This document provides guidelines for writing numbers, dates, ages, years, dimensions, percentages, numerals, addresses, state names, and company names according to Associated Press style. It discusses when to use words versus numerals, hyphens, commas, periods, and abbreviations. Key points include using numerals for ages and years, hyphenating dimensions used as adjectives, spelling out percentages, and abbreviating most state names when used with a city but never abbreviating 8 states.
The document provides tips and guidelines for proper writing style, grammar, capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and formatting. It discusses gathering news from wire services and avoiding long sentences and unnecessary words. It offers rules for capitalizing titles, directions, organizations, and numbers. It also covers using abbreviations appropriately and providing complete names and titles on first reference.
The document provides information on making comparisons in English using adjectives and adverbs. It discusses the use of adverbs like "not, almost, twice" to compare two things. It explains the differences between "nearly" and "almost" and provides examples of their use. Tables are included showing the ages and heights of children, which are then used to write comparative sentences about them. The document outlines rules for using comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, irregular adjectives, the subjective case in comparisons, and comparisons followed by "than." Exercises are provided throughout for the reader to practice forming comparisons based on the examples and explanations given.
The document provides a review of punctuation and capitalization rules. It defines common punctuation marks like periods, commas, quotation marks, and explains their proper uses. It also covers capitalization rules for proper nouns, titles, sentences, and other cases. The response rewrites 10 sentences applying the discussed punctuation and capitalization guidelines.
This document discusses various punctuation marks used in English writing. It explains that capital letters are used at the beginning of sentences, for proper nouns like names and titles, and for the first letter of the names of days, months and festivals. Commas are used to mark pauses in sentences. Full stops are used at the end of sentences. Question marks and exclamation marks are used for questions and expressions of emotion. Apostrophes are used to show possession and omission of letters. Quotation marks enclose direct quotes. Semicolons, colons and hyphens are also briefly explained.
This document provides guidance on proper capitalization and punctuation usage. It discusses the rules for capitalizing the first letter of sentences, proper nouns, adjectives derived from proper nouns, and titles. It also covers using end punctuation, commas in a series, commas with direct address, interjections, and quotation marks. The document provides examples for each rule and clarifies cases where capitalization is optional or required within titles.
This document discusses various punctuation marks and their proper uses in writing. It covers full stops, question marks, exclamation marks, capital letters, commas, semi-colons, colons, apostrophes, dashes, hyphens, and quotation marks. For each punctuation mark, it provides examples of when to use it and how it contributes to clarity and meaning in written sentences.
This English lesson covers punctuation rules for 9th grade students. It discusses the proper use of commas, semicolons, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, parentheses, capital letters, full stops, exclamation points, and question marks. Examples are provided to illustrate when to use each punctuation mark correctly in sentences. The lesson concludes by listing references used to develop the material presented.
This document discusses the 10 most common punctuation marks in English:
1. Period, question mark, and exclamation point, which are used at the end of declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences.
2. Comma, which is used to separate elements in a list, indicate direct address, and join two independent clauses.
3. Semicolon, which represents a longer pause than a comma and can join two independent clauses or items in a list containing commas.
4. Colon, which introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.
5. Quotation marks, which enclose exact words from a speaker or a quotation.
The document provides tips and guidelines for proper writing style, grammar, capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and formatting. It discusses gathering news from wire services and avoiding long sentences and unnecessary words. It offers rules for capitalizing titles, directions, organizations, and numbers. It also covers using abbreviations appropriately and providing complete names and titles on first reference.
The document provides information on making comparisons in English using adjectives and adverbs. It discusses the use of adverbs like "not, almost, twice" to compare two things. It explains the differences between "nearly" and "almost" and provides examples of their use. Tables are included showing the ages and heights of children, which are then used to write comparative sentences about them. The document outlines rules for using comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, irregular adjectives, the subjective case in comparisons, and comparisons followed by "than." Exercises are provided throughout for the reader to practice forming comparisons based on the examples and explanations given.
The document provides a review of punctuation and capitalization rules. It defines common punctuation marks like periods, commas, quotation marks, and explains their proper uses. It also covers capitalization rules for proper nouns, titles, sentences, and other cases. The response rewrites 10 sentences applying the discussed punctuation and capitalization guidelines.
This document discusses various punctuation marks used in English writing. It explains that capital letters are used at the beginning of sentences, for proper nouns like names and titles, and for the first letter of the names of days, months and festivals. Commas are used to mark pauses in sentences. Full stops are used at the end of sentences. Question marks and exclamation marks are used for questions and expressions of emotion. Apostrophes are used to show possession and omission of letters. Quotation marks enclose direct quotes. Semicolons, colons and hyphens are also briefly explained.
This document provides guidance on proper capitalization and punctuation usage. It discusses the rules for capitalizing the first letter of sentences, proper nouns, adjectives derived from proper nouns, and titles. It also covers using end punctuation, commas in a series, commas with direct address, interjections, and quotation marks. The document provides examples for each rule and clarifies cases where capitalization is optional or required within titles.
This document discusses various punctuation marks and their proper uses in writing. It covers full stops, question marks, exclamation marks, capital letters, commas, semi-colons, colons, apostrophes, dashes, hyphens, and quotation marks. For each punctuation mark, it provides examples of when to use it and how it contributes to clarity and meaning in written sentences.
This English lesson covers punctuation rules for 9th grade students. It discusses the proper use of commas, semicolons, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, parentheses, capital letters, full stops, exclamation points, and question marks. Examples are provided to illustrate when to use each punctuation mark correctly in sentences. The lesson concludes by listing references used to develop the material presented.
This document discusses the 10 most common punctuation marks in English:
1. Period, question mark, and exclamation point, which are used at the end of declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences.
