This document summarizes guidelines from NICE on prescribing antibiotics for acute sore throat and acute otitis media. It provides criteria for assessing patients based on symptoms to determine if they are likely to benefit from antibiotics. For those unlikely to benefit, it recommends no antibiotics but providing self-care advice; for others it suggests considering a delayed prescription or immediate prescription based on symptoms. It also provides antibiotic options and dosages based on age. The goal is to limit unnecessary antibiotic use while effectively treating those likely to benefit or at high risk of complications.
- A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure associated with a fever of 104°F. His examination in the emergency department was normal.
- Febrile seizures are relatively common in young children, occurring in 4-8% of children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years. They are generally self-limited and do not require extensive evaluation unless prolonged or focal.
- The diagnosis of a febrile seizure must consider the possibility of central nervous system infection as the underlying cause, though for this patient the examination was normal and he likely experienced a simple febrile seizure.
Diabetes insipidus is diagnosed through a series of tests to determine the type and potential underlying cause. The water deprivation test is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis by measuring changes in body weight, urine output, and urine and blood concentrations when fluids are withheld. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes insipidus. Central diabetes insipidus is typically treated with the synthetic hormone desmopressin, while nephrogenic diabetes insipidus requires a low-salt diet and increased fluid intake without desmopressin. Lifestyle changes like preventing dehydration and wearing medical identification are also important.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and management of acute and chronic ataxia in children. It describes several potential causes of acute recurrent ataxia including drug ingestion, postinfectious cerebellitis, migraine, and encephalitis. Conversion reaction is also noted as a possible cause. Chronic progressive ataxia may be caused by hereditary ataxias, brain tumors, congenital malformations, and other genetic or metabolic disorders. The document provides tables listing specific disorders that can cause acute recurrent or chronic progressive ataxia and outlines an approach to evaluating and managing acute cerebellar ataxia.
Antibiotic usage in paediatrics empirical or rational dr grkgrkmedico
Azhar, a 15 month old boy, presented with rhinorrhea, cough and fever for two days. On the third day, he became fussy and cried frequently at night. On examination, Azhar's right ear showed erythema, fluid, and impaired mobility, indicating acute otitis media. He was prescribed antibiotics for 10 days along with analgesics to manage his symptoms.
This document discusses how to check children for general danger signs such as inability to drink or feed, vomiting everything, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness. It outlines how to assess for these signs by asking caregivers questions and examining the child. Common causes of convulsions in children like CNS infections, febrile seizures, and metabolic disorders are reviewed. The approach to evaluating a child presenting with convulsions or coma is described, including taking a history, examining the child and assessing their level of consciousness using the AVPU scale, and conducting basic investigations.
Febrile seizures are convulsions caused by fever in young children ages 6 months to 5 years. The majority are considered simple febrile seizures, lasting less than 15 minutes. Risk factors for initial and recurrent febrile seizures include family history, age under 18 months, and complex features like lasting over 15 minutes. Evaluation focuses on identifying the cause of fever rather than the seizure itself. Treatment involves antipyretics but not anticonvulsants, as these do not prevent future seizures and can cause side effects.
This document summarizes guidelines from NICE on prescribing antibiotics for acute sore throat and acute otitis media. It provides criteria for assessing patients based on symptoms to determine if they are likely to benefit from antibiotics. For those unlikely to benefit, it recommends no antibiotics but providing self-care advice; for others it suggests considering a delayed prescription or immediate prescription based on symptoms. It also provides antibiotic options and dosages based on age. The goal is to limit unnecessary antibiotic use while effectively treating those likely to benefit or at high risk of complications.
- A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure associated with a fever of 104°F. His examination in the emergency department was normal.
- Febrile seizures are relatively common in young children, occurring in 4-8% of children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years. They are generally self-limited and do not require extensive evaluation unless prolonged or focal.
- The diagnosis of a febrile seizure must consider the possibility of central nervous system infection as the underlying cause, though for this patient the examination was normal and he likely experienced a simple febrile seizure.
Diabetes insipidus is diagnosed through a series of tests to determine the type and potential underlying cause. The water deprivation test is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis by measuring changes in body weight, urine output, and urine and blood concentrations when fluids are withheld. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes insipidus. Central diabetes insipidus is typically treated with the synthetic hormone desmopressin, while nephrogenic diabetes insipidus requires a low-salt diet and increased fluid intake without desmopressin. Lifestyle changes like preventing dehydration and wearing medical identification are also important.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and management of acute and chronic ataxia in children. It describes several potential causes of acute recurrent ataxia including drug ingestion, postinfectious cerebellitis, migraine, and encephalitis. Conversion reaction is also noted as a possible cause. Chronic progressive ataxia may be caused by hereditary ataxias, brain tumors, congenital malformations, and other genetic or metabolic disorders. The document provides tables listing specific disorders that can cause acute recurrent or chronic progressive ataxia and outlines an approach to evaluating and managing acute cerebellar ataxia.
Antibiotic usage in paediatrics empirical or rational dr grkgrkmedico
Azhar, a 15 month old boy, presented with rhinorrhea, cough and fever for two days. On the third day, he became fussy and cried frequently at night. On examination, Azhar's right ear showed erythema, fluid, and impaired mobility, indicating acute otitis media. He was prescribed antibiotics for 10 days along with analgesics to manage his symptoms.
