This document provides guidelines for writing papers using APA style formatting. It covers 10 areas: 1) general document guidelines, 2) the title page, 3) the abstract, 4) the body of the paper, 5) text citations, 6) quotations, 7) the references section, 8) appendixes, 9) footnotes, and 10) tables. For each area, it describes key elements such as margins, font, headings, citations, and references in APA style. It also provides examples and links to model papers formatted according to APA publication guidelines.
This document provides an introduction to writing in APA style. It discusses the typical sections of a literature review and empirical study paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references sections. Formatting guidelines are provided for headings, citations, tables, figures, and general writing style. An example APA style empirical study is included to demonstrate proper formatting.
This document provides a summary of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, including:
- The title page should include a running head in all caps and the author's name.
- The abstract is a single paragraph summary of no more than 120 words.
- In-text citations include the author's name and date in parentheses when referring to another work.
- The reference page is alphabetized by author's last name and uses a hanging indent. It includes all sources cited in the paper.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and including quotations when writing a paper in APA style. It discusses quoting and citing short and long quotations. It also reviews how to format a reference list, with examples of different types of references such as journal articles, books, and websites. Basic rules are provided for citing authors, dates, titles and publishers in various source types.
This document provides guidelines for using ASA (American Sociological Association) style for writing research papers, including formatting manuscripts, citing sources in text, formatting reference lists, and examples of different types of references such as books, journal articles, and websites. Students are expected to follow ASA style guidelines for citations and references when writing papers for sociology courses.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and the general paper format. The purpose of APA style is to regulate stylistic elements and provide guidelines for formatting research papers and citing sources.
This guide provides instructions for citing sources and references in papers using American Sociological Association (ASA) style. It explains how to format in-text citations, including citing authors with one, two, or more than two authors. It also explains how to format a reference list, including books, journal articles, and electronic sources. The guide serves as a quick reference for students writing sociology papers using ASA style.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style guidelines. It discusses the key elements of APA style including in-text citations, reference lists, author names, publication dates, titles, and sources without page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate different citation formats for various source types, such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, interviews and more. The purpose of APA style is to standardize scientific writing and citations in order to give credit to authors and allow readers to find the sources easily.
This document provides an introduction to writing in APA style. It discusses the typical sections of a literature review and empirical study paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references sections. Formatting guidelines are provided for headings, citations, tables, figures, and general writing style. An example APA style empirical study is included to demonstrate proper formatting.
This document provides a summary of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, including:
- The title page should include a running head in all caps and the author's name.
- The abstract is a single paragraph summary of no more than 120 words.
- In-text citations include the author's name and date in parentheses when referring to another work.
- The reference page is alphabetized by author's last name and uses a hanging indent. It includes all sources cited in the paper.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and including quotations when writing a paper in APA style. It discusses quoting and citing short and long quotations. It also reviews how to format a reference list, with examples of different types of references such as journal articles, books, and websites. Basic rules are provided for citing authors, dates, titles and publishers in various source types.
This document provides guidelines for using ASA (American Sociological Association) style for writing research papers, including formatting manuscripts, citing sources in text, formatting reference lists, and examples of different types of references such as books, journal articles, and websites. Students are expected to follow ASA style guidelines for citations and references when writing papers for sociology courses.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and the general paper format. The purpose of APA style is to regulate stylistic elements and provide guidelines for formatting research papers and citing sources.
This guide provides instructions for citing sources and references in papers using American Sociological Association (ASA) style. It explains how to format in-text citations, including citing authors with one, two, or more than two authors. It also explains how to format a reference list, including books, journal articles, and electronic sources. The guide serves as a quick reference for students writing sociology papers using ASA style.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style guidelines. It discusses the key elements of APA style including in-text citations, reference lists, author names, publication dates, titles, and sources without page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate different citation formats for various source types, such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, interviews and more. The purpose of APA style is to standardize scientific writing and citations in order to give credit to authors and allow readers to find the sources easily.
The document provides guidelines for writing papers in APA style, including formatting requirements for margins, font, line spacing, order of pages, and headings. It discusses how to format the title page, abstract, body of the paper, and includes examples of proper citations within the text and reference list. General rules are outlined for citing sources with one, two, three, four, five, or more authors within the body of the paper.
This document provides a practical guide to formatting a paper according to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, including how to format the title page, body text, in-text citations, block quotations, and works cited page. It details the proper way to cite sources in both the body of the paper and on the works cited page for different types of sources like books, journal articles from print and databases, and webpages. The guide emphasizes writing the works cited page first to ensure all sources are properly cited.
This document provides an example of an APA-style paper template for formatting papers. It includes placeholders for typical APA sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, citations, references, footnotes, tables, and figures. Brief instructions and examples are provided for each section to demonstrate proper APA formatting. The document notes that the latest APA manual should be consulted for any questions about formatting rules.