2. Comma, which is used to separate elements in a list, indicate direct address, and join two independent clauses.
3. Semicolon, which represents a longer pause than a comma and can join two independent clauses or items in a list containing commas.
4. Colon, which introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.
5. Quotation marks, which enclose exact words from a speaker or a quotation.
Capitalization is used for the first letter of sentences and proper nouns. Punctuation and capitalization help readers understand sentences by structuring the writing and indicating meaning. Common punctuation marks include periods, question marks, exclamation points, commas, colons, semicolons, and quotation marks. Each has specific uses, such as commas separating elements in a list or semicolons connecting independent clauses.
Punctuation marks are symbols that aid in written language clarity and comprehension. Some common punctuation marks are the period, comma, question mark, exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation mark, and hyphen. The document then provides examples and explanations of how to use punctuation marks such as commas, colons, semicolons, parentheses, ellipses, capital letters, question marks, exclamation points, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, brackets, and full stops.
This document discusses punctuation marks and their uses. It explains that punctuation marks, also known as end marks, come at the end of sentences and indicate when to stop. The main end marks are periods, question marks, and exclamation points. Periods are used for statements and commands, question marks for questions, and exclamation points to show excitement or strong feelings. Other punctuation covered includes commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, quotation marks, and parentheses.
This document provides a summary of punctuation marks and their usage. It discusses full stops, commas, marks of exclamation, marks of interrogation, apostrophes, colons, semi-colons, inverted commas, and capitalization. For each punctuation mark, examples are given of their proper usage. The document serves as a reference for the names and purposes of basic punctuation marks in the English language.
The document provides a lesson on punctuation marks, including their names and proper uses. It discusses periods, question marks, exclamation points, apostrophes, commas, parentheses, quotation marks, and colons. Examples are given for how each mark is used. At the end, students are asked to correct a sample text using their new punctuation knowledge.
This document discusses different types of punctuation marks used at the end of sentences. It describes four main end marks - the period, exclamation point, question mark, and colon. The period is used for statements and commands, the exclamation point shows excitement, the question mark indicates a question, and the colon introduces a list. The document provides examples of when to use each mark and teaches about their different functions through a rhyming "Punctuation Rap".
Accurate use of punctuation is a foremost need of communication; However, for business communication the need arises much more than usual. These are the rules of punctuation marks which you must apply in order to use punctuation accurately. Each and every sign is included in it, if not, then let me know.
The document outlines 12 rules for capitalization and punctuation:
1. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence and titles when used before or after a name.
2. Capitalize proper nouns and titles when used as a direct address.
3. Use punctuation like periods, question marks, and exclamation points to end sentences with the corresponding emotions or sentence types.
4. Use commas, semicolons, colons, parentheses, hyphens, apostrophes and quotation marks in their standard formatting functions like separating clauses, listing items, emphasizing points, and forming possessives.
101409411 adjectives-used-in-comparisons-part-1Anh Mai Nguyen
The document provides information about using adjectives in comparisons in English. It discusses:
1. The positive form of adjectives used with "as" to indicate equality between two things, such as "She is as proud as a peacock."
2. Comparative forms of adjectives formed with "-er" and used with "than" to compare two things, such as "Louis is younger than Mark."
3. Superlative forms of adjectives formed with "-est" and used with "the" to indicate the greatest degree, such as "Louis is the youngest boy in our class."
Use apostrophes, capital letters, colons, commas, exclamation points, hyphens, periods, question marks, and quotation marks correctly in writing. Each punctuation mark has specific rules for its use, such as using apostrophes to form contractions and possessives, capitalizing proper nouns and the first word of sentences, and placing commas between independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation helps clarify meaning and ensure readers comprehend the writer's intended message.
This document provides a course on punctuation aimed at making the reader an expert punctuation detective. It covers various punctuation marks such as commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, brackets, exclamation points, question marks, apostrophes, quotation marks, and periods. The course contains tasks to test the reader's knowledge of matching punctuation marks to their names and functions, as well as exercises identifying missing punctuation in sentences. It encourages the reader to create a casebook exploring the use and examples of a selected punctuation mark in more detail. Finally, it discusses the effects that punctuation can have on the tone and meaning of text.
The document provides guidelines for proper use of punctuation marks and capitalization in English grammar. It discusses rules for full stops, commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, parentheses, brackets, apostrophes, hyphens, ellipses, dashes, exclamation marks, question marks, and slashes. It also covers when to capitalize words, noting that proper nouns, institutions, and special occasions should be capitalized but common nouns should not. The document aims to clearly explain punctuation and capitalization for producing formal written English.
The document provides guidance for students on writing reading response journals. It explains that the purpose is not to summarize what was read but to think about and interpret it. It lists potential reading response questions and provides a rubric for grading responses. It also gives examples of student responses and provides feedback on making responses more specific and thoughtful by using details and explaining opinions. The document concludes by assigning homework on completing reading response activities.
This document shows mathematical patterns that demonstrate the beauty of mathematics. It shows that adding consecutive numbers to 8 or 9 in multiples of that number will always equal 9, 8, 7... or 11, 111, 1111 and so on. It also shows symmetrical patterns when multiplying consecutive numbers by themselves. Finally, it shows that when letters of certain words are assigned numeric values based on their position in the alphabet, "ATTITUDE" equals 100% while "HARDWORK" and "KNOWLEDGE" equal lower percentages, demonstrating that attitude is what truly equals 100%.
Air quality is defined as the composition of air with respect to pollution concentrations and is routinely compared to standard levels of maximum expected pollutant levels. Several geographical processes contribute to air pollution issues including deforestation and pollution from cars, factories, and polluted water. Individual groups and government agencies have responded by efforts to help manage the issue through organizations like Greenpeace and decision-making processes aim to support sustainability, social justice, and equity in managing air quality issues.