This document discusses how to check children for general danger signs such as inability to drink or feed, vomiting everything, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness. It outlines how to assess for these signs by asking caregivers questions and examining the child. Common causes of convulsions in children like CNS infections, febrile seizures, and metabolic disorders are reviewed. The approach to evaluating a child presenting with convulsions or coma is described, including taking a history, examining the child and assessing their level of consciousness using the AVPU scale, and conducting basic investigations.
Febrile seizures are convulsions caused by fever in young children ages 6 months to 5 years. The majority are considered simple febrile seizures, lasting less than 15 minutes. Risk factors for initial and recurrent febrile seizures include family history, age under 18 months, and complex features like lasting over 15 minutes. Evaluation focuses on identifying the cause of fever rather than the seizure itself. Treatment involves antipyretics but not anticonvulsants, as these do not prevent future seizures and can cause side effects.
A 2-year-old boy presented with new onset seizures, having complained of a headache and then fallen to the floor. His temperature was elevated at 104°F. Based on the description of jerking of the arms and legs, and then being unarousable but waking up by the time of arrival at the emergency department, along with no other abnormalities found, the most likely diagnosis is simple febrile seizure. The condition is generally self-limited and does not require long-term anticonvulsant treatment. Younger children have a higher chance of recurrence but most will outgrow febrile seizures by age 6.
A Manual of Essential Pediatrics, Second Edition, the revised and updated edition provides essential state-of-the-art information on childcare right from birth to adolescence. The book serves as a practical guide to pediatricians for the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders and diseases of neonates, children, and adolescents. The author has used his experience of over 50 years to cover core pediatric topics such as growth and development, behavior and developmental disorders, common day-to-day illnesses, immunizations, and nutrition in a simple and succinct manner.
Febrile seizures are seizures that occur in young children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years in association with a fever. They are generally associated with fevers over 100°F/38°C but have no other cause identified. Febrile seizures are classified as either simple or complex, with simple seizures lasting less than 15 minutes and not recurring within 24 hours, accounting for 85% of cases. Risk factors include age under 1 year, family history, and prior complex seizures. Evaluation involves history and exam to identify the cause of fever; bloodwork and lumbar puncture are usually not necessary. Treatment focuses on fever control with antipyretics; anticonvulsant prophylaxis may prevent recurrence in high risk cases.
Influenza is caused by a virus that infects cells and often mutates, so immunity to one strain does not protect against others. It is transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or inhaled aerosols. Symptoms include fever, body aches, headache, and cough. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and there are now three licensed antiviral treatments in the UK. Prevention includes an annual flu vaccine tailored to the strains expected to cause epidemics that year. Anorexia nervosa has unclear causes but links to anxiety, unhappiness, and low self-esteem. Symptoms include extreme weight loss and medical complications. Treatment involves hospitalization for refeeding and behavioral therapy to address emotional issues.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) training developed by Dr. Hassan Ali Indhoy. It discusses the steps health workers should take when a sick child is brought to the clinic, including greeting the mother, asking about the child's problems, and determining if it is an initial or follow-up visit. It then covers several common childhood illnesses like cough, difficult breathing, diarrhea, malaria, measles and their classification and treatment approaches within the IMCI framework. The goal is to train health workers to properly assess, classify, treat or refer children based on the IMCI guidelines.
This document discusses approaches to pediatric neurologic emergencies including seizures, headaches, and status epilepticus. It provides definitions, classifications, differential diagnoses, evaluation steps, treatment guidelines, and disposition criteria for various pediatric neurologic presentations. Key points include recommendations for workup of new onset seizures, guidelines for status epilepticus treatment, considerations for neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, and acute treatment options for migraine headaches in children.
This document provides information on Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) training. It discusses the objectives, activities and schedule of the training. The training aims to teach participants how to assess and classify fevers in children, identify signs of illness like meningitis, and treat or refer cases appropriately. It covers topics like fever assessment, malaria infection and treatment, and other illnesses associated with fever like typhoid, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. The goal is for participants to learn how to manage common childhood illnesses like fever at the end of the training.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Risk factors for developing asthma include genetic characteristics like atopy and environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke, dust mites, and cockroaches. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function through spirometry testing. Treatment focuses on long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute episodes. Proper use of inhalers and peak flow meters is important for effective management along with developing an asthma action plan.
West Syndrome, also known as Infantile Spasms or IS, is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that begins in the first year of life, usually between 3-8 months. It is characterized by sudden muscle spasms that cause the infant's body to stiffen briefly. Clusters of spasms can occur up to 60 times per day and are often triggered by waking from sleep. Left untreated, IS can cause developmental delays or intellectual disabilities. While the cause is unknown in many cases, potential causes include infections, genetic disorders, or lack of oxygen at birth. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term impacts on development.
