Isinalin sa Filipino ni Pat V. Villafuerte
Gramatika/ Retorika masidhing damdamin
uri ng teksto ng paglalarawan
Filipino 9 Mga Ekspresyong Nagpapahayag ng Katotohanan at OpinyonJuan Miguel Palero
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa mga ekspresyong nagpapahayag ng katotohanan at opinyon. Dito din matatagpuan ang mga halimbawa ng mga ekspresyong nagpapahayag ng katotohanan at opinyon.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa Parabula. Dito din matatagpuan ang ilang depinisyon, halimbawa at aktibidad patungkol sa paksang tatalakayin.
Ang akdang "Ang Tinig ng Ligaw na Gansa" ay isang tula mula sa Egypt. Ang powerpoint presentation na ito ay naglalaman ng kompletong aralin sa Modyul 1, Aralin 1.6 ng Gr.10-Filipino. Maaari ninyo itong i-download upang magamit sa pagtuturo.
Tusong Katiwala
COT sa Filipino
TANONG #1:
Mula sa mga ipinakitang larawan, ano kaya ang mensahing nais ipabatid nito sa atin?
Ipinababatid nito ang iba’t ibang paraan sa pagpapakita ng KAGANDAHANG ASAL.
Tanong #2:
Paano makakatulong ang mga mensaheng nakapaloob sa larawan sa pag-uugali ng isang tao?
Kayo ay inaasahang:
1. Nasusuri ang tiyak na bahagi ng nabasang parabula na naglalahad ng katotohanan, kabutihan at kagandahang asal.
2. Nasusuri ang nilalaman, elemento at kakanyahan ng binasang akda gamit ang ibinigay na tanong.
3. Nabibigyang puna ang estilo ng may akda batay sa mga salita at ekspresyong ginamit sa akda.
TUSO:
♣ mapanlinlang
♣ mapanglamanag
Halimbawa:
Talagang masama itong si Tasyo tuso kung makipagkalakalan sa ibang tao.
¹ Sinabi rin niya sa mga alagad, “May isang mayaman na may katiwala. Isinusumbong sa kanya na nilulustay nito ang kanyang mga kayamanan.
2 Tinawag niya ito at tinanong, ‘Ano itong narinig ko tungkol sa iyo? Magbigay-sulit ka ng ipinagkatiwala sa iyo, sapagkat hindi ka na maaaring maging katiwala pa.’
3 Sinabi ng katiwala sa sarili, ‘Ano ang gagawin ko ngayong tinanggal na sa akin ang pangangasiwa? Hindi ko kayang magbungkal ng lupa at nahihiya naman akong mamalimos.
4 Alam ko na ang gagawin ko! Maalis man ako sa pangangasiwa, may tatanggap naman sa akin sa kanilang tahanan.’
5 Kaya't isa-isa niyang tinawag ang mga may utang sa kanyang panginoon. Sinabi niya sa una, ‘Magkano ang utang mo sa aking panginoon?’
6 At sinabi nito, ‘Sandaang tapayan ng langis.’ Sinabi niya naman dito, ‘Kunin mo ang katibayan ng iyong pagkakautang, maupo ka at isulat mo agad na limampu.’
7 Pagkatapos ay sinabi naman niya sa isa pa, ‘Magkano ang utang mo?’ At sinabi nitong, ‘Sandaang kabang trigo.’ Sinabi niya rito, ‘Kunin mo ang katibayan ng iyong pagkakautang at isulat mo na walumpu.’
8 Pinuri ng panginoon ang madayang katiwala dahil sa katusuhan nito. Sapagkat ang mga anak ng sanlibutang ito ay mas tuso sa pamamahala ng kanilang pamumuhay kaysa mga anak ng liwanag.
9 Sinasabi ko sa inyo, makipagkaibigan kayo gamit ang kayamanan ng sanlibutan upang kung maubos na ito ay tatanggapin kayo sa walang hanggang mga tahanan.
