Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative
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Approaches to Educational Research -Qualitative & Quantitative Qualitative Research A type of research meant for qualitative description of the behavior and events observed in their natural setting and specialized techniques for the analysis and interpretation of the collected qualitative data. Characteristics of Qualitative Research Emphasis on natural setting and cultural context. Primary aimed to describe and secondary aim is to analyze the events & things occurring in the natural setting. Here participants are selected through non-random method Data collected from the natural set-up. The qualitative research is based on inductive reasoning. Types : Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Case study, Historical Research Quantitative Research It tries to seek quantitative description of the things observed in the natural setting or otherwise being manipulated by the researcher in his study. Characteristics of Quantitative Research It is merely concerned with the quantitative description of the things observed. Here sample are collected through random method. This research is based on deductive reasoning. In quantitative research takes the information from the participants mostly in quantitative forms or quantitative expression.
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Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Problem- solving | Theory Building | Prediction
Scientific Activity-
Scientific activity is the activities of recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena.
It provides a means to formulate questions about general observations and devise theories of explanation.
The approach lends itself to answering questions in fair and unbiased statements, a long as questions are posed correctly, in a hypothetical form that can be tested.
Aims of Research-
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
1. Problem Solving-
Problem solving refers to the ability to use knowledge, facts and data to effectively solve problems.
This doesn’t mean you need to have an immediate answer, it means you have to be able to think on your feet, assess problems and find solutions.
Steps involved in Problem Solving
Confronting the problems
Collection of evidence
Formulating possible solution of hypothesis
Evaluating the sustainability of solutions
Testing the possible solutions
Arriving at conclusions.
2. Theory Building
Meaning of Theory Building: The process of building a statement of concepts and their interrelationships that shows how and/or why a phenomenon occurs.
Theory: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Steps of Theory Building
-Theories
-Propositions
-Concepts
-Observation of objects and events
3. Prediction
It is a statement about a future event in research.
Predictions are usually stated as hypotheses, i.e. clear statements which can be subjected to scientific verification.
Meaning, definitions & need of educational research.
To understand the meaning & nature of research, one must study the different definitions of research. In this presentation, definitions of research & educational research are given. From the definitions important characteristics of the research are listed & need of the educational research is also given.
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The University Grants Commission (UGC) is India's higher education regulator established in 1956. It coordinates and maintains standards in universities and allocates funding. The UGC works to develop universities as centers of excellence, foster collaboration, and help universities with staff development and student mobility. It determines academic standards, supports research, frames regulations, and monitors university functions.
Action research
The document discusses action research and its application in education. It defines action research as research conducted by teachers and administrators to improve decision making and practice. It notes action research focuses on addressing real problems in local contexts rather than developing universal theories. The document then outlines the key steps of action research, including identifying an issue, analyzing causes, developing hypotheses for action, designing a study, and evaluating results. As an example, it proposes an action research study to address students not completing math homework. The study would check homework, punish defaulters, and evaluate if this improves homework completion rates.
Designs in Educational Research- Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive : What is ? (Present)
Experimental : What will be ? (Future)
Historical : What Was ? (Past)
Descriptive Research Design
It is designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions.
It studies investigate phenomena in their natural setting.
Here the researcher does not manipulate the variables or arrange for events to happen.
The present events or phenomena are observed & described here.
Types of Descriptive Research
Survey Studies
-School Survry
-Job Survey
-Public Opinion Survey
-Social Survey
Developmental Studies
-Growth Studies
---Longitudinal
---Cross-Sectional
-Follow-up Studies
-Trends Studies
Inter-Relationship Studies
-Case Study
-Ex-post Facto/ Casual Comparative Studies
-Correlation & Prediction Studies
-Cross-Cultural & Comparative Studies
Historical Research Design
Historical Research is the Systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past.
No manipulation or control of variables or Data and primarily focuses in the past.
Historical research is not based upon experimentation, but upon reports of observation which cannot be repeated.
Types of Historical Research
-Bibliographic Research
-Legal Research
-Studying the history of ideas
-Studying the history of institutions.
Experimental Research Design
Experimental research design are concerned with
-Examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable,
-Where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention &
-The effect of those interventions is observed on the dependant variable.
-Data are collected through random method.
Types of Experimental Research
True Experimental Design
-Post-test only ,
-Pretest post-test only,
-Solomon 4 groups ,
-Factorial ,
-Randomized block,
-Crossover
Quasi – Experimental Research Design
-Nonrandomized control group design,
-Time-series design
Pre – Experimental Research Design
-One-shot case design ,
-One-group pretest-posttest design
Educational Research : Meaning and Score
Meaning of Educational Research
According to Mouly, -
Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving educational problem.
Travers thinks, -
Educational Research is the activity for developing science of behavior in educational situations. It allows the educator to achieve his goals effectively.
According to Whitney, -
Educational Research aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientific philosophical method.
So Educational Research is-
- Process of Generating the New Knowledge
- To Solve the Educational Problems
- Which is Purposeful, Precise, Objective, Scientific and Systematic
- Through Organize the data Quantitatively and Qualitatively
- which depends on the Researchers Ability, Ingenuity and Experience
Scope of Educational Research
Being scientific study of Educational Process, it involves :
- Biotic Elements of Education (Student, teachers, educational managers, parents, etc.)