The document discusses the differences between an Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) and a Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE). An ALTE is defined as an event that is frightening to the observer involving apnea, color change, muscle tone change, choking/gagging. A BRUE has a stricter definition involving a brief cyanosis/pallor, absent/irregular breathing, or muscle tone change that resolves with no clear cause found. The BRUE definition aims to better reflect the transient nature of the event and remove the life-threatening label. Risk assessment separates BRUEs into lower-risk vs higher-risk based on factors like age, prematurity, number
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides information on what each vaccine protects against, how they are administered, dosing schedules, who should and should not receive each vaccine, reported side effects, and safety information. For DTaP, it recommends a series of 5 doses for children and notes common mild side effects. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants and certain at-risk groups of adults. The polio vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine administered via intramuscular injection with a primary series for infants and booster at age 4-6.
1. The document discusses differentiating primary from secondary headaches and recognizing common childhood headaches like migraine and tension-type headaches.
2. Case examples are presented to demonstrate distinguishing features of different headache types based on history, examination, and diagnostic testing.
3. Management involves treatment of acute headaches, prevention strategies, and addressing triggers or comorbidities depending on the diagnosis.
This document provides instructions for participants taking a simulated exam for a medical licensing exam. It explains that the exam will take place over two sessions, from 8am to 2pm for the first part and 4pm to 8pm for the second part. It provides an example case study and question to demonstrate the exam format. It also includes a response sheet for participants to record their answers. The document aims to clearly explain the format, timing and expectations for the simulated exam.
ROJOSON-PEP-TALK: Home Management of COVID19 Patient (June 5, 2021)Reynaldo Joson
This document provides guidance on home management of COVID-19 patients. It outlines how to identify and segregate household members who are suspected, probable or confirmed to have COVID-19. It describes monitoring symptoms and vital signs, providing supportive care, and stressing the importance of rest, nutrition, hydration and hygiene to build natural immunity. Advice is given on isolation periods and when a physician should be contacted by telemedicine. The objective is to empower patients to safely manage mild COVID-19 cases at home.
This document provides guidelines for classifying and treating common illnesses in young children, including malaria, fever, measles, and malnutrition. For illnesses like malaria, fever, and measles, the guidelines classify cases as very severe, severe, or non-severe based on symptoms and test results. Very severe cases should be referred urgently to the hospital. Less severe cases receive treatments like antibiotics, antimalarials, or vitamin A depending on the illness. The guidelines also provide criteria for classifying malnutrition cases as complicated severe, uncomplicated severe, moderate, or no malnutrition. Treatments include ready-to-use therapeutic foods, antibiotics, and counseling on feeding practices.
This document discusses guidelines for evaluating and managing brief resolved unexplained events (BRUEs), formerly known as apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs), in infants. It outlines criteria for classifying infants as low or high risk based on the characteristics and duration of the event. Low risk BRUEs can often be sent home after education and follow up, while high risk cases may warrant further testing and observation to identify potential underlying causes and ensure safety before discharge. The goal is to prevent over-testing and reduce parental anxiety by distinguishing self-limited from concerning episodes.
Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious illness that affects the brain and liver, most commonly in children recovering from a viral infection like influenza or chickenpox. It predominantly affects children between 4-14 years old. The syndrome is diagnosed based on medical history, physical exam, and lab tests if a child recently took aspirin after a viral flu and shows changes in mental state or liver problems. Treatment requires hospitalization and focuses on stopping organ damage and complications through intensive care like IV fluids, monitoring vitals, and medicine to reduce brain swelling.
This is a lecture by Ruth S. Hwu, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides information about treating influenza (flu) in high-risk individuals with prescription antiviral drugs. It notes that people with asthma, diabetes, or chronic heart disease are at high risk of serious illness if they get the flu. Antiviral drugs can treat the flu by fighting influenza viruses and reducing symptoms. The document recommends that high-risk individuals see a doctor promptly if they experience flu symptoms and may be prescribed antiviral drugs.
Prednisone is a steroid medication used to treat conditions caused by inflammation and reduce the immune system's response. It works by suppressing the production of antibodies to stabilize an overactive immune system. Prednisone should be taken as directed by a doctor and requires a gradual reduction in dosage before stopping to avoid withdrawal effects. Common side effects include insomnia, nausea, fatigue, and increased hunger. Those taking prednisone should avoid sources of infection and get approval from their doctor before receiving immunizations or taking other medications due to interaction risks.
This document provides information about a chemotherapy treatment plan called R-CHOP for a patient. It will involve receiving rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone over 6 to 8 cycles administered through infusions and injections on days 1 and 1 to 5 respectively of each 3-week cycle. Common side effects may include increased risk of infection, hair loss, fatigue, mouth sores, and nausea, while serious but rare side effects could include extravasation or changes to the heart at higher doses. The document outlines how to manage side effects and contact the clinic if any issues arise.
1. The message provides incorrect information about phenytoin dosage and duration that could lead to seizures if followed. It also provides incorrect usage of Progyluton.
2. Phenytoin is typically taken as 100mg capsules 3-4 times daily for a total of 300-400mg daily for long-term epilepsy treatment. Progyluton should be taken as one tablet daily for 21 days followed by a 7 day break.
3. Drug-drug interactions between phenytoin and estrogen need to be considered to avoid reducing contraceptive effectiveness and risk of pregnancy for women with epilepsy. Alternative contraceptive methods should be considered.