10 Ang tapat sa kaunti ay tapat din sa marami at ang hindi tapat sa kaunti ay hindi rin tapat sa marami.
11 Kaya kung hindi kayo naging tapat sa kayamanan ng sanlibutan, sino ang magtitiwala sa inyo sa tunay na kayamanan?
12 At kung hindi kayo naging tapat sa kayamanan ng iba, sino ang magbibigay sa inyo ng sarili ninyong kayamanan?
13 Walang aliping makapaglilingkod sa dalawang panginoon. Sapagkat kapopootan niya ang isa ngunit iibigin ang isa pa. O kaya naman ay magiging tapat siya sa isa ngunit kamumuhian ang isa pa. Hindi kayo maaaring maglingkod sa Diyos at sa salapi.”
PARABULA
► ay maikling salaysay na nagtuturo ng kinikilalang pamantayang moral na karaniwang batayan ng gma kuwento ay nasa Banal na Kasulatan. Realistiko ang banghay at ang mga tauhan ay tao. Ang mga parab
Filipino 9 Napatutunayan kung Makatotohanan o Di-Makatotohanan ang mga PahayagJuan Miguel Palero
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa pagpapatunay kung Makatotohanan o Di-makatotohanan ang mga pahayag. Kasama rin dito ang ilang aktibidad patungkol sa paksa.
requirement for the subject in TTL 1 kahulugan at mga gawain sa araling elehiya sa kamatayan ni kuya sa Isinalin sa Filipino ni Pat V. Villafuerte
Gramatika/ Retorika masidhing damdamin
uri ng teksto ng paglalarawan
Filipino 9 Mga Ekspresyong Nagpapahayag ng Katotohanan at OpinyonJuan Miguel Palero
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa mga ekspresyong nagpapahayag ng katotohanan at opinyon. Dito din matatagpuan ang mga halimbawa ng mga ekspresyong nagpapahayag ng katotohanan at opinyon.
Ito ay isang powerpoint presentation na tumatalakay sa paksang tungkol sa Parabula. Dito din matatagpuan ang ilang depinisyon, halimbawa at aktibidad patungkol sa paksang tatalakayin.
Ang akdang "Ang Tinig ng Ligaw na Gansa" ay isang tula mula sa Egypt. Ang powerpoint presentation na ito ay naglalaman ng kompletong aralin sa Modyul 1, Aralin 1.6 ng Gr.10-Filipino. Maaari ninyo itong i-download upang magamit sa pagtuturo.
Tusong Katiwala
COT sa Filipino
TANONG #1:
Mula sa mga ipinakitang larawan, ano kaya ang mensahing nais ipabatid nito sa atin?
Ipinababatid nito ang iba’t ibang paraan sa pagpapakita ng KAGANDAHANG ASAL.
Tanong #2:
Paano makakatulong ang mga mensaheng nakapaloob sa larawan sa pag-uugali ng isang tao?
Kayo ay inaasahang:
1. Nasusuri ang tiyak na bahagi ng nabasang parabula na naglalahad ng katotohanan, kabutihan at kagandahang asal.
2. Nasusuri ang nilalaman, elemento at kakanyahan ng binasang akda gamit ang ibinigay na tanong.
3. Nabibigyang puna ang estilo ng may akda batay sa mga salita at ekspresyong ginamit sa akda.
TUSO:
♣ mapanlinlang
♣ mapanglamanag
Halimbawa:
Talagang masama itong si Tasyo tuso kung makipagkalakalan sa ibang tao.
¹ Sinabi rin niya sa mga alagad, “May isang mayaman na may katiwala. Isinusumbong sa kanya na nilulustay nito ang kanyang mga kayamanan.
2 Tinawag niya ito at tinanong, ‘Ano itong narinig ko tungkol sa iyo? Magbigay-sulit ka ng ipinagkatiwala sa iyo, sapagkat hindi ka na maaaring maging katiwala pa.’
