This document summarizes an experiment that tested the effect of pH on the activity of catalase enzymes extracted from potatoes and chicken liver. The results showed that potato catalase activity was highest at pH 7 and decreased equally as pH increased or decreased. In contrast, liver catalase activity remained high from pH 7-9 but significantly decreased in acidic pH 5 conditions. This suggests enzymes are adapted to function optimally in environments similar to where they naturally occur. Limitations included a small number of trials and narrow pH range tested. Improving the experiment would involve more trials across a wider pH range.
Bab 6 membahas kepemimpinan dan kekuasaan. Terdapat pengertian kepemimpinan sebagai proses mempengaruhi orang lain untuk mencapai tujuan, teori kepemimpinan seperti sifat, perilaku, situasional dan atribusi, serta pentingnya transparansi dalam kepemimpinan dan rekonstruksi kepemimpinan transparansi melalui prinsip-prinsip komunikatif, konsistensi, kohesivitas dan partisipatif. J
This document summarizes the presentation of the Head of Operations of the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) regarding the implementation of priority programs under the POLRI Promoter program. It outlines 5 priority areas (cultural reform, public service improvement, increased legal enforcement professionalism, increased public order and security, and media management) and their implementation through 11 programs and 62 activities over 10 months. Progress is monitored through regular reporting and evaluation meetings.
Polri berkomitmen melakukan transformasi menuju organisasi yang lebih profesional, bermoral dan modern melalui empat program utama yaitu: (1) transformasi organisasi, (2) transformasi operasional, (3) transformasi pelayanan publik, dan (4) transformasi pengawasan. Transformasi ini bertujuan meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap Polri.
Makalah kebijakan pendidikan di era otonomi daerahHaubibBro
Makalah ini membahas tentang kebijakan pendidikan di era otonomi daerah. Pertama, dijelaskan bahwa era reformasi telah membawa perubahan manajemen negara menjadi berbasis daerah melalui undang-undang otonomi daerah. Kedua, implementasi otonomi daerah di bidang pendidikan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan namun juga berpotensi menimbulkan perbenturan kepentingan. Ketiga, diperlukan pengaw
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH, MA
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Ceramah Pelatihan Dasar CPNS
Sorong Selatan, 28 Juli 2021
Policy brief ini membahas tentang pengertian dan parameter penulisan policy brief. Policy brief adalah dokumen singkat yang mempresentasikan hasil dan rekomendasi kebijakan dari suatu penelitian untuk pembaca umum. Parameter penulisan policy brief adalah tidak lebih dari 4 halaman dan fokus pada satu topik. Kerangka penulisan policy brief terdiri atas judul dan masalah, faktor penyebab, serta agenda kebijakan.
Bab 6 membahas kepemimpinan dan kekuasaan. Terdapat pengertian kepemimpinan sebagai proses mempengaruhi orang lain untuk mencapai tujuan, teori kepemimpinan seperti sifat, perilaku, situasional dan atribusi, serta pentingnya transparansi dalam kepemimpinan dan rekonstruksi kepemimpinan transparansi melalui prinsip-prinsip komunikatif, konsistensi, kohesivitas dan partisipatif. J
This document summarizes the presentation of the Head of Operations of the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) regarding the implementation of priority programs under the POLRI Promoter program. It outlines 5 priority areas (cultural reform, public service improvement, increased legal enforcement professionalism, increased public order and security, and media management) and their implementation through 11 programs and 62 activities over 10 months. Progress is monitored through regular reporting and evaluation meetings.
Polri berkomitmen melakukan transformasi menuju organisasi yang lebih profesional, bermoral dan modern melalui empat program utama yaitu: (1) transformasi organisasi, (2) transformasi operasional, (3) transformasi pelayanan publik, dan (4) transformasi pengawasan. Transformasi ini bertujuan meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap Polri.