The document provides guidance on formatting requirements for APA style papers according to the 6th edition of the APA style manual. It discusses the structure and key sections of APA style papers, including the title page, abstract, body, references, and headings. It also covers formatting requirements for in-text citations and reference lists, as well as types of articles published in APA journals like empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical papers, and case studies.
This document provides a guide to formatting a paper according to the MLA style. It discusses formatting the title page, body text, in-text citations, block quotations, and works cited page. Key elements include double-spacing, hanging indents, and proper citation of authors and page numbers in both in-text citations and the reference list.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the general structure of APA papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references. It also outlines rules for in-text citations, references list entries, tables, figures, and headings. Key aspects covered include using active voice, clear language, in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and references. It discusses the basics of APA formatting including using Times New Roman font, double-spacing, and including a title page with a running head on subsequent pages. APA style regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and reference lists and provides examples of how to format citations for different source types and multiple authors. The document also reviews how to format titles, headings, tables, and figures in APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and reference lists. It discusses the basic sections of an APA paper including the title page, abstract, and references page. Key aspects of APA style such as voice, language, headings, citations, and reference list formatting are explained. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the various guidelines.
The document provides an overview of MLA style guidelines for student papers. It discusses three main parts: formatting the paper, creating a reference list of cited sources, and using parenthetical citations within the text. Formatting includes things like font, margins, page numbers. The reference list lists sources alphabetically and provides publication details. Parenthetical citations identify sources within the text and correspond to the reference list.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the sections they include.
3) General formatting guidelines for APA papers such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, and in-text citations.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, which is commonly used for formatting papers in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA formatting such as in-text citations, references, headings, tables, and figures. The document also describes the general sections and structure of an APA paper, including the title page, abstract, main body, and references page. Helpful resources for APA style questions are also listed.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources using APA style, including in-text citations and reference list entries. It explains that APA style uses a name-year system of referencing, requiring an in-text citation and a full reference list entry. Examples are given for various types of in-text citations (one author, two authors, group authors, no author, etc.) and reference list entries (books, articles, websites, unpublished sources, etc.).
This document provides information about citing sources in APA style. It explains the general APA format for research papers, in-text citations, references, and it includes examples of how to cite different source types. The document is from the Purdue OWL, an online writing resource maintained by Purdue University writers and editors.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and reference lists. It discusses the general paper format, the four main sections of a paper (title page, abstract, main body, references), how to format headings, tables and figures, and how to create in-text citations and reference list entries for various source types, including guidelines for citing works by multiple authors and electronic sources. The document recommends additional APA resources for reference.
This document provides an overview of MLA formatting and style guidelines. It discusses the general guidelines for formatting papers in MLA style, including setting margins, font, spacing, and headers. It also covers formatting the first page, section headings, in-text citations, quoting, and works cited pages. The document provides examples for each of these elements of MLA style.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers and citations according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses formatting papers with proper margins, font, spacing, page headers, and section headings. It also explains how to properly cite sources in-text and provide a reference list, including different examples for citing single author sources, multiple author sources, organizations, indirect sources, and electronic sources. Specific rules are given for both in-text citations and formatting the references list.
This document provides an overview of MLA (Modern Language Association) style guidelines for formatting papers and citing sources, including:
- General guidelines for formatting papers, such as setting margins, font, line spacing, etc.
- Guidelines for formatting the first page, section headings, in-text citations, quotations, and works cited pages.
- Examples of citing various sources like books, articles, websites, and audiovisual materials in both in-text citations and works cited entries.
- Key changes in the 7th edition of MLA from 2009, such as no longer underlining and including publication medium.
The document provides information about MLA citation and style guidelines. It discusses that MLA style is used for academic papers in arts and languages. It outlines the key components of MLA style including in-text citations, formatting essay pages and works cited pages, and examples of citations for different publication types such as periodicals, books, and web pages. The document aims to teach students how to properly cite sources and format papers according to MLA style.
APA Style Essentials httpwww.vanguard.edufacultyddege.docxfestockton
APA Style Essentials
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796
Last modified August 1, 2007
Douglas Degelman, Ph.D., and Martin Lorenzo Harris, Ph.D.
Vanguard University of Southern California
79K PDF
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001)
provides a comprehensive reference guide to writing using APA style, organization, and
content. To order a copy of the Publication Manual online, go to
http://www.apa.org/books/4200060.html. To view "PDF" documents referenced on this
APA Style Essentials page, you need Adobe Acrobat Reader. To download the free
Acrobat Reader, go to http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html.