- Non-Biotic Elements of education (Schools, colleges, research institutes, curriculum etc.)
Educational research
This document provides an introduction to educational research. It defines educational research as a formal, systematic process to solve problems related to education through careful investigation. The characteristics of educational research include investigating both the science and art of education through testing hypotheses, correcting errors, and suggesting improvements. Educational research has historically developed in four phases from before 1900 to the present day. The document outlines different types of research such as basic research, applied research, and action research. It also discusses the need for educational research and some limitations to educational research, such as the complexity of studying human behavior and difficulties in observation, replication, and measurement.
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Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Aims of Research as a Scientific Activity
Problem- solving | Theory Building | Prediction
Scientific Activity-
Scientific activity is the activities of recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena.
It provides a means to formulate questions about general observations and devise theories of explanation.
The approach lends itself to answering questions in fair and unbiased statements, a long as questions are posed correctly, in a hypothetical form that can be tested.
Aims of Research-
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
1. Problem Solving-
Problem solving refers to the ability to use knowledge, facts and data to effectively solve problems.
This doesn’t mean you need to have an immediate answer, it means you have to be able to think on your feet, assess problems and find solutions.
Steps involved in Problem Solving
Confronting the problems
Collection of evidence
Formulating possible solution of hypothesis
Evaluating the sustainability of solutions
Testing the possible solutions
Arriving at conclusions.
2. Theory Building
Meaning of Theory Building: The process of building a statement of concepts and their interrelationships that shows how and/or why a phenomenon occurs.
Theory: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Steps of Theory Building
-Theories
-Propositions
-Concepts
-Observation of objects and events
3. Prediction
It is a statement about a future event in research.
Predictions are usually stated as hypotheses, i.e. clear statements which can be subjected to scientific verification.
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Action research
The document discusses action research and its application in education. It defines action research as research conducted by teachers and administrators to improve decision making and practice. It notes action research focuses on addressing real problems in local contexts rather than developing universal theories. The document then outlines the key steps of action research, including identifying an issue, analyzing causes, developing hypotheses for action, designing a study, and evaluating results. As an example, it proposes an action research study to address students not completing math homework. The study would check homework, punish defaulters, and evaluate if this improves homework completion rates.
Designs in Educational Research- Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive Experimental Historical
Designs of Educational Research
Descriptive : What is ? (Present)
Experimental : What will be ? (Future)
Historical : What Was ? (Past)
Descriptive Research Design
It is designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions.
It studies investigate phenomena in their natural setting.
Here the researcher does not manipulate the variables or arrange for events to happen.
The present events or phenomena are observed & described here.
Types of Descriptive Research
Survey Studies
-School Survry
-Job Survey
-Public Opinion Survey
-Social Survey
Developmental Studies
-Growth Studies
---Longitudinal
---Cross-Sectional
-Follow-up Studies
-Trends Studies
Inter-Relationship Studies
-Case Study
-Ex-post Facto/ Casual Comparative Studies
-Correlation & Prediction Studies
-Cross-Cultural & Comparative Studies
Historical Research Design
Historical Research is the Systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past.
No manipulation or control of variables or Data and primarily focuses in the past.
Historical research is not based upon experimentation, but upon reports of observation which cannot be repeated.
Types of Historical Research
-Bibliographic Research
-Legal Research
-Studying the history of ideas
-Studying the history of institutions.
Experimental Research Design
Experimental research design are concerned with
-Examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable,
-Where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention &
-The effect of those interventions is observed on the dependant variable.
-Data are collected through random method.
Types of Experimental Research
True Experimental Design
-Post-test only ,
-Pretest post-test only,
-Solomon 4 groups ,
-Factorial ,
-Randomized block,
-Crossover
Quasi – Experimental Research Design
-Nonrandomized control group design,
-Time-series design
Pre – Experimental Research Design
-One-shot case design ,
-One-group pretest-posttest design
Educational Research : Meaning and Score
Meaning of Educational Research
According to Mouly, -
Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving educational problem.
Travers thinks, -
Educational Research is the activity for developing science of behavior in educational situations. It allows the educator to achieve his goals effectively.
According to Whitney, -
Educational Research aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientific philosophical method.
So Educational Research is-
- Process of Generating the New Knowledge
- To Solve the Educational Problems
- Which is Purposeful, Precise, Objective, Scientific and Systematic
- Through Organize the data Quantitatively and Qualitatively
- which depends on the Researchers Ability, Ingenuity and Experience
Scope of Educational Research
Being scientific study of Educational Process, it involves :
- Biotic Elements of Education (Student, teachers, educational managers, parents, etc.)
- Non-Biotic Elements of education (Schools, colleges, research institutes, curriculum etc.)
Educational research
This document provides an introduction to educational research. It defines educational research as a formal, systematic process to solve problems related to education through careful investigation. The characteristics of educational research include investigating both the science and art of education through testing hypotheses, correcting errors, and suggesting improvements. Educational research has historically developed in four phases from before 1900 to the present day. The document outlines different types of research such as basic research, applied research, and action research. It also discusses the need for educational research and some limitations to educational research, such as the complexity of studying human behavior and difficulties in observation, replication, and measurement.