A 2-year-old boy presented with new onset seizures, having complained of a headache and then fallen to the floor. His temperature was elevated at 104°F. Based on the description of jerking of the arms and legs, and then being unarousable but waking up by the time of arrival at the emergency department, along with no other abnormalities found, the most likely diagnosis is simple febrile seizure. The condition is generally self-limited and does not require long-term anticonvulsant treatment. Younger children have a higher chance of recurrence but most will outgrow febrile seizures by age 6.
A Manual of Essential Pediatrics, Second Edition, the revised and updated edition provides essential state-of-the-art information on childcare right from birth to adolescence. The book serves as a practical guide to pediatricians for the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders and diseases of neonates, children, and adolescents. The author has used his experience of over 50 years to cover core pediatric topics such as growth and development, behavior and developmental disorders, common day-to-day illnesses, immunizations, and nutrition in a simple and succinct manner.
Febrile seizures are seizures that occur in young children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years in association with a fever. They are generally associated with fevers over 100°F/38°C but have no other cause identified. Febrile seizures are classified as either simple or complex, with simple seizures lasting less than 15 minutes and not recurring within 24 hours, accounting for 85% of cases. Risk factors include age under 1 year, family history, and prior complex seizures. Evaluation involves history and exam to identify the cause of fever; bloodwork and lumbar puncture are usually not necessary. Treatment focuses on fever control with antipyretics; anticonvulsant prophylaxis may prevent recurrence in high risk cases.
Influenza is caused by a virus that infects cells and often mutates, so immunity to one strain does not protect against others. It is transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects, or inhaled aerosols. Symptoms include fever, body aches, headache, and cough. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and there are now three licensed antiviral treatments in the UK. Prevention includes an annual flu vaccine tailored to the strains expected to cause epidemics that year. Anorexia nervosa has unclear causes but links to anxiety, unhappiness, and low self-esteem. Symptoms include extreme weight loss and medical complications. Treatment involves hospitalization for refeeding and behavioral therapy to address emotional issues.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) training developed by Dr. Hassan Ali Indhoy. It discusses the steps health workers should take when a sick child is brought to the clinic, including greeting the mother, asking about the child's problems, and determining if it is an initial or follow-up visit. It then covers several common childhood illnesses like cough, difficult breathing, diarrhea, malaria, measles and their classification and treatment approaches within the IMCI framework. The goal is to train health workers to properly assess, classify, treat or refer children based on the IMCI guidelines.
This document discusses approaches to pediatric neurologic emergencies including seizures, headaches, and status epilepticus. It provides definitions, classifications, differential diagnoses, evaluation steps, treatment guidelines, and disposition criteria for various pediatric neurologic presentations. Key points include recommendations for workup of new onset seizures, guidelines for status epilepticus treatment, considerations for neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, and acute treatment options for migraine headaches in children.
This document provides information on Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) training. It discusses the objectives, activities and schedule of the training. The training aims to teach participants how to assess and classify fevers in children, identify signs of illness like meningitis, and treat or refer cases appropriately. It covers topics like fever assessment, malaria infection and treatment, and other illnesses associated with fever like typhoid, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. The goal is for participants to learn how to manage common childhood illnesses like fever at the end of the training.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Risk factors for developing asthma include genetic characteristics like atopy and environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke, dust mites, and cockroaches. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function through spirometry testing. Treatment focuses on long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute episodes. Proper use of inhalers and peak flow meters is important for effective management along with developing an asthma action plan.
West Syndrome, also known as Infantile Spasms or IS, is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that begins in the first year of life, usually between 3-8 months. It is characterized by sudden muscle spasms that cause the infant's body to stiffen briefly. Clusters of spasms can occur up to 60 times per day and are often triggered by waking from sleep. Left untreated, IS can cause developmental delays or intellectual disabilities. While the cause is unknown in many cases, potential causes include infections, genetic disorders, or lack of oxygen at birth. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term impacts on development.
The document discusses the differences between an Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) and a Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE). An ALTE is defined as an event that is frightening to the observer involving apnea, color change, muscle tone change, choking/gagging. A BRUE has a stricter definition involving a brief cyanosis/pallor, absent/irregular breathing, or muscle tone change that resolves with no clear cause found. The BRUE definition aims to better reflect the transient nature of the event and remove the life-threatening label. Risk assessment separates BRUEs into lower-risk vs higher-risk based on factors like age, prematurity, number
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides information on what each vaccine protects against, how they are administered, dosing schedules, who should and should not receive each vaccine, reported side effects, and safety information. For DTaP, it recommends a series of 5 doses for children and notes common mild side effects. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants and certain at-risk groups of adults. The polio vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine administered via intramuscular injection with a primary series for infants and booster at age 4-6.
1. The document discusses differentiating primary from secondary headaches and recognizing common childhood headaches like migraine and tension-type headaches.
2. Case examples are presented to demonstrate distinguishing features of different headache types based on history, examination, and diagnostic testing.
3. Management involves treatment of acute headaches, prevention strategies, and addressing triggers or comorbidities depending on the diagnosis.
This document provides instructions for participants taking a simulated exam for a medical licensing exam. It explains that the exam will take place over two sessions, from 8am to 2pm for the first part and 4pm to 8pm for the second part. It provides an example case study and question to demonstrate the exam format. It also includes a response sheet for participants to record their answers. The document aims to clearly explain the format, timing and expectations for the simulated exam.
