This document discusses the history and uses of anticoagulants. It notes that ancient Greeks and Romans recognized blood loss was associated with weakness and disease. In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that adding sodium citrate to blood prevented clotting, allowing blood to be stored. Later, adding glucose to sodium citrate allowed blood to be stored for transfusions. Anticoagulants are used to prevent unwanted blood clotting in arteries and veins. Common anticoagulants discussed include heparin, citrate, and warfarin. The document outlines the various uses of different anticoagulants both in vitro and in vivo.

1. ANTICOAGULANTS
Dr. MD. SAIDUZZAMAN
Lecturer
Department of Pathology
Dinajpur Medical College,
Dinajpur.

2. • From ancient times, blood was called
“living force” of the body.
• Greeks and romans committed suicide
by letting out blood
• Early times, man recognised that loss
of blood is associated with weakness
and disease
Give me
Give meblood..
blood..Ha ha ha
Ha ha ha

3. Albert Hustin and Luis Agote
discover that
adding sodium citrate to blood
will prevent it from Clotting
ANTI COAGULATION!!!

4. Francis Peyton Rous and J R Turner
added glucose to sodium citrate;
allowed blood to be STORED for
sometime before transfusing
BLOOD PRESERVATION!!!

5. Why anticoagulants ?
Anticoalants are the drugs which are used to
prevent unwanted coagulation
Blood clots – Thrombus
Arterial Thrombosis:
Adherence of platelets to arterial walls – “White” in
color - Often associated with MI, stroke and ischemia

6. Why anticoagulants ?
Venous Thrombosis:
Develops in areas of stagnated blood flow (deep vein
thrombosis), “Red” in color- Associated with Congestive
Heart Failure, Cancer, Surgery
Thrombus dislodge from arteries and veins and
become an embolus
Venous emboli can block arterioles in the lung and
pulmonary circulation
Thromboembolism

8. Available Anticoagulants
1. Used in vitro (Outside the body): Citrate, oxalate,
EDTA , Heparin, dextran sulphate etc.
2. Used in vivo (inside the body):
Dicoumarol,Warfarin, Phenindione.
3. Both in Vitro & in Vivo: Heparin, dextran sulphate
etc.

10. Paul-Heller double salt mixture
Used in:
Haematological investigations
Biochemical investigations

11. 3.8% Na-citrate
Used in:
ESR (Westergren method)
Coagulation test

12. EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid)
Used in:
Platelet count

13. Heparin
Used in:
Blood biochemistry
Gas analysis
Emergency test
Osmotic fragility
Immunophenotyping

15. Potassium oxalate
Used in:
Biochemical investigations

16. Anticoagulants in blood transfusion
ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)
CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose)
Disodium citrate

17. Anticoagulants in Pregnancy
Heparin due to it has no
teratogenicity

18. Chronology of Anticoagulants
YEAR PERSON ANTICOAGULANT REMARKS
1916 Rous and Turner Citrate dextrose RT soln 12 days
1943 Loutit and Mollison Acid citrate dextrose pH 5
1957 Gibson Citrate phosphate dextrose Prevents PO4
loss
1957 Gabrio Added nucleotides RBC metabolism
1968 Sheilds CPDA-1
1970 Beutler Additive solutions
1979 Hogman SAG 5 weeks storage
1980 Lovric CP2D (1 bag) + SAG (additive)⁰