3 Sinabi ng katiwala sa sarili, ‘Ano ang gagawin ko ngayong tinanggal na sa akin ang pangangasiwa? Hindi ko kayang magbungkal ng lupa at nahihiya naman akong mamalimos.
4 Alam ko na ang gagawin ko! Maalis man ako sa pangangasiwa, may tatanggap naman sa akin sa kanilang tahanan.’
5 Kaya't isa-isa niyang tinawag ang mga may utang sa kanyang panginoon. Sinabi niya sa una, ‘Magkano ang utang mo sa aking panginoon?’
6 At sinabi nito, ‘Sandaang tapayan ng langis.’ Sinabi niya naman dito, ‘Kunin mo ang katibayan ng iyong pagkakautang, maupo ka at isulat mo agad na limampu.’
7 Pagkatapos ay sinabi naman niya sa isa pa, ‘Magkano ang utang mo?’ At sinabi nitong, ‘Sandaang kabang trigo.’ Sinabi niya rito, ‘Kunin mo ang katibayan ng iyong pagkakautang at isulat mo na walumpu.’
8 Pinuri ng panginoon ang madayang katiwala dahil sa katusuhan nito. Sapagkat ang mga anak ng sanlibutang ito ay mas tuso sa pamamahala ng kanilang pamumuhay kaysa mga anak ng liwanag.
9 Sinasabi ko sa inyo, makipagkaibigan kayo gamit ang kayamanan ng sanlibutan upang kung maubos na ito ay tatanggapin kayo sa walang hanggang mga tahanan.
10 Ang tapat sa kaunti ay tapat din sa marami at ang hindi tapat sa kaunti ay hindi rin tapat sa marami.
11 Kaya kung hindi kayo naging tapat sa kayamanan ng sanlibutan, sino ang magtitiwala sa inyo sa tunay na kayamanan?
12 At kung hindi kayo naging tapat sa kayamanan ng iba, sino ang magbibigay sa inyo ng sarili ninyong kayamanan?
13 Walang aliping makapaglilingkod sa dalawang panginoon. Sapagkat kapopootan niya ang isa ngunit iibigin ang isa pa. O kaya naman ay magiging tapat siya sa isa ngunit kamumuhian ang isa pa. Hindi kayo maaaring maglingkod sa Diyos at sa salapi.”
PARABULA
► ay maikling salaysay na nagtuturo ng kinikilalang pamantayang moral na karaniwang batayan ng gma kuwento ay nasa Banal na Kasulatan. Realistiko ang banghay at ang mga tauhan ay tao. Ang mga parab
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Many myths picture goddesses and gods much like human beings with .docxtienboileau
Many myths picture goddesses and gods much like human beings with supernatural powers: They have families, love, rage, and sometimes can kill or be killed. Their duties often mirror the societies that produced them. In many myths, gods rule like earthly kings and the heads of households, commanding powerful natural forces, the course of war, and the fate of nations. Goddesses, often seen as wives and daughters, influence areas such as fertility, childbirth, domestic peace, and creative skills like weaving and song writing. Such myths come from ancient civilizations in Europe, Africa, and Asia and are still commonly told in many parts of the world.
Many scholars believe that in prehistoric times, all of Europe and parts of Syria and Libya worshiped one mother goddess who had many names. She was all-powerful and eternal, representing the nurturing earth, which was so vital to the hunting-gathering peoples whose survival depended on natural abundance.
Stories of gods and goddesses provide a revealing look at the societies that honored them and often shed light on the different roles assigned to men and women. For example, the ancient Sumerian Creation Epic tells how the mingling of fresh water (personified as the god Apsu) and salt water (the goddess Tiamat) brought forth all other gods and the earth. Apsu and Tiamat ruled until younger (male) gods rebelled. When Tiamat tried to crush the upstarts, she was defeated by the god Marduk. This story may express the shift from worship of the creator goddess to male-centered religions as the first city-states arose and people began to cultivate the land. Kingship was linked to the power of the gods, and women played lesser roles. Yet all worshiped the fertility goddess Inanna (also known as Ishtar, right).