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Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
Fundamental Research - to Know Something
Applied Research - to Do Something
Action Research - to do something & Solve Something
Fundamental Research
Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research.
This research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
The main aim of it’s is the discovery of new knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge.
Basic researches involve the development of theory or contribution to the existing body of knowledge.
The findings of Basic Research have Universal Validity.
In case of Fundamental Research it is the desire to Know something.
Applied Research
Applied Research is directed towards the solutions of immediate, specific and practical problems.
Through applied research, educators are often able to solve their problems at the appropriate level of complexity, that is, in the classroom teaching learning situations.
The applied research also uses the scientific method of inquiry.
It’s methodology, however, is not as rigorous as applicability and not in terms of universal validity.
In case of Applied Research it is the desire to do something.
Action Research
Action Research is discovered by- Kurt Lewin
‘Corey’ is the originator of the term- ‘Action Research’
In Action Research, a practitioner can try out alternative strategies till the problem is solved satisfactory.
It is concerned with a local problem and is conducted in a local setting.
In case of Action Research it is the desire to do and solve something.
Steps of Action Research
-Plan
-Act
-Observe
-Reflect
Types of Research Designs
Types of Research
There are many kinds of classification of research. Some of the classifications are as follows:
According to Goal
According to Time Element
According to the Statistical Content & Description of Data
1. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure - It is conducted for knowledge gaining or shake of knowledge.
b. Applied - the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles.
c. Action Research- it is done for the immediate solution of the problems in natural setting or classroom situation.
2. According to Time Element
a. Historical research - describes what was.
Past Events
b. Descriptive research - describes what is.
Present Events
c. Experimental research - describes what will be.
Future Events
3. According to Statistical Content & Description of Data
Quantitative Research- tries to seek Quantitative Description of the things observed in natural or manipulated setting by using Inferential Statistical Methods.
Experimental Research, Descriptive Research, Correlational Research
Qualitative Research- for Qualitative Description of the behavior and event observed in Natural Settings by using Descriptive Statistical Method.
Phenomenological, Ethnographic, Grounded theory, Case Study, Historical Research, Narrative Research
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National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE).pptx
The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) was established in 1973 and given statutory status in 1995 to regulate and promote teacher education programs in India. It oversees 15 teacher education programs and sets standards for curriculum, qualifications, infrastructure, and accreditation. Key functions of NCTE include coordinating teacher education, developing norms and standards, approving new institutions and programs, enforcing accountability, and advising governments on teacher education policies. The 2014 NCTE Regulations aim to improve teacher education by increasing program durations, integrating programs, emphasizing school-based learning and ICT/inclusion. NCTE carries out its work through regional committees and standing committees that focus on different levels and types of teacher education.
Tools and Techniques for assessment for learning
This document discusses various tools and techniques for classroom assessment, including observation, self-reporting, anecdotal records, checklists, rating scales, tests, and rubrics. It provides definitions and examples of each technique. Observation techniques include both structured and unstructured observation. Self-reporting involves asking students about their own experiences and attitudes. Anecdotal records involve recording significant episodes in a student's learning. Checklists and rating scales are used to evaluate skills and progress. Tests are formal ways of measuring achievement or ability. Rubrics provide clear criteria for grading student work. The document emphasizes that classroom assessment should empower both teachers and students to improve learning.
Scert and diet functions
The document provides information on the functions of the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET) in Delhi, India.
SCERT is responsible for curriculum development, teacher education programs, and material development for pre-primary and elementary education. It oversees 9 DIETs. DIETs provide in-service training to elementary school teachers and conduct research. Their functions include teacher training, academic support to schools, and action research on education issues in their districts.
Pedagogical analysis
Pedagogical Analysis- Objectives of pedagogical Analysis, elements of pedagogical analysis, steps of PA and advantages
DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF CONTENT ORGANIZATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
This document discusses the social science curriculum and principles of curriculum construction. It defines curriculum as the course of experiences given to learners in schools. The social science curriculum aims to develop understanding of human relations and society, impart knowledge, foster values, teach skills and tolerance, and develop citizenship. Principles for selecting content include being child-centered, objective-based, activity-focused, and preparing students for life. Approaches to organizing content discussed are the topic, spiral, and concentric approaches.
Ncf 2005 and social science position paper
The National Curriculum Framework 2005 aimed to shift the focus of the Indian education system from access and attendance to addressing quality and equal education for all. It was written in post-independence India to reform problems with high-stakes examinations and curriculum overload. The framework's goals included nurturing democratic values in children, being sensitive to the environment, accepting different cultures, and participating in productive work. It advocated for learning without fear or burden, developing critical thinking and creativity, and gaining knowledge through life experiences and work skills rather than indoctrination.
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Role of MHRD, UGC, NCTE and AICTE in Higher Education
Role of MHRD, UGC, NCTE and AICTE in Higher Education
M.ed first semester m.ed.cc-102 - education during british period -module-i
M.ed first semester m.ed.cc-102 - education during british period -module-i
DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF CONTENT ORGANIZATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF CONTENT ORGANIZATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
Similar to Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative
Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
Fundamental Research - to Know Something
Applied Research - to Do Something
Action Research - to do something & Solve Something
Fundamental Research
Fundamental research, also known as basic research or pure research.
