The document discusses several topics related to political ideologies, public opinion, voter behavior, and campaign finance in American government. It defines key terms like political culture, ideology, and public opinion. It also outlines factors that influence voter turnout, such as institutional barriers and political reasons. Finally, it examines campaign finance laws and ways that groups try to circumvent restrictions on soft money contributions.

1. AP Government UNIT 2 Political Beliefs and Behaviors

2. POLITICAL CULTURE Definition 10 Characteristics of American Culture DON’T TOUCH!

3. IDEOLOGY and PUBLIC POLICY Background Ideology Definition Ideologues

4. IDEOLOGY and PUBLIC POLICY 2. Liberalism Classical vs. Modern Peak 1930-1970 Decline 1980-1990 Neoliberals GOVERNMENT

5. IDEOLOGY and PUBLIC POLICY Conservatism A. = Classical liberalism B. Resurgence since 1970s C. Neoconservatives/ New Right 1. Social 2. Economic 3. Foreign Policy Government

6. IDEOLOGY and PUBLIC POLICY Socialism Libertarianism

7. PUBLIC OPINION Types of Publics Who is paying attention?

8. PUBLIC OPINION II. Types of Opinions Death Penalty Presidential Popularity Military Draft Abortion Gun Control Balanced Budget Building Codes ERA

9. PUBLIC OPINION Measurements of Public Opinion a. Election- but why? b. Straw polls- inaccurate c. Scientific polls 1. Construction 2. Use 3. Abuse of Polls

10. PUBLIC OPINION IV. Public Awareness and Interest in Politics

11. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION Definition 8 Agents of socialization

12. VOTER TURNOUT Historical qualifications for suffrage 21

13. VOTER TURNOUT II. Current Qualifications (set by states) A. Citizenship B. Residency C. Age D. Registration (except ND)

14. VOTER TURNOUT III. Voter turnout in the US vs. other countries A. Turnout in various elections… B. Why the other Western nations have higher turnouts- around 90%: 1. Penalties 2. Multi-party system 3. Registration

15. VOTER TURNOUT IV. Reasons for low voter turnout A. Institutional barriers 1. Registration - Motor Voter Registration Act 2. Long Ballot 3. Type of Election 4. Absentee Ballot 5. Ballot Fatigue - too many elections 6. Young people B. 4 Political Reasons: efficacy, candidates, no competition, mobilization efforts

16. VOTER TURNOUT V. Who Votes? A. Characteristics of likely voters- EDUCATED,older, white, wealthy B. Does low turnout matter? YES and NO

17. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTER BEHAVIOR 7 Factors Geography Strong Presidential candidates (coattail effect) Timing (realignment, midterms) Party Affiliation (strongest) Demographics

18. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTER BEHAVIOR Demographics Continued: A. Sex B. Race C. Social Class D. Religion I like Cheney! Hillary ‘08 VS. Rep. Dems

19. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTER BEHAVIOR 6. Issues Retrospective - are you better off today than you were four years ago vs. Prospective - looking ahead at how a candidate will handle something 7. Candidate Appeal 8. Residency in Florida (in 2000 1,000 people voted for all 10 prez candidates, 700 voted for both Bush and Gore, 3600 voted for all 10 except Bush, 700 voted for all 10 except Gore

20. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS Intro Schedule Terms Term limits = No-No Single Member Districts

21. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS 2. Primary Elections Progressive Reform Types Closed - registered only Open- pick party primary Blanket- free love

22. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS Factors Affecting Outcome of Congressional Elections A. Incumbency- the greatest influence = Permanent congress The Incumbency Advantage Franking Privilege Staff Patronage Gerrymandering = safe seats Committee Service Name recognition: Duncan Hunter vs. Whats His Name Casework Pork Barrel $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Frank the mailman Contains work for the district

23. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS Factors Affecting Outcome of Congressional Elections Continued Type of Elections Incumbent Campaign Weak Challenger Strong Challenger Open Seat- think of musical chairs House vs Senate Midterms = bad for President Somebody fill me ! I have no chance Oh, my poor opponent! I can do it!

24. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS Factors Affecting Outcome of Congressional Elections Continued Coattail Effect Media Party Affiliation Issues- scandals anyone? Campaign Consultants Technology

25. PATH TO THE PRESIDENCY

26. PATH TO THE PRESIDENCY Pros of Nominating System Cons of Nominating System

27. CAMPAIGN FINANCE Vocab to start our discussion: Soft money- money given to party for party building purposes Hard Money- money given to candidate for election Independent expenditure- unlimited funds spent by individual. Actions cannot be coordinated with candidate or campaign Disclosure- reporting sources of funding Contribution- bills you drop on a candidate PACs- Political Action Committee ( a group affiliated with an organization whose job is to work on campaigns and support candidates)

28. CAMPAIGN FINANCE Federal Election Campaign Acts 1971-74 Main Provisions: DISCLOSURE SUBSIDIES LIMITATIONS- $1000 per candidate, per election , $5000 for PAC contributions BUCKLEY V. VALEO (1976) and its interpretation of FECA

29. CAMPAIGN FINANCE Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain- Feingold Bill) Bans Soft Money to the National Parties Limits amount and use of soft money to the state parties ($10,000 and GOTV) Doubles individual “hard money” donations ($2000 and tied to inflation) No change for PACs Unions and Corporations banned from soft money contributions

30. CAMPAIGN FINANCE Ways around McCain-Feingold

31. CAMPAIGN FINANCE ANALYSIS- points to ponder No subsidies for congressional candidates No limits on Congressional spending No limits on Independent Expenditures (527 groups like swift boat veterans) Lack of subsidies for Minor Party prez candidates Candidate-centered campaigns- whose power suffers as a result of this? Growth of PACs- their $ goes to incumbents Presidential candidates can opt out of funds and not abide by spending limits Hi MR CAMBOU!!!