The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all members
of an academic department can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that specifies APA
style. This Web document is itself not a model of APA style. For an example of a complete article
formatted according to APA style, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/prayer.pdf. For an example of an
undergraduate research proposal, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/psychproposal.pdf. To download a Microsoft
Word template of an APA-style paper, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/DDegelman/psychapa.doc
I. General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces)
C. Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract,
body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figure captions.
D. Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after all punctuation. This includes using
one space (not two!) following punctuation marks at the ends of sentences.
E. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
F. Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces
G. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on
the first line of every page (except Figures), beginning with the title page
H. Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the paper title appear five
spaces to the left of the page number on every page (except Figures), beginning with
the title page. Manuscript page headers are used to identify manuscript pages during
the editorial process. Using most word processors, the manuscript page header and
page number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all
pages.
I. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice.
For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
J. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Appendixes, Footnotes,
Tables, Figure Captions, Figures
II. Title Page
A. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
B. Key Elements: Paper ti ...
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for manuscripts in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages for student and professional papers, types of APA papers such as quantitative, qualitative, and literature reviews, and how to write summaries, paraphrases, and quotations with citations. The document serves as a guide for students on how to properly format and cite sources in APA style.
The document provides guidelines for writing papers in APA style, including formatting requirements for margins, font, line spacing, order of pages, and headings. It discusses how to format the title page, abstract, body of the paper, and includes examples of proper citations within the text and reference list. General rules are outlined for citing sources with one, two, three, four, five, or more authors within the body of the paper.
This document provides a practical guide to formatting a paper according to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, including how to format the title page, body text, in-text citations, block quotations, and works cited page. It details the proper way to cite sources in both the body of the paper and on the works cited page for different types of sources like books, journal articles from print and databases, and webpages. The guide emphasizes writing the works cited page first to ensure all sources are properly cited.
This document provides an example of an APA-style paper template for formatting papers. It includes placeholders for typical APA sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, citations, references, footnotes, tables, and figures. Brief instructions and examples are provided for each section to demonstrate proper APA formatting. The document notes that the latest APA manual should be consulted for any questions about formatting rules.
The document provides guidance on formatting requirements for APA style papers according to the 6th edition of the APA style manual. It discusses the structure and key sections of APA style papers, including the title page, abstract, body, references, and headings. It also covers formatting requirements for in-text citations and reference lists, as well as types of articles published in APA journals like empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical papers, and case studies.
This document provides a guide to formatting a paper according to the MLA style. It discusses formatting the title page, body text, in-text citations, block quotations, and works cited page. Key elements include double-spacing, hanging indents, and proper citation of authors and page numbers in both in-text citations and the reference list.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the general structure of APA papers, including sections like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and references. It also outlines rules for in-text citations, references list entries, tables, figures, and headings. Key aspects covered include using active voice, clear language, in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and references. It discusses the basics of APA formatting including using Times New Roman font, double-spacing, and including a title page with a running head on subsequent pages. APA style regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and reference lists and provides examples of how to format citations for different source types and multiple authors. The document also reviews how to format titles, headings, tables, and figures in APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and reference lists. It discusses the basic sections of an APA paper including the title page, abstract, and references page. Key aspects of APA style such as voice, language, headings, citations, and reference list formatting are explained. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the various guidelines.
The document provides an overview of MLA style guidelines for student papers. It discusses three main parts: formatting the paper, creating a reference list of cited sources, and using parenthetical citations within the text. Formatting includes things like font, margins, page numbers. The reference list lists sources alphabetically and provides publication details. Parenthetical citations identify sources within the text and correspond to the reference list.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the sections they include.
3) General formatting guidelines for APA papers such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, and in-text citations.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, which is commonly used for formatting papers in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA formatting such as in-text citations, references, headings, tables, and figures. The document also describes the general sections and structure of an APA paper, including the title page, abstract, main body, and references page. Helpful resources for APA style questions are also listed.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources using APA style, including in-text citations and reference list entries. It explains that APA style uses a name-year system of referencing, requiring an in-text citation and a full reference list entry. Examples are given for various types of in-text citations (one author, two authors, group authors, no author, etc.) and reference list entries (books, articles, websites, unpublished sources, etc.).
This document provides information about citing sources in APA style. It explains the general APA format for research papers, in-text citations, references, and it includes examples of how to cite different source types. The document is from the Purdue OWL, an online writing resource maintained by Purdue University writers and editors.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, and reference lists. It discusses the general paper format, the four main sections of a paper (title page, abstract, main body, references), how to format headings, tables and figures, and how to create in-text citations and reference list entries for various source types, including guidelines for citing works by multiple authors and electronic sources. The document recommends additional APA resources for reference.
