Set theory is widely applied in economics. It includes concepts like union, intersection, and difference that are used in functions and formulas. Fixed point theorems and Sperner's lemma use set theory to determine if solutions exist to systems of equations, which is important for general equilibrium analysis. While limitations exist in some theoretical economic answers, set theory provides insights and most economists still find it useful as a framework without the problems necessarily affecting their work. It offers a way to model choices, equilibriums, and states without regard for difficulties in the foundations of economic theory.
The presentation aims to explain the meaning of ECONOMETRICS and why this subject is studied as a separate discipline.
The reference is based on the book "BASIC ECONOMETRICS" by Damodar N. Gujarati.
For further explanation, check out the youtube link:
https://youtu.be/S3SUDiVpUGU
Chapter-1 Concept of Economics and Significance of Statistics in EconomicsRitvik Tolumbia
A fantastic PPT on the concept of economics and significance of statistics in economics. The PPT includes meaning of statistics in singular sense and plural sense, features of statistics, scope of statistics, importance of statistics, limitations of statistics and functions of statistics. Enjoy the PPT. Happy Learning !!
The presentation aims to explain the meaning of ECONOMETRICS and why this subject is studied as a separate discipline.
The reference is based on the book "BASIC ECONOMETRICS" by Damodar N. Gujarati.
For further explanation, check out the youtube link:
https://youtu.be/S3SUDiVpUGU
Chapter-1 Concept of Economics and Significance of Statistics in EconomicsRitvik Tolumbia
A fantastic PPT on the concept of economics and significance of statistics in economics. The PPT includes meaning of statistics in singular sense and plural sense, features of statistics, scope of statistics, importance of statistics, limitations of statistics and functions of statistics. Enjoy the PPT. Happy Learning !!
The Statement of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Queries in Object Oriented Datab...Editor IJCATR
Entrance of object orienting concept in database caused the relation database gradually to replace with object oriented
database in various fields. On the other hand for solving the problem of real world uncertain data, several methods were presented.
One of these methods for modeling database is an approach wich couples object-oriented database modeling with fuzzy logic. Many
queries that users to pose are expressed on the basis of linguistic variables. Because of classical databases are not able to support these
variables, leads to fuzzy approaches are considered. We investigate databases queries in this study both simple and complex ways. In
the complex way, we use conjunctive and disjunctive queries. In the following, we use the XML labels to express inqueries into fuzzy.
We can also communicate with other sections of software by entering into XML world as the most reliable opportunity. Also we want
to correct conjunctive and disjunctive queries related to fuzzy object oriented database using the concept of dependency measure and
weight, and weight be assigned to different phrases of a query based on user emphasis. The other aim of this research is mapping fuzzy
queries to fuzzy-XML. It is expected to be simple implement of query, and output of execution of queries be greatly closer to users'
needs and fulfill her expect. The results show that the proposed method explains the possible conjunctive and disjunctive queries the
database in the form of Fuzzy-XML.
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
Learning Guide for Grade 7 Mathematics under the k-12 Curriculum in the Phili...polchan
This is the mathematics Module for Grade 7 pupils under the K-12 Curriculum implemented in the Philippines. This is a Learning Guide for Grade 7 Mathematics.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
2. Presented By:
Nafisha Tasnim Zaman –B1506150
Shamin Yeaser Rahman –B1506131
Sarker humaira mostareen –B1506014
Farjana Islam Mim –B1506182
3. WHAT IS SET THEORY ?
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that
studies sets, which are collections of objects.
Although any type of object can be collected into a
set, set theory is applied most often to objects that
are relevant to mathematics. The language of set
theory can be used in the definitions of nearly all
mathematical objects.
4. AREA OF STUDY :
1. Combinatorial set theory
2.Descriptive set theory
3.Fuzzy set theory
4.Inner model theory
5.Determinacy
6.Forcing
7.Cardinal invariants
5. BASIC CONCEPTS OF SET THEORY
Union
Intersection
Set difference
Symmetric difference
Cartesian product
Power set
6. FORMULAS OF SET THEORY :
Identity Laws:
for any set A, there is one and only one set , such that
(ii) for any set A, there is one and only one set S, such that .
Closure Laws:
If A and B are two sets, then
(i) is a set,
(ii) is a set.
