Antisperm antibody, presentation task in Infertility class. Our study program is Andrology, Medical Faculty, Airlangga University.
Visit us in:
Andrologi FK UNAIR: http://spesialis1.andrologi.fk.unair.ac.id/
FK UNAIR: http://fk.unair.ac.id/
UNAIR: http://unair.ac.id/
This document describes the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test process and interpretation. The SCD test involves adding semen samples to agarose on a microscope slide, staining it, and examining under a microscope. Sperm with intact DNA will show halos of dispersed chromatin around the core, while fragmented sperm will not. The document outlines the steps of heating and cooling the agarose, adding and incubating the semen sample, washing and staining the slide, then examining under a microscope. Sperm are scored and the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA (SDF%) is calculated, with lower percentages indicating better sperm DNA integrity.
This document discusses intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), a technique that uses higher magnification than conventional ICSI to select sperm for fertilization. It provides background on sperm morphology and vacuoles, and their relationship to fertility outcomes. Studies comparing IMSI to ICSI are summarized, finding improved outcomes with IMSI, especially in cases of poor semen quality or previous ICSI failure. Guidelines for when IMSI may be beneficial over conventional ICSI are presented.
This document discusses various sperm preparation methods used for intrauterine insemination (IUI). It describes the simple wash method, swim-up method, and density gradient centrifugation method. For each method, it provides the steps, including centrifugation speeds and times. It also covers preparing samples for retrograde ejaculation and samples from HIV-infected patients. The goal of sperm preparation is to select motile sperm and remove other seminal constituents like debris to maximize the chances of fertilization during IUI.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation (Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, Test, Techniques, Relation to other semen parameters, Relationship to leucocytes, Relation to ICSI outcomes, Clinical applications, significance and limitations)
Sperm retrieval techniques - nuts and boltsSandro Esteves
This document summarizes a training program in assisted reproductive technology focusing on azoospermia. It discusses the differences between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia and various sperm retrieval techniques such as PESA, MESA, TESA, and TESE. Success rates of sperm retrieval are provided for different causes of azoospermia. Predictive markers for sperm retrieval success are also examined, such as hormone levels, testicular volume, histopathology, and microdeletions. Micro-TESE is highlighted as a promising surgical method for non-obstructive azoospermia.
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
This document discusses various methods for assessing embryo quality and selecting the best embryo for transfer, including traditional morphology assessment, kinetic/time-lapse imaging assessment, pre-implantation genetic testing, and 'omics' techniques. It emphasizes that traditional morphology alone provides limited information and that incorporating multiple parameters like developmental timing, fragmentation levels, and ploidy status can improve embryo selection and lead to higher implantation and pregnancy rates.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male InfertilitySandro Esteves
This document summarizes a presentation on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and male infertility. It discusses how SDF provides different information than routine semen analysis and is a better prognostic indicator. Elevated SDF is associated with infertility, poor assisted reproductive technology outcomes, and miscarriage. Several methods can assess SDF but differ in their ability to directly or indirectly measure damage. Lifestyle changes like reducing stress and smoking, treating underlying conditions, and using oral antioxidants can help lower SDF. Varicocele repair is also effective at reducing SDF levels in men with the condition.
This document describes the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test process and interpretation. The SCD test involves adding semen samples to agarose on a microscope slide, staining it, and examining under a microscope. Sperm with intact DNA will show halos of dispersed chromatin around the core, while fragmented sperm will not. The document outlines the steps of heating and cooling the agarose, adding and incubating the semen sample, washing and staining the slide, then examining under a microscope. Sperm are scored and the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA (SDF%) is calculated, with lower percentages indicating better sperm DNA integrity.
This document discusses intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), a technique that uses higher magnification than conventional ICSI to select sperm for fertilization. It provides background on sperm morphology and vacuoles, and their relationship to fertility outcomes. Studies comparing IMSI to ICSI are summarized, finding improved outcomes with IMSI, especially in cases of poor semen quality or previous ICSI failure. Guidelines for when IMSI may be beneficial over conventional ICSI are presented.
This document discusses various sperm preparation methods used for intrauterine insemination (IUI). It describes the simple wash method, swim-up method, and density gradient centrifugation method. For each method, it provides the steps, including centrifugation speeds and times. It also covers preparing samples for retrograde ejaculation and samples from HIV-infected patients. The goal of sperm preparation is to select motile sperm and remove other seminal constituents like debris to maximize the chances of fertilization during IUI.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation (Oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis, Test, Techniques, Relation to other semen parameters, Relationship to leucocytes, Relation to ICSI outcomes, Clinical applications, significance and limitations)
Sperm retrieval techniques - nuts and boltsSandro Esteves
This document summarizes a training program in assisted reproductive technology focusing on azoospermia. It discusses the differences between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia and various sperm retrieval techniques such as PESA, MESA, TESA, and TESE. Success rates of sperm retrieval are provided for different causes of azoospermia. Predictive markers for sperm retrieval success are also examined, such as hormone levels, testicular volume, histopathology, and microdeletions. Micro-TESE is highlighted as a promising surgical method for non-obstructive azoospermia.