This research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
The main aim of it’s is the discovery of new knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge.
Basic researches involve the development of theory or contribution to the existing body of knowledge.
The findings of Basic Research have Universal Validity.
In case of Fundamental Research it is the desire to Know something.
Applied Research
Applied Research is directed towards the solutions of immediate, specific and practical problems.
Through applied research, educators are often able to solve their problems at the appropriate level of complexity, that is, in the classroom teaching learning situations.
The applied research also uses the scientific method of inquiry.
It’s methodology, however, is not as rigorous as applicability and not in terms of universal validity.
In case of Applied Research it is the desire to do something.
Action Research
Action Research is discovered by- Kurt Lewin
‘Corey’ is the originator of the term- ‘Action Research’
In Action Research, a practitioner can try out alternative strategies till the problem is solved satisfactory.
It is concerned with a local problem and is conducted in a local setting.
In case of Action Research it is the desire to do and solve something.
Steps of Action Research
-Plan
-Act
-Observe
-Reflect
Types of Research Designs
Types of Research
There are many kinds of classification of research. Some of the classifications are as follows:
According to Goal
According to Time Element
According to the Statistical Content & Description of Data
1. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure - It is conducted for knowledge gaining or shake of knowledge.
b. Applied - the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles.
c. Action Research- it is done for the immediate solution of the problems in natural setting or classroom situation.
2. According to Time Element
a. Historical research - describes what was.
Past Events
b. Descriptive research - describes what is.
Present Events
c. Experimental research - describes what will be.
Future Events
3. According to Statistical Content & Description of Data
Quantitative Research- tries to seek Quantitative Description of the things observed in natural or manipulated setting by using Inferential Statistical Methods.
Experimental Research, Descriptive Research, Correlational Research
Qualitative Research- for Qualitative Description of the behavior and event observed in Natural Settings by using Descriptive Statistical Method.
Phenomenological, Ethnographic, Grounded theory, Case Study, Historical Research, Narrative Research
Types of Scientific Method
Types of Scientific Method
Exploratory Explanatory Descriptive
Exploratory
A preliminary investigation of a relatively unknown field which aims to gain new insights.
This type of research method conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined.
It is not typically generalizable to the population at large.
It is used to clarify/define a problem
This is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to understand more about it.
Esploratory studies are a valuable means of understanding
What is happening
To assess phenomenon in a new light
Explanatory/Causal Research
This study is designed to exploring something new
When an issue that is already known and have a description of it, we might begin to wonder WHY things are the way they are.
The desire to know “WHY”, to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research.
Descriptive
An in-depth study of an individual, a situal, group, organization or phenomenon which aims to describe the object of study accurately.
This study is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied
This methodology focuses more on the “What” of the research subject rather than the “Why” of the research subject.
This method define the research aspects viz., who, what, where, when, why and sometimes how of the research.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH.pptx
This document provides an overview of descriptive research. Descriptive research describes characteristics or phenomena as they naturally occur without influencing or manipulating variables. It can be used to identify problems, develop hypotheses for further research, and make predictions. The key types of descriptive research discussed are survey research, which collects data from populations to describe trends or opinions; interrelationship research including case studies, causal-comparative research, and correlational research; and developmental research which studies phenomena over time. Descriptive research is useful in education for identifying issues, gathering data to inform decision making, and establishing baseline information.
Variables, hypothesis etc zoom meet
This document discusses key concepts in research methodology including variables, hypotheses, sampling techniques, and research tools. It defines variables as concepts that can vary and discusses different types of variables like independent, dependent, and intervening variables. It also discusses hypothesis formation and different types of hypotheses. The document explores various sampling techniques including probability and non-probability sampling. It provides details on simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and non-probability sampling methods. Finally, the document discusses important research tools and how to minimize errors in research.
Science Research: Descriptive Research
This document discusses various types of descriptive research methods, including correlational research, causal-comparative research, documentary analysis, ethnography, case studies, and analytical methods. Correlational research examines relationships between two or more variables, while causal-comparative research attempts to identify causes of pre-existing differences between groups. Documentary analysis involves studying existing documents to describe current conditions. Ethnography focuses on observing socio-cultural phenomena through fieldwork. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a situation or event. Historical research analyzes past events and artifacts through documents and records.
MEASUREMENT, ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
The document discusses key concepts related to measurement, assessment, and evaluation in education. It defines a test as an instrument used to measure a characteristic, such as a student's knowledge in a subject. Measurement is assigning a number to an object or event's attributes, while assessment involves gathering and interpreting student performance data. Evaluation makes judgments about student performance and behavior to enhance learning. Assessment can be formative, occurring throughout instruction, or summative, evaluating learning at the end of a course. The goal of assessment is to improve teaching and support student learning.
Unit 2 Qualitative Method.pdf
The document discusses qualitative and quantitative research approaches in educational research. It provides definitions and characteristics of each approach, including commonly used terminology, underlying assumptions, goals, research design, data collection and analysis methods, and the researcher's role. Qualitative research is described as focusing on meaning, understanding, and social construction through naturalistic and interpretive methods. It aims to describe multiple realities rather than make generalized predictions. Quantitative research applies experimental methods and statistical analysis to test hypotheses and predict outcomes.