This document provides an overview of MLA formatting and style guidelines. It discusses the general guidelines for formatting papers in MLA style, including setting margins, font, spacing, and headers. It also covers formatting the first page, section headings, in-text citations, quoting, and works cited pages. The document provides examples for each of these elements of MLA style.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers and citations according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses formatting papers with proper margins, font, spacing, page headers, and section headings. It also explains how to properly cite sources in-text and provide a reference list, including different examples for citing single author sources, multiple author sources, organizations, indirect sources, and electronic sources. Specific rules are given for both in-text citations and formatting the references list.
This document provides an overview of MLA (Modern Language Association) style guidelines for formatting papers and citing sources, including:
- General guidelines for formatting papers, such as setting margins, font, line spacing, etc.
- Guidelines for formatting the first page, section headings, in-text citations, quotations, and works cited pages.
- Examples of citing various sources like books, articles, websites, and audiovisual materials in both in-text citations and works cited entries.
- Key changes in the 7th edition of MLA from 2009, such as no longer underlining and including publication medium.
The document provides information about MLA citation and style guidelines. It discusses that MLA style is used for academic papers in arts and languages. It outlines the key components of MLA style including in-text citations, formatting essay pages and works cited pages, and examples of citations for different publication types such as periodicals, books, and web pages. The document aims to teach students how to properly cite sources and format papers according to MLA style.
APA Style Essentials httpwww.vanguard.edufacultyddege.docxfestockton
APA Style Essentials
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796
Last modified August 1, 2007
Douglas Degelman, Ph.D., and Martin Lorenzo Harris, Ph.D.
Vanguard University of Southern California
79K PDF
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001)
provides a comprehensive reference guide to writing using APA style, organization, and
content. To order a copy of the Publication Manual online, go to
http://www.apa.org/books/4200060.html. To view "PDF" documents referenced on this
APA Style Essentials page, you need Adobe Acrobat Reader. To download the free
Acrobat Reader, go to http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html.
The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all members
of an academic department can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that specifies APA
style. This Web document is itself not a model of APA style. For an example of a complete article
formatted according to APA style, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/prayer.pdf. For an example of an
undergraduate research proposal, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/psychproposal.pdf. To download a Microsoft
Word template of an APA-style paper, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/DDegelman/psychapa.doc
I. General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces)
C. Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract,
body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figure captions.
D. Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after all punctuation. This includes using
one space (not two!) following punctuation marks at the ends of sentences.
E. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
F. Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces
G. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on
the first line of every page (except Figures), beginning with the title page
H. Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the paper title appear five
spaces to the left of the page number on every page (except Figures), beginning with
the title page. Manuscript page headers are used to identify manuscript pages during
the editorial process. Using most word processors, the manuscript page header and
page number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all
pages.
I. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice.
For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
J. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Appendixes, Footnotes,
Tables, Figure Captions, Figures
II. Title Page
A. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
B. Key Elements: Paper ti ...
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style format, which is commonly used for manuscripts in the social sciences. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages for student and professional papers, types of APA papers such as quantitative, qualitative, and literature reviews, and how to write summaries, paraphrases, and quotations with citations. The document serves as a guide for students on how to properly format and cite sources in APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using author-date citations, order of sections, title page formatting for student and professional papers, reference list creation, and citing different source types such as personal communications.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, general paper formatting, title pages, abstracts, and the main body. Key sections include quantitative and qualitative research articles, literature reviews, reference list formatting, and using both parenthetical and narrative citations and quoting sources.
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
APA POWERPOINT REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES.pptxBONNIEPARRISH1
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and citation guidelines. It discusses the key aspects of APA style including in-text citations, references, titles, headings, tables, figures, and general paper formatting. The guidelines cover topics such as using active voice, quoting and paraphrasing sources, citing works by multiple authors, and citing sources with no page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate how to format different parts of a paper and cite various source types according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting papers and citations. It discusses the general paper format, including title page layout, section headings, font, margins and page numbers. It also reviews in-text citation formats, reference list entries, and guidelines for quoting and paraphrasing sources. The key aspects of APA style covered include title case, active voice, signal phrases, and citing multiple authors.
Assignment 3b Threats Defense ArgumentDue in Week 10 and wo.docxdanielfoster65629
Assignment 3b: Threats Defense Argument
Due in Week 10 and worth 100 points
The information you provided in your presentation on Threats to the Global Environment has led to productive debates at
the UN General Assembly! There are now questions about prioritizing the issues at hand. Some of the countries are
challenging your recommendations and questioning your reasons for not including the issues they believe are priority.
From the initial eight global threats, there are four remaining threats that you did not choose in the list of major global
issues. Review the list of topics and reflect on two that you did not use in last week’s assignment. Defend your reason for
considering these topics lower in priority than the ones in your presentation.
Energy sources Civil war
Globalization Poor health of entire populations
Lack of educational opportunities Cultural taboos
Inappropriate uses of technology Climate change
The completed version of this assignment will consist of the following:
1. Select two threats from the list above that you did not use in your Assignment 3a presentation.
2. Create a minimum two-page document in which you outline a counterargument for the two threats you selected:
Write an opening statement describing the perception of each threat.