EMBRYO QUALITY ASSESSMENT, WHICH TO SELECT? Rahul Sen
This document discusses various methods for assessing embryo quality and selecting the best embryo for transfer, including traditional morphology assessment, kinetic/time-lapse imaging assessment, pre-implantation genetic testing, and 'omics' techniques. It emphasizes that traditional morphology alone provides limited information and that incorporating multiple parameters like developmental timing, fragmentation levels, and ploidy status can improve embryo selection and lead to higher implantation and pregnancy rates.
Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male InfertilitySandro Esteves
This document summarizes a presentation on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and male infertility. It discusses how SDF provides different information than routine semen analysis and is a better prognostic indicator. Elevated SDF is associated with infertility, poor assisted reproductive technology outcomes, and miscarriage. Several methods can assess SDF but differ in their ability to directly or indirectly measure damage. Lifestyle changes like reducing stress and smoking, treating underlying conditions, and using oral antioxidants can help lower SDF. Varicocele repair is also effective at reducing SDF levels in men with the condition.
This document summarizes sperm retrieval techniques for treating obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. It discusses Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA), Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA), Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA), and Micro-TESE. It provides success rates for these techniques in different conditions and finds Micro-TESE more effective than conventional TESE for non-obstructive azoospermia. The document also includes links to video demonstrations of MESA and Micro-TESE procedures.
Clinical Utility of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility Treat...Sandro Esteves
1) Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing provides important information about male fertility beyond conventional semen analysis.
2) Higher levels of SDF are associated with lower rates of pregnancy and live birth with infertility treatments like IUI and IVF/ICSI. It can also increase the risk of miscarriage.
3) Validated tests for SDF include the sperm chromatin dispersion test and TUNEL assay. Research is ongoing to improve testing methods and interpretation of results to help guide patient care.
This document discusses sperm retrieval techniques for different types of azoospermia:
1) Obstructive azoospermia (OA) is caused by mechanical blockages and has normal sperm production, allowing for virtually 100% successful sperm retrievals.
2) Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) has deficient or absent sperm production in the testicles, so retrieval rates depend on the method used and testicular histopathology results.
3) Techniques for NOA include micro-TESE, TESA, and conventional TESE, with micro-TESE having higher success rates. PESA and TESA are used for OA.
This document discusses the causes, evaluation, and treatment of male infertility. It begins by outlining the main causes of male infertility including pretesticular, testicular, post-testicular defects, and idiopathic factors. Evaluation involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations including standard semen analysis, specialized tests, endocrine testing, and genetic tests. Treatment options are discussed including empiric treatments, therapies for specific diagnoses like varicocele or infections, assisted reproductive techniques like IUI or ICSI, and discussing when such options are appropriate based on resource availability and severity of male factor infertility. The document provides a comprehensive overview of male infertility.
PPT-Embryo grading and ART Summary.pptxKajal530634
Embryo grading is important in IVF to select good quality embryos for transfer based on developmental rate and morphology. The most followed grading systems are Gardner and Istanbul consensus, which assess embryos daily from fertilization to blastocyst stage based on criteria like cell number, size, and fragmentation. Good quality embryos with early cleavage and cell number on day 2 often develop into good blastocysts. Donor oocyte and sperm criteria and screening are also outlined to follow regulations. Oocyte donors can donate up to 7 oocytes only once in their lifetime from age 23-35.
The document outlines the key procedures involved in ICSI lab work for a gynecologist, as presented by Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University in Egypt. It discusses 8 main procedures: 1) semen preparation, 2) oocyte identification, 3) oocyte denudation, 4) oocyte assessment, 5) oocyte injection, 6) embryo selection, 7) embryo transfer, and 8) cryopreservation. For each procedure, it provides details on the aim, methods, and considerations. The document serves as a reference for best practices in ICSI lab work to optimize outcomes.
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
It was while performing SUZI that a single spermatozoon accidentally penetrated into the oolemma and provided the hint that a direct sperm injection would be more efficient.
1st successful birth by ICSI took place on Jan 14, 1992.
Recent advances in pre-implantation genetic testing allow for more comprehensive chromosome screening. Microarray techniques like array comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays can assess all chromosome pairs. Next generation sequencing provides single nucleotide level detection of aneuploidies and mutations. Non-invasive techniques collect cell-free DNA from culture media to determine genetic information. Time lapse imaging selects embryos based on developmental patterns correlated with implantation success. New methods like karyomapping use parental genotyping to identify embryos carrying normal chromosomes without customized test development. These techniques improve pre-implantation genetic testing capabilities.
