This document provides guidelines for formatting papers and citations according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style. It discusses formatting papers with proper margins, font, spacing, page headers, and section headings. It also explains how to properly cite sources in-text and provide a reference list, including different examples for citing single author sources, multiple author sources, organizations, indirect sources, and electronic sources. Specific rules are given for both in-text citations and formatting the references list.
Pagination Format - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
For manuscripts being submitted for publication, publishers will use our word-processing file to produce the typeset version of our article, so it is important that we properly format our article. As an educational researcher, we are following the APA style of 7th Edition for our citation and reference purpose. APA style gives the input related to pagination format, heading format and so on. This presentation explains the pagination format such as page size, font, margin, line space etc.
Pagination Format - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
For manuscripts being submitted for publication, publishers will use our word-processing file to produce the typeset version of our article, so it is important that we properly format our article. As an educational researcher, we are following the APA style of 7th Edition for our citation and reference purpose. APA style gives the input related to pagination format, heading format and so on. This presentation explains the pagination format such as page size, font, margin, line space etc.
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APA Scavenger HuntAll of the answers can be found in the Unive.docxarmitageclaire49
APA Scavenger Hunt
All of the answers can be found in the University of the XYZ Writing Style Guide 2013.
1. What does APA stand for?
2. Where should you place page numbers?
3. What is University of XYZ view of plagiarism?
4. What is a “running header”?
5. How do you cite your references?
6. When creating a reference page, in what order do you put the citations?
7. How do you cite a website?
8. What is the point of a title page?
9. How do you cite a book with more than one author?
10. What font style and size should you use?
Bonus question: How will instructors figure out if you have used cites that may have caused plagiarism?
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
Title Page Running Headers Font Styles Spacing
Margins
Page Numbers Section Headings Abbreviations Numbers Reference Page
Chapter 2 – Documenting Your Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism Citing your Sources
Direct Quotes Long Quotes
Book Citations & References Book with One Author Book with Two Authors
Book with Multiple Authors
Online Database Articles and/or Websites Citations & References Article or Journal from an Online Database with an Author Article or Journal from an Online Database without an Author
Chapter 3 – Resources Chapter 4 – Sample Paper
Introduction
University of the Potomac recognizes the need to set a standard for the writing style of the academic papers assigned in the various courses offered through the college. To meet this need, the University of the Potomac Writing Style Guide was created to assist students in properly formatting their papers for college level writing. This guide is written to give examples of APA style and is based on the Publication Manuel of the American Psychological Association
· sixth edition. While not every situation that may arise in your writing is covered in this guide, additional resources are listed in Chapter 3 to help answer additional questions.
Chapter 1 – Formatting Your Paper
The following guidelines will help you properly format your papers and are based on the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition publication. Remember, these are guidelines. For a complete review of the requirements for APA please visit www.APAstyle.org
Title Page
The Title Page is the first page of your paper. The following information should be on it and this information needs to be centered.
Title of Paper Your Name Course Name Date
Running Headers
Each page should have an abbreviated title of the paper placed within the margin. This should be placed starting at the upper left corner of each page.
Font Styles
Font should be either “Times New Roman” or “Ariel”. Font Size should be 12 point.
Spacing
Set the spacing between lines to “Double Spaced”. Paragraphs should be indented 5 spaces.
Use two spaces after the end of a sentence.
Margins
Margins should be set as 1 inch on all sides (Left, Top, Right, Bottom) of the paper. Text should be “Left Justified”.
Page Numbe.
Running head SAMPLE PAPER 1 A Sample Paper for the Purpos.docxjeanettehully
Running head: SAMPLE PAPER 1
A Sample Paper for the Purpose of Correct Formatting
Student Name
Liberty University
Per the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA; 6th edition), double-space the
entire paper (p. 229), except with charts or tables. Do not add any extra spacing. Use Times New Roman,
12-point font. Do not use bold except for headings as necessary (see page 62 of your APA manual).
Margins are set for 1" on top, bottom, and sides. All page references will be to the APA manual, 6th edition.
Add two spaces after punctuation at the end of each sentence, except in the reference list, for the sake of
readability (pp. 87-88). The header on the cover page is different from the headers on the rest of the paper.