EDUCATION RESEARCH METHOD.pptx
This course is designed to provide postgraduate students with an in-depth analysis of the methods and procedures of research in education. The course will introduce students to qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research approaches in education. Students will develop a broad understanding of these methods and how/when they should be employed. Specific topics will include conceptualizing educational research, constructing measurement instruments, collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data, drawing inferences, and writing research proposals. As a depth requirement, students will employ one specific method in the design and possible implementation of a small research study which they will present orally and as a written formal research proposal or article.
Educational research
This document discusses different approaches to research in education including quantitative, qualitative, analytical, and mixed methods approaches. For quantitative research, it describes experimental, non-experimental, and correlational designs. For qualitative research, it outlines case study, phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory approaches. It also discusses analytical approaches like concept analysis and historical analysis, mixed methods research, and action research.
837 Unit 4 Classification of ER by Method Dr. Zaheer Ahmad.pptx
This document discusses different types of educational research methods. It outlines historical research, which analyzes past events to understand present concepts. Experimental research involves controlling educational factors to observe their effects. Descriptive research collects data from a large sample to provide information about characteristics of a population or problem. Causal-comparative research examines the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable without manipulation. Correlational research explores relationships between two or more variables. Qualitative research seeks detailed understanding of phenomena through words and pictures. The document provides examples of topics that could be researched with each method.
Descriptive research
Descriptive Research and its types with special reference to Developmental research, and finally steps in Descriptive research
Chapter 1, intro to educational psy.pptx
INRRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN WHICH YOU CAN FIND LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS, LEARNING PROCESS ETC
Various Types of Quantitative Research.pptx
This PPT aims to provide knowledge about Various Quantitative Research, Their Example and Methodology.
Chapter 4 research approaches.pptx
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
This presentation formed part of the HEA-funded workshop 'Research methods for teacher education'.
This event brought together academic experts in educational research methods with school leaders, to debate, share and determine how student teachers and teachers on part-time Masters-level programmes can best be taught to use research methods to better understand and ultimately, improve the quality of their teaching and improve educational outcomes for pupils and schools.
This presentation forms part of a blog post which can be accessed via: http://bit.ly/1m8vkEW
For further details of HEA Social Sciences work relating to teaching research methods in the Social Sciences please see http://bit.ly/15go0mh
Understanding and uses of questioning by Niroj Dahal
This document presents a research plan for an ethnographic inquiry into how mathematics teachers understand and use questioning in their classrooms. The researcher aims to explore this topic through interviews and observations of teachers in three schools. They will analyze questioning based on cognitive complexity and classify questions as either low-level or high-level. The goal is to gain insight into teachers' perspectives on questioning and how it impacts student learning and performance in mathematics. Findings could help improve teacher training and curriculum development related to classroom questioning.
Characteristics of a Good Sample
Characteristics of a Good Sample
Representativeness
Absence of sampling error
Economically viable
Generalized and applicable
Goal oriented
Proportional
Randomly Selected
Actual information provider
Practical
Viva- Voce Ph. D (Education )
Prakash Srinivasan Ph. D Viva- Voce power point presentation on 14.02.2014, Department of Education, M.S. University, Tirunelveli.
Qualitative research definition and characteristics
Definition and Characteristics of Qualitative Research
by Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan,
Department of Education, Hazara University, Pakistan
Similar to Approaches to Educational Research - Qualitative & Quantitative (20)
Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
Types of Research - Fundamental, Applied and Action
837 Unit 4 Classification of ER by Method Dr. Zaheer Ahmad.pptx
837 Unit 4 Classification of ER by Method Dr. Zaheer Ahmad.pptx
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
The role of research when experience rules - Katharine Burn
Understanding and uses of questioning by Niroj Dahal
Understanding and uses of questioning by Niroj Dahal
Qualitative research definition and characteristics
Qualitative research definition and characteristics
More from Sahin Sahari
Contribution of Marry Wollstonecraft In Education
Contribution of Marry Wollstonecraft In Education
Who is Marry Wollstonecraft ?
Marry Wollstonecraft is a Mother of Feminist.
Her Philosophy is based on liberal feminism
She was an English writer, moral and political philosopher and advocate of women’s right.
Marry Wollstonecraft was born on 27th April 1759.
she was the second of the seven children of Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft.
In 1784 at the age of 24 Marry Wollstonecraft opened up her own school for girls at Newington Green.
Contribution of Savitribai phule in Education
Phule is a social reformer, educationist, anti-abronist of India.
She is first women teacher in India
She and her husband jyotirao phule paIay a big role for women equality and women education in British period.
They are established first girls school in Pune at 1848. this school name was BHIDE WADA
Concept of Sample & Universe
What is Universe or Population
the term ‘Universe’ refers to the total of the items or units in any field of inquiry.
whereas the term ‘Population’ refers to the total of items about which information is desired.
Example:
Universe : All the Teachers
Population : All primary teachers, all college teachers, all university students etc.