This document discusses various sperm preparation techniques used prior to assisted reproductive technologies. It begins by explaining the reasons for processing sperm samples, such as removing components that could prevent pregnancy and selecting morphologically normal, motile sperm free of debris. Several migration-based techniques are described, including swim-up, density gradient centrifugation, and magnetic activated cell sorting. Glass wool filtration and zeta potential techniques are also covered. The document discusses preparation of epididymal and testicular sperm samples. It concludes by outlining methods for preparing sperm from retrograde ejaculation samples.
Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology include:
1. The 1978 birth of Louise Brown, the first "test-tube baby", using in vitro fertilization without ovarian stimulation.
2. Developments like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) that have improved treatment options for male factor infertility and genetic disorders.
3. Continued research on techniques such as cryopreservation of eggs/embryos, stem cell therapy, and cloning that could further advance reproductive medicine if proven successful and safe.
AZOOSPERMIAManagement Made Simple : “Stepwise approach” Lifecare Centre
This document provides a summary of azoospermia (the absence of sperm in semen) including its causes, evaluation, and management. It discusses the three main types of azoospermia - pre-testicular, testicular failure, and obstructive. For evaluation, it recommends a three step process of history, physical exam, and basic investigations like FSH and testosterone levels. For management of obstructive azoospermia, it recommends attempting PESA first before moving to TESE/TESA extraction if needed. For testicular failure, it discusses treatments like TESE, microTESE to potentially find sperm, with a minimum 6 month gap between attempts. The document emphasizes a collaborative approach
1) Embryo transfer is the final step in IVF where embryos are placed in the uterus. Careful technique is important for success.
2) Factors that can affect the success of embryo transfer include embryo selection, the timing of the transfer, cervical infections, endometrial thickness and pattern, and experience of the provider.
3) During the procedure, gentle technique, ultrasound guidance, and depositing embryos slightly below the uterine fundus can help maximize the chances of implantation and pregnancy. Meticulous attention to factors before, during, and after embryo transfer is crucial.
Practical guide lines for evaluation of male infertilty.Sadashiv Bhole
This document provides an overview of male infertility, including definitions, prevalence, causes, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes of infertility and lists various medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests. Key points include that semen analysis and treatment of clinical varicoceles prior to ICSI may improve outcomes for some men. The take-home message emphasizes assessing and correcting any surgical or endocrinological abnormalities to optimize fertility treatment results.
This document provides an overview of IVF and ICSI procedures. It discusses that IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab dish, then transferring embryos into the uterus. ICSI is used for severe male factor infertility and involves injecting a single sperm into each egg. Both aim to increase the chances of fertilization and pregnancy by positioning sperm closer to eggs. The document outlines the various steps of IVF including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, sperm preparation, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer.
This document discusses assisted embryo hatching, a technique used in IVF to improve embryo implantation rates. It involves weakening or piercing the zona pellucida, the outer shell of an embryo, prior to embryo transfer to facilitate the hatching process. There are three main techniques - mechanical, chemical, and laser assisted hatching. Laser assisted hatching uses a precise laser beam to create a small opening in the zona pellucida and is considered the best technique as it is quick, precise, and chemical-free. Assisted hatching may help improve outcomes for patients with certain risk factors like advanced maternal age or previous implantation failures.
Thin Endometrium & Infertility(Part – I) , Dr. Sharda Jain , Life Care Centre Lifecare Centre
The document summarizes key aspects of the endometrium and its role in fertility. It discusses how the endometrium undergoes cycles of regeneration each month in preparation for implantation. A thin endometrium can impair implantation and cause infertility. Various factors like clomiphene citrate use, reduced blood flow, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometritis may contribute to a thin endometrium. Evaluating the endometrium through ultrasound and hysteroscopy is important for infertility workup and treatment. Managing a thin endometrium remains a challenge in treating infertility.
interest in stem cells is raising in different field of medicine. The question is : is it successful in Gynecology or it is still too early to say that. The present talk may help to explore this .
SELECTION OF SEMEN EJACULATES FOR FREEZINGAswiniSivan
Semen evaluation involves microscopic and biochemical analysis to assess sperm quality and fertility potential. Microscopic evaluation includes examining sperm motility, concentration, morphology, viability. Biochemical tests evaluate metabolic activity and membrane integrity. Modern techniques assess sperm function through penetration and DNA integrity assays. Together, these analyses provide a comprehensive view of semen quality and identify potential infertility issues.
This document provides an overview of semen analysis. It discusses the indications, gross examination, microscopic examination including motility, morphology, viability and count. It also covers chemical examinations like fructose and acid phosphatase tests. Immunological assays for antisperm antibodies and microbiological assays are summarized. Key sperm function tests like sperm penetration and hypoosmotic swelling tests are mentioned. The document concludes with an overview of semen cryopreservation.
This document summarizes sperm retrieval techniques for treating obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. It discusses Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA), Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA), Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA), and Micro-TESE. It provides success rates for these techniques in different conditions and finds Micro-TESE more effective than conventional TESE for non-obstructive azoospermia. The document also includes links to video demonstrations of MESA and Micro-TESE procedures.