Only the cover page header includes the words Running head (without the italics; p. 41). The header is flush
left but the page numbers are flush right (see bottom of p. 229). Make sure the header font is the same as the
rest of the paper. Handouts on how to format the cover page (as well as other handouts) are available on the
Online Writing Center’s webpage: http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=17176, and a superb YouTube
video demonstration that provides visualized step-by-step instructions for setting a paper up in proper APA
format is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUjhwGmhDrI
Note: Comments inside boxes are not part of the formatting of the paper. Section or page number references
to the APA manual are denoted in parentheses throughout. Most citations within the body of this paper are
fictional, for instructional purposes only, but are also included in the reference list for illustrative purposes of
correlating citations in the body of the paper with resources in the reference list.
. Note: Center the following information in the top half of the page: title, your name, and school name (2.01, p.
23; 41). Some professors require the course title and section, the instructor’s name, and the date; add those on
the lines beneath the required title page information. Do not use contractions in formal papers—in either the
title or the body of the paper (i.e., use “do not” rather than “don’t”). Titles should include no more than 12
words. Titles use upper and lowercase letters (i.e., “title case;” 20.1, p. 23; see also 4.15 on pp. 101-102).
Prepared by Christy Owen, Brian Aunkst, and Dr. Carmella O’Hare. Last updated June 28, 2016.
http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=17176
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUjhwGmhDrI
SAMPLE PAPER 2
Abstract
Begin your abstract at the left margin (2.04 on p. 27; see also p. 229). This is the only paragraph
that should not be indented. Unless otherwise instructed, APA recommends an abstract be
between 150–250 words (p. 27). It should not contain any citations or direct quotes. This should
be a tight, concise summary of the main points in your paper, not a step-by-step of what you plan
to ...
Running head SHORT TITLE OF PAPER IN CAPS(50 characters or less.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER IN CAPS(50 characters or less) 1
SHORT TITLE OF PAPER (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS)
5
Paper Title
Author
Institutional Affiliation
Abstract
The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper. Nothing should appear in the abstract that is not included in the body of the paper. Word limits for abstracts are set by individual journals. Most journals have word limits for abstracts between 150 and 250 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than words. The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. This is an example. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like. This is an example of what 150 words looks like.
Title of Paper
The introduction of the paper begins here. Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, and references. The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the body of the paper do not begin on a new page. The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the first line below the running head. The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the paper title. Headings are used to organize the document and reflect the relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical research articles utilize Methods, Results, Discussion, and References headings. In turn, the Method section often has subheadings of Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure. Main headings (when the paper has either one or two levels of headings) use centered, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Method, Results). Subheadings (when the paper has two levels of headings) use flush left, boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters (e.g., Participants, Apparatus).
Text citations. Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. This is to give proper credit to the ideas and words of others. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of the publication appears in parenthesis following the identification of the authors, e.g., Eby (2001). When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons, e.g. (Eby and Mitchell, 2001; Passerallo, Pearson, & Brock, 2000). When a source that has three, fou ...
1 Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards The.docxmercysuttle
1
Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards
These standards are excerpted from the 6
th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, published in 2010. These standards are intended to provide an
overview of APA formatting necessary for Ashford University writing assignments.
Standard 1: Manuscript Elements
o Manuscript Format
Left, top, bottom, and right margins should be 1 inch.
Paper is prepared in Times New Roman, 12-point font and is double-spaced
throughout.
Page numbers are Arabic numerals in the upper right corner of each page, ½
inch from the top, and are consecutive from the title page through any
appendices. Preliminary pages contain numbers in lowercase Roman
numerals.
o Title Page
Requirements (in order):
A Running Head
o The term “Running head: YOUR TITLE” appears on first page
(i.e. Title Page) in the header. All subsequent pages contain
YOUR TITLE, but do not include the words “Running head,”
which is only for the title page.
o The running head needs to be left justified and on the same line
as the page number throughout the document.
o The running head can be the title of the manuscript or a
shortened version of it.