Write one paragraph for each threat (two paragraphs total) in which you give three reasons to explain
why the threat is less of a priority to the global environment than the four you selected in Assignment
3a. Support your reasons with at least three credible sources.
A conclusion statement for each threat.
3. Cite at least three credible sources excluding Wikipedia, dictionaries, and encyclopedias for your assessment. A
brief list of suggested resources has been provided at the end of the course guide.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
Examine the factors that account for why the growth in the world’s population can negatively affect the
global society
Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing
skills, using the following rubric:
APA Formatting
This document has the summarized, high points of the APA format that all students need to be aware in writing papers academically. There are many more details and requirements in the APA than in this condensed version. If the item needed is not included here, please refer to the APA manual or visit the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) website for more specific information in APA formatting.
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. Indent 5 spaces or ½ inch on the first line of every paragraph. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. There are two aspects of essay formats that you should keep in mind:
· Every other line in the entire paper will have text.
· Consistency and unifor.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, explains why it is important to do one, and outlines the key components and process for completing a literature review. Specifically, it recommends developing search parameters and keywords, identifying relevant primary and secondary sources, extracting useful information from those sources, structuring the written review, and properly citing sources using APA format. The overall purpose of a literature review is to evaluate and synthesize previous research on a topic to establish the theoretical background and justify new research.
The document provides information on the American Psychological Association (APA) style for formatting research papers. It discusses that APA style was developed for authors to prepare manuscripts for APA journals and is now used for theses, term papers, and other works. The document outlines the general format for APA style papers, including section headings like the title page, abstract, introduction, method, and references. It provides details on formatting elements like margins, font, page numbers, and citations as well as the overall structure of an APA paper.
Running head SHORT TITLE OF PAPER IN CAPS(50 characters or less.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER IN CAPS(50 characters or less) 1
SHORT TITLE OF PAPER (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS)
5
Paper Title
Author
Institutional Affiliation
Abstract
The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper. Nothing should appear in the abstract that is not included in the body of the paper. Word limits for abstracts are set by individual journals. Most journals have word limits for abstracts between 150 and 250 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than words. The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. This is an example. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like.
Title of Paper
The introduction of the paper begins here. Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, and references. The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the body of the paper do not begin on a new page. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the first line below the running head. The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the paper title. Headings are used to organize the document and reflect the relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical research articles utilize Methods, Results, Discussion, and References headings. In turn, the Method section often has subheadings of Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure. Main headings (when the paper has either one or two levels of headings) use centered, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Method, Results). Subheadings (when the paper has two levels of headings) use flush left, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Participants, Apparatus).
Text citations. Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. This is to give proper credit to the ideas and words of others. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in parenthesis following the identification of the authors, e.g., Eby (2001). When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons, e.g. (Eby and Mitchell, 2001; Passerallo, Pearson, & Brock, 2000). When a source that has three, fou ...
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION REFERENCING STYLE & CITATIONMarkLeniel
The document provides information about the American Psychological Association (APA) style of citation and formatting. It discusses that APA was established in 1929 to standardize documentation sources. The APA style uses author-date citations and an alphabetical reference list. Key aspects of APA papers are a title page, abstract, main body in appropriate sections, and reference list. In-text citations include author and date, and references provide additional source details.
This document provides an overview of APA style, which is the documentation style adopted by Hodges University. It describes APA style basics such as maintaining coherence, avoiding plagiarism through proper citation, and using reliable and valid sources. The document also reviews APA formatting guidelines, in-text citations, and constructing a references page according to APA style. Students are directed to resources like the APA manual, library guides, and tutoring for additional assistance with APA documentation.
Running head TITLE OF PAPER1TITLE OF PAPER5Title .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: TITLE OF PAPER 1
TITLE OF PAPER 5
Title of Your Essay
Your Name
Course Number & Title
Instructor's Name
Month, Day, Year
Title of Your Essay
Start the first paragraph here. It should introduce your reader to the subject you are writing about, as well as your particular position or claim. To learn more about what an introduction should include and what to include in a conclusion, please see the following resource: Introductions & Conclusions. Please read about thesis statements on our Ashford Writing Center website: Thesis Statements. Other helpful tools on our website are the Thesis Generator and Moving from Prompt to Thesis.
The Writing Process
Spend time planning your paper. Before you can create your first paragraph, consider these “pre-writing” tips. A good practice is to brainstorm ideas and decide how to express the main idea or thesis. Once you have a rough idea of what you want to say or argue, create an outline or list to help you organize the evidence you plan to present. For longer papers, include sub-headings or levels of heading. You can use this template to help you format your paper.