Clinical Utility of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility Treat...Sandro Esteves
1) Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing provides important information about male fertility beyond conventional semen analysis.
2) Higher levels of SDF are associated with lower rates of pregnancy and live birth with infertility treatments like IUI and IVF/ICSI. It can also increase the risk of miscarriage.
3) Validated tests for SDF include the sperm chromatin dispersion test and TUNEL assay. Research is ongoing to improve testing methods and interpretation of results to help guide patient care.
This document discusses sperm retrieval techniques for different types of azoospermia:
1) Obstructive azoospermia (OA) is caused by mechanical blockages and has normal sperm production, allowing for virtually 100% successful sperm retrievals.
2) Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) has deficient or absent sperm production in the testicles, so retrieval rates depend on the method used and testicular histopathology results.
3) Techniques for NOA include micro-TESE, TESA, and conventional TESE, with micro-TESE having higher success rates. PESA and TESA are used for OA.
This document discusses the causes, evaluation, and treatment of male infertility. It begins by outlining the main causes of male infertility including pretesticular, testicular, post-testicular defects, and idiopathic factors. Evaluation involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations including standard semen analysis, specialized tests, endocrine testing, and genetic tests. Treatment options are discussed including empiric treatments, therapies for specific diagnoses like varicocele or infections, assisted reproductive techniques like IUI or ICSI, and discussing when such options are appropriate based on resource availability and severity of male factor infertility. The document provides a comprehensive overview of male infertility.
PPT-Embryo grading and ART Summary.pptxKajal530634
Embryo grading is important in IVF to select good quality embryos for transfer based on developmental rate and morphology. The most followed grading systems are Gardner and Istanbul consensus, which assess embryos daily from fertilization to blastocyst stage based on criteria like cell number, size, and fragmentation. Good quality embryos with early cleavage and cell number on day 2 often develop into good blastocysts. Donor oocyte and sperm criteria and screening are also outlined to follow regulations. Oocyte donors can donate up to 7 oocytes only once in their lifetime from age 23-35.
The document outlines the key procedures involved in ICSI lab work for a gynecologist, as presented by Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University in Egypt. It discusses 8 main procedures: 1) semen preparation, 2) oocyte identification, 3) oocyte denudation, 4) oocyte assessment, 5) oocyte injection, 6) embryo selection, 7) embryo transfer, and 8) cryopreservation. For each procedure, it provides details on the aim, methods, and considerations. The document serves as a reference for best practices in ICSI lab work to optimize outcomes.
ICSI as it is presently performed is far from an ideal solution because the selection of sperm is based on the judgement of an embryologist, who is looking for the most normal appearing sperm available.
It was while performing SUZI that a single spermatozoon accidentally penetrated into the oolemma and provided the hint that a direct sperm injection would be more efficient.
1st successful birth by ICSI took place on Jan 14, 1992.
Recent advances in pre-implantation genetic testing allow for more comprehensive chromosome screening. Microarray techniques like array comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays can assess all chromosome pairs. Next generation sequencing provides single nucleotide level detection of aneuploidies and mutations. Non-invasive techniques collect cell-free DNA from culture media to determine genetic information. Time lapse imaging selects embryos based on developmental patterns correlated with implantation success. New methods like karyomapping use parental genotyping to identify embryos carrying normal chromosomes without customized test development. These techniques improve pre-implantation genetic testing capabilities.
This document discusses various sperm preparation techniques used prior to assisted reproductive technologies. It begins by explaining the reasons for processing sperm samples, such as removing components that could prevent pregnancy and selecting morphologically normal, motile sperm free of debris. Several migration-based techniques are described, including swim-up, density gradient centrifugation, and magnetic activated cell sorting. Glass wool filtration and zeta potential techniques are also covered. The document discusses preparation of epididymal and testicular sperm samples. It concludes by outlining methods for preparing sperm from retrograde ejaculation samples.
Recent advances in assisted reproductive technology include:
1. The 1978 birth of Louise Brown, the first "test-tube baby", using in vitro fertilization without ovarian stimulation.
2. Developments like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) that have improved treatment options for male factor infertility and genetic disorders.
3. Continued research on techniques such as cryopreservation of eggs/embryos, stem cell therapy, and cloning that could further advance reproductive medicine if proven successful and safe.
AZOOSPERMIAManagement Made Simple : “Stepwise approach” Lifecare Centre
This document provides a summary of azoospermia (the absence of sperm in semen) including its causes, evaluation, and management. It discusses the three main types of azoospermia - pre-testicular, testicular failure, and obstructive. For evaluation, it recommends a three step process of history, physical exam, and basic investigations like FSH and testosterone levels. For management of obstructive azoospermia, it recommends attempting PESA first before moving to TESE/TESA extraction if needed. For testicular failure, it discusses treatments like TESE, microTESE to potentially find sperm, with a minimum 6 month gap between attempts. The document emphasizes a collaborative approach
1) Embryo transfer is the final step in IVF where embryos are placed in the uterus. Careful technique is important for success.