Title
o The title should concisely reflect the main idea of the
manuscript.
o The title should be typed with initial capitalizations for nouns,
verbs, adjectives, and any prepositions five or more letters in
length.
o The title should be centered between the left and right margins,
and positioned in the upper half of the page.
o Recommended title length: no more than 12 words.
Student Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Submission Date
o Abstract
2
An abstract is a brief comprehensive summary of the contents of the
manuscript and it allows readers to survey the contents of the manuscript
quickly.
An abstract should only be included if the manuscript is longer than 15-double
spaced pages, excluding the title page and reference page.
Abstract length should range from 150–250 words.
The abstract should be the second page of the manuscript (after the title page).
The label Abstract should appear with initial capitalization and lowercase
letters, centered, at the top of the page, like a title.
The abstract should be a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.
o The Introduction
Begins on a new page (page 2 [or page 3 if an abstract is included]) and the
full title of the paper is centered one inch from the top of the page with initial
capitalizations and lowercase letters (not underlined, boldfaced, or italicized)
and is double-spaced above the first paragraph of text.
A manuscript must open with an introduction that presents the thesis, the
statement of purpose, the argument, or the specific problem under study.
There should be no heading labeling it the “Introduction.”
o The Body
This is the main part of ...
1. APA Formatting and Style Guide
As with any referencing system, it is important to remember that this is an entire system of organizing the
practical elements of your paper. That means there are specific ways to number your pages, create your
title page, and establish headings, in addition to citing material from other authors. Always check with
your professor to find out how closely he or she wants you to follow these guidelines.
For complete guidelines for APA format, as well as for specific issues not covered here, see:
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.
1. Formatting
2. In-Text Citations
3. References
1. Formatting
• Margins: The standard margin size in APA is 2.5cm (1 inch) for all four sides.
• Font & Spacing: The usual fonts for APA are Times New Roman or Courier, and the size is
always 12-pt. Times New Roman is usually expected at university. Double space your paper.
Remember that when you double space a paper, you DO NOT need to leave an extra line between
paragraphs. While your left margins should be flush, do not justify the right side of your text. The
first line of every paragraph should be indented five spaces.
• Paper Size: Use standard 8 ½ by 11 inch paper. Unless specified by your professor, do not put
your paper in a plastic binder or cover.
• Page Header: Include a "header" in the top right corner of each page (use the "header" function
in your word processor to ensure correct placement). The header should include the first two or
three words of your paper's title and the page number. The page number should be five spaces
after the end of the "header".
• Major Sections: Your essay should include four sections (Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,
References).
a. Title Page: The title goes in the upper half of the title page, centred, typed in the same
font as the rest of your paper. Type your name and the name of your university on
separate lines under your title. Include a page header (as defined above) and a running
head. Your running head should be near the top of the page; it should begin with the
words "Running head" followed by the two or three words from your title that constitute
the "header" on each page indicating the "header" centre of the page. An image of an
APA formatted title page is below.
revised July 2008
2. Multiculturalism and Globalization 1
Running Head: Multiculturalism and Globalization
Multiculturalism and Globalization: Conflicting Forces in Canada
Jane Doe
University of Toronto Mississauga
b. Abstract: The abstract should appear on page two of your essay. Ensure your "header" is at the
top of the page; the title of this page should be the word "Abstract" (without quotations marks or
other formatting) centred on the first line. Your abstract should be no longer than 120 words and
should provide a summary of your paper. Do not indent your abstract.
c. Body: The body of your essay presents your research and analysis divided into sections. There
are five levels of headings in APA, although you can use as many as your paper requires. Each level
of heading has a different type face and is positioned differently. Most undergraduate papers will use
2 or 3 levels of headings. The first three levels of headings are as follows:
One Level: If your paper has one level of Headings, the Heading should be centred, using both
upper-case and lower-case letters:
Method
Two Levels: If your paper has two levels of Headings, the first level should be centred, using
both upper and lower case letters. The second level of Headings should be flush with the left
margin and italicized, using upper and lower case letters:
Method
Abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
abcdabcdabcd abcd
Field Work
Page 2 of 8
3. Three Levels: If your paper has three levels of Headings, the first level should be centred, using
both upper and lower case letters. The second level of Headings should be flush with the left
margin and italicized, using upper and lower case letters. The third level of Headings should be
indented and italicized, written in lower case and followed by a period. Text should follow the
heading on the same line:
Method
Abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
Field Work
Abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcd
abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcd
Study area details. Abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd abcdabcdabcd
d. References: Every essay must include a list of references at the end. It provides all the publication
information for the sources you cite in the body of your essay. Every source you cite must be included
in your reference list. Do not include sources in your reference list that are not cited in your essay.