Writing the Body Paragraphs
Each paragraph of your assignment should be clear and easy to follow. We have several good resources to help you write a strong paragraph, such as How to Write a Good Paragraph and the P.I.E. Paragraph Structure.
Using Citations Correctly
In addition to being well-written, each paragraph should include an in-text citation to all ideas, references, or quotations that are from outside sources and research. The Ashford Writing Center provides many resources to help you follow correct citation style (primarily APA) and gives lessons and examples of how to paraphrase and cite sources. The APA Key Elements page is a good place to start.
Using Tables, Graphs, Images, and Appendices
For some papers and reports, you may choose to add a table, graph, or image
within the body of the draft. Or you may choose to include an appendix at the end of your paper. These can help to provide a visual representation of data or other information that you wish to relay to your reader. Follow this guidance to understand when and how to use these features.
References
The following are commonly used references. Please fill in the required information, and if you need more help, see the AWC References page. References are listed in alphabetical order.
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL
**When including a UR ...
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and formatting style. It discusses the key elements of APA papers such as the title page, abstract, headings, in-text citations, references, and appendices. Examples are provided to illustrate how to format these sections, including title pages, in-text citations, quotations, references for different source types, and appendices. Guidance is also given on writing style, avoiding bias, evaluating sources, paraphrasing versus quoting, and citing secondary sources in APA style.
This document provides an overview of the key elements of APA style formatting for research papers, including:
1) The title page contains a running head in all caps and the title of the paper centered at the top, with the author's name and school below.
2) In-text citations include the author's last name and date in parentheses and reference specific quotes and ideas.
3) The reference page is organized alphabetically by author's last name, uses a hanging indent, and provides publication details for different source types like books, journal articles from databases, and webpages.
4) Key elements of APA style include double-spaced text, Times New Roman 12-point font, indented
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, citations, and references. It discusses the key elements of an APA title page, abstract, and body pages. It also reviews guidelines for citing different source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and more. Methods of integrating sources through summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting are explained. The importance of using signal phrases and in-text citations to avoid plagiarism is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
A practical guide to apa style updated 2.0LeecyB75
This document provides an overview of APA style formatting guidelines. It discusses the key elements of title pages, abstracts, in-text citations, references pages, and various citation formats for different source types such as books, journal articles, webpages, and videos. The document emphasizes checking citations from automatic citation makers for accuracy and completeness, as these tools sometimes omit important information.
8620 Spectrum Center Blvd. San Diego, CA 92123 .docxransayo
8620 Spectrum Center Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92123
FORBES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
STYLE STANDARDS
These standards are excerpted from the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, published in 2010. These standards are intended to provide an overview of APA formatting necessary for
the Forbes School of Business, writing assignments.
Standard 1: Manuscript Elements
o Manuscript Format
Left, top, bottom, and right margins should be 1 inch.
Paper is prepared in Times New Roman, 12-point font and is double-spaced throughout.
Page numbers are Arabic numerals in the upper right corner of each page, ½ inch from the
top, and are consecutive from the title page through any appendices.
Preliminary pages contain numbers in lowercase Roman numerals.
o Title Page
Requirements (in order):
A Running Head
The phrase “Running head: YOUR TITLE” appears on first page (i.e. Title
Page) in the header. All subsequent pages contain YOUR TITLE, but do
not include the words “Running head,” which is only for the title page.
The running head needs to be left justified and on the same line as the page
number throughout the document.
The running head can be the title of the manuscript or a shortened version
of it.
Title
The title should concisely reflect the main idea of the manuscript.
The title should be typed with initial capitalizations for nouns, pronouns,
verbs, adjectives, and any prepositions five or more letters in length.
The title should be centered between the left and right margins, and
positioned in the upper half of the page.
Recommended title length: no more than 12 words.
Student Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Submission Date: Month Date, Year
Abstract
An abstract is a brief comprehensive summary of the contents of the manuscript and
it allows readers to survey the contents of the manuscript quickly.
An abstract should only be included if the manuscript is longer than 15-double
spaced pages, excluding the title page and reference list page.
Abstract length should range from 150–250 words.
The abstract should be the second page of the manuscript (after the title page).
The label Abstract should appear with initial capitalization and lowercase letters,
centered, at the top of the page, like a title.
8620 Spectrum Center Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92123
The abstract should be a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.
The Introduction
Begins on a new page (page 2 [or page 3 if an abstract is included]) and the full title
of the paper is centered one inch from the top of the page with initial capitalizations
and lowercase letters (not underlined, boldfaced, or italicized) and is double-spaced
above the first paragraph of text.
A manuscript must open with an introduction that presents the thesis, the statement
of purpose, the argument, or the specifi.