Population Size: The total number of units present in the population
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Formulating Hypothesis in Research
This document discusses the process of formulating hypotheses. It begins by defining hypothesis formulation as creating possible tentative explanations for a given set of information or research. It then outlines the two contexts in which hypotheses are formulated - the context of discovery, where hypotheses emerge from prior research, and the context of justification, where researchers communicate their hypotheses. The document proceeds to list the six steps in formulating a hypothesis: 1) understanding the problem area, 2) considering the goal, 3) identifying variables, 4) identifying relationships between variables, 5) critically thinking about the hypothesis, and 6) expressing the idea as a hypothesis. Finally, it notes that properly formulating hypotheses can be difficult.
Hypotheses- Concept, Sources & Types
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
Types of Variables - Independent, Dependent ,Extraneous ,Intervening ,Moderator
Types of Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Intervening/Mediating Variable
Extraneous Variable
Moderator variable
Independent Variable
Variable that is presumed to influence other variable
It is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed effect.
Dependent Variable
Variable affected by the independent variable
It responds to the independent variable.
Example
“How stress affects mental state of human beings?”
Independent variable ----- Stress
Dependent variable ---- mental state of human
beings You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change mental state.
Intervening/Mediating Variable
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be measured.
Example
“Higher education typically leads to higher income”
Higher education----(independent variable)
Higher income----(dependent variable)
Better occupation---- intervening variable
It is causally affected by education and itself affects income.
Extraneous Variable
Extraneous variables are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables an experimenter is examining.
Example
“An educational psychologist has developed a new learning strategy and is interested in examining the effectiveness of this strategy”
The experimenter randomly assigns students into two groups. All of the students study text materials on a biology topic for thirty minutes.
One group uses the new strategy and the other uses a strategy of their choice.
Then all students complete a test over the materials.
Extraneous variable ------ pre-knowledge of the biology topic
Moderator variable
It is a type of an independent variable that may not be the main focus of the study
It is a characteristics of individuals or of treatment variables that may result in an interaction between an independent variable and other variables
It may modify the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Example
when dealing with any research question, gender may affect them.
National Education Policy 2020
National Education Policy 2020
-This is the first new education policy in 34 years
-A panel headed by former ISRO chief K. Kasturirangan submitted a draft in December 2018
-which was made public and opened for feedback after the Lok Sabha election in May 2019.
-New Education Policy was launched on Wednesday, July 29, 2020
-Union Ministers for Information and Broadcasting (I&B) Prakash Javadekar and Human Resource Development (HRD) and Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank, made the announcement on the NEP- 2020.
-The NEP 2020 aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”
Meaning of Constructs, Concepts & Variables
Meaning of Constructs, Concepts & Variables
Construct
Construct is an abstract concept that is specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a given phenomenon or subject.
Constructs are considered latent variable because they cannot be directly observed or measured.
Concept
Concept gives a vivid picture on something, which helps to understand the subject or phenomena.
Concepts are based on our experiences. Concepts can be based on real phenomena and are a generalized idea of something.
Variable
Variable is a measurable representation of an abstract construct.
Variables are created by developing the construct into a measurable form.
Variables are observable, measurable & changeable or unstables.
Construct
-an abstract concept
-specifically chosen (or “created”)
-to explain a given phenomenon or subject.
-cannot be directly observed or measured.
Concept
-Concepts are based on our experience
-gives a vivid picture on something,
-which helps to understand the subject or phenomena.
-Concepts can be based on real phenomena and are a generalized idea of something.
Variable
-measurable representation of an abstract construct.
-Variables are created by developing the construct into a measurable form.
-Variables are observable, measurable & changeable or unstable.
Islamic Philosophy and Education
Islamic Philosophy & Education
Education of Islam
-Education is considered as a light in philosophy and tradition of Islam, that light, by which ignorance form darkness thrown away.
-Education is used as an action which create differences between knowledge and darkness.
-Knowledge of Qur’an is considered as true education in Islamic philosophy.
-According to Hazarat Mohammad, exponent of Islam religion, education should be continuing from the lap of mother till grave.
Islamic Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Islamic Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Basics of Islamic Religion & Philosophy
There is One God (ALLAH) who is the creator of all universe.
Main source book of Islamic Philosophy is – Qur’an
Mohammad is the Final Messenger of Islam who finalize the Islamic Philosophy.
Islamic philosophy doesn't believe in idol or statue worship.
Five Base of Islam mention bellow-
-To believe in Allah, Prophet Mohammad and Quran. (Iman)
-To read the namaaz five times. (Namaz)
-To fast in the month of Ramzaan. (Roza)
-To grant money from one’s earnings. (Zakat)
-To go for Haj atleast once in a lifetime. (Haj)
Metaphysics of Islam
This universe has been created by Allah-
Physical Universe is destroyable yet real, spiritual universe is everlasting-
Allah is shapeless, and the souls are created by him-.
Human is the supreme creation by Allah-
The human development depends on the power of his soul, his deeds and Allah’s mercy
A human’s ultimate objective is to prepare himself for the everlasting life and unify his soul with Allah-
Islam doesn’t believe in rebirth.
Epistemology of Islam
At present, people following Islam consider Qur’an as the prime source of any type of knowledge.
Hazrat Mohammad divided knowledge in two forms-
i. Physical- He has put physical products and social life under physical knowledge
ii. Spiritual - knowledge of Islam religion under spiritual knowledge.
In Quran, there are three ways mentioned to attain physical knowledge
-i. Ilmul Yakeen (believe by estimating)
-ii. Enul Yakeen (believe by seeing)
-iii. Hakkul Yakeen (believe by touching)
This clearly means senses are considered as a medium to attain physical knowledge.