The References page must be separate from the rest of your essay. It should have the title
"References" (with no quotations or italics, in the same font as the rest of your paper) centred on the
first line of the page. It should be double-spaced.
Sample entries for the References list are at the end of this document.
2. In-Text Citations
The APA format uses an author-date method for citing sources in the body of an essay. In other
words, when you quote, paraphrase or refer to another text, you must include a reference to the
source's author's last name and year of publication.
If you do NOT quote a source directly, you need only the author's last name and the year of
publication in your in-text citation. If you DO quote a source directly, you need also to include the
page number for the reference.
Short Quotations: If the quotation is less than 40 words long it should be incorporated into your text
and enclosed by double quotation marks [" "]. If possible, introduce your short quotation with a
signal phrase that includes the author's name followed by the publication date in parentheses. For
example:
Page 3 of 8
4. As Smith (2008) concludes, "There is significant evidence to suggest that the earth is round" (p.
123).
If you do not name the author in your signal phrase, you must include that information in your
parenthetical citation immediately following the quotation. For example:
More recently, scientists have found "significant evidence to suggest that the earth is round"
(Smith, 2008, p. 123).
Long Quotations: Quotations that are over 40 words long must be placed in the paper as a block of
text set apart from the rest of the paragraph. Block quotations should start on a new line, be indented
5 spaces from the left margin, and be double spaced (like the rest of the essay). Omit quotation marks.
Your citation should come at the end of the quotation, as follows:
More importantly, Smith's (2008) evidence suggesting that the earth is round rather than
flat is quite compelling:
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abcbcdabcdabcdabc dabcdabcdbcdabcdabc dabcdabcdabcdabababababababababd
bcdabcd bcdabcdabcd abcd. (p. 123)
Paraphrase and Summary: When you paraphrase or summarize another source, you must
acknowledge that source. You should, where possible, include the page reference for the ideas you
are paraphrasing/summarizing. For example:
Smith (2008, p. 123) insists the earth is not flat.
The following are some common examples of in-text citations.
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors; use the word "and" in the text and use the
ampersand in parentheses.
With signal phrase: The study by Jones and Smith (2006) concludes . . .
Without signal phrase: Their study concludes the earth is round (Jones & Smith,
2006)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: Name all authors the first time you cite the source; in
subsequent citations, use only the first author's last name and the phrase "et al".
With signal phrase: The study by Jones, Smith, Ali, Rushdie and Murakami (2003)
Page 4 of 8
5. concludes . . .
Without signal phrase: Their study concludes the earth is round (Jones, Smith, Ali,
Rushdie & Murakami, 2003)
In subsequent citations, with signal phrase: The study by Jones et al. (2003)
concludes . . .
In subsequent citations, without signal phrase: Their study concludes the earth is
round (Jones et al., 2003)
A Work by Six or More Authors: Use the first author's last name followed by "et al" in the
signal phrase or parentheses.
With signal phrase: The study by Powell et al (2007) argues . . .
Without signal phrase: Their study concludes the earth is round (Powell et al., 2007)
A Work by an Organization or Agency: Use the organization's name as if it were an
author.
With signal phrase: The Canadian International Development Agency (2006) notes
that . . .
Without signal phrase: Since 1996, Canada's budget for international development
has increased by 10% (Canadian International Development Agency, 2006).
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: Use lower-case letters (a, b,
c) with the year to distinguish between entries.
Smith's study (2007a) suggests that . . .
Indirect Sources: When you need to use a source cited in another source, name the original
in your signal phrase and include the secondary source in both your in-text citation and your
references list.
Dorosz argues that . . . (as cited in Smith, 2008, p. 123).