Religion was an essential part of everyday life in ancient Egypt. Among countless major and minor gods, the most powerful was Ra, the sun god. Goddesses were creators and protectors of the pharaoh; most had their own temples or shrines. Their importante reflected the higher social status of women. Egypt even had a few female rulers. Key deities included Osiris and his wife, Isis (above), who embodied the fertility of the Nile River, on which Egypt's existence depended, and Seth, who represented the deadly heat and wind of the desert. Other powerful gods and goddesses ruled the realm of the dead. The Egyptians were obsessed with the afterlife, as evidenced by monuments such as the famous pyramids at Giza and the tombs at Luxor up the Nile River.
Eight of the twelve main Greek deities were male. They ruled heaven, earth, the seas, and the underworld. They shaped human destiny and controlled the natural forces of weather, tides, volcanoes, fire, and the sun, as well as more human concerns like war and wine. The four major goddesses had much less collective power, mainly influencing childbirth, hunting, justice, wisdom, love, and fertility. The Romans, who borrowed the Greek gods and goddesses (merely ch.
Philippine Mythology:
Pantheon of the Gods and Goddesses
Mythological Creatures
Submitted by:
Pamaran, Malcom A.
Rocillo, Michelle G.
Villodres, Amidel P.
====
We actually made a diorama of Philippine Mythology as our partial requirement in Elective03 - Mythology & Folklore; and you'll be able to see in this presentation the many pictures of our OWN drawings of some Phil. gods and goddesses plus some mythological creatures.
Hope you like our drawings. ;)
PHILIPPINE PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE (incomplete)Miss Ivy
1. Meaning of Literature
2. Epic
3. Myth
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
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Alqahtani 1 Alqahtani 2Greek MythologyStudent Abdullah A.docxnettletondevon
Alqahtani 1
Alqahtani 2
Greek Mythology
Student: Abdullah Alqahtani
Professor: Dudley
Date: 12/5/2016
Student: Abdullah Alqahtani
Professor: Dudley
Foundations of the Western World
Date: 12/5/2016
Greek Mythology
In the whole of Western culture, the most fertile and rich collection of stories is found in Greek mythology. This is if the Bible is excluded. These stories are diverse; however, they try to share a similar outlook on life (Slater, 2014). The Greeks believed in living life to the fullest since they cherished it. Death was a fact that was inevitable to them. There were small groups that believed in the idea of resurrection, such as mystery cults. It was dismal to homer death. Life in its way was glorious, thrilling, and dangerous in certain ways. Perishing of an ordinary person was believed to be accompanied by that of the mightiest heroes and the great royal dynasties. However, this idea of death did not make the Greeks be sad because it contained the Babylonian scribes that were written of Gilgamesh. The response of Greeks was enthusiasm. According to them, the only answer to death was to make carve of the legend that is imperishable by magnificent deeds. Throughout the five centuries, that is, from Homer to Alexander the Great, the Greets directed much of their effort and attention on pursuing fame. The astonishing energy was used to pursue fame. They were a unique race since they were imaginative, hard-living, ambitious, restless, and tough. They were very touchy about their honor due to the lust for their reputation. Most of them were vengeful and feisty. All of these traits in abundance are very clear in their stories.
The Greek qualities are mirrored faithfully in the Olympian Gods. Some of these qualities are fornicating, banqueting, unforgiving deities who liked warring, and quarrelsome. They were shown in the form of humans with powerful and beautiful bodies. They were very pleasing to the eye and also humanly intelligible. These people had a strong admiration for intelligence, beauty, and strength. The man was the measure of all things according to them (Dowden, 2014).