Where attaining spiritual knowledge is concerned, Islam considers information given by the prophets.
Axiology of Islam
According to Qur’an & Islamic Law (Shariyah) Desirable Acts Undesirable Acts divided into Two Parts-
-Halal – Lawful
-Haram – Unlawful
-Fard – Obligatory: An act commanded by Allah in the Holy Qur'an is known as Fard.
-Sunnat :
--Sunnat-e-Mu’akkadah: an act done or liked by the Hazrat Mohammad (PBUH) in relation to worship.
--Sunnat-e-Ghayr Mu’akkadah: The Messenger of Allah had performed such an act, but also omitted it without any reason.
Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology
Vedanta Philosophy
Chief Founder - Badarayana
Others Exponents - Sankara, Ballava, Nimbarka, Ramanuja etc.
Beginning Time - 1500 BCE
Focus - The essence of the Vedas
Type of School - Orthodox (Astika)
Source Book Badarayana’s- Vedanta Sutra
Sub schools of Vedanta- Advaita of Sankara, Visistadvaita of Ramanuja and Dvaita of Madhva and many more.
It is also known as Uttara Mimansa
Metaphysics of Vedanta
Vedata spoke of One Reality (ekam sat) which is spoken of in various ways by the sages.
It spoke of That One (tad ekam) that created the world. The Upanishads called it Brahman.
Brahman is the Reality of the reality. It is the cause of all created things
Brahman is the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the world.
All creatures spring out of Brahman. They live in Brahman and are reabsorbed in Brahman.
Brahman is the cosmic principle, atman is the psychic principle. It is the inner self in man
It implies that creation is self-expression and self communication of God to the creatures.
Creation is a moral act of willing and self-sacrifice of Brahman.
Epistemology of Vedanta
Vedanta Philosophy divided knowledge into two parts
-Apara (Temporal or practical): The knowledge of different phases of this material world and human life
-Para (spiritual): Ved, Brhmana, Aranayak And Metaphysics Of Geeta are Para knowledge.
To gain both of these knowledge Shankar has encouraged the method of
-Sharvana (Listening)
-Manan (Rumination)
-Nidhidyasana (Contemplation)
Axiology of Vedanta
Vedanta accepts the distinction made by the Kathopanishad between happiness (Preyas) and the highest good (Sreyas).
The highest Good is the realization of the eternal universal self in man. Vidya leads to self-realization.
Atman can be realized by one who does practice self-control, desirelessness, and concentration of mind.
Karma is not excluded from moral life.
Prescribed actions should be performed without any desire or motive.
Karma purifies the mind; however it is only a preliminary step to self-knowledge.
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Replicability
Precision
Parsimony
Falsifiability
Replicability
When other people follow the same steps in your research and get the same or identical result.
Precision
Theoretical concepts, which are often hard to measure, must be defined with such precision that others can use those definitions to measure those concepts and test that theory.
Parsimony
When there are many explanations of a phenomenon, researchers must accept the simplest and most logical of them, to prevent explaining with many complex theories. This concept is called Parsimony or “Occam’s Razor”.
Occam’s razor or Ockham’s Razor is a principle from philosophy.
Falsifiability
A theory must always be stated in a way that it can be Disproved.
It must be tested or falsified
Theories that cannot be tested or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.
Whose concepts are not accurately measurable cannot be tested, and is therefore not scientific.
Others Characteristics of Scientific Method
Verifiability
Objectivity
Generalization
Systematic study
Control
Scientific research design
Power of prediction
Cause and effect relationship
Theorization
Universability
Meaning & Steps of Scientific Method
What is Scientific Method?
Francis Bacon is the Father of Scientific Method.
Mixed use of Inductive & Deductive Method is called Scientific Method.
It is a Back-&-Forth Movement (Cycling Process) of thoughts.
It is start from Inductive to Deductive.
It is based on Assumptions or Hypothesis.
This is basically conducted to Develop or Test Hypothesis.
How to proceed in scientific method
1st - In this method researcher operates Inductively from Partially known or unknown information (Experiences, previous knowledge, observation etc.) towards a assumptions or hypothesis.
2nd - Then Deductively from suggested Hypothesis, to the particular parts in order to connects these with one another in a meaningful pattern to find valid relationship.
Purposes of Scientific Methods
The basic purposes of scientific methods are
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Prediction
Control
Prescription, & Identification of relationship of the facts.
Steps in Scientific Method
1.Identification and definition of the problems
2.Formulation of a hypothesis
3.Implication of hypothesis through deductive reasoning
4.Collection and analysis of evidences
5.Verification, rejection or modification of hypothesis
6.Generalization
What is APA Writing Style or Format
APA & APA Style / Format
What is APA ?
Full Form of APA – American Psychological Association.
The APA was founded in July 1892 at Clark University.
The first president was G. Stanley Hall.
What is APA Style/Format?
APA Style is a Writing Style and Format for Academic Documents such as scholarly journal articles and books.
It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of Behavioral and Social Sciences.
The APA became involved in Journal Publishing in 1923.