Commutative Laws:
If A and B are two sets, then
(i) ,
(ii)
A =A
A S =A
A B
A B
A B =B A
A B =B A
7. FORMULAS OF SET THEORY :
Associative Laws:
If A, B and C, are three sets, then
(i)
(ii)
Distributive Laws:
If A, B and C, are three sets, then
(i)
(ii)
Complementary Laws:
For every set A, there is one and only one set such that
(i)
(ii)
(A B) C =A (B C)
(A B) C =A (B C)
A (B C) =(A B) (A C)
A (B C) =(A B) (A C)
c
A A = S
c
A A =
8. FORMULAS OF SET THEORY :
Difference Laws:
If A, B and C, are three sets, then
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vi)
c
A-B =A B
A - B = A - (A B) =(A B) - B
A - ( B - C ) = (A - B ) (A - C)
(A B ) - C = (A -C) (B - C)
A - (B C)=(A-B) (A-C)
(A B ) (A - B) = A
(A B ) ( A - B ) =
9. INTRODUCTION OF SET THEORY IN
ECONOMIC !
The set-theoretical framework we think is better fit for
economics is AFA−+ AD + DC. That is, the theory of sets
that can be derived from the axioms of 2 Zermelo-
Frenkel set theory as well as from the axiom of
Dependent Choices and the Axiom of Determinacy
We claim that a lot of insight is gained in this switch
while no important results for economics are lost.
.
10. FUNCTIONS
In theoretical economics, such as general equilibrium
analysis, there comes a point where one needs to know
whether the solution to a system of equations exists; or, more
specifically, under which conditions will a solution necessarily
exist.
Fixed Point Theorems
No Retraction Theorems
Sperner's Lemma (One dimensional version)
Two Dimensional Version
11. Fixed Point Theorems
Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem: A continuous
mapping of a convex, closed set into itself
necessarily has a fixed point.
Examples:
A continous function that maps [0,1] into itself has
a fixed point.
A continuous function that maps a unit disk into
itself has a fixed point.
12. No Retraction Theorem:
nuous mapping of all points of the interior of disk onto its
boundary circle.
Proof of Brouwer's fixed point theorem for a disk using the
No Retraction Theorem.
Assume there is not fixed point and use the intersection of
the line from x to f(x) with the boundary circle to map x
into the boundary. This would be a continuous mapping of
the interior onto the boundary. This is a contradiction of
the No Retraction Theorem so the process must break
down some where. It breaks down if f(x)=x because there is
no unique line defined.
13. Sperner's Lemma (One dimensional
version)
Consider a line segment AB subdivided into segments
and the end points of the segments labeled with A's and
B's arbitrarily. Let a be the number of segments labeled
AA and b the number of segments labeled AB, complete
segments.
The number of end points labeled with A is 2a+b. Let c be
the number of internal end points labeled A. If we count A
end points segment by segment we get 2c+1. Therefore
2a+b=2c+1, which implies that b=2(c-a)+1 so b, the
number of segments labeled AB, is an odd number. Since
zero is not an odd number there has to be at least one
segment labeled AB.
14. Two dimensional version.
Let a be the number of triangles whose labels read ABA or
BAB. Triangles of these two types have two edges labeled AB
where as complete triangles have one edge labeled AB. The
other types of triangles have no edges labeled AB.
The number of AB edges counted triangle by triangle is 2a+b.
However, edges inside the original triangle are counted twice
since they belong to two triangles. Let c be the number of edges
labeled AB inside the original triangle.
Let d be the number of edges labeled AB on the outside of the
original triangle. Then the number of AB edges counted is 2c+d
and this is equal to 2a+b. So 2c+d=2a+b. From the preceding
result b must be odd so d also must be odd. Therefore there
must be at least one triangle with labeling ABC.
15. CONCLUSION
we presented a variety of limitations to the theoretical
answers that have been given to the main problems in
economics.
It is not clear that they will (or should) affect the work of
most economists. Although the existence of holes in the
edifice of economic theory is somewhat worrisome, it is
also true that none of the problems discussed here
amounts to its demolition.
In fact, most economists use the existence of choice
functions, equilibria and states of the world as just
metaphors and make models in which the difficulties
discussed here are disregarded