Makalah kebijakan pendidikan di era otonomi daerahHaubibBro
Makalah ini membahas tentang kebijakan pendidikan di era otonomi daerah. Pertama, dijelaskan bahwa era reformasi telah membawa perubahan manajemen negara menjadi berbasis daerah melalui undang-undang otonomi daerah. Kedua, implementasi otonomi daerah di bidang pendidikan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan namun juga berpotensi menimbulkan perbenturan kepentingan. Ketiga, diperlukan pengaw
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH, MA
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN-RI
Disampaikan pada Ceramah Pelatihan Dasar CPNS
Sorong Selatan, 28 Juli 2021
Policy brief ini membahas tentang pengertian dan parameter penulisan policy brief. Policy brief adalah dokumen singkat yang mempresentasikan hasil dan rekomendasi kebijakan dari suatu penelitian untuk pembaca umum. Parameter penulisan policy brief adalah tidak lebih dari 4 halaman dan fokus pada satu topik. Kerangka penulisan policy brief terdiri atas judul dan masalah, faktor penyebab, serta agenda kebijakan.
This experiment tested the relationship between catalase and hydrogen peroxide in different pH levels. Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, and its activity was measured by the rate of oxygen gas production, as indicated by changes in pressure. The results showed that reaction rates generally increased with higher pH levels up to pH 9, but continued rising past pH 7, contrary to expectations since catalase denatures above pH 7. Methodological weaknesses and unreliable pressure sensors may have impacted the accuracy of the results.
The document summarizes a lab report on the effects of pH and concentration on enzyme activity. The introduction provides background on enzymes and their role in catalysis. Four experiments are described that test the effects of enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on the reaction rate of catalase. The results show that higher concentrations of enzyme and substrate as well as optimal pH levels increase reaction rate, while higher temperatures and enzyme inhibitors decrease activity. Overall, the objectives of determining how environmental factors influence reaction rates were met.
The document summarizes a student's biology lab experiment on the effect of adding increasing amounts of catalase enzyme to hydrogen peroxide solutions. The student's hypothesis that the rate of gas production would increase as more catalase was added was supported by the results. The average rate of gas production increased from trial to trial as 1, 3, 6, or 9 droplets of catalase were added. However, the expected leveling off of the reaction rate with sufficient catalase was not clearly observed. Limitations included inconsistent droplet sizes and potential contamination between trials.
Over the past decade, there have been a growing number of mAb candidates entering the clinical pipeline. This results in a large increase on the demand for analytical characterization. This seminar discusses advances in analytical method development with analytical run times below 10 minutes for all routine methods with intelligent, integrated chromatography workflows. Orbitrap technology has been established as the most powerful MS technology for protein characterization. How this can be incorporated into a complete workflow for bio-pharma analysis is also discussed.
The document describes an experiment to identify an unknown salt sample labelled 38A. Preliminary tests of pH, solubility, and reaction to sulfuric acid were conducted. The salt was found to have a slightly acidic pH of 6.9, be soluble in water, and show no reaction to sulfuric acid. Confirmation tests were then used to identify the cation and anion. Through a process of elimination using test observations and data from a lab manual, the anion was identified as bromide and the cation as magnesium. The most difficult test to achieve reliable results for was the acetate test due to its concentration dependence and reliance on color identification.
The document describes an experiment to identify an unknown salt sample labelled 38A. Preliminary tests on the salt found it to have a slightly acidic pH of 6.9 and be soluble in water, with no change after adding sulfuric acid. Confirmation tests on the anion and cation were then used to identify them. Through a process of elimination using test observations and data from a lab manual, the anion was identified as bromide due to the brown-yellow hue from an organic layer test. Flame and other cation tests similarly identified the cation as magnesium. The most difficult test to interpret accurately was the acetate test due to its concentration dependence and reliance on color identification.
Acid Base Balance for EMS presentation - appropriate for all levels of EMS personnel; includes interactive components for audience and small group participation and learning; questions? call Porter, Littleton and Parker EMS in Colorado at 303-765-6367 (303-765-6EMS)
Measuring pKas, logP and Solubility by Automated titrationJon Mole
Presentation by Sirius Analytical covering measurement of pKa, LogP, LogD, Solubility, Supersaturation and precipitation kinetics.
For more details visit www.sirius-analytical.com
This document discusses pKa (acid dissociation constant) and log P (partition coefficient).
It defines pKa as the negative base 10 logarithm of Ka, which is a quantitative measurement of acid strength. Common methods to determine pKa include potentiometric titration and spectrophotometric methods. Log P is the ratio of concentrations of a compound between octanol and water, and is a measure of lipophilicity. Common methods to determine log P include the shake flask method and HPLC. Both pKa and log P values are important parameters in drug design and development as they influence absorption, distribution, and other pharmacokinetic properties.