There are a few mythologies that have managed to produce a similar wealth of heroes. This was because the Greeks had a very strong urge for fame. Their heroes had desirable characters. They were fighters and adventurers. They were also bold, clever, strong, fierce, and experienced. The accomplishments of these heroes were far beyond that of ordinary humans. Irrespective of being perfect, there were some failings. Some of them were ruined by the failings. Some of these failings are cruelty (that emerged from their success), over-ambitious, overweening pride, and rashness among others. Ambition was very intense in the Greek heroes. There those who aspired godlike powers. All these were a model of human excellence because they gave the youths in the society standards to imitate.
This same ambivalence is evident in the legend of the tragic dynasty. .
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
6. •Matatagpuan sa pagitan ng Europe, Hilaga ng Africa, at
Timog-Kanlurang Asya.
•Sinasaklaw nito ang 22 iba’t ibang bansa mula sa tatlong
kontinente:
Sa kontinente ng Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, at
Tunisia.
Sa kontinente ng Asya: Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, at Syria
7. Sa kontinente ng Europe: Albania, Bornia,
Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta,
Monaco, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, at Turkey.
•Ang sinaunang Mediterranean ang nakatuklas ng
sistema ng pagsulat na nagpabago at humubog sa
kasaysayan ng mundo.
9. •Unti-unting umunlad ang pagsulat mula sa
simbolong larawan, simpleng komunikasyon
tungo sa likhang-sining at panitikan.
10. •Ang panitikan ng Sinaunang Mediterranean ay naging
batayan ng iba’t ibang uri ng panitikan sa buong mundo.
11.
12. •Imagine yourself living in ancient times.
•No Christianity, Islam, or any of the
modern-day religions. Everything you
need to survive is literally in front of you–
food, clothes, a roof over your head, you
name it.
13. You’re now questioning your very own
existence. Questions you never knew you
needed to answer are flooding your
brain: Why is the sky blue? Where did we
come from? Who controls everything? But
with no religion to rely on, how can you
possibly make sense of everything?
14.
15. Tumutukoy sa kalipunan ng mga mito
mula sa isang pangkat ng tao sa isang
lugar na naglalahad ng kasaysayan ng
mga diyos-diyusan noong unang
panahon na sinasamba, dinarakila at
pinipintakasi ng mga sinaunang tao.
16. Sa Pilipinas, ang mito ay
kinabibilangan ng mga kwentong-
bayang naglalahad ng tungkol sa
mga diyos at diyosa, mga anito, mga
kakaibang nilalang, at sa pagkabuo o
pagkagunaw ng daigdig noon.
17. •Ang salitang mito/myth ay galing sa salitang Latin na
mythos at mula sa Greek na muthos, na ang
kahulugan ay kwento. Ang muthos ay halaw pa sa mu
na ang ibig sabihin ay paglikha ng tunog sa bibig.
•Sa Klasikal na Mitolohiya ang mito ay representasyon
ng marubdob na pangarap at takot ng mga sinaunang
tao.
18. 1. Ipaliwanag ang pagkakalikha ng daigdig
2. Ipaliwanag ang puwersa ng kalikasan
3. Maikuwento ang mga sinaunang gawaing panrelihiyon
4. Magturo ng mabuting aral
5. Maipaliwanag ang kasaysayan
6. Maipahayag ang marubdob na pangarap, matinding
takot, at pag-asa ng sangkatauhan
19.
20. •Kadalasang tungkol sa politika, ritwal at moralidad na
ayon sa batas ng kanilang mga diyos at diyosa.
•Kabayanihan ang isang mahalagang tema.
•Hinalaw mula sa Greece na kanilang sinakop.
Binigyan nila ng bagong pangalan ang karamihan sa
mga diyos at diyosa ng Greece. Ang ilan ay binihisan
nila ng ibang katangian. Lumikha ng bagong mga
diyos at diyosa ayon sa kanilang paniniwala at kultura.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Jupiter (Zues)
Hari ng mga diyos, diyos
ng kalawakan at panahon.
Tagapagparusa sa mga
sinungaling at hindi
marunong tumupad ng
pangako.