3. References
Your essay must include a separate References page (formatting described above). The rules for
basic entries are as follows:
entries should be organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author; provide
the last name and the initials for each authors
entries should be double-spaced with a five-space hanging indent for all lines
Page 5 of 8
6. following the first line of each entry
if you use multiple works by the same author, organize entries by the year of
publication
italicize books and journal titles
do NOT italicize or put in quotation marks articles or essays
Book - Single author:
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Book. City: Publisher.
Smith, J.A. (2004). Great Dogs of North America. (4th ed.). Toronto: Dog Press.
Book – Two authors:
Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Book. City: Publisher.
Smith, J.A., & Jones, J.C. (2002) Great Dogs of North America. Toronto: Dog
Press.
Book – Multiple authors:
Last Name, Initials, Last Name, Initials, Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials. (Date).
Title of Book. City: Publisher.
Smith, J.A., Dorosz, C., Mann, T.T. (2008). The Way it Is. Toronto: ABC Press.
Journal Article – Single author:
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume, page number
range.
Smith, J.A. (2004). Great Labradors. Dogs for All, 14, 12-50.
Journal Article – Multiple authors:
Last Name, Initials, Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume, page number range.
Smith, J.A., Jones, J.C., & Campbell, S.D. (2002). Great Labradors. Dogs for All, 12, 9-16.
Chapter in edited book:
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Chapter. In Initials Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp.
range). City: Publisher.
Smith, J.A. (1999). Dogs of Canada. In P.A. Jones (Ed.), Dogs (pp. 34-56). City: Publisher.
Abstract:
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title [Abstract]. Periodical Title, volume, page.
Smith, J.A. (2004). Great Labradors [Abstract]. Dogs for All, 14, 12.
Entire Edited Book:
Page 6 of 8
7. Last Name, Initials, & Last Name, Initials. (Eds.). (Date). Title of work. City: Publisher.
Smith, J.A., & Jones, J.C. (Eds.). (2002). Dogs of the World. Toronto: Dog Press.
Reference Book with no author:
Title (ed.). (Date). City: Publisher.
Dogs of North Canada (2nd ed.). (2001). Toronto: Dog Press.
Review of a Book:
Last name, Initials. (Date). Title of review [Review of the book/article Title]. Journal Title,
volume, pages.
McDonald, K. (2005). Dog Days [Review of Great Dogs of North America]. New York Review of
Books, 25, 13-15.
Electronic Sources: References
The following information is based on the APA's 2007 modifications of rules governing the
documentation of electronic sources.
Generally, online articles follow the same rules for printed articles. For example, if an online
journal has volume and issue numbers, then you should include that information in your entry.
Retrieval dates are necessary only for sources that are likely to change (blogs, institutional
websites, etc.). Online periodicals are unlikely to change once they are published, and so retrieval
dates are not necessary.
URLs often change, so you should try to include a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in your entry.
Many publishers include DOIs on the first page of a document.
Online Periodical (with DOI):
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Periodical, volume number, page range.
Doi: 000000000/000000.
Smith, J.A. (2004). Great Labradors. Dogs for All, 14, 12-50. doi:
99.1234/1234567898836.
Online Periodical (no DOI):
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Periodical, volume number, from URL.
Smith, J.A. (2004). Great Labradors. Dogs for All, 14, from http://www.dogs.com/docs
Online Periodical (no DOI; exists as printed and electronic versions)
Smith, K. (2008). The world is round. [Electronic version]. Earth and Planetary Studies,
66, 123-132.
Article from a Database (i.e., retrieved from library's online database):
Last Name, Initials. (Date). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Smith, J.A. (2005). . (2004). Great Labradors. Dogs for All, 14, 12-50. Retrieved January 17,
2006, from Zoological Record database.
Page 7 of 8
8. Online Newspaper Article
Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of Article. Name of Newspaper. Retrieved
URL.
Summerji, P. P. (2008, August 1). New Crime Legislation Criminal. Nowhereville Times.
Retrieved from http://nowherevilletimes.ca
For more information and / or models of other entries, consult the Style Guide published by OWL Purdue
at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
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