ROJOSON-PEP-TALK: Home Management of COVID19 Patient (June 5, 2021)Reynaldo Joson
This document provides guidance on home management of COVID-19 patients. It outlines how to identify and segregate household members who are suspected, probable or confirmed to have COVID-19. It describes monitoring symptoms and vital signs, providing supportive care, and stressing the importance of rest, nutrition, hydration and hygiene to build natural immunity. Advice is given on isolation periods and when a physician should be contacted by telemedicine. The objective is to empower patients to safely manage mild COVID-19 cases at home.
This document provides guidelines for classifying and treating common illnesses in young children, including malaria, fever, measles, and malnutrition. For illnesses like malaria, fever, and measles, the guidelines classify cases as very severe, severe, or non-severe based on symptoms and test results. Very severe cases should be referred urgently to the hospital. Less severe cases receive treatments like antibiotics, antimalarials, or vitamin A depending on the illness. The guidelines also provide criteria for classifying malnutrition cases as complicated severe, uncomplicated severe, moderate, or no malnutrition. Treatments include ready-to-use therapeutic foods, antibiotics, and counseling on feeding practices.
This document discusses guidelines for evaluating and managing brief resolved unexplained events (BRUEs), formerly known as apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs), in infants. It outlines criteria for classifying infants as low or high risk based on the characteristics and duration of the event. Low risk BRUEs can often be sent home after education and follow up, while high risk cases may warrant further testing and observation to identify potential underlying causes and ensure safety before discharge. The goal is to prevent over-testing and reduce parental anxiety by distinguishing self-limited from concerning episodes.
Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious illness that affects the brain and liver, most commonly in children recovering from a viral infection like influenza or chickenpox. It predominantly affects children between 4-14 years old. The syndrome is diagnosed based on medical history, physical exam, and lab tests if a child recently took aspirin after a viral flu and shows changes in mental state or liver problems. Treatment requires hospitalization and focuses on stopping organ damage and complications through intensive care like IV fluids, monitoring vitals, and medicine to reduce brain swelling.
This is a lecture by Ruth S. Hwu, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides information about treating influenza (flu) in high-risk individuals with prescription antiviral drugs. It notes that people with asthma, diabetes, or chronic heart disease are at high risk of serious illness if they get the flu. Antiviral drugs can treat the flu by fighting influenza viruses and reducing symptoms. The document recommends that high-risk individuals see a doctor promptly if they experience flu symptoms and may be prescribed antiviral drugs.
Prednisone is a steroid medication used to treat conditions caused by inflammation and reduce the immune system's response. It works by suppressing the production of antibodies to stabilize an overactive immune system. Prednisone should be taken as directed by a doctor and requires a gradual reduction in dosage before stopping to avoid withdrawal effects. Common side effects include insomnia, nausea, fatigue, and increased hunger. Those taking prednisone should avoid sources of infection and get approval from their doctor before receiving immunizations or taking other medications due to interaction risks.
This document provides information about a chemotherapy treatment plan called R-CHOP for a patient. It will involve receiving rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone over 6 to 8 cycles administered through infusions and injections on days 1 and 1 to 5 respectively of each 3-week cycle. Common side effects may include increased risk of infection, hair loss, fatigue, mouth sores, and nausea, while serious but rare side effects could include extravasation or changes to the heart at higher doses. The document outlines how to manage side effects and contact the clinic if any issues arise.
1. The message provides incorrect information about phenytoin dosage and duration that could lead to seizures if followed. It also provides incorrect usage of Progyluton.
2. Phenytoin is typically taken as 100mg capsules 3-4 times daily for a total of 300-400mg daily for long-term epilepsy treatment. Progyluton should be taken as one tablet daily for 21 days followed by a 7 day break.
3. Drug-drug interactions between phenytoin and estrogen need to be considered to avoid reducing contraceptive effectiveness and risk of pregnancy for women with epilepsy. Alternative contraceptive methods should be considered.
Epilepsy General information in English By
Dr. Gourav Goyal
MD, DM (Neurology)
Fellowship in stroke & Neuro-intervention
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, MGMCH JAIPUR
responding to minor ailments- pyrexia,mens.pptxAmeena Kadar
The document provides information on responding to minor ailments and symptoms. It discusses obtaining sufficient information from the patient, referring them if serious conditions are suspected, and advising follow-up if symptoms persist. It also covers causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of pyrexia (fever) including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Finally, it addresses menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea, including causes, symptoms, and treatment options like medications and lifestyle changes.
- Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. They work by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
- Cephalosporins come in both oral and injectable forms and are used to treat infections in many parts of the body. They are sometimes given with other antibiotics or to prevent infections before, during, and after surgery.
- The appropriate dose of cephalosporin depends on the individual medication, age of the patient, infection being treated, and whether it is being taken orally or via injection. Doses are generally taken every 4 to 12 hours and treatment duration is usually 5 to 10 days.
