The document contains an explanation of angles of elevation and depression in geometry, along with examples of using these concepts to solve problems. It defines angles of elevation and depression, shows how they relate using alternate interior angles, and provides examples of classifying these angles and using them to calculate distances and heights when given relevant angles and side lengths. The final section contains a short quiz to assess understanding of classifying and solving problems involving angles of elevation and depression.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistance
Ao dand aoe
1. GT Drill 4/1/14
• Grab a responder and take out
your classwork from yesterday.
• NO drill Today
• Quiz/Test on Trig Friday
• Start of Math month
2. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Solve problems involving angles of
elevation and angles of depression.
Objective
3. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
angle of elevation
angle of depression
Vocabulary
4. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
An angle of elevation is the angle formed by a
horizontal line and a line of sight to a point above
the line. In the diagram, 1 is the angle of elevation
from the tower T to the plane P.
An angle of depression is the angle formed by a
horizontal line and a line of sight to a point below
the line. 2 is the angle of depression from the
plane to the tower.
5. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Since horizontal lines are parallel, 1 2 by the
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem. Therefore the
angle of elevation from one point is congruent
to the angle of depression from the other point.
6. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 1A: Classifying Angles of Elevation and
Depression
Classify each angle as an
angle of elevation or an
angle of depression.
1
1 is formed by a horizontal line and a line of
sight to a point below the line. It is an angle of
depression.
7. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 1B: Classifying Angles of Elevation and
Depression
Classify each angle as an
angle of elevation or an
angle of depression.
4
4 is formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight
to a point above the line. It is an angle of elevation.
8. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Check It Out! Example 1
Use the diagram above to
classify each angle as an angle
of elevation or angle of
depression.
1a. 5
1b. 6
6 is formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight
to a point above the line. It is an angle of elevation.
5 is formed by a horizontal line and a line of
sight to a point below the line. It is an angle of
depression.
9. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 2: Finding Distance by Using Angle of
Elevation
The Seattle Space Needle casts a 67-
meter shadow. If the angle of
elevation from the tip of the shadow
to the top of the Space Needle is
70º, how tall is the Space Needle?
Round to the nearest meter.
Draw a sketch to represent the
given information. Let A
represent the tip of the shadow,
and let B represent the top of
the Space Needle. Let y be the
height of the Space Needle.
10. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 2 Continued
You are given the side adjacent to
A, and y is the side opposite A.
So write a tangent ratio.
y = 67 tan 70° Multiply both sides by 67.
y 184 m Simplify the expression.
11. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Check It Out! Example 2
What if…? Suppose the plane is at an altitude of
3500 ft and the angle of elevation from the airport to
the plane is 29°. What is the horizontal distance
between the plane and the airport? Round to the
nearest foot.
3500 ft
29°
You are given the side opposite
A, and x is the side adjacent to
A. So write a tangent ratio.
Multiply both sides by x and
divide by tan 29 .
x 6314 ft Simplify the expression.
12. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 3: Finding Distance by Using Angle of
Depression
An ice climber stands at the edge of a
crevasse that is 115 ft wide. The angle of
depression from the edge where she stands to
the bottom of the opposite side is 52º. How
deep is the crevasse at this point? Round to
the nearest foot.
13. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 3 Continued
Draw a sketch to represent
the given information. Let C
represent the ice climber and
let B represent the bottom of
the opposite side of the
crevasse. Let y be the depth
of the crevasse.
14. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 3 Continued
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m B = 52°.
Write a tangent ratio.
y = 115 tan 52° Multiply both sides by 115.
y 147 ft Simplify the expression.
15. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Check It Out! Example 3
What if…? Suppose the ranger sees another fire
and the angle of depression to the fire is 3°. What
is the horizontal distance to this fire? Round to the
nearest foot.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m F = 3°.
Write a tangent ratio.
Multiply both sides by x and
divide by tan 3 .
x 1717 ft Simplify the expression.
3°
16. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 4: Shipping Application
An observer in a lighthouse is 69 ft above the
water. He sights two boats in the water directly
in front of him. The angle of depression to the
nearest boat is 48º. The angle of depression to
the other boat is 22º. What is the distance
between the two boats? Round to the nearest
foot.
17. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 4 Application
Step 1 Draw a sketch.
Let L represent the
observer in the
lighthouse and let A
and B represent the
two boats. Let x be the
distance between the
two boats.
18. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Example 4 Continued
Step 2 Find y.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem,
m CAL = 58°.
.
In ∆ALC,
So
19. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 3 Find z.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem,
m CBL = 22°.
Example 4 Continued
In ∆BLC,
So
20. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 4 Find x.
So the two boats are about 109 ft apart.
Example 4 Continued
x = z – y
x 170.8 – 62.1 109 ft
21. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Check It Out! Example 4
A pilot flying at an altitude of 12,000 ft sights
two airports directly in front of him. The angle
of depression to one airport is 78°, and the
angle of depression to the second airport is
19°. What is the distance between the two
airports? Round to the nearest foot.
22. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 1 Draw a sketch. Let P represent the pilot and
let A and B represent the two airports. Let x be the
distance between the two airports.
Check It Out! Example 4 Continued
78°
19°
78° 19°
12,000 ft
23. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 2 Find y.
By the Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem, m CAP = 78°.
Check It Out! Example 4 Continued
In ∆APC,
So
24. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 3 Find z.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem,
m CBP = 19°.
Check It Out! Example 4 Continued
In ∆BPC,
So
25. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Step 4 Find x.
So the two airports are about 32,300 ft apart.
Check It Out! Example 4 Continued
x = z – y
x 34,851 – 2551 32,300 ft
26. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Lesson Quiz: Part I
Classify each angle as an angle of elevation
or angle of depression.
1. 6
2. 9
angle of depression
angle of elevation
27. Holt McDougal Geometry
8-4 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Lesson Quiz: Part II
3. A plane is flying at an altitude of 14,500 ft.
The angle of depression from the plane to a
control tower is 15°. What is the horizontal
distance from the plane to the tower? Round to
the nearest foot.
4. A woman is standing 12 ft from a sculpture.
The angle of elevation from her eye to the top
of the sculpture is 30°, and the angle of
depression to its base is 22°. How tall is the
sculpture to the nearest foot?
54,115 ft
12 ft