2) Factors that can affect the success of embryo transfer include embryo selection, the timing of the transfer, cervical infections, endometrial thickness and pattern, and experience of the provider.
3) During the procedure, gentle technique, ultrasound guidance, and depositing embryos slightly below the uterine fundus can help maximize the chances of implantation and pregnancy. Meticulous attention to factors before, during, and after embryo transfer is crucial.
Practical guide lines for evaluation of male infertilty.Sadashiv Bhole
This document provides an overview of male infertility, including definitions, prevalence, causes, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes of infertility and lists various medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests. Key points include that semen analysis and treatment of clinical varicoceles prior to ICSI may improve outcomes for some men. The take-home message emphasizes assessing and correcting any surgical or endocrinological abnormalities to optimize fertility treatment results.
This document provides an overview of IVF and ICSI procedures. It discusses that IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab dish, then transferring embryos into the uterus. ICSI is used for severe male factor infertility and involves injecting a single sperm into each egg. Both aim to increase the chances of fertilization and pregnancy by positioning sperm closer to eggs. The document outlines the various steps of IVF including ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, sperm preparation, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer.
This document discusses assisted embryo hatching, a technique used in IVF to improve embryo implantation rates. It involves weakening or piercing the zona pellucida, the outer shell of an embryo, prior to embryo transfer to facilitate the hatching process. There are three main techniques - mechanical, chemical, and laser assisted hatching. Laser assisted hatching uses a precise laser beam to create a small opening in the zona pellucida and is considered the best technique as it is quick, precise, and chemical-free. Assisted hatching may help improve outcomes for patients with certain risk factors like advanced maternal age or previous implantation failures.
Thin Endometrium & Infertility(Part – I) , Dr. Sharda Jain , Life Care Centre Lifecare Centre
The document summarizes key aspects of the endometrium and its role in fertility. It discusses how the endometrium undergoes cycles of regeneration each month in preparation for implantation. A thin endometrium can impair implantation and cause infertility. Various factors like clomiphene citrate use, reduced blood flow, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometritis may contribute to a thin endometrium. Evaluating the endometrium through ultrasound and hysteroscopy is important for infertility workup and treatment. Managing a thin endometrium remains a challenge in treating infertility.
interest in stem cells is raising in different field of medicine. The question is : is it successful in Gynecology or it is still too early to say that. The present talk may help to explore this .
SELECTION OF SEMEN EJACULATES FOR FREEZINGAswiniSivan
Semen evaluation involves microscopic and biochemical analysis to assess sperm quality and fertility potential. Microscopic evaluation includes examining sperm motility, concentration, morphology, viability. Biochemical tests evaluate metabolic activity and membrane integrity. Modern techniques assess sperm function through penetration and DNA integrity assays. Together, these analyses provide a comprehensive view of semen quality and identify potential infertility issues.
This document provides an overview of semen analysis. It discusses the indications, gross examination, microscopic examination including motility, morphology, viability and count. It also covers chemical examinations like fructose and acid phosphatase tests. Immunological assays for antisperm antibodies and microbiological assays are summarized. Key sperm function tests like sperm penetration and hypoosmotic swelling tests are mentioned. The document concludes with an overview of semen cryopreservation.
Semen examination for B.Sc. MLT studentsVamsi kumar
This document provides an overview of semen analysis. It discusses the indications, gross examination, microscopic examination including motility, morphology, viability and count. It also covers chemical examinations like fructose and acid phosphatase tests. Immunological assays for antisperm antibodies are described. Microbiological assays to check for infections are mentioned. Sperm function tests like penetration and swelling tests are listed. Finally, the document touches on semen cryopreservation and its indications.
Sperm Function Tests are the keystones of evaluating functional condition of sperms. The fertility potential of a sperm will be decided not only with the number & motility but with the functional competence which is of utmost importance.
The correct answer is A. Harassment of the woman.
Section 498A of IPC defines cruelty as including any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
The document provides information about andrology laboratory services for male infertility evaluation and treatment. It discusses:
- Tests offered including semen analysis, specialized tests of sperm function and morphology, sperm processing for infertility treatments, and cryopreservation.
- Procedures for semen sample collection, transport, and analysis following WHO standards, including macroscopic examination of volume, pH, and microscopic examination of motility, concentration, vitality, and morphology.
- Uses of semen analysis to diagnose infertility issues, identify treatment options, and assess effectiveness of treatments like vasectomy reversal. Computer-assisted semen analysis is also discussed.
The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, detects antibodies or complement proteins attached to red blood cells. There are two types of Coombs tests - the direct Coombs test detects antibodies bound to red blood cells in vivo, while the indirect Coombs test detects antibodies in a patient's serum that can bind to red blood cells in vitro. The Coombs test is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic transfusion reactions. A positive Coombs test indicates red blood cell sensitization, while a negative test suggests the absence of sensitization.