Hire salespeople based on their attitudes, which are assessed through a written test and interview. New hires then take a refresher course covering the product, competition, and role-playing selling situations. For the first four months, managers provide training in the field and quizzes to help new hires put their theoretical selling knowledge into practical practice.
Air quality is defined as the composition of air with respect to pollution concentrations and is routinely compared to standard levels of maximum expected pollutant levels. Several geographical processes contribute to air pollution issues including deforestation and pollution from cars, factories, and polluted water. Individual groups and government agencies have responded by efforts to help manage the issue through organizations like Greenpeace and decision-making processes aim to support sustainability, social justice, and equity in managing air quality issues.
M.R. Kukrit Pramoj's former residence in Bangkok will be converted into a museum showcasing his life and work. The Prime Minister's Office will oversee the restoration of the historic three-story house and conservation of Mr. Kukrit's writings, artworks, and personal items. The museum aims to educate the public about Thailand's culture and history through exhibits of Mr. Kukrit's collections.
Capitalization is used for the first letter of sentences and proper nouns. Punctuation and capitalization help readers understand sentences by structuring the writing and indicating meaning. Common punctuation marks include periods, question marks, exclamation points, commas, colons, semicolons, and quotation marks. Each has specific uses, such as commas separating elements in a list or semicolons connecting independent clauses.
Punctuation marks are symbols that aid in written language clarity and comprehension. Some common punctuation marks are the period, comma, question mark, exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation mark, and hyphen. The document then provides examples and explanations of how to use punctuation marks such as commas, colons, semicolons, parentheses, ellipses, capital letters, question marks, exclamation points, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, brackets, and full stops.
This document discusses punctuation marks and their uses. It explains that punctuation marks, also known as end marks, come at the end of sentences and indicate when to stop. The main end marks are periods, question marks, and exclamation points. Periods are used for statements and commands, question marks for questions, and exclamation points to show excitement or strong feelings. Other punctuation covered includes commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, quotation marks, and parentheses.
This document provides a summary of punctuation marks and their usage. It discusses full stops, commas, marks of exclamation, marks of interrogation, apostrophes, colons, semi-colons, inverted commas, and capitalization. For each punctuation mark, examples are given of their proper usage. The document serves as a reference for the names and purposes of basic punctuation marks in the English language.
The document provides a lesson on punctuation marks, including their names and proper uses. It discusses periods, question marks, exclamation points, apostrophes, commas, parentheses, quotation marks, and colons. Examples are given for how each mark is used. At the end, students are asked to correct a sample text using their new punctuation knowledge.
This document discusses different types of punctuation marks used at the end of sentences. It describes four main end marks - the period, exclamation point, question mark, and colon. The period is used for statements and commands, the exclamation point shows excitement, the question mark indicates a question, and the colon introduces a list. The document provides examples of when to use each mark and teaches about their different functions through a rhyming "Punctuation Rap".
Accurate use of punctuation is a foremost need of communication; However, for business communication the need arises much more than usual. These are the rules of punctuation marks which you must apply in order to use punctuation accurately. Each and every sign is included in it, if not, then let me know.
The document outlines 12 rules for capitalization and punctuation:
1. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence and titles when used before or after a name.
2. Capitalize proper nouns and titles when used as a direct address.
3. Use punctuation like periods, question marks, and exclamation points to end sentences with the corresponding emotions or sentence types.
4. Use commas, semicolons, colons, parentheses, hyphens, apostrophes and quotation marks in their standard formatting functions like separating clauses, listing items, emphasizing points, and forming possessives.
101409411 adjectives-used-in-comparisons-part-1Anh Mai Nguyen
The document provides information about using adjectives in comparisons in English. It discusses:
1. The positive form of adjectives used with "as" to indicate equality between two things, such as "She is as proud as a peacock."
2. Comparative forms of adjectives formed with "-er" and used with "than" to compare two things, such as "Louis is younger than Mark."
3. Superlative forms of adjectives formed with "-est" and used with "the" to indicate the greatest degree, such as "Louis is the youngest boy in our class."
Use apostrophes, capital letters, colons, commas, exclamation points, hyphens, periods, question marks, and quotation marks correctly in writing. Each punctuation mark has specific rules for its use, such as using apostrophes to form contractions and possessives, capitalizing proper nouns and the first word of sentences, and placing commas between independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation helps clarify meaning and ensure readers comprehend the writer's intended message.
This document provides a course on punctuation aimed at making the reader an expert punctuation detective. It covers various punctuation marks such as commas, colons, semicolons, dashes, brackets, exclamation points, question marks, apostrophes, quotation marks, and periods. The course contains tasks to test the reader's knowledge of matching punctuation marks to their names and functions, as well as exercises identifying missing punctuation in sentences. It encourages the reader to create a casebook exploring the use and examples of a selected punctuation mark in more detail. Finally, it discusses the effects that punctuation can have on the tone and meaning of text.
The document provides guidelines for proper use of punctuation marks and capitalization in English grammar. It discusses rules for full stops, commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, parentheses, brackets, apostrophes, hyphens, ellipses, dashes, exclamation marks, question marks, and slashes. It also covers when to capitalize words, noting that proper nouns, institutions, and special occasions should be capitalized but common nouns should not. The document aims to clearly explain punctuation and capitalization for producing formal written English.
The document provides guidance for students on writing reading response journals. It explains that the purpose is not to summarize what was read but to think about and interpret it. It lists potential reading response questions and provides a rubric for grading responses. It also gives examples of student responses and provides feedback on making responses more specific and thoughtful by using details and explaining opinions. The document concludes by assigning homework on completing reading response activities.