Jadwal ujian akhir semester (UAS) jurusan Manajemen Politeknik Negeri Semarang tahun ajaran 2022/2023. Terdapat jadwal ujian untuk hari Senin sampai Sabtu pada jam 15.30-17.30 dan 13.30-15.30. Mata kuliah yang diujikan meliputi Pengantar Manajemen, Matematika Bisnis, Akuntansi Manajemen, Manajemen Pemasaran ll, Bahasa Inggris ll, Statistik ll, Teori Ekonomi Makro, Manajemen Operasional ll
Dokumen tersebut berisi daftar evaluasi prestasi mahasiswa jurusan Akuntansi STIE Sumatera Barat yang mencakup mata kuliah, skor, dan analisis selama 6 semester belajar beserta biodata mahasiswa.
Isu isu penelitian akuntansi keuangan dan pasar modalhendragustomi
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang isu-isu penelitian akuntansi keuangan dan pasar modal. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi arah penelitian akuntansi, baik faktor internal seperti jurnal ilmiah maupun faktor eksternal seperti pengaruh dari ilmu lain. Dokumen ini juga membahas berbagai topik penelitian seperti manajemen laba, teori keagenan, dan implikasi terhadap efisiensi pasar modal.
Kesimpulan harus didasarkan pada data penelitian, bukan spekulasi. Proses penarikan kesimpulan adalah transformasi jawaban masalah berdasarkan analisis. Kesimpulan menjawab hipotesis atau temuan eksplorasi. Saran berisi kelemahan penelitian untuk diantisipasi dan informasi untuk pengembangan penelitian selanjutnya.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rancangan format skripsi yang membahas tentang bab-bab utama yang harus ada dalam penulisan skripsi. Mulai dari pendahuluan, tinjauan pustaka dan hipotesis, metode penelitian, hasil dan interpretasi, hingga penutup yang mencakup kesimpulan, saran, dan daftar pustaka. Dijelaskan pula unsur-unsur apa saja yang perlu ada dalam masing-masing bab tersebut seperti latar belakang
Desain penelitian merupakan rencana struktur penyelidikan yang dirancang untuk memperoleh jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian. Desain penelitian menyatakan struktur masalah penelitian dan rencana penyelidikan yang akan digunakan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai hubungan-hubungan dalam masalah. Desain penelitian meliputi merencanakan sumber dan jenis informasi yang dipakai, kerangka kerja hubun
Desain penelitian merupakan rencana struktur penyelidikan yang dirancang untuk memperoleh jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian. Desain penelitian menyatakan struktur masalah dan rencana penyelidikan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai hubungan variabel. Desain penelitian meliputi merencanakan sumber informasi, hubungan antar variabel, dan prosedur mulai dari hipotesis hingga analisis data. Ada dua kegiatan ut
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang desain penelitian, yang merupakan rencana struktur penyelidikan untuk memperoleh jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian. Desain penelitian menyatakan struktur masalah dan rencana penyelidikan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai hubungan variabel. Ada dua kegiatan pokok dalam desain penelitian, yaitu desain dalam merencanakan penelitian dan desain dalam melaksanak
Variabel adalah atribut yang mempunyai variasi antara satu objek dengan yang lain. Terdapat variabel independen, dependen, moderator, intervening, dan kontrol. Data dapat berupa data primer yang didapat langsung dari sumber atau data sekunder yang telah diolah. Terdapat pula skala pengukuran data seperti nominal, ordinal, interval, dan rasio. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan berbagai skala seperti Likert, Guttman, semantic differential, dan rating scale.
Dokumen tersebut membahas metode penelitian studi kepustakaan yang meliputi penelitian terdahulu, telaah referensi, jurnal, dan artikel, kerangka pemikiran, serta penjelasan mengenai hipotesis penelitian.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang langkah-langkah penelitian skripsi dan penelitian bisnis yang meliputi perumusan masalah, hipotesis, metode dan desain penelitian, variabel dan sumber data, pengumpulan dan pengolahan data, analisis data, kesimpulan dan saran. Juga dibahas sumber permasalahan penelitian, bentuk-bentuk masalah penelitian, dan rumusan masalah bisnis.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai konsep dan perspektif metodologi penelitian, termasuk definisi teori, unsur-unsur teori, proses pengembangan teori, kajian teoritis, penelitian empiris, paradigma penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif, serta penelitian bisnis dan konsultasi.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. 1
APA Style Essentials
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796
Last modified June 22, 2007
Douglas Degelman, Ph.D., and Martin Lorenzo Harris, Ph.D.
Vanguard University of Southern California
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed., 2001) provides a comprehensive
reference guide to writing using APA style, organization, and content. To order a copy of the Publication
Manual online, go to http://www.apa.org/books/4200060.html. To view "PDF" documents referenced on this
APA Style Essentials page, you need Adobe Acrobat Reader. To download the free Acrobat Reader, go to
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html.