The document summarizes research conducted to further develop and compare an ATP saline method for measuring ATP in high saline waters. The research included:
1. Comparing the ATP saline method to the Promega optimized protocol in freshwater, finding the ATP saline method correlated well and was 22% higher.
2. Investigating the correlation of ATP saline with intact cell concentrations in fresh and saline water, finding a strong correlation.
3. Testing and comparing the ATP saline method to the Promega ATP Water Glo kit in saline water, finding similar results but higher variation for ATP Water Glo.
The overall goal was to verify and optimize the ATP saline method for measuring ATP in various aquatic environments, especially saline
This document discusses how various factors affect the activity of enzymes. It examines how temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can impact the rate of enzymatic reactions. The text provides examples of how increasing temperature or adjusting pH can alter an enzyme's tertiary structure and influence its ability to catalyze reactions. It also explains that higher substrate concentrations generally correlate with increased reaction rates, as long as the enzyme amount remains constant. The document then describes an experiment that specifically tests the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate levels on the enzyme activity of peroxidase.
This document summarizes a seminar on interpreting arterial blood gas results. It discusses conditions that can invalidate ABG results like delayed analysis or excessive heparin. It also covers assessing a patient's acid-base and oxygenation status from an ABG. For acid-base status, it describes the four primary acid-base disorders and how the respiratory and renal systems compensate. It provides a stepwise approach to ABG interpretation and discusses respiratory alkalosis in particular.
The student conducted experiments to test the effects of coal mining and alternative energy sources on water pH and motor speed powered by solar panels. The results showed that pyrite increased water acidity as hypothesized, while activated carbon decreased acidity unexpectedly. Tests of solar panel angle also found that motor speed was unaffected by direct or indirect sunlight, but increased with a reflective surface behind the panel as predicted.
The document provides an overview of acid-base disorders and interpreting arterial blood gases (ABGs). It discusses the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, compensation mechanisms, normal ABG ranges, and a step-by-step approach to analyzing ABGs. This includes checking the pH, pCO2, selecting the appropriate compensation formula, evaluating anion gap, delta-delta ratio, and urine pH to differentiate primary from combined acid-base disorders. Several case examples are then presented and analyzed using this approach.
The student discusses their experience taking IB biology over the past two years of high school. They explain how the course has engaged them in asking questions and carrying out experiments to answer hypotheses. They chose to focus on their experience in IB biology because it has grown their passion for the field and they enjoy carrying out investigations. The ways of knowing of reason, emotion, and language have most connected to their experience. Reasoning is key to the scientific method and carrying out experiments, while emotion provides motivation for questions. Language allows findings to be shared but can also reflect biases. The student recognizes limitations in each way of knowing and how it will inform their future learning approach.
The document summarizes the author's experiences with test-taking anxiety and athletic performance in relation to stress and arousal levels. During a biology exam, the author panicked and couldn't focus, missing questions and performing poorly. Their nervousness overwhelmed their ability to reason and concentrate. In contrast, at a swim meet the author felt adrenaline but was able to perform at their best without overthinking, setting personal records. The author suggests their arousal was too high for reasoning during the exam but ideal for their physical performance in swimming.
A traveler in a Thai forest jumps away in fear upon seeing what appears to be a large snake near their feet. However, upon further inspection, it turns out to be just a discolored vine on the forest floor. Though the traveler believed they saw a snake, and it does turn out there is an actual snake beneath the vines, this cannot be considered knowledge since the traveler's initial belief was wrong and the validity of their claim was merely due to chance rather than a true understanding of the situation. This represents a Gettier case where a claim meets the justified true belief definition of knowledge but is not actually knowledge due to the misleading context.
The film Rashomon explores the concept of truth and reality through contradictory stories told by characters about a murder. Roger Ebert believes truth is subjective based on human interpretation, while Errol Morris sees truth as objective but dependent on human perception. While Morris's view aligns more with a philosophical concept of truth, the contradictory stories in Rashomon make determining an absolute truth difficult. Ebert's view that individual truths can differ based on motives fits better for analyzing the characters' stories in the film.
Language can be ambiguous for several reasons, including that people rarely say exactly what they mean and certain phrases can have multiple interpretations. There are five main problems with ambiguity in everyday language, one being ambiguity itself. Ambiguous sentences can mislead people if exploited, such as in politics or advertising, but providing more context through a longer passage or dialogue can help clarify the intended interpretation.