Upper respiratory infections in children 2015 Khaled Saad
Streptococcus infection causing inflammation of the throat and tonsils. Treatment involves supportive care with analgesics and anesthetics for viral infections. For bacterial Streptococcus infections, antibiotics are prescribed to prevent complications like rheumatic fever, with amoxicillin being a first line treatment. Sinusitis is usually caused by bacteria following a viral upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include nasal discharge and facial pain. Antibiotics like amoxicillin-clavulanate are prescribed. Acute otitis media is an ear infection that can be preceded by upper respiratory infections. It is usually treated with antibiotics like amoxicillin.
The document discusses Cenforce 100mg, a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. It provides information on what erectile dysfunction is, how Cenforce works, appropriate dosages, potential side effects and drug interactions, storage instructions, and contraindications. The drug works by inhibiting PDE5 and increasing blood flow to the genitals to facilitate erections. Side effects may include headaches, digestive issues, and in rare cases prolonged erections. It should be avoided if taking nitrates or other medications.
This document provides information on assessing and managing coughs presented in a pharmacy setting. It describes how to collect relevant information from patients such as age, duration of cough, nature of cough, associated symptoms, past medical history, and current medications. It explains the causes and characteristics of different types of coughs and makes recommendations on using cough suppressants, expectorants, and other treatments based on the assessment. The goal is to determine whether a cough is self-limiting or requires referral to a doctor for further evaluation and management.
This document provides information about novel influenza A(H1N1), also known as swine flu. It discusses what swine flu is, how it spreads from person to person, its symptoms, risk factors, prevention methods, treatment options, and guidance on when to seek medical care. It aims to educate people on swine flu and help protect themselves and others from infection.
This document provides medical history information for a 51-year-old female patient along with details of her current medications and dental history. The patient has a history of childbirth, knee replacement surgery, weight loss due to a diet, blood transfusion for anemia, panic attacks, joint pain, and prior substance use. She is currently taking Zoloft, Xanax, birth control, Benadryl, ibuprofen, and Kava Kava. Additional questions are provided to obtain further details from the patient about her medical history.
The document summarizes short-term side effects of PPIs (proton pump inhibitors), which are generally well tolerated. The most common side effects are headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea. Diarrhea appears to be related to acid suppression and the overall incidence is less than 5%, though it may be dosage and age related. PPIs are considered safe for short-term use and have similar safety profiles to H2 blockers. PPIs should be used cautiously in patients with liver disease.
The document is a Vaccine Information Statement that provides information about the inactivated influenza vaccine. It discusses why getting vaccinated against influenza is important, as the virus can cause illness in people of any age but is especially dangerous for young children, elderly people, and those with certain health conditions. It also describes the inactivated influenza vaccine, including who should receive it, possible side effects, extremely rare severe reactions, and what to do in case of an adverse reaction.
Nexium is a proton pump inhibitor used to treat acid reflux and stomach ulcers. It works by reducing acid production in the stomach. Nexium is typically taken once daily before meals, with the dosage and duration determined by the condition being treated. Common side effects include headache and diarrhea, and it's important to avoid interactions with other medications. The goals of Nexium therapy are to relieve acid reflux symptoms and heal esophageal erosions.
This document discusses epilepsy and its treatment. It begins by discussing guidelines for treating a first seizure, including that 16-62% of patients will have another seizure within 5 years. It then discusses guidelines for antiepileptic drug therapy, including starting with monotherapy using a first-line drug and optimizing compliance. If the first drug fails, a second first-line drug is tried before moving to second-line drugs or alternative treatments if needed. Common antiepileptic drugs from both old and new classes are listed along with their mechanisms of action and side effect profiles. Factors like epilepsy type, drug interactions, contraception, and pregnancy are addressed. Status epilepticus is defined as a medical emergency.
Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut that causes diarrhea and sometimes vomiting and abdominal pain. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites and spreads easily. Symptoms usually clear up in a few days but dehydration is a risk, especially for elderly or frail people. Treatment focuses on preventing dehydration by drinking fluids and eating lightly as tolerated. Medical care should be sought if dehydration is suspected or symptoms are severe or prolonged.
Vilitra is the generic name for vardenafil, an oral medication used to treat erectile dysfunction. It works by inhibiting an enzyme that reduces blood flow to the penis, allowing for an erection. Vilitra should be taken 30 minutes before sex, with or without food except for fatty meals which can delay its effects. Possible side effects include headache, flushing and blurred vision. Alcohol and grapefruit should be avoided as they can interact with and increase the effects of Vilitra. Precautions, dosage instructions and storage guidelines are also provided.
PRN Medications; its justified use: by Dr Prithvi PuwarPrithvi Puwar
The presentation is mentioning the details of PRN medications, its common use, the common problems occured by erroneous medications side effects ...A must to know by duty doctor, registrars and nurses. Most of the presentation slides are in interactive way.
The word “hypertension” means regular increase in arterial pressure. Blood pressure is increased when arteries and arterioles are narrowed. Arteries are like water channels feeding the earth and connecting the seas. But in a human body they are filled with the blood circulating between the heart and other bodies. Vasoconstriction may be observed because of regular spasms. The vessels remain narrowed due to thickenings of arterial walls.
Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on blood vessel walls. Abnormal blood pressure and cardiovascular issues are major causes of chronic diseases in men. The normal blood pressure range for men depends on factors like age and time of measurement. Men under 50 typically have a systolic blood pressure of 108-90 and a diastolic blood pressure of 65-48 during the day and night, respectively. Men over 50 typically have a systolic blood pressure of 108-87 and a diastolic blood pressure of 65-50 during the day and night. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular blood pressure monitoring can help men stay within a normal blood pressure range and reduce health risks.
High or low blood pressure may be the symptom of many diseases and pathologies. Control and a regular blood pressure measurement help to timely start a drug treatment and reducing the risk for health.
If you have high blood pressure, it does not mean that you should use anti-hypertensive pills right away. There are many natural ways to lower blood pressure.
Home remedies for high blood pressure instantlyIshita Patel
According to data of American Heart Association, over 74 millions of people have high blood pressure (hypertension). The danger of hypertension lies in that this disease poses a serious risk for the cardiovascular system.
Systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the arteries. It normally increases with age. Abnormal systolic pressure is a major risk factor for conditions like heart disease and stroke. Symptoms of high systolic pressure include dizziness and headaches, while low systolic pressure causes reduced energy and concentration problems. Maintaining a normal systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg or lower through lifestyle changes like exercise, diet, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol can help control blood pressure without medication for many people. For those who need medication, doctors can prescribe different drug classes including diuretics and ACE inhibitors to safely stabilize systolic pressure.
High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. Blood pressure is the amount of force exerted against the walls of the arteries as blood flows through them.
Every year, nearly five million Americans need blood transfusions. An estimated 43,000 pints (or units) of donated blood are used each day in the United States, and one in seven people entering the hospital needs blood. Women are critical to the country’s blood supply, since their role as caregivers sends a message that donating blood is the right thing to do. However, they are also more likely than men to be temporarily restricted from donating because of low hematocrit, or red blood cell levels if they are still menstruating.
Blood donation and transfusion guidelinesIshita Patel
Every year, nearly five million Americans need blood transfusions. An estimated 43,000 pints (or units) of donated blood are used each day in the United States, and one in seven people entering the hospital needs blood. Women are critical to the country’s blood supply, since their role as caregivers sends a message that donating blood is the right thing to do. However, they are also more likely than men to be temporarily restricted from donating because of low hematocrit, or red blood cell levels if they are still menstruating.
Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved “the pill” in 1960, it has become the most popular and one of the most effective forms of reversible birth control ever invented. According to The Guttmacher Institute, among U.S. women who use birth control, more than 27 percent use the pill. A 2013 National Health Statistics Report says that 82 percent of women who use contraceptionhave used the pill at some point.e most popular and one of the most effective forms of reversible birth control ever invented. According to Planned Parenthood, among U.S. couples who use birth control, more than 30 percent use the pill.
Most men consider care to prevent pregnancy feminine duty. And yet, to take active part in the defense of their partners from unintended pregnancy, men can and should. Here are some examples of all currently existing methods of male contraception. Let’s consider the most common and used methods of methods of birth control for men and check their efficacy profile.
After 45-50 years of age, you can feel certain natural changes of health state: from well-known vasomotor disorders to essentially affecting the life quality and potential reasons of serious health problems (cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis). At the same time, women of mature age have got their life experience and they have reached their career top, however, worsening of health state make them avoid any communication and even leave their job position. With estimation of their healthy life way and their care of own health which are the base of good health state in senior age, it should be noted that a good advice in the period of adaptation to a new stage of life is necessary for any woman. And if in the XIX century there was no reason to discuss this problem, because an average woman’s life did not exceed forty years, nowadays success of modern medicine put new tasks.
Activity of female reproductive system is controlled by sex glands: ovaries produced the female sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Influence of sex hormones is evident in the development of so-called secondary sexual character: constitution, breast, typical female hair pattern.
Hormones are chemical agents, transmitters among different tissues of our organism. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands. For example, sex hormones are produced mainly by ovaries and in insignificant quantity by adrenal glands. Hormones penetrate in the blood and make a targeted organ start its function activity or stop its work. The blood contains a large quantity of various biologically active agents at the same time, however, different hormones find their targeted organs. How it is going on?
When using oral contraceptives (oral pills), chances of getting pregnant do not exceed 1%. The duration of using oral pills does not affect the chances of getting pregnant. Therefore, women can take oral pills for many years, without worrying about unplanned pregnancy.
The absolute majority of mature women use hormonal contraceptives to prevent pregnancy. When planning a pregnancy, many women are wondering «How effective is birth control?
Bipolar disorder is a mental illness marked by extreme mood swings from high (mania) to low (depression) and low to high. The mood swings may even become mixed, so you might feel elated and depressed at the same time.
Biofeedback is a technique that teaches people how to control involuntary bodily functions like breathing, muscle tension, and heart rate through the use of electronic or electromechanical devices that provide feedback on these physiological processes. It involves learning to control external signals and eventually internal cues to gain awareness and control over one's body. Biofeedback sessions with a trained professional typically involve sensors attached to the body to monitor functions and provide audio or visual feedback to help the individual learn control through relaxation techniques and practice. While not a cure, biofeedback has been shown to help treat various conditions involving muscle tension and stress and is gaining wider acceptance in mainstream healthcare.