This document shows mathematical patterns that demonstrate the beauty of mathematics. It shows that adding consecutive numbers to 8 or 9 in multiples of that number will always equal 9, 8, 7... or 11, 111, 1111 and so on. It also shows symmetrical patterns when multiplying consecutive numbers by themselves. Finally, it shows that when letters of certain words are assigned numeric values based on their position in the alphabet, "ATTITUDE" equals 100% while "HARDWORK" and "KNOWLEDGE" equal lower percentages, demonstrating that attitude is what truly equals 100%.
Air quality is defined as the composition of air with respect to pollution concentrations and is routinely compared to standard levels of maximum expected pollutant levels. Several geographical processes contribute to air pollution issues including deforestation and pollution from cars, factories, and polluted water. Individual groups and government agencies have responded by efforts to help manage the issue through organizations like Greenpeace and decision-making processes aim to support sustainability, social justice, and equity in managing air quality issues.
Hire salespeople based on their attitudes, which are assessed through a written test and interview. New hires then take a refresher course covering the product, competition, and role-playing selling situations. For the first four months, managers provide training in the field and quizzes to help new hires put their theoretical selling knowledge into practical practice.
Air quality is defined as the composition of air with respect to pollution concentrations and is routinely compared to standard levels of maximum expected pollutant levels. Several geographical processes contribute to air pollution issues including deforestation and pollution from cars, factories, and polluted water. Individual groups and government agencies have responded by efforts to help manage the issue through organizations like Greenpeace and decision-making processes aim to support sustainability, social justice, and equity in managing air quality issues.
M.R. Kukrit Pramoj's former residence in Bangkok will be converted into a museum showcasing his life and work. The Prime Minister's Office will oversee the restoration of the historic three-story house and conservation of Mr. Kukrit's writings, artworks, and personal items. The museum aims to educate the public about Thailand's culture and history through exhibits of Mr. Kukrit's collections.
TOP TEN INNOVATIVE BUSINESS 2008 RESULTS ANNOUNCEDNSTDA THAILAND
The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) announced the results for the Top Ten Innovative Businesses of 2008. Songserm Technology was selected as one of the top ten innovative businesses for 2008 based on its development of new technologies. The article was from an unnamed writer in the NSTDA's own publication with a circulation of 25,000 on page 18.
The document describes 28 artworks by Rita Cappello Angellotti, including the title, medium, dimensions, price and the artist's perspective on each piece. The artworks depict people, landscapes and religious scenes in a variety of styles and mediums such as watercolor, oil and gouache. The prices range from US$5,600 to US$100,000.
Actors testing is different from what you are used to. First, you have messages instead of calls, second, you have to deal with concurrency and all the consequences that it brings with it:
* Thread.sleeps in tests;
* Flakiness;
* Green on laptop / red on jenkins;
* Missed test cases.
Fortunately Akka provides a TestKit which helps to avoid all these things when used properly. Let's take out and inspect tools from this kit and learn couple of useful patterns.
Monsoon rains caused deadly flooding in the Sarobi district of Kabul province, killing 35 people including women and children. The flooding destroyed homes and infrastructure in the area. Relief efforts are underway but have been limited, focusing on rebuilding the local girl's school that was destroyed and providing supplies for 400 students. The flooding also impacted the local scout group, destroying their meeting place and the home of the scoutmaster.
The article discusses a new electronic book device called the "Electronic Book Palm" that aims to digitize books and make them more accessible in rural and remote areas of northeast Thailand known as Isaan. The device allows users to store thousands of ebooks and can be charged via solar power, addressing issues of limited electricity in some regions. It is seen as a way to improve digital literacy and education in Isaan.
This document provides an overview of artifacts and historical sources that illustrate the material culture of American slavery. It references probate records, slave badges, store ledgers, eyewitness accounts, paintings, and photographs that depict aspects of slave life such as clothing, household goods, musical instruments, agricultural work, and education. The sources highlighted range in date from the mid-18th to early 20th centuries and provide insights into slave ownership, labor, and community.
1. The document analyzes a jump scene from the 2000 film "Gone in 60 Seconds" where a Shelby Mustang driven by Nicolas Cage jumps from a ramp off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in Los Angeles.
2. The author calculates the speed, angle, height, distance traveled, and force using information from the video to determine if the jump was possible.
3. The analysis finds that with a 70 degree ramp, the distance and height achieved in the video were not possible. However, with a shallower 15 degree ramp and higher initial speed, the jump could have been possible.
AP Style Guide is the go-to publication for all American journalists working in these United States. It is without doubt one of the best journalism guides available.
Copyreadingandheadlinewriting bciscampusjournalismtraining-workshop2012-12081...Sidifinni Francisco
The document provides guidance on proper copyediting techniques. It discusses editing errors in grammar, facts, wordiness and opinion; writing headlines; and using proper punctuation. Key points include editing for accuracy, conciseness and objectivity; using short words and active voice in headlines; and employing a headline count system to determine length.
This document provides a summary of the usage of the definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) in English grammar. It begins by defining articles and the two types: indefinite and definite. For indefinite articles, it explains the rules for using "a" versus "an" depending on whether the following word starts with a consonant or vowel sound. For the definite article "the", it lists the general rules for its use, such as with previously mentioned nouns, unique or specific nouns, superlatives and ordinals. It also lists exceptions, such as not using "the" with people's names, titles, or uncount nouns. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the rules. References
Copyreading and headline writing san antonio district press conference 2012Antonio Delgado
The document provides guidance on proper copy editing techniques for journalists. It discusses best practices for grammar, spelling, punctuation, style, and fact-checking. Key aspects include using American English spelling, capitalizing proper nouns, placing numbers in words or figures correctly, and ensuring consistency in spelling and abbreviations. The goal is to produce accurate and cleanly edited news stories.