Asawa ni Juno
Sandata niya ang kulog
at kidlat.
26. Juno (Hera)
Reyna ng mga diyos
Tagapangalaga ng
pagsasama ng mag-asawa
Asawa ni Jupiter
38. •The late anthropologist Henry Otley Beyer shared
his own observation:
“Among the Christianized peoples of the plains the
myths are preserved chiefly as folktales, but in the
mountains their recitation and preservation is a
real and living part of the daily religious life of
the people. Very few of these myths are written;
the great majority of them are preserved by oral
tradition only.”
39. There’s no one-size-fits-all rule in Philippine
mythology. In other words, ancient Filipinos from
every part of the country didn’t stick to a single
version of creation story nor did they give uniform
names to their deities. As a result, Philippine
mythology became so diverse that studying it now
is like staring at a list of gazillion Pokémons.
40. •These deities are either good or bad, and each of them
has a specific function. Renowned anthropologist F.
Landa Jocano, author of Outline of Philippine
Mythology, explained it further:
“Some of these deities are always near; others are
inhabitants of far-off realms of the Skyworld who
take interest in human affairs only when they are
invoked during proper ceremonies which compel them to
come down to earth.”
41.
42.
43. Also known as Abba, this highest-ranking deity was
described as “may kapal sa lahat,” or the creator of
everything. His origin is unknown but his name suggests
Hindu influences. According to William Henry
Scott, Bathala was derived from the
Sanskrit bhattara which means “noble lord.”
From his abode in the sky called Kawalhatian, this deity
looks over mankind. He’s pleased when his people
follow his rules, giving everything they need to the
point of spoiling them (hence, the bahala
na philosophy). But mind you, this powerful deity could
also be cruel sometimes, sending lightning and thunder to
those who sin against him.
44. If Bathala was the boss, the other lesser deities
who lived with him in the sky were his
assistants. Each of these lower-ranking gods
and goddesses had specific responsibilities. One
of them was Idianale (Idiyanale or Idianali in
other sources), the goddess of labor and good
deeds.
There are varying accounts as to what specific
field Idianale was worshiped for. Historian
Gregorio Zaide said that Idianale was the god
of agriculture, while other sources suggest that
she was the patron of animal husbandry, a
branch of agriculture.
45. Dumangan was the Tagalog
sky-god of good harvest, the
husband of Idianale, and father
to Dumakulem and Anitun Tabu.
46. Among ancient Tagalogs, Anitun
Tabu was known as the “fickle-minded
goddess of the wind and rain.” She’s one of
the two children of Dumangan and Idianale.
In Zambales, this goddess was known
as Aniton Tauo, one of the lesser deities
assisting their chief god, Malayari. Legend has
it that Aniton Tauo was once considered
superior to other Zambales deities. She
became so full of herself that Malayari reduced
her rank as a punishment.
47. Dumakulem was the son
of Idianale and Dumangan, and brother of wind
goddess Anitun Tabu. The ancient Tagalogs
revered him as the guardian of the
mountains. He is often depicted as a strong and
skillful hunter.
This Tagalog sky-god later tied the knot with
another major deity, Anagolay, known as the
goddess of lost things. The marriage produced
two children: Apolaki, the sun god, and Dian
Masalanta, the goddess of lovers.
48. Probably one of the most intriguing deities of
Philippine mythology, Ikapati (or Lakapati) was the
Tagalog goddess of fertility. F. Landa Jocano
described her as the “goddess of the cultivated
land” and the “benevolent giver of food and
prosperity.”
Some sources describe Lakapati as androgynous,
hermaphrodite, and even a “transgender” god.
In William Henry Scott’s “Baranggay,” Lakapati is
described as a major fertility deity represented by
a “hermaphrodite image with both male and
female parts.”
49. In Tagalog mythology, Mapulon was the
god of seasons. F. Landa Jocano, in the
book “Outline of Philippine
Mythology,” described Mapulon as one of
the lesser divinities assisting Bathala.