The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all members of an academic department
can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that specifies APA style. This Web document is itself not a model of APA
style. For an example of a complete article formatted according to APA style, go
to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/prayer.pdf. For an example of an undergraduate research proposal,
go to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedfiles/faculty/ddegelman/psychproposal.pdf. To download a Microsoft Word template of
an APA-style paper, go to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/DDegelman/psychapa.doc.
I. General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces)
C. Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document,
references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figure captions.
D. Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
E. Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces
F. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the first line of every
page (except Figures), beginning with the title page.
G. Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the paper title appear five spaces to the left of the
page number on every page (except Figures), beginning with the title page. Manuscript page headers are
used to identify manuscript pages during the editorial process. Using most word processors, the
manuscript page header and page number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically
appears on all pages.
H. Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For example, use "We
predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
I. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, References, Appendixes, Footnotes, Tables, Figure Captions,
Figures
II. Title Page
A. Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
B. Key Elements: Paper title, author(s), author affiliation(s), and running head.
C. Paper Title: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the page.
D. Author(s): Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the title.
E. Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the author(s).
F. Running head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) following the words "Running head:" on
the line below the manuscript page header. It should not exceed 50 characters, including punctuation and
spacing. The running head is a short title that appears at the top of pages of published articles.
G. Example of APA-formatted Title Page: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/titlepage.pdf
III. Abstract: The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper.
A. Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).
B. Heading: Abstract (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header)
C. Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. The abstract
should not exceed 120 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should be
typed as digits rather than words.
D. Example of APA-formatted Abstract: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/abstract.pdf
2. 2
IV. Body
A. Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the body of the paper do
not begin on new pages.
B. Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the first line below the
manuscript page header.
C. Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the paper title.
D. Headings: Headings are used to organize the document and reflect the relative importance of sections. For
example, many empirical research articles utilize Method, Results, Discussion, and References headings.
In turn, the Method section often has subheadings of Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure. For an
example of APA-formatted headings, go
to http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/headings.pdf
1. Main headings (when the paper has either one or two levels of headings) use centered
uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Method, Results, Discussion, and References).
2. Subheadings (when the paper has two levels of headings) are italicized and use flush left,
uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure as subsections
of the Method section).
V. Text citations: Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the
sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and words of others must be formally acknowledged. The reader can
obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.
A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of
publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. Consider the following
example:
Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over a period of
two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not
statistically significant. [Note: and is used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal
structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.]
B. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years
of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons. Consider the following example:
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious
behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991;
Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991;
Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). [Note: & is used when multiple authors are identified in
parenthetical material. Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered
alphabetically by first authors' surnames.]
C. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.
D. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is
cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are used. Consider the following
example:
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious
behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins,
1991).
Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...
E. When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." are used every time
the source is cited (including the first time).
F. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a
source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following example) that is cited in a source that you have
read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and
list only the source you have read in the References list:
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language that
were related to judgments of vulnerability.
G. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews), include initials,
surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal communication is not "recoverable"
information, it is not included in the References section. For the text citation, use the following format:
B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed ...
H. To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is identified, use the first few words of the
title in place of the author. If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the date. Consider the following
examples:
Degelman and Harris (2000) provide guidelines for the use of APA writing style.
Changes in Americans' views of gender status differences have been documented (Gender and Society,
n.d.).
I. To cite the Bible, provide the book, chapter, and verse. The first time the Bible is cited in the text, identify the
version used. Consider the following example:
3. 3
“You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you” (Psalm 86:5, New
International Version). [Note: No entry in the References list is need for the Bible.]
VI. Quotations: When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.
A. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated
into the formal structure of the sentence. Example:
Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy,
had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and
ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
B. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart from the
surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left margin.
VII. References: All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited
in the paper must be included in the References section).
A. Pagination: The References section begins on a new page.
B. Heading: References (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header)
C. Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References heading. Entries are
organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. Most reference entries have three components:
1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and
initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and
then use "et al." for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins
the reference.
2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing
parenthesis. If no publication date is given, use "n.d." in parentheses following the authors.
3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of
publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles and volume numbers of periodicals.
D. Example of APA References: http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/references.pdf
E. Official APA "Electronic Reference Formats”: http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
F. Examples of sources
1. Journal article
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of
vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626.
2. Book
Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and
Bacon.
3. Web document on university program or department Web site
Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from
Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web
site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796
4. Stand-alone Web document (no date)
Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved August 3, 2001,
from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm
5. Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)
Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html
6. Journal article from database
Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression
link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from
ProQuest database.
7. Abstract from secondary database
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001,
from PsycINFO database.
8. Journal article, Internet-only journal
Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive development. Early
Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, from
http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html
9. Article or chapter in an edited book
Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and
mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.