The document provides an overview of Associated Press (AP) style guidelines for journalism and public relations writing. It discusses the key differences between AP style and academic writing, such as no citations needed and short paragraphs. The document also reviews many AP style rules around capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, word choices and more.
The document outlines 10 key rules for capitalization in English. It explains that proper nouns, which are the specific names of people, places, things, etc. are capitalized. Some of the main rules covered include capitalizing the names of people, places like mountains and bodies of water, man-made structures, streets, schools, political divisions, titles of works, the first letter of sentences, and the pronoun "I". Mnemonic devices are provided to help remember the various categories that require capitalization.
Capitalization rules outline when to capitalize words in sentences for clarity. Some key rules include capitalizing the first word of quotes, proper nouns, titles before names, publications' first/last words, government/state names as part of official titles, and words derived from proper nouns. Exceptions include not capitalizing little words in titles, seasons, or the first word after a colon in a single-sentence list. The document provides 17 detailed rules for capitalization.
The document provides guidance on copyediting for newspapers and magazines. It discusses editing for accuracy, conciseness, and style. Key points covered include editing for grammar, facts, wordiness, opinion, and libelous statements. Guidelines are provided for capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, punctuation, and formatting headlines. The goal of copyediting is to select and arrange news in the most clear and engaging way for readers.
Copyreadingandheadlinewriting bciscampusjournalismtraining-workshop2012-12081...Christian John Ylanan
The document provides guidelines for copyediting news articles. It discusses editing for accuracy of facts, grammar, conciseness and objectivity. Specific instructions are given for punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting headlines. The goal is to produce clear, error-free news stories that inform readers.
This document provides guidelines for abbreviating terms consistently in writing. It discusses abbreviating months, states, streets, titles, times of day, and other terms. Consistent abbreviation allows for more space while maintaining clarity.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
Copyreading and headline writing bcis campus journalism training-workshop 2012Antonio Delgado
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
This presentation explains why AP Style is essential for public relations practitioners and journalists. It covers the 15 most commonly-used AP Style rules. And it features links to practice quizzes.
The document provides guidelines for writing numbers consistently in sentences and documents. It recommends spelling out single-digit whole numbers and using numerals for numbers greater than nine. It also provides examples and rules for fractions, decimals, dates, times, decades, and compound numbers. Consistency within categories and sentences is important.
This document provides information about the articles "a", "an", and "the" in English grammar. It discusses the rules for using the indefinite articles "a" and "an", including using "a" before consonant sounds and "an" before vowel sounds. It also covers exceptions involving words like "hour" or "herb". The document then discusses the definite article "the", explaining when it is used to refer to something specific or previously mentioned. It provides many examples of the different uses of "the". The document concludes by listing some exceptions when "the" is not used, such as with names of languages, meals, or people.
This document provides information about the articles "a", "an", and "the" in English grammar. It discusses the rules for using the indefinite articles "a" and "an", including using "a" before consonant sounds and "an" before vowel sounds. It also covers exceptions involving words like "hour" or "herb". The document then discusses the definite article "the", explaining when it is used to refer to something specific or previously mentioned. It provides many examples of the different uses of "the". The document concludes by listing some exceptions when "the" is not used, such as with names of languages, meals, or people.
This document discusses Spanish subject pronouns and their English equivalents. It provides the pronouns for first, second, and third person singular and plural in both English and Spanish. It explains that while English has one word for "you", Spanish has different words depending on whether "you" is formal or informal, singular or plural. Specifically, it notes that tú is used for informal singular, usted for formal singular, vosotros/as for informal plural, and ustedes for both formal and informal plural. The document also highlights rules for using yo, él, ella, nosotros/as, ellos, and ellas.
2. Fun things to know about . . . numbers . . . and dates!
3. AgesBy Paulette Donnelly Use numerals when referring to ages. Use hyphens only when the age is used as an adjective. For example, The 4-year-old girl has a brother who is 3 years old. If a person’s age is used as a parenthetical expression within the test, set it off by commas: Felicity Falvey, 29, teaches at UConn. In uses such as, a man in his 30s, do not use an apostrophe between the number and the “s.” There is only one, rare instance in which an age is spelled out – when it starts a sentence. For example, Two-year-old children can be delightful.
4. Years, measures, percentagesBy Nicole Salas Years: Years are always written in Arabic numerals, even when they begin a sentence. For example: 1989 was a disaster. We were glad to get to 1990. An apostrophe is used when part of the number is omitted. For example, The next election was in ’92. An “s” is added to create a plural when referring to a decade. For example, The 1960s were turbulent. She was in her 20s then.
5. Years, measures, percentagesBy Nicole Salas Dimensions: Use words and Arabic numerals to write dimensions. For example, She is 5 feet tall. The man is 5 feet 6 inches tall. The book is 8 inches thick. Hyphens are used when the dimension is used as an adjective before a noun. For example, She is a 5-foot-tall basketball player. He is a 5-foot-6-inch forward. It is an 8-inch-thick book.
6. Years, measures, percentagesBy Nicole Salas Percentages: When writing percentages, use numbers with the word “percent” (not the symbol). For example, Only 2 percent of the voters were represented. Note that the word is “percent,” not “per cent.” If a percentage is not a whole number, use a decimal, not a fraction. For example, The cost of living has risen 1.5 percent. The word “percent” must be repeated with each figure to avoid confusion. For example, He said 10 percent to 30 percent of residents may not vote. Not, He said 10 to 30 percent of residents may not vote.