Preclinical screening of antifertility agents. kahkeshakahkesha samshad
This document discusses preclinical screening methods for antifertility agents in males and females. It describes various in vivo and in vitro models used to test for anti-ovulatory, estrogenic, androgenic, and anti-androgenic activity. In vivo female models include HCG-induced ovulation in rats to test for anti-ovulatory effects and vaginal opening in immature rats to assess estrogenic activity. In vitro assays involve estrogen receptor binding. Male models include tests of fertility, sperm count, and effects on sex organ weights to evaluate androgenic and anti-androgenic properties.
This document discusses serological tests, which are antigen-antibody interactions used for classification and diagnosis. It describes three main categories of serological tests: 1) primary techniques like ELISA, IFAT, and RIA, 2) agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, and serum neutralization tests, and 3) tertiary tests like determining protective value of antiserum in animals. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is highlighted as a common technique that detects antibodies or antigens in a solution using an enzyme conjugate and secondary antibody.
Identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteriaMicrobiology
The document describes procedures for identifying gram positive and gram negative bacteria through gram staining and biochemical tests. Gram staining involves staining bacterial smears with crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin to identify bacteria as gram positive (purple) or gram negative (pink) based on cell wall structure. Key biochemical tests described include catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, and citrate tests, which help identify bacterial species based on enzymatic reactions.
Identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteriaMicrobiology
The document describes procedures for identifying gram positive and gram negative bacteria through gram staining and biochemical tests. Gram staining involves staining bacterial smears with crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin to identify bacteria as gram positive (purple) or gram negative (pink) based on cell wall structure. Biochemical tests described include catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, and citrate tests to further differentiate bacterial species based on enzymatic activity.
Identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteriaMicrobiology
The document describes procedures for identifying gram positive and gram negative bacteria through gram staining and biochemical tests. Gram staining involves staining bacterial smears with crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin to identify bacteria as gram positive (purple) or gram negative (pink) based on cell wall structure. Biochemical tests described include catalase, coagulase, oxidase, indole, and citrate tests to further differentiate bacterial species based on enzymatic activity.
This document discusses antigen-antibody reactions and various tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes the components of plasma including antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD). It also discusses the functions of antibodies in neutralizing toxins/viruses, opsonization, complement activation, and preventing microbial attachment. Various factors that affect antigen-antibody reactions like affinity, avidity, antigen-antibody ratio are also described. Finally, it summarizes different types of tests used to detect antigens and antibodies including precipitation tests, agglutination, ELISA, immunofluorescence, complement fixation, radioimmunoassay, and neutralization tests.
Presentation of Frank Hills in 1st International Antibody Validation Forum 2014St John's Laboratory Ltd
After graduating with an honours degree in Biochemistry Dr Hills worked for several years as a Clinical Scientist at St Bartholomew's hospital in London. He was awarded his PhD in 2002 from the faculty of Medicine at Queen Mary University of London. He continued his interest in reproductive science at Imperial College London where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher before joining Middlesex in 2004 as a lecturer. Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. Currently, he is research interests include investigating the role of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on the development of placental pathology and breast cancer. Dr Hills teaches a range of topics in biomedical science including clinical biochemistry, cellular and developmental biology as well as statistical analysis. He is author of around 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has refereed manuscripts for a variety of journals in the area of reproduction and endocrinology.
For more details about 1st international antibody validation forum please check on http://www.stjohnslabs.com/ac_cms/blog
This document provides information on various serological tests used in microbiology. It begins by describing the complement fixation test (CFT), noting that it was originally used for syphilis testing. It explains the principles of CFT, listing the required components. It then describes the steps and interpretations for positive and negative CFT results. The document continues by discussing other complement-dependent tests and techniques such as immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence, immunoelectroblot, immunochromatography, and immunoelectron microscopy. It concludes by summarizing various agglutination and precipitation reactions commonly used in serological testing.
sperm assessment- traditional and novel approaches.pptxDeepekaTS
The latest WHO recommendations,2010 are based on semen parameters from approximately 2000 fertile men, from eight countries and three continents, whose partners achieved pregnancy within 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Pitfalls- huge shift in the lower reference values, one sided criteria.
Reference limits shouldn’t be over-interpreted
Interpret along with clinical history and physical examination.
Lab tests for common bacterial diseases of animalsWaseem Ghani
1. Laboratory tests for common bacterial diseases of animals include agglutination tests, immunofluorescence tests, PCR, ELISA, and culture-based identification tests. These tests help identify diseases like anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever, and others.
2. Specific tests used include microscopic agglutination tests, complement fixation tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, fluorescent antibody tests, and polymerase chain reaction. Culture characteristics and biochemical profiles are also evaluated.
3. Identification of bacteria involves assessing properties like haemolysis, indole production, catalase activity, and carbohydrate fermentation in addition to genetic analysis methods like PCR, MLST, MLVA, 16S
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. When an ASA assay should be
obtained ?
