The document discusses anxiety related to computer-mediated communication (CMC). It proposes that CMC anxiety is influenced by factors like computer anxiety, oral communication apprehension, and familiarity with CMC. The researchers developed a model of the relationships between these factors, CMC anxiety, and CMC use. They tested the model through a survey study of university students, finding support for relationships between computer anxiety, oral communication apprehension, and negative attitudes toward CMC like email. The study provides insights into individual reactions to computing and communication technologies.

1. WHO’S AFRAID OF THE VIRTUAL WORLD?
ANXIETY AND COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:
LUBNA
BAKHTAWAR
OM PIRKASH
M. HASSAAN

2. ABSTRACT
Technology
Mediated Learning
Computer Mediated
Communication
Email
Computer
Apprehension
CMC Anxiety
Computer Anxiety

3. INTRODUCTION
• CMC application is widespread in business and educational institutions.
• Brownell survey that 123 large business continues to invest in CMC applications.
• Organization dependency is one type of CMC, Email ( salience).
• Educational organization
• Information System identified the attitude towards use of computer and
technology. (Agarwal & Parsad 1999).
• Computer Anxiety (CA) have a –ve influence upon use of CMC medium.
• Research on C.A expose the experience of individuals
• Email has been found to have a significant impact on Learning process.

4. Conceptual Background & Model
Development
• CMC system are computer based system.
• This System include many of the tools used to communicate today.
• Information technology is widespread in organization,
• Research supports the notions.
• CMC is still generally new to the general population.
• CMC application & technology appears to widely adopted at the Org level.

5. ANXIETY
• Unpleasant emotional state or condition.
• Anxiety mediates the relationship b/w
beliefs and behavior. For example
• Its is an obstacle.

6. CMC ANXIETY
• Individual fear or apprehension associated
with actual or anticipated use of information
technology to communicate with others.
• Virtual teams to resolve conflict and solve
problems.

7. COMPUTER ANXIETY
• Is the tendency of individual to be uneasy or fearful.
• Individual is at risk for resisting the use of computer technology.

8. COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
With regard to communicating, anxiety is
studied under the heading of communication
apprehension, and is defined as “an
individual’s level of fear or anxiety
associated with either real or anticipated
communication with persons.
(McCroskey, 1984, )

9. ORAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Oral communication apprehension is the fear or anxiety associated with situations in which oral
communication is required (McCroskey, 1984). Research has demonstrated that individuals high
in oral communication apprehension avoid situations in which speaking is required (e.g., Daly
and McCroskey, 1975; Lederman, 1982)

10. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Written communication apprehension is the fear or anxiety associated with situations in which
writing is required (Daly and Miller, 1975). Research suggests that individuals who are writing
apprehensive will avoid those situations that evoke the anxiety.

11. FAMILIARITY
Familiarity is a combination of the knowledge, understanding, and amount of time an individual has
had experience with something. Much research indicates that familiarity with computers is inversely
related to computer anxiety (e.g., Heinssen et al., 1987; Igbaria and Chakrabarti, 1990; Igbaria and
Parasuraman, 1989; Rosen and Maguire, 1990; Todman and Monaghan, 1994.

12. ATTITUDES AND USE
Attitudes toward using and actual use of technology have long been the subject of research in the
area of technology acceptance, with research demonstrating a relationship among beliefs, attitudes,
and behaviors (Davis et al., 1989; Karahanna et al., 1999; Taylor and Todd, 1995).

13. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Frequency Percent
• Freshman 6 3.1
• Sophomore 88 45.6
• Junior 72 37.3
• Senior 22 11.4
• Graduate 4 2.1
• Male 68 35.2
• Female 125 64.8

15. MEASUREMENT MODEL
 TABLE 2.
“Constructs and Items”
PSL-Graph
Sample size
2-step approach

17. TABLE 3.
“Descriptive Statistics and Internal Composite Reliabilities
(ICR)”
 Psychometric properties of scales
Similar to Cronbach’s alpha
Descriptive statistics and Internal Composite Reliability (ICR)

18. TABLE 4.
“Inter-construct Correlations”
Average variance
Diagonal value is larger
Discriminant validity

20. TABLE 5.
“Factor Loadings and Cross Factor Analysis”
Factor loading and cross loading

22. STRUCTURAL MODEL

23. DISCUSSION
Factors Leading to CMC anxiety include
• computer anxiety,
• oral communication
• Apprehension
• CMC familiarity

24. IMPLICATION FOR RESEARCH
• Findings indicate that oral communication apprehensive have negative attitudes toward
using email and avoid using it
• Show no significant relationship between written communication apprehension and
CMC use.
• Individuals who have CMC anxiety may be at risk in those electronic environments that
rely heavily on CMC for interactions, such as distance education and virtual teams.

25. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
• Examining the model in an organizational context will aid in assessing external validity and in
understanding more fully the implications of organizational use of CMC applications.
• Future research can incorporate performance outcomes that are closely connected to CMC anxiety
and use, such as performance appraisals, thus providing a richer understanding of the consequences
of CMC anxiety.

26. CONCLUSION
• This study provides insights into some potential individual reactions to computing
• Research that aims to develop our understanding of the relationship among
communication technologies, the people who use them, and the resulting outcomes of
their use.