7. NumeralsBy Amy Zitka In general, spell out whole numbers from zero to nine and use numerals for 10 and higher. There are exceptions to this rule, however. A number that begins a sentence is always spelled out, unless it is a year. For example, Thirty-four people joined the group. 1989 was a very good year. Addresses, ages, betting odds, dates, ratios, votes, scores, telephone numbers, percentages, temperatures, channels, dimensions, political divisions and districts, and highway and route designations are always expressed in Arabic numerals (unless they begin a sentence). For example, The 3-year-old girl built a television in nursery school. She calculated that she spent 8 percent of her time soldering. The machine was 8 feet tall and received seven channels, including Channel 3. Spell out ordinal numbers from first through ninth for everything except geographic, military or political designations. For example, First Amendment, third base, but 1st Sgt., 3rd Ward, 7th Fleet. Use figures for 10th and higher (unless the number is at the start of a sentence.
8. More NumeralsBy Jenny Poulin A numeral is a figure, letter, word or group of words expressing a number. Roman numerals are used for wars and to show sequence for animals and people. For example, World War II, Pope John XXIII. Arabic numerals (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are used unless Roman numerals are specifically required. Large numbers: When spelling out large numbers, use a hyphen to connect a word ending in “y” to another word. Do not use commas between words that are part of one number. For example, twenty-one; one thousand one hundred fifty-one. Sentence start: Spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence unless the numeral identifies a calendar year. For example, 1976 was a very good year. Eighty-three people joined the club. Casual uses: Spell out casual expressions: For example, A thousand times no! Proper names: Follow the organization’s practice.
9. MonthsBy Michele Marchetti Always capitalize the names or abbreviations of months. When using a specific date, abbreviate “Jan.,” Feb.,” “Aug.,” “Sept.,” “Oct.,” “Nov.” and “Dec.” for example, She planned to declare her candidacy on Feb. 8. She did not do so until March 11. Do not add –st, -nd, -rd or –th to the numbers. When a specific date includes a year, set the year off from the rest of the sentence with commas. For example, On Jan. 3, 1988, killer flies attacked dairy cows in Storrs. When a month is used alone, or with a year but no specific date, spell out the month. For example, The flies returned in January 1989. That February the cows went on strike. When using only a month and a year, do not separate them with commas.
11. Courtesy Titles Courtesy titles are “Mr.,” “Mrs.,” “Miss” and “Ms.” “Mr.” is never used unless it is combined with “Mrs.” On first reference, refer to people by their first and last names, without courtesy titles. For example, Fannie F. Falvey and Foster F. Fosdick. In later references, use just the last name. For example, Falvey and Fosdick. Use courtesy titles only in direct quotations or after a first reference if a woman specifically requests it. To avoid confusion when two people have the same last name, such as spouses or family members, use the first and last names for all references, without courtesy titles. For example, Congressional candidates Philomena Falvey and Foster Falvey are cousins . . . . Philomena Falvey has 20 years of political experience. Foster Falvey is a newcomer.
12. Doctor Readers often associate the title “Dr.” with medical practitioners. The meaning of the term must be made clear if it is not clear from context. “Dr.” is used on first reference before the name of a doctor of dental surgery, medicine, optometry, osteopathy or podiatric medicine. It is not used on second reference. For example, “Dr. Fredonia Falvey specializes in diseases of the wealthy. Falvey says that handling lots of cash exposes them to viruses.” The title “doctor” before a name is abbreviated even in a quotation. For example, “I don’t know what I would do without Dr. Falvey,” he said.
13. Doctor “Dr. “ may also be used before the names of people with other types of doctoral degrees, such as psychologists, historians or educators, but the type of degree must be stated specifically or made clear in context. For example, “Dr. Michael Hogan, an historian who once dreamed of being a journalist, will speak to the newspaper association. Also, At the hospital, Dr. Robert Frost talked with the students. Frost, a psychologist, said fear of AP style quizzes is a common phobia.” Do not use “Dr.” before the name of someone who holds an honorary degree.
14. Religious TitlesBy Britt Gustafson In general, on first reference to a clergyman or clergywoman, use a capitalized title before the individual’s name. For example, Rabbi Saul Cohen, the Rev. John Smith, Monsignor Frank Falvey, Sister Mary Agatha, Pope Benedict XVI. For guidance concerning what title is appropriate, consult the AP Stylebook. Correct titles are listed under the entries for each religious denomination. On second reference, use just the last name in most cases. For example, “The Rev. Fred Falvey[ first reference] will speak to the group. Falvey[second reference] is against sin.” Exceptions:For the pope, use his distinguishing name (e.g. Benedict) or the pope or the pontiff on second reference. For nuns whose names include a family name (for example, Sister Mary Ann Walsh) use the last name as the second reference (i.e., Walsh). For nuns whose names do not include a family name (for example, Sister Mary Bernadette), use the full name on second reference (i.e., Sister Mary Bernadette).
15. Military, Police Firefighter TitlesBy Ron Beasley Capitalize a rank when used as a formal title before an individual’s name. Most ranks are abbreviated, although a few (such as “Chief Warrant Officer”) are not. The AP Stylebook contains a list of correct abbreviations under the Military Titles heading. Military titles should be used only on first reference. In subsequent references, use only the last name. For a retired military officer, the military title should be used only if it is pertinent to the story. When it is used, follow the standard rules. Do not use “Ret.” after the name. Indicate in the text that the person is retired. The same rules apply to police officers and firefighters. Add “police” or “fire” before the title if needed for clarity. For example, The gun was owned by police Sgt. William Smith, not fire Capt. William Smith. Titles that have no military equivalent, such as “detective,” should be spelled out. For example, The bullets belonged to Detective Gus Gumshoe.