1) the semen analysis shows sperm agglutination or
clumping in the absence of clinical infection;
2) low sperm motility exists, with history of testis
injury or surgery;
3) there is confirmation that increased round cells
are leukocytes ;
4) sperm “shaking” is observed on sperm–cervical
mucus contact testing;
5) poor penetration of mucus is observed on a
postcoital test;
6) there is unexplained infertility.
3. Detection of Antisperm
Antibodies
• Agglutination Tests
• Complement-Dependent Tests
• Immunoglobulin Binding Tests
• Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction and Immunobead
Tests
• Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assays
• Other Tests
4. Agglutination Tests
• ability to cause agglutination
• observed macroscopically or
microscopically
• tube agglutination test, gel
agglutination test (Kirbrick), tray slide
agglutination test (Franklin and Dukes)
• drawback:
• agglutination can also occur in the
absence of specific antibodies as a result
of the presence of bacteria, fungi, or
amorphous material in seminal plasma, or
under the influence of sex steroids or
nonimmunoglobulin proteins in serum
Tube agglutination
test
Gelatin
agglutination
(Kirbrick) test
5. Microtray Agglutination
Tests
• Friberg Test
• refference test
• titre, type, and
degree of
agglutination
• drawback:
• nonimmunological agglutination may occur
• particularly when female sera are tested, and at
low serum dilutions
6. Complement-Dependent
Tests
(Isojima)
• Induction of a cytotoxic
effect which occurs in the
presence of complement
• Cytotoxicity results in the
loss of sperm motility
• used as a marker
➢ the sperm
immobilization test (SIT)
or
➢ membrane damage
✓ need specific dyes
✓ ATP release cytotoxicity
test (ARCT)→ objective
• disadvantage: can't detect
IgA class antibodies
7. Immunoglobulin Binding Tests
• antiglobulins can either be labelled or bound
to indicator cells or particles
• The antiglobulin label:
➢ fluorescence molecule : immunofluorescence
technique
➢ radioactive isotope : radiolabelled antiglobulin
assay
➢ an enzyme : enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• The antiglobulin indicators:
➢ redblood cells : original mixed antiglobulin
reaction
➢ latex particles : Latex-MAR test
➢ polyacrylamide beads : immunobead binding
8. Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction
Test
• presence of immunoglobulins bound to spermatozoa
• (red blood cells--immunoglobulins) + (motile spermatozoa--
antiglobulin)
→ mixed agglutination
• the coated red blood cells have been replaced
→ coated latex particles
• MAR TEST
•direct : fresh semen
•indirect : blood serum, solubilized cervical mucus
9. Immunobead Tests
• polyacrylamide beads are coated with polyclonal
antibodies against human IgG, IgA, or IgM
• requires washing the spermatozoa
• repeated centrifugation-resuspension
• remove the bulk of immunoglobulins present in seminal plasma
• ≥ 50% or more adherence of particles to the motile
spermatozoa : strong evidence for an immunological
cause of infertility
• time consuming, less adequate, lower specificity and
sensitivity than the SpermMAR test
11. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant
Assays
• Antibody-enzyme-
immunoglobulin
complexes
• add a specific enzyme
substrate →
colourchange
• advantage : specific
and quantitative
• disadvantage: the time
and cost , poor
sensitivity, and inability
to determine ASA
location and isotype.
12. Postcoital test (PCT)
• examining the cervical mucus several hours after
intercourse for the presence of sperm
• prior to ovulation in the periovulatory phase
• a drop of cervical mucus is examined under wet-
mount microscopy for the presence of sperm
• normal result :
• ≥10–20 sperm per HPF (× 400)
• the majority : progressive motility
• abnormal:
• sperm immobilized
• shaking motion in the cervical mucus (suspicious for the
presence of antisperm antibodies)
13. Other Tests
• panning procedure for ASA detection on spermatozoa
• polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
immunoblotting
• flowcytometry
14. Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction
Test
• direct SpermMar Ig G Test method
• indirect SpermMar Ig G Test method
• direct SpermMar Ig A Test method
15. Direct SpermMar Ig G Test
method
1. Allow the reagents and specimens to adjust to room
temperature.
2. On a micro slide place:s
➢ 10 microlitres of fresh untreated semen
➢ 10 microlitres of SpermMar IgG Latex Particle
➢ 10 microlitres of SpermMar IgG Antiserum
16. Direct SpermMar Ig G Test
method
con't
3. Mix the sample and the Latex reagent 5 times with
the edge of a cover glass
4. Mix the Antiserum with the Latex reagent and sample
mixture
5. The cover glass is put on the mixture and the mixture
is observed under a light microscope using a 400x or
a 600x magnification
6. Read the result after 2-3 minutes. Observe for latex
particles attached to motile sperm. Count 100
spermatozoa to determine the percentage reactive
sperm
7. If no attachement of beads to sperm is observed,
read again after 10 minutes
21. Indirect SpermMar Ig G Test
method
1. Allow all the reagents and specimens to adjust to
room temperature.