Not much is known about this deity, aside
from the fact that he
married Ikapati/Lakapati, the fertility
goddess, and sired Anagolay, the
goddess of lost things.
50. Pre-colonial Tagalogs who were hopelessly
looking for their missing stuff prayed
to Anagolay, the goddess of lost
things. She was the daughter of two major
Tagalog deities–Ikapati and Mapulon.
When she reached the right age, she
married the hunter Dumakulem and gave
birth to two more deities:Apolaki and Dian
Masalanta, the ancient gods of sun and
lovers, respectively.
51. Arguably the Filipino counterpart of the Roman
god Mars, Apolaki appeared in several ancient
myths. The Tagalogs revered Apolaki as the
sun god as well as patron of the warriors. He
shares almost the same qualities with the
Kapampangan sun god of war and death, Aring
Sinukuan.
Early people of Pangasinan claimed that Apolaki
talked to them. Back when blackened teeth
were considered the standard of beauty,
some of these natives told a friar that a
disappointed Apolaki had scolded them for
welcoming “foreigners with white teeth.”
52. If the Greeks had Aphrodite, our Tagalog
ancestors had Dian Masalanta. The patron
goddess of lovers and childbirth, this deity
was the brother of the sun god Apolaki to
parents Anagolay and Dumakulem.
53. Depending on what book you
read, Amanikabli (Amanikable or Aman Ikabli in
other sources) could either be the ancient
Tagalog patron of hunters or god of the sea.
In the book Barangay by William Henry Scott and
the 1936 Encyclopedia of the Philippines by Zoilo
Galang, Amanikabli was identified as the
Tagalog anito of hunters who rewarded his
worshipers with a good game.
54. Once upon a time, Bathala fell in love with a
mortal woman. She died after giving birth to
three beautiful daughters. Of
course, Bathala didn’t want anything bad to
happen to his girls so he brought all three of
them to the sky to live with him.
Before long, these three demigods were given
specific roles: Mayari, Hana (or Hanan in
other references), and Tala became the
Tagalog goddesses of the moon, morning,
and star, respectively.
55. F. Landa Jocano’s Outline of Philippine
Mythology gave a flattering description of
the moon goddess, Mayari: She was
the “most beautiful divinity in the court of
Bathala.” In other Luzon myths, however,
the moon deity was anything but a
beautiful goddess.
57. Tala is the name of the
goddess of the morning and
evening star in Tagalog
mythology. Her origins are
varied depending on region.
58. Not all deities of Philippine mythology lived in the
sky with Bathala. Some of them co-existed with the
ancient Tagalogs and were easily invoked during
religious ceremonies headed by a catalonan.
Spanish lexicographers called these supernatural
beings anito, Bathala‘s agents who were assigned
specific functions. Three of the most interesting
minor deities actually had names that rhyme
together:
59. In William Henry
Scott’s “Barangay,” Lakanbakod (Lakan
Bakod or Lakambacod in other
sources) was described as a deity who
had “gilded genitals as long as a rice
stalk.”
Lakanbakod was the “lord of fences,” a
protector of crops powerful enough to
keep animals out of farmlands. Hence,
he was invoked and offered eels when
fencing a plot of land.
60. Among the ancient
Kapampangans, Lakandanum was known as the
water god depicted as a serpent-like mermaid
(naga). Before the Spaniards arrived, they would
often throw livestock to the river as a peace offering
for Lakandanum. Failure to do so resulted in long
periods of drought.
Every year during the dry season, the natives would
make sacrifices for the water god to give them rain.
And when the rain started pouring, they would take
it as a cue that Lakandanum had returned, and
everyone would be in a festive mood.
61. Lakambini was just as fascinating. Although
the name is almost synonymous
with “muse” nowadays, it was not the case
during the early times.
Up until the 19th century, lacanbini had
been the name given to an anito whom
Fray San Buenaventura described
as “diyus-diyosang sumasakop siya sa
mga sakit sa lalamunan.” In simple English,
this minor deity was invoked by our ancestors
to treat throat ailments.