16. Legislative TitlesBy Terence Stearns When using a legislative title on first reference, use “Rep.,” “Reps.,” “Sen.” or “Sens.” before the name of the individual or individuals, adding “U.S.” or “state” before the title if needed to avoid confusion. (In some cases, the title may be omitted when the person is well known, such as candidates during a presidential campaign. For example: Barack Obama and John McCain will meet for their final debate tonight.) Do not use any titles on second reference unless they are part of a direct quotation. When titles are contained within quotations, spell them out. For example, “Senator Frank Frump is a fraud,” said Sen. Jeremy J. Jerque.
17. Legislative TitlesBy Terence Stearns Other legislative titles, such as “assemblyman” or “city councilor,” should be spelled out and capitalized when used before a name on first reference. For example, The debate was proposed by Assemblyman Felix Fosdick. The same rule holds true for formal organizational offices within a legislative body. For example, Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Harry Reid. When referring to a member of the House of Representatives, the word “congressman” or “congresswoman” may be used. For example, Sen. Christopher J. Dodd proposed the legislation. The congressman said it would help small banks.
18. Governors When used as a formal title before a name or names, use “Gov.” or “Govs.” For example, Govs. M. Jodi Rell and Deval Patrick will not be attending the governors conference.
19. People’s Names Although most people in the United States use their family name as their last name, many others in the United States and around the world do not. The family name should be used on second reference, regardless of where that appears in a person’s name. For example, Chinese usually place family names first and given names second. Deng Xiaoping would be Deng on second reference. In some cases, however, Chinese have Westernized their names by changing the order. Ask which is the surname if you have any doubt.
20. People’s Names In Spanish names, the normal sequence is given name, father’s family name and mother’s family name. Some people use both family names as a surname. Some use just the father’s name. For example, Gabriel Garcia Marquez might by Garcia in the second reference or Garcia Marquez, depending on personal preference. Again, ask. Use the English spelling that most closely reproduces the sound of names that were not originally written using the Roman alphabet, such as Russian, Arabic and Chinese names. If a person has a preferred spelling, use that. If there is a spelling in common use (for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Anwar Sadat, Mao Zedong) use that. For more guidance, consult the following headings in the AP Stylebook: Arabic names, Chinese names, Portuguese names, Russian names, Spanish names.
21. Company NamesBy Karen Joseph Even the best Wall Street Journal reporters do not know how every company spells it name. The AP Stylebook lists the proper names of the 100 largest U.S. companies and 50 largest non-U.S. companies under the “Company Names” listing. You can check the names of publicly traded companies by checking the national stock exchanges: www.nyse.com, www.nasdaq.com or www.amex.com Always abbreviate “company,” “companies,” “corporation,” “incorporated” or “limited” when a business uses one of these at the end of its proper name. Do not put a comma before “Inc.” or “Ltd.,” even if the company does so. For example, Amalgamated Flubber Ltd.
22. Company NamesBy Karen Joseph In general, follow the spelling and capitalization used by the company. For example, eBay. (The “e” would be capitalized only if it began a sentence.”) Do not use all capital letters, however, unless each letter is individually announced. For example, IBM is all uppercase. Ikeais not, despite the company’s practice. Do not use exclamation points, asterisks or other symbols that create contrived spellings that may confuse a reader. For example, Yahoo, not Yahoo!; Toys R Us, not Toys ‘R’ Us; E-Trade, not E*Trade. Use an ampersand only if it is part of a formal name. For example, AT&T Inc.
24. AddressesBy Amy Charter Addresses are fairly easy to master, despite the fact that here are three style issues involved: the use of numbers, abbreviations and capitalization. Numbers: Always use numerals to indicate the exact location of a street address. For example: 6 Huntington Ave., 114 Main St. If the name of a street is a number, like Seventh Avenue, spell it out if it is between one and nine. For example, 188 Ninth St. If it is more than nine, use numbers with appropriate ordinal endings (-st, -nd, -rd or –th). For example, 121st Street, 42nd Street, 33rd Street, 54th Street, 87 165th St., 43A 76th St.
25. AddressesBy Amy Charter Abbreviations: Abbreviate the words “street,” “avenue” and “boulevard” in numbered street addresses. Do not abbreviate if there is no number. For example, He lives at 131 Huntington St. He does not live on Prescott Street. She lives at 111 Dowd Ave. She used to live on Torrington Avenue. The store is at 14 Fontaine Blvd. It used to be on Claridge Boulevard. Always spell out the words “circle,” “road,” “terrace,” and “alley.” For example, 131 Huntington Circle, 14 Dunham Road.
26. AddressesBy Amy Charter Capitalization:Words like “street,” “road” and “boulevard” usually are capitalized when they name a particular place because they are part of a proper name. For example, 6 Huntington Road. However, when talking about streets collectively, do not capitalize. For example, He drives on Huntington and Wheeler streets. Compass points: Addresses can get confusing when the street name contains a compass direction. Don’t abbreviate any words if there is no numbered location in the address. For example, East Center Street. Abbreviate “north,” “south,” “east” and “west” in a numbered street address when they are used to show direction. For example, 14 E. Center St. When a compass point is the full name of a street, do not abbreviate it. For example, 131 East St., 4 South Blvd., 18 North Road, 43 West Ave.
27. State namesBy Cecilia Palmer When a state name is used alone it should be spelled out. For example, We lived in New Jersey until last year. When a state name is used with the name of a city or town, however, it is abbreviated. For example, We lived in Newark, N.J., until last year. (Note that when used in this way, the state is set off from the rest of the sentence with commas.) There are eight state names that should never be abbreviated, Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and Utah. (To help you remember them, remember that state names of five letters or fewer are not abbreviated, and the two “newcomer” states are not abbreviated.)