The document summarizes the author's experiences with test-taking anxiety and athletic performance in relation to stress and arousal levels. During a biology exam, the author panicked and couldn't focus, missing questions and performing poorly. Their nervousness overwhelmed their ability to reason and concentrate. In contrast, at a swim meet the author felt adrenaline but was able to perform at their best without overthinking, setting personal records. The author suggests their arousal was too high for reasoning during the exam but provided a beneficial boost for their physical performance swimming.
The document describes LACSAP's Fractions, a symmetrical number array. It derives equations to find values in the 6th and 7th rows by identifying patterns in the numerators and denominators. The numerator pattern is represented by the equation n = 0.5r^2 + 0.5r, where n is the numerator and r is the row number. The denominator pattern is d = r + n - 1, where d is the denominator, r is the row number, and n is the numerator. These equations are validated by plugging in known values and continuing additional rows. The scope and limitations of the equations are discussed.
Traditional Thai massage originated over 2,500 years ago in ancient India and was founded by Jivaka Khumar Bhaccha. It was practiced by monks in Thailand and used healing techniques that harmonized the flow of bodily energy. Now, Thai massage is practiced worldwide for its therapeutic benefits and taught in licensed schools across Thailand, though some see its connection to the sex industry as a challenge. The massage balances energy, reduces pain, and stimulates circulation through specific positions and techniques, but improper practice could potentially cause harm.
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This experiment tested the relationship between catalase and hydrogen peroxide in different pH levels. Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, and its activity was measured by the rate of oxygen gas production, as indicated by changes in pressure. The results showed that reaction rates generally increased with higher pH levels up to pH 9, but continued rising past pH 7, contrary to expectations since catalase denatures above pH 7. Methodological weaknesses and unreliable pressure sensors may have impacted the accuracy of the results.
The document summarizes a lab report on the effects of pH and concentration on enzyme activity. The introduction provides background on enzymes and their role in catalysis. Four experiments are described that test the effects of enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on the reaction rate of catalase. The results show that higher concentrations of enzyme and substrate as well as optimal pH levels increase reaction rate, while higher temperatures and enzyme inhibitors decrease activity. Overall, the objectives of determining how environmental factors influence reaction rates were met.
The document summarizes a student's biology lab experiment on the effect of adding increasing amounts of catalase enzyme to hydrogen peroxide solutions. The student's hypothesis that the rate of gas production would increase as more catalase was added was supported by the results. The average rate of gas production increased from trial to trial as 1, 3, 6, or 9 droplets of catalase were added. However, the expected leveling off of the reaction rate with sufficient catalase was not clearly observed. Limitations included inconsistent droplet sizes and potential contamination between trials.
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The document describes an experiment to identify an unknown salt sample labelled 38A. Preliminary tests of pH, solubility, and reaction to sulfuric acid were conducted. The salt was found to have a slightly acidic pH of 6.9, be soluble in water, and show no reaction to sulfuric acid. Confirmation tests were then used to identify the cation and anion. Through a process of elimination using test observations and data from a lab manual, the anion was identified as bromide and the cation as magnesium. The most difficult test to achieve reliable results for was the acetate test due to its concentration dependence and reliance on color identification.
The document describes an experiment to identify an unknown salt sample labelled 38A. Preliminary tests on the salt found it to have a slightly acidic pH of 6.9 and be soluble in water, with no change after adding sulfuric acid. Confirmation tests on the anion and cation were then used to identify them. Through a process of elimination using test observations and data from a lab manual, the anion was identified as bromide due to the brown-yellow hue from an organic layer test. Flame and other cation tests similarly identified the cation as magnesium. The most difficult test to interpret accurately was the acetate test due to its concentration dependence and reliance on color identification.
Acid Base Balance for EMS presentation - appropriate for all levels of EMS personnel; includes interactive components for audience and small group participation and learning; questions? call Porter, Littleton and Parker EMS in Colorado at 303-765-6367 (303-765-6EMS)
Measuring pKas, logP and Solubility by Automated titrationJon Mole
Presentation by Sirius Analytical covering measurement of pKa, LogP, LogD, Solubility, Supersaturation and precipitation kinetics.
