The document is a scoring guideline for a 2009 AP Chemistry exam question relating to halogen oxoacids. It provides the question text and outlines the points earned for each part. The question tests students' understanding of acid strength, Lewis structures, acid/base equilibria, and buffer solutions. It requires calculations of Ka values, hydrolysis constants, ion concentrations, and pH.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
1 Question 1 (Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds - 20 marks.docxjoyjonna282
1
Question 1 (Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds - 20 marks)
(a) Why does hexan-2-one have a lower boiling point than hexan-2-ol?
O OH
(2)
(b) Dehydration of the compound below in acid gives mainly one product. Suggest, with a
reason, what would be the major product.
H
+
heatOH .
(1)
(c) Esters are known for their very pleasant fragrances. The aroma is dependent on the
starting materials used to prepare the ester. Give the original starting materials used to
produce the ester below.
O
O
(2)
(d) The substitution reaction between the alkyl halide below and water results in an alcohol.
2
(i) Show the full mechanism of the reaction as it occurs via an SN1 pathway. Identify
all the elements of the reaction.
(5)
(ii) Which factor can be investigated to determine if the reaction proceeds by a
unimolecular or bimolecular mechanism, and how is it relevant in terms of the
mechanism?
(2)
(iii) Explain briefly whether the chlorine analogue of the substrate would react faster
or slower than the given compound above.
(2)
(iv) Draw a fully labeled energy profile for this SN1 reaction.
(4)
3
Question 2 (Saccharides - Total 14 marks)
(a) Below is the Fischer projection of a sugar.
CHO
HHO
OHH
OHH
HHO
CH2OH
(i) Show a Haworth projection of the cyclic form of the sugar, identifying the
anomeric centre as either or .
(2)
(ii) Fully classify the saccharide above in terms of its optical rotation, carbon skeleton
and class.
(2)
(iii) When the compound is reduced with NaBH4, is the product optically active or
not? Explain your answer.
(2)
(b) What is the process called when the optical rotation of an aqueous solution of a pure
anomer of glucose changes with time? Use chemical structures to demonstrate what is
happening.
(3)
4
(c) The following question relates to the structure below:
A. B.
C.
O
HO
HO
OH
O
OH
O
HO
OH
O
HO
OH
O
O
HO2C
OH OH
(i) Use arrows to identify the glycoside links between sugars a and b as well as b and
c and name them appropriately.
(3)
(ii) Explain if this is a reducing sugar or not.
(2)
5
Question 3 (Amines and Amides - Total 11 marks)
(a) Briefly explain why amines have lower boiling points than amides of similar molecular
weight.
(2)
(b) (i) What is the name of the following amine?
N
(1)
(ii) What is the structure of 2,2-dimethylpentanamine?
(1)
(c) Give the outcome of the reactions below.
(i) Ph-NH2 + CH3-CO2H
(1)
(ii)
H3O
+
N
H
O
(2)
(d) The structure of N-methylpropanamide is given below.
N
H
O
Predict the solubility of N-methylpropanamide by showing the full extent of H-
bonding between the compound and water.
(2)
6
(e) Explain with refe ...
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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