28. State namesBy Cecilia Palmer The state abbreviations used by the Postal service are not used in AP style. The correct AP abbreviations are: Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kan., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Neb., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.M., N.Y., N.C., N.D., Okla., Ore., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.D., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo. (The only exception to this rule is that when a mailing address, complete with ZIP code, is given, postal code abbreviations are used. For example, The City Council of Emerald City, Kan., is seeking donations to repair the statue of L. Frank Baum. Donations may be sent to Save The Statue, P.O. Box 1939, Emerald City, KS 66048. )
29. State namesBy Cecilia Palmer Cities should be identified by state unless the context makes this unnecessary. (For example, a newspaper in Storrs does not have to identify Willimantic as being in Connecticut.) Some cities are so well known that they do not need to be identified by state. (They are listed in the Datelines entry, below.) When necessary, distinguish between cities and states that share a common name. For example: New York state and New York City; Washington state and Washington, D.C.
30. DatelinesBy Shannon Bates The dateline is the words or words that precede the lead sentence and indicate the location of the story. No dateline is needed for a story that is from the same city in which the newspaper is published. The Hartford Courant, for example, does not start each of its locally produced stories with HARTFORD. When a reporter is working in another location, however, a dateline is used. For example, SWANSEA, Mass. – Killer flies attacked four cows here Thursday. Town officials urged residents to arm themselves with flyswatters. When a dateline is used, the location does not have to be repeated in the story. In the Swansea, Mass., story, for example, “town Officials” is assumed to mean “Swansea, Mass., officials.”
31. DatelinesBy Shannon Bates City names in datelines are entirely in capital letters. In most cases, they are followed by the appropriate state abbreviation, in lower-case letters. Some cities are so well known, however, that they do not need identification by state, whether in a dateline or in text. Those cities are: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Indianapolis, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington.
32. DatelinesBy Shannon Bates International cities in datelines are followed by the country name in lower case, with the exception of these cities that stand alone: Baghdad, Beijing, Berlin, Djibouti, Geneva, Gibraltar, Guatemala City, Havana, Hong Kong, Jerusalem, Kuwait City, London, Luxembourg, Macau, Mexico City, Monaco, Montreal, Moscow, New Delhi, Ottawa, Paris, Quebec City, Rome, San Marino, Singapore, Tokyo, Toronto and Vatican City.
34. AbbreviationsBy Lynn Moebus Have compassion for the reader and avoid abbreviations and acronyms when possible. Guidance on how to use particular abbreviations and acronyms is available in the AP Stylebook. They are listed alphabetically. Here are some general guidelines: When a courtesy title is used before a name, it is abbreviated. For example, Dr., Gov., Mr., Mrs., Sen., the Rev. Make sure, though, that you are correct in using the title. Other entries in this guide provide guidance on when to use courtesy titles, legislative titles, military titles and religious titles.
35. AbbreviationsBy Lynn Moebus Acronyms: Some organizations and government agencies are widely recognized by their initials. For example, CIA, FBI, GOP. In those cases, the initials may be used, without periods, in place of the name in all references. If you have a question, look up the acronym in the AP Stylebook. If you may use an acronym, that does not mean that you must use an acronym. For example, you should decide whether to use Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI. To avoid a story full of acronyms, you might prefer to use the full name or “the bureau” in some references. Do not follow an organization’s full name with initials set off in parentheses. Your writing should be clear enough so that this is not necessary. If you use an abbreviation or acronym on the second reference, it should be close enough to the first reference that the meaning is obvious. If it is not clear, write out the name.
36. Governmental BodiesBy Giovanna Trocchi Capitalize the full, proper names of governmental agencies, departments and offices. For example, the U.S. Department of State, the Georgia Department of Human Resources, the Boston City Council, the Chicago Fire Department. If the dateline of the story makes the name of the nation, state or city unnecessary, drop that word but retain capitalization. For example, in a story from Georgia, the Department of Human Resources would be sufficient to identity it as a Georgia agency. When flopping a formal name in order to delete the word “of,” retain the capitalization. For example, the State Department, the Human Resources Department. In referring to more than one agency or department, use lowercase. For example, the New York and New Jersey legislatures, the Mansfield and Coventry police departments. If using a term in a non-specific way, use lowercase. For example, Most states have a state senate or UConn has a fire department.
37. Party AffiliationsBy Gabrielle Orrico Party affiliation should be included in stories if it is needed for identification. In some stories – such as a governor welcoming basketball champions – it is irrelevant information and does not need to be included. There are several ways to designate a person’s political party. For example: • Democratic Sen. Christopher J. Dodd of Connecticut said . . . • Sen. Christopher J. Dodd, D-Conn., said . . . • Sen. Christopher J. Dodd also spoke. The Connecticut Democrat said . . . • Sen. Christopher J. Dodd of Connecticut sought the Democratic nomination.
38. Party AffiliationsBy Gabrielle Orrico No specific reference to party affiliation is necessary in stories about party meetings, such as the Republican National Convention, unless an individual in the story is not a party member. When short forms, such as R-Minn., are used, they should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Use R- for Republicans, D- for Democrats, and I- for Independents.
39. Party AffiliationsBy Gabrielle Orrico House members are usually identified by party and state. In some cases, however, home city may be used if relevant. For example, U. S. Reps. John Larsen, D-East Hartford, and Joe Courtney, D-Vernon, will co-sponsor legislation to improve health care services in eastern Connecticut. State legislators are identified in the same way as U.S. legislators. Precede a title with “state” or “U.S.” only if it is needed for clarity. For example, The committee will recommend that state Rep. Phil P. Falvey replace U.S. Rep. Clyde K. Klutz as its chairman.
40. This fascinating guide was written by members of the Fall 1990, Copy Editing I class. This is proof that UConn journalism students have been suffering with AP style for a long time – and have survived! (Updated in 2009) In case you were wondering . . .