62. In some Tagalog creation
myths, Bathala was not the only deity who
lived in the universe before humanity was
born. He shared the space with two other
powerful gods: the serpent Ulilang
Kaluluwa (“orphaned spirit”) who lived in
the clouds and the wandering god aptly
named Galang Kaluluwa.
63. Ulilang Kaluluwa wanted the earth and the
rest of the universe for himself. Therefore,
when he learned of Bathala who was eyeing
for the same stuff, he decided to fight. After
days of non-stop battle, Bathala became the
last man standing. The lifeless body of Ulilang
Kaluluwa was subsequently burned.
64. A few years later, Bathala and Galang Kaluluwa met. The
two became friends, with Bathala even inviting the latter to
stay in his kingdom. But the life of Galang Kaluluwa was
cut short by an illness. Upon his friend’s
request, Bathala buried the body at exactly the same spot
where Ulilang Kaluluwa was previously burned.
Soon, a mysterious tree grew from the grave. Its fruit and
wing-like leaves reminded Bathala of his departed friend,
while the hard, unattractive trunk had the same qualities as
the evil Ulilang Kaluluwa.
The tree, as it turned out, is the “tree of life” we greatly
value today–the coconut.
65. Haliya is the moon goddess of
Bicolano mythology who
periodically comes down to earth
to bathe in its waters.
Legend has it that the world used to
be illuminated by seven moons. The
gigantic sea serpent
called bakunawa, a mythical
creature found in the early Bicolano
and Hiligaynon culture, devoured all
but one of these moons.
66. Pre-colonial Filipinos blamed
the bakunawa for causing the eclipse. Its
name, which literally means “bent
serpent,” first appeared in a 1637
dictionary by Fr. Alonso de
Mentrida. Bakunawa was deeply
embedded in our ancient culture that
by the time Fr. Ignacio Alcina penned
his 1668 book Historias de las Islas e
Indios de las Bisayas, the name of the
sea serpent was already synonymous
with the eclipse.
67. In a way, our Tagalog ancestors already believed
in the afterlife even before the colonizers
introduced us to their Bible. One proof is the pre-
colonial custom of burying the dead with
a pabaon, which could be in the form of jewelry,
food, or even slaves.
The Kasanaan is a place of punishment ruled
by Sitan, which shares striking similarities with
Christianity’s ultimate villain, Satan. However,
Jocano said that Sitan was most likely derived from
the Islamic ruler of the underworld
named Saitan (or Shaitan). This suggests that the
Muslim religion already had a grip to our society
way before the Spaniards arrived.
68. Just like Bathala, the
vicious Sitan was also assisted by
other lesser deities or mortal agents.
First was Mangagaway, the wicked
shapeshifter who wore a skull
necklace and could kill or heal
anyone with the use of her magic
wand. She could also prolong one’s
death for weeks or even months by
simply binding a snake containing
her potion around the person’s waist.
69. Mansisilat was literally the home-
wrecker of Philippine mythology. As
the goddess of broken homes, she
accepted it as her personal mission to
destroy relationships. She did this by
disguising herself as an old beggar or
healer who would enter the homes of
unsuspecting couples. Using her
charms, Mansisilat could magically
turn husbands and wives against each
other, ending up in separation.
70. In William Henry
Scott’s Baranggay, the former was
described as “the most powerful kind
of witch, able to kill or cause
unconsciousness simply by greeting
a person.” Jocano added that
a Hukluban was also a terrific
shapeshifter who could make
anything happen–say, burn a
house down–by simply uttering it.
71. The Mankukulam, on the other hand, often
wandered around villages pretending to be
a priest-doctor. In the same book by
Scott, a mankukulam was described as
a “witch who appears at night as if
burning, setting fires that cannot be
extinguished, or wallows in the filth
under houses, whereupon some
householder will sicken and die.”