The 1st Edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952
The initial edition went through Two Revisions: one in 1957, and one in 1967 Subsequent editions were released in -
1974 (2nd Edition of APA Style/Format)
1983 (3rd Edition of APA Style/Format)
1994 (4th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2001 (5th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2009 (6th Edition of APA Style/Format)
2019 (7th Edition of APA Style/Format & Current )
Axiology of Samkhya Philosophy
–Right Knowledge (Satya Gyan) is the key issue in Axiology of Samkhya Philosophy
–Desirable & Undesirable activity depends upon-Right Knowledge (Satya Gyan)
–Samkhya considers Yoga Sadhana way (Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayama, Pratyahaara, Dharana, Dhyan and Samadhi) necessary to acquire the great vows and rules of values.
–Human can control his unethical perception only through compliance of these moral great vows and rules
Epistemology of Samkhya Philosophy
Epistemology of Samkhya Philosophy:
1st Type: Pratyaksa (Perception)
Aloukik (Perception through the Mind)
Loukik (Perception through the External Five Senses)
Nirvikalpaka (Indeterminate) – First phase of Perception –Incomplete Perception
Savikalpaka (Determinate)- Second phase of Perception –Complete Perception
2nd Type: Sabda (Testimony)
Laukika-Sabda : trustable testimony of trustable or knowledgeable person.
Vaidik-Sabda : words of Vedas .
3rd Type: Sabda (Testimony)
Laukika-Sabda : trustable testimony of trustable or knowledgeable person.
Vaidik-Sabda : words of Vedas .
Metaphysics of samkhya philosophy
Metaphysics of Samkhya Philosophy
Samkhya don’t accept the concept of GOD (Atheist).
There is No Maya, this World is Real (Realism)
There is a Cause/Reason in every Effect/Work/Result. (Satkaryabad)
Two fundamental elements are the cause of this universe creation- Prakruti (nature) & Purusha (Soul)
There are 23 Deformities of Prakruti, thus there are Total 25 Elements with Purusha.
Total element of Universe in Samkhya Philosophy
Purusha- 1
Prakriti- 1
Mahat/Buddhi- 1
Ahankar- 1
Mind- 1
Pancha-Karmendriya- 5
Pancha-Gyanendriya- 5
Pancha-Tanmatra- 5
Pancha-Mahabhuta- 5
Total = 25
Purusha:
Purusha (soul) is Concious but Inactive.
It is the Cause for the Evaluation in Prakrati.
It does not have any pattern, its Nirguna (without properties).
Sankhya believes that there is an entity of independent soul (Purusha) in each living organism.
Prakrati:
It is Active but Unconcious and
Main cause of Universe Creation.
There are 3 Qualities of Prakrati-
Satvas, Rajas and Tamas.
Entity of Prakruti and Purusha is An Axiom (Swat: Sudhya: Nitya)
Mahat (Sence) :
Mahat was Created First by Combination of Prakruti and Purusha.
Meaning of Mahat in Sankhya is - Cosmic Intelligence.
Ahamkar (Ego) :
It is the First bikriti/Parinam of Mahat.
Ahamkaara is Base of Diversity of this Universe,
There are 3 Types Ahamkar-
Satvas Ahamkar, Rajas Ahamkar and Tamas Ahamkar
Pancha-Karmendriya:
Combination of Ahamkaara and Satvas (Satvas Ahamkara).
5 Sensory Organs (Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue and Skin)
Pancha-Gyanendriya:
5 Execute Organs (Hand, Leg, Speech, Anus and Genital)
Pancha-Tanmatra:
It is originated by Combination of Ahamkaara and Tamas (Tamas Ahamkar).
Shabda(Words), Sparsha (touch), Roopa (appearance), Rasa(delight) and Gandha (Smell).
Pancha-Mahabhuta:
It is originated by Pancha-Tanmatra.
Cosmic Elements- Akash (Space), Vayu (Air) ,Agni (Fire), Jala (Water) & Pruthvi (Earth).
Samkhya Philosophy : Basic Concepts and Characteristics
1. Basic info about “ Samkhya Philosophy ”
It is propounded by -Maharshi Kapila
The Word Samkhya is derived from the word ‘Sankhya’ which means number.
Samkhya is the philosophy of the numbers, because it deals with 25 categories.
Samkhya means the philosophy of right knowledge. Right knowledge about Purusa and Prakrti.
It is a Dualism Philosophy (Purusha + Prakrati)
Samkhya Don’t believe in GOD (Atheist-Nastika)
But Samkhya believe in VEDA (Orthodox-Astika)
It is a Philosophy of ‘Pancha-Bingshati’ (25 Tatva)
Samkhya believe in ‘Satkaryabad’ (Theory of Causation)
It is a Pluralistic Spiritualism and an Atheistic Realism and Uncompromising Dualism.
Others Exponents are:
Iswarkrishna , Guadapada, Vachaspati Misra, Vijyanabikshu
Source Books of Samkhya
[Sutra] - Main Source Book Kapila’s - Samkhya-Sutra
[Bhasya] - Iswarkrishna’s - Samkhyakarika
[Bhasya] - Guadapada’s - Samkhy Karikabhasya
[Bhasya] -Vijyanabikshu’s - Samkhyapravachana Bhasya
[Tika] - Vachaspati Misra’s - SamkhyaTattva-Kaumudi
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