API 571 Damage Mechanisms Refining Equipment

API 571:Damage Mechanisms
Affecting Fixed Equipment in
the Refining Industry
PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN TENAGA INDUSTRI
(PUSPATRI)
5th – 9th November 2007

API 571 Practice Question
66. What is the definition of temper embrittlement?
1. Reduction in toughness due to mechanical change
2. Increase in toughness due to metallurgical change
3. Heating below 6500F
4. Reduction in toughness due to metallurgical change

67. How is temper embrittlement confirmed?
1. Through impact testing
2. Through tension testing
3. Through bend test
4. None of the above

68. In which equipment is temper embrittlement found?
1. Cooling towers
2. Hydroprocessing unit
3. Welds
4. Cokers

69. What is the best way to minimize the likelihood and extent of
temper embrittlement?
1. Limit acceptance levels of sulphur in welding consumables
2. Limit the level of iron in the base metals
3. Limit acceptance levels of managanese, silicon, phosporus, tin
and antimony in base metals.

70. Brittle fracture occurs in which of the following materials?
1. The 300 series stainless steel
2. Carbon and low alloy steels
3. Aluminum
4. copper

71. Brittle fracture occurs only at temperature:
1. Above 70 degree F
2. Below Charpy Impact transformation temperature
3. Above Charpy Impact transition temperature
4. Below Charpy Impact transition temperature

72. What is the appearance of a brittle fracture?
1. Herringbone
2. Straight and non-branching
3. Branching

73. Equipment manufactured before what date was made with limited
restrictions on notch toughness?
1. December 1988 addenda
2. October 1957 addenda
3. January 1964 addenda
4. December 1987 addenda

74. For new equipment, brittle fracture is best prevented by:
1. Using materials specifically designed for low temperature
operation
2. Using materials specifically designed for medium temperature
operation
3. Using a start up temperature above 1000F
4. Operating temperature below the lower transformation level.

75. Thermal fatigue is defined as:
1. Cyclic stress below transition temperature
2. Fatigue due to low temperature operations
3. The result of cyclic stress caused by variations in temperature
4. 1 and 2 above

89. What one key factor affects thermal fatigue?
1. Magnitude of temperature swing
2. Start-up
3. Shutdown
4. 2 and 3 above

91. Thermal fatigue crack propagate:
1. Parallel to the stress
2. In an herringbone pattern
3. Transverse to the stress
4. Any of the above

96. What are effective methods of inspecting for fatigue cracking?
1. UT
2. VT
3. MT & PT
4. Both 2 & 3

117. Pure erosion is sometimes referred to as:
1. Corrosive wear
2. Abrasive wear
3. Deburring
4. Cohesive wear

116. Erosion and erosion corrosion are characterized by a local loss in
thickness in the form of:
1. Pits
2. Grooves
3. Valleys
4. All the above

119. Which of the following is/are methods of preventing corrosion?
1. Increase pipe diameter
2. Decreasing wall thickness
3. Using replaceable impingement baffle
4. 1 and 3 above

120. Which of the following is a critical factor for mechanical fatigue?
1. Geometry
2. Stress level
3. Number of cycle
4. All the above

124. What is the signature mark of a mechanical fatigue failure?
1. Clam shell type finger print
2. Branching cracks finger print
3. Herringbone pattern finger print

131. What inspection are done to rotating equipment to detect
evidence of mechanical fatigue?
1. PT
2. MT
3. Vibration monitoring
4. All the above

132. Which of the following material is affected by atmospheric
corrosion?
2. Monel
4. Copper alloyed aluminum

133. What is one inspection technique that can be used to detect
atmospheric corrosion.
1. UT
2. RT
3. MT
4. ET

134. Corrosion under insulation (CUI) affects which of the following
materials?
1. Carbon steel
2. 300 series stainless steel
3. Duplex stainless steel
4. All the above

135. For CUI situations corrosion becomes more severe at metal
temperatures between:
1. 2120F and 2500F
2. 2120F and 1000C
3. 1000F and 1210F

136. Which of the following are inspection and monitoring methods
for CUI?
1. Real time profile x-ray
2. IR thermography
3. Guided wave UT
4. All the above