For more details visit www.sirius-analytical.com
This document discusses pKa (acid dissociation constant) and log P (partition coefficient).
It defines pKa as the negative base 10 logarithm of Ka, which is a quantitative measurement of acid strength. Common methods to determine pKa include potentiometric titration and spectrophotometric methods. Log P is the ratio of concentrations of a compound between octanol and water, and is a measure of lipophilicity. Common methods to determine log P include the shake flask method and HPLC. Both pKa and log P values are important parameters in drug design and development as they influence absorption, distribution, and other pharmacokinetic properties.
The document summarizes research conducted to further develop and compare an ATP saline method for measuring ATP in high saline waters. The research included:
1. Comparing the ATP saline method to the Promega optimized protocol in freshwater, finding the ATP saline method correlated well and was 22% higher.
2. Investigating the correlation of ATP saline with intact cell concentrations in fresh and saline water, finding a strong correlation.
3. Testing and comparing the ATP saline method to the Promega ATP Water Glo kit in saline water, finding similar results but higher variation for ATP Water Glo.
The overall goal was to verify and optimize the ATP saline method for measuring ATP in various aquatic environments, especially saline
This document discusses how various factors affect the activity of enzymes. It examines how temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can impact the rate of enzymatic reactions. The text provides examples of how increasing temperature or adjusting pH can alter an enzyme's tertiary structure and influence its ability to catalyze reactions. It also explains that higher substrate concentrations generally correlate with increased reaction rates, as long as the enzyme amount remains constant. The document then describes an experiment that specifically tests the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate levels on the enzyme activity of peroxidase.
This document summarizes a seminar on interpreting arterial blood gas results. It discusses conditions that can invalidate ABG results like delayed analysis or excessive heparin. It also covers assessing a patient's acid-base and oxygenation status from an ABG. For acid-base status, it describes the four primary acid-base disorders and how the respiratory and renal systems compensate. It provides a stepwise approach to ABG interpretation and discusses respiratory alkalosis in particular.
The student conducted experiments to test the effects of coal mining and alternative energy sources on water pH and motor speed powered by solar panels. The results showed that pyrite increased water acidity as hypothesized, while activated carbon decreased acidity unexpectedly. Tests of solar panel angle also found that motor speed was unaffected by direct or indirect sunlight, but increased with a reflective surface behind the panel as predicted.
The document provides an overview of acid-base disorders and interpreting arterial blood gases (ABGs). It discusses the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, compensation mechanisms, normal ABG ranges, and a step-by-step approach to analyzing ABGs. This includes checking the pH, pCO2, selecting the appropriate compensation formula, evaluating anion gap, delta-delta ratio, and urine pH to differentiate primary from combined acid-base disorders. Several case examples are then presented and analyzed using this approach.
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- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
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1. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Introduction
Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in all living organism.
Enzymes catalyze these reactions by breaking apart the bonds of a substrate on the active site
(as shown on the diagram below).
There four variables that influence the rate at which enzymes catalyze substrate, these being:
temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration and pH. pH is a measurement
between 1 and 14 which indicates how acidic or basic a substance is, where a pH of 7 is
neutral and neither basic or acidic. Catalase is an enzyme found in chicken liver and potatoes
which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen (O2) and water
(H2O). The catalyzation of hydrogen peroxide is represented in the formula below.
H2O2--------------- Catalase------------ 2 H2O + O2
As mentioned earlier both potatoes and chicken liver have catalase, however the environment
of a potato is much different than chicken liver. Chicken liver has an alkaline environment
due to the daily production of digestive bile which is basic. Potatoes have a more stable and
neutral environment within them. Despite these two starkly different environments, the
catalase enzyme proves to be present and working in both.
Although most enzymes work at an optimal pH level of 7, some enzymes work at an optimal
level that fits the environment that surrounds them.
Research Question: How will pH effect enzyme activity in catalase extracted from potatoes
in contrast to catalase extracted from chicken liver?
The independent variable in this experiment is the pH of the environment that the catalase
will be catalyzing in (pH 5, pH 7, pH 9) and the dependent variable is the rate at which the
catalase breaks down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Numerous variables can affect enzyme activity and thus will be controlled. The
concentration of the enzyme will be kept constant for all trials, as alterations of enzyme
concentration can affect enzyme activity. The concentration of the substrates will be kept
constant for all trials, as this is another variable that can affect enzyme activity. Temperature
of enzyme, pH and substrate solutions will be kept constant at room temperature, to minimize
discrepancy as temperature of either substrate or enzyme can affect enzyme activity.