2. Inactivate the serum specimens by heating them at
560 C for 30 minutes if glas test-tubes are used, 45
minutes if plastic test-tubes are used
3. Adjust the pH (by adding 0,1N NaOH or HCl) of the
EBSS to 7,4-7,5
4. Wash the motile donor spermatozoa by letting them
swim up at the pH adjusted medium (pH=7,4-7,5).
Swim up has to be done in 5 ml glass or sterile plastic
test-tubes with round bottom at 370 C for 45 minutes.
Adjust the sperm concentration to 20x106 sp/ml with
EBSS medium (pH= 7,4-7,5)
22. Indirect SpermMar Ig G Test
method
con't
5. Serially dilute the inactivated serum specimen 1/16
with EBSS medium (pH= 7,4-7,5) in a titre plate
6. Mix 50 microlitres of the (1/16) diluted, inactivated
serum specimen (step 5) with 50 microlitres of the
washed motile donor sperm donor sperm (step 4) in
a free well on the titre plate. Incubate for 60 minutes
at 37C.
7. On a micro slide place:
➢10 microlitres of the sperm-serum mixture
➢10 microlitres of SpemMar IgG Latex Particle
➢10 microlitres of SpemMar IgG Antiserum
8. Mix the sample and the Latex reagent 5 times with
the edge of a cover glass.
23. Indirect SpermMar Ig G Test
method
con't
9. Mix the Antiserum with the Latex reagent and sample
mixture
10.The cover glass is put on the mixture and the mixture
is observed under a light microscope using a 400x or
600x magnification (phase contrast or dark field
illumination may also be used to fascilitate reading)
11.Read the results after 2-3 minutes. Observed for latex
particles attached to motile sperm. Count 100
spermatozoa to determine the percentage reactive
sperm. If no attachment of particle to sperm is
observed, read again after 10 minutes.
24. Result
• Test properly performed
• spem antibodies (+) → spermatozoa covered by latex particle
and immobilized.
• Direct SpermMar IgG Test
• Suspected : 10-39 %
• Highly probable : 40 %
• Result (+) → recommended to perform the SpermMar IgA test.
• Indirect Sperm IgG Test
• Accepted : ≥ 40% reaction between the coated latex particle and motile
spermatozoa.
26. Direct SpermMar Ig A Test
method
1. Allow all the reagents and specimens to adjust to
room temperature.
2. On a micro slide place:
➢10 microlitres of the sperm-serum mixture
➢10 microlitres of SpemMar IgG Latex Particle
3. Mix the sample and the Latex reagent 5 times with
the edge of a cover glass.
4. The cover glass is put on the mixture and the mixture
is observed under a light microscope using a 400x or
600x magnification. The use of phase contrast or dark
field illumination may also be used to fascilitate
reading the slide.
27. Direct SpermMar Ig A Test
method
5. Read the result after 2-3 minutes. Observe for latex
particles attached to motile sperm. Count 100
spermatozoa to determine the percentage reactive
sperm. Read again after 10 minutes.
6. The diagnosis
• Suspected : 10-39 % attached to latex particle
• Highly probable : 40 % attached to latex particle
7. Occurrence of Mixed Aglutination Reaction (+):
• ≥ 40 % in semen
• ≥ 10 % in cervical mucus
28. Research Data
• direct MAR test result for IgG correlated better with the
indirect MAR result for IgG in seminal plasma and serum
than did the direct immunobead test result for IgG
• the results of indirect MAR IgG test on serum correlate
better than the immunobead test with the results of TAT
and ARCT on serum
• Using the cut-off value of 40%, motile spermatozoa
attached to coated latex particles as the lower limit of
significant activity, the indirect MAR test has a sensitivity
of 96% and specificity of 87% in comparison with the
TAT test as a reference
31. Refference
• Kompendium der Andrologie. From URL: http://www.med.uni-
giessen.de/aka/andro/inhalt.html
• Mahmoud A, Comhaire F. Immunological Causes. Andrology for the Clinician. Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006. 47-51
• Mahmoud A, Comhaire. F. Semen analysis What’s new. Presentation from URL:
http://slideplayer.com/slide/7283211/
• Ong F. Semen Analysis and Sperm Preparation. Presentation from URL:
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4687961/
• Pourmand G. Medical Therapy in Male Infertility. 9 th Royan Int. Congress. Presentation
from URL: http://www.slideshare.net/patriciakh/infertility2-1923189
• Sperm Antibody Testing. From URL: http://fertilitysolutions.com.au/sperm-antibody-testing/
• SpermMar™ /MAR-Test (mixed antiglobulin reaction) . IVF Express. Presentation from URL:
https://www.ivf.express/products/1392?hl=en
• Ulcova-Gallova Z. Reproductive Immunology. Presentation from URL:
http://slideplayer.com/slide/10413210/
• Walsh TJ, Turek PJ. Immunologic infertility. Infertility in the Male Fourth Edition. Cambridge
University Press. 2009 (16):277-89