137. Which is the following is a critical factor for cooling water
corrosion?
1. Decreasing cooling water outlet temperature
2. Decreasing O2 content
3. Decreasing process side inlet temperatures

138. Which of the following equipment is affected by cooling water
corrosion?
1. Water cooled heat exchangers
2. FCC units
3. Cooling towers
4. 1 & 3 above

139. Which of the following is a prevention/mitigation method for
cooling water corrosion?
1. Coating all surfaces with grease
2. Allow fouling to occur
3. Lower the velocity of water flow
4. Upgrading the metallurgy

140. What material is primarily affected by boiler water condensate
corrosion?
1. Aluminum
2. Carbon steel

141. What type of carbon dioxide corrosion is found in condensate
Return system?
1. Deep valleys
2. Chloride stress corrosion cracking
3. Smooth grooving

142. Which materials are affected by sulfidation?
1. All iron based materials
2. Aluminum
3. Titanium and zirconium
4. All the above

143. What is the most common appearance of damage for sulfidation?
1. Gross pitting
2. Uniform thinning
3. Branching crack

144. What is one method of prevention/mitigation for sulfidation?
1. Down grading to carbon steel
2. Upgrading to monel alloys
3. Upgrading to higher chrome alloy
4. Down grading to a copper alloy

145. What material is affected by chloride stress corrosion cracking
(ClSCC)?
1. All 300 series stainless steel
2. Duplex stainless steel
3. Nickel based alloys
4. All the above

146. What are the preferred method to inspect ClSCC?
1. PT
2. RT
3. Phase analysis EC
4. No 1 & 3 above

147. Corrosion fatigue is defined as:
1. Cracks developing under the combined affects of cyclic loading
and corrosion
2. Corrosion from tired materials
3. Corrosion caused by copper impregnation

148. What is the appearance damage for corrosion fatigue?
1. Transgranular and branching
2. Intergranular
3. Herringbone pattern
4. Transgranular but not branching

149. What are the critical factors of corrosion fatigue?
1. Corrosive environment
2. Cyclic stress
3. Stress raisers
4. All the above

150. Which of the following is an inspection technique for crack
detection for corrosion fatigue on rotating equipment?
1. UT
2. MT
3. RT
4. No 1 & 2 above

151. Which of the following material is susceptible to caustic stress
corrosion cracking (CSCC)?
1. Carbon steel
2. Low alloy steel
4. All the above

152. How can CSCC be prevented in carbon steels?
1. Stress relieving at 1150 F
2. Operating at below 750 F
3. Stress relieving at 700 F

153. What are some related mechanism to CSCC?
1. Sulfide cracking
2. Amine cracking
3. Carbonate cracking
4. No 2 & 3 above

154. Name two of the four type of damage that result from wet H2S?
1. Hydrogen blistering
2. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking
3. Carbonate cracking
4. No 1 & 2 above

155. What material is affected by wet H2S?
1. Copper alloys
2. Monel
4. Carbon steel and low alloys steel

156. Which of the following is an important variable that affects and
differentiates the various forms of wet H2S?
1. Environmental conditions
2. Material properties
3. Tensile stress level
4. All the above

157. What units or equipment are affected by wet H2S?
1. All unit where wet H2S is present
2. 300 series stainless steel are present
3. Temperatures below 205 F

158. Where does wet H2S damage generally focus?
1. Most processes
2. Weld seams and nozzles
3. Cooling towers
4. All the above

159. Which of the following material is less affected by high
temperature hydrogen attack?
1. 2.25 Cr – 1Mo
2. 5Cr – 0.5 Mo
3. C-0.5 Mo
4. All the aboove

160. What carbide stabilizing elements are used as preventive
measure HTHA?
1. Tungsten
2. Vanadium
3. Chromium
4. All the above

161. What inspection methods are best to find fissuring and/or serious
cracking caused by HTHA?
1. MT
2. Backscatter UT technique
3. Velocity ratio UT technique
4. No 2 & 3 above

162. What is not a proven method for detecting damage by HTHA?
1. RT
2. AET
3. MT
4. All the above

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