Materials
45 ml 20% Chicken Liver 2 Hole Rubber Stopper Computer
45 ml 10% Potato Solution Syringe LabPro
3ml each pH (5,7,9) 3 x 10ml beakers LoggerPro
1% Hydrogen Peroxide 10ml Test Tube Gas Pressure Sensor
2. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Method
1. Two enzyme solutions were made. The potato solution was made up of 10grams of
potato blended with 100ml of water. The chicken liver solutions were made up of 20
ml of chicken liver blended with 200ml of water. Although percent concentration
differs between the two solutions, this is not a variable, as the data of reaction rate
would then be manipulated into percents, where this would be insignificant.
2. For every trial, 3ml of hydrogen peroxide solution was placed in a test tube with 3ml
of a pH buffer. The test tube would be shut with the 2 hole gas stopper, one hole was
for the injection of the enzyme solution as the other hole was connected to the gas
pressure sensor, which would record the pressure of the test tube, allowing for the
determining of the enzyme reaction rate. (The diagram below represents the setup of
this lab)
3. Collection of data began prior to the injection of the enzyme into the hydrogen
peroxide/pH solution. Data collection was graphed through the LoggerPro software
which was connected to the LabPro hardware, further connected to the gas pressure
sensor probe.
4. Once the enzyme reactivity diminished, data collection was stopped, and the gradient
of the graph was recorded using a LoggerPro, prior to the graph’s plateau. This
gradient is the reaction rate.
5. 5 trials were collected for each pH (5,7,9) under both catalase solutions.
Syringe
Gas Pressure Sensor
Test Tube Stopper
Test Tube
LabPro Hardware
Computer/LoggerPro
3. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Results
Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity Rate at Varying pH
Liver Catalase Reactivity Rate at Varying pH Potato Reactivity Rate at Varying pH
kPa/s ± 0.01 kPa/s ± 0.01
pH T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Avg. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Avg.
5 1.365 1.299 1.942 - - 1.536 .03431 .03647 .03471 .03560 .03629 .03548 ±
± .00108
.322
7 6.629 6.740 6.241 - - 6.540 .03764 .03949 .04022 .03927 .04212 .03957 ±
± .00180
.250
9 5.000 6.756 6.106 - - 5.954 .03217 .03514 .03349 .03632 .03541 .03451 ±
± .00208
.878
The table above is the raw data table collected during the experiment.
Additional Observations
- Liver catalase solution had “chunks” of liver floating in it
-Potato catalase solution had potato chunks floating in it
-When enzymes were injected into hydrogen peroxide/pH solution bubbles began forming on
the surface and in the solution
-Syringe may have absorbed some of the gas, the possible cause of depression on the some of
the graphs
-The rubber stopper popped off when the pressure in the test tube reached a certain point
-Potato was used on different days, freshness changed
Sample Graph
Graph above is trial 5 of pH 7 for potato catalase. As seen in graph the gradient is recorded
as it represents rate of reaction. The spike at the beginning of the graph is the insertion of
enzyme, pressure decreases as some filled the syringe used to inject enzymes.
4. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Sample Calculations
Calculating Average Uncertainty
Manipulating Averages into Percentages (The concentration of enzyme is different for potato
and chicken liver, by converting the averages into percentages it will be easier and more
realistic to compare and contrast the catalase in potatoes to the catalase in enzymes)
Above are the formulas used to calculate the averages into percentages.
The Calculations Shown below is the manipulation of averages to percentages for chicken
liver.
Processed Data Table
Optimal pH of Liver Catalase and Potato Catalase Enzyme Reactivity
% Optimal pH of Liver Catalase % Optimal pH of Potato Catalase
Enzyme Reactivity Enzyme Reactivity
pH Avg. kPa/s % Optimal Avg. kPa/s % Optimal
5 1.536 23 .03548 86
7 6.540 100 .04123 100
9 5.954 91 .03451 84
The table above is processed data that shows the % optimal the catalases are at different pHs
5. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Processed Graphs
Note* The graphs share the same X-axis and Y-axis units, so they can be compared directly.
Liver Catalase Optimum Vs. pH
120
% of Optimal Reactivity
100
80
60
40 Series1
20
0
5 6 7 8 9
pH
The graph above shows the correlation between percent Optimal of liver catalase against pH
Potato Catalase Optimum Vs. pH
120
100
80
% Optimal
60
40 Series1
20
0
5 6 7 8 9
pH
The graph above shows the correlation between percent Optimal of potato catalase against
pH.
6. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Conclusion
Results show differing affects of pH on the catalase of potatoes compared to catalase of liver.
Potato catalase was at 100% optimal level at pH 7, and as the pH became more acidic or
basic, the efficiency of the enzyme decreases, almost equally, thus graphing a parabola shape.
Potato catalase had an 84 % optimal level at pH 9 whereas, pH 5 was 86%, which suggests
that the further away the environment is from pH7 the less reactivity levels the potato
catalase, performs at. The liver catalase however, did not decrease equally as 2 pH levels
were increased or decreased. Rather as the pH increased, the optimal level remained steady,
over 90% but as the pH decreased into an acidic solution, the enzyme reactivity drastically
dropped from 100% optimal level performance at pH 7 to 21% optimal level performance at
pH 5. The results suggest that enzymes are fit for their environment, and work at optimal
levels when their surroundings are identical to that of where they catalyze reactions. As
mentioned in the introduction, the liver catalase would most likely have higher reactivity in a
environment of alkaline, as liver produces alkaline bile for digestion, and have less reactivity
in an environment that is acidic because it would be useless in a basic environment. The
result show that in between ph 7 and ph 9, reactivity is near or at its highest, and the
theoretical pH level of the liver is about 8. The congruence with the theoretical data and the
data collected show an even greater correlation between optimal performance of liver catalase
and pH. And finally potato catalase would seem optimal at pH 7, since the potato is an
environment of neutral conditions.
The results that were collected from the optimal % levels and pH of potato catalase is
identical to the general trend of most other enzymes. This trend is that pH 7 is the pH of
optimal enzyme reactivity. As well as pH increases or decreases, the enzyme reactivity
decreases.
Unlike the trend of most enzymes, liver catalase does not decrease as pH increases past pH 7,
rather it maintains a steady reactivity rate and does not drop. Liver catalase has a wider range
at which it can perform at optimal levels, between pH 7 and pH 9, however the performance
of the enzyme severely diminishes once it is in an acidic atmosphere where it is denatured
and less likely to catalyze hydrogen peroxide.
Limitations
There are several limitations of this lab. Procedural limitations firstly consist of the small
number of trials done on liver and pH. Maximizing the trials on each pH from 3 to 5 would
have been beneficial to data collection and manipulation as it increases the confidence of
what the data has to express. Another procedural limitation, is that the data is only limited to
3 pH’s. The data could have benefitted more if there was a larger range and/or smaller
increment between pH. This would have been beneficial, as it would allow the identification
of smaller details and how the enzymes worked under more various conditions.
7. Preston Fernandez Optimal pH of Liver and Potato Catalase Reactivity HL BIO P.8
Limitations in the experiment itself, was the possible pollution of test tubes. If all lab ware
had not been perfectly clean, chemical remnants of past experimentation could have thrown
data. Because the experimentation was over a period of time, the room temperature could
have differed one day to the next which could have altered data, as temperature is a factor
that influences enzyme reactivity. As well, the use of old potato could have been a
discrepancy as the dried out and old potato probably had a larger concentration of already
denatured enzymes; this could have been an anomaly in the data as well.
Modifications
This lab would have been more successful if there had been more trials. More trials suggest
less error and higher confidence in data. Secondly a wider range of pH and smaller
increments from on pH to another would be added. This would be to increase significance as
well as find minute and more intricate details in the data because of the larger range.
Reassurance of washed and dried Labware should be made aware of in the lab, to prevent
experimenters from polluting their own data or other’s data. If experimentation takes place
during multiple sessions, temperature should be recorded for reference, just in case it does
cause a discrepancy in the data. And finally, fresh potatoes should be used after each and
every session, and if possible use the same potato and obtain all trials needed from that potato
in that one session. This decreases the amount of discrepancy from changing the potato, and
allowing the enzymes in the potato to denature.