1. The document provides information on self-care options for lower back pain, which is very common and costly.
2. It recommends trying ice or heat, rest, gentle exercise, alternative treatments like acupuncture, and over-the-counter or prescription medications to manage pain.
3. Maintaining good posture, losing weight, reducing stress, and heat/cold therapy can also help lower back pain.
Many men experience symptoms of erectile dysfunction (ED) as they age. Also known as impotence, ED is an occasional (or prolonged) inability to get or maintain an erection. When ED occurs frequently, you might need treatment for an underlying health issue.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Antibiotics for flu
1. ANTIBIOTICS FOR FLU
Usually,youcan manage flusymptomsyourselfathome andthere’snoneedtosee a GP. Most people
feel betterwithinaweek.
You shouldconsiderseeingyourGPif you’re at a higherriskof becomingmore seriouslyill.Thisincludes
people who:
are 65 or over
are pregnant
have a lung,heart,kidney,liverorneurological disease
have a weakenedimmune system
have diabetes
In these cases,yourGP maysuggesttakingantiviral medication.
Managing yoursymptomsat home
If you’re otherwise healthy,youcanlookafteryourself athome byresting,keepingwarmanddrinking
plentyof waterto avoiddehydration.
If you feel unwell andhave afever,youcantake paracetamol oranti-inflammatorymedicinessuchas
ibuprofentoloweryourtemperatureandrelieve aches.Childrenunder16shouldn’tbe givenaspirin.
Stay off workor school until you’re feelingbetter.Formostpeople,thiswilltake aboutaweek.See your
GP if your symptomsgetworse orlast longerthana week.
Readthe page on preventingfluformore informationaboutstoppingthe infectionspreadingtoothers.
Antiviral medication
In 2009, the National InstituteforHealthandCare Excellence (NICE) recommendedthatdoctorsshould
considertreatingpeopleinthe at-riskgroupsmentionedabovewiththe antiviral medications
oseltamivir(Tamiflu) orzanamivir(Relenza) toreduce the riskof complicationsof flu.
Antiviralsworkbystoppingthe fluvirusfrommultiplyinginthe body.Theywon’tcure flu,buttheymay
helpslightlyreducethe lengthof the illnessandrelieve some of the symptoms.
RecentresearchhassuggestedthatTamifluandRelenzamaynotbe effectiveatreducingthe riskof flu
complicationsandcouldcause side effects,sonotall doctorsagree theyshouldbe used.
But there isevidence thatantiviralscanreduce the riskof deathin patientshospitalisedwithflu.Inthe
lightof thisevidence,PublicHealthEnglandsaysitisimportantthat doctorstreatingseverelyunwell
patientscontinue toprescribe these drugswhere appropriate.
For more information,readEffectivenessof TamifluandRelenzaquestionedandthe NICEguidelineson
antiviralstotreatinfluenza.
2. Antibiotics
Antibioticsaren’tprescribedforfluastheyhave no effectonviruses,althoughtheymay be prescribedif
youdevelopacomplicationof flu,suchasa bacterial chestinfection.
Lookingforan effective flutreatmentandwonderingif antibioticswillwork?Antibioticsare medications
that fightinfectionscausedbybacteria,butthe fluiscause by a virus.
Takingantibioticswhenyouhave avirusmaydo more harm than good.Takingantibioticswhentheyare
not neededincreasesyourriskof gettinganinfectionlaterthatmayresistantibiotictreatment.
WhyWon’t AntibioticsCure Cold or Flu?
Antibioticsonlycure certaininfectionsdue tobacteria — andif takencarelessly,youmaygetmore
serioushealthproblemsthanyoubargainedfor.
Withany illness,itiscritical toaddressthe underlyingcause,whetherit’sbacterialorviral.Antibiotics
will notkill coldorfluviruses.
ShouldI AvoidAntibioticsAltogether?
Notat all. Antibioticscansave people’slives,andif youneedthem, youshouldgetthemasquicklyas
youcan. Since onlya doctor can prescribe antibiotics,thismeansthatyoushouldtalktoyourdoctor if
youthinkyou mightneedthem(asopposedtotakingyour friend’sleftoverantibioticsfromlastwinter’s
illness,forexample).
However,itisthe grave over-reliance andinappropriateuse of antibioticsthathave contributedtothe
global antibioticresistance crisisthatwe face.
A studyby the CDC showedthatmanyadultsbelievethatif theyare sickenoughtosee a doctor for a
cold,theyshouldgetan antibiotictreatment.The studyalsoshowedthatpatientsare notaware of the
consequencesof takingthe drugsif theyare notneeded.Andwhenantibiotics are misused,bacteriacan
become resistant.
What Are Antiviral?
Antiviral are medicationsthatreduce the abilityof fluvirusestomultiply.The CDCconsidersantiviral
drugsas a “secondline of defenseagainstthe flu”aftergettinganannual fluvaccine.Whentakenatthe
onsetof flu,these drugshelpdecrease the severityanddurationof flusymptoms.Theycanalsobe used
incases to helppreventthe flu,buttheyare nota replacementforgettingthe fluvaccine
WhichAntiviralsDoes the CDC Recommend?
The CDC recommendsoseltamivir(Tamiflu),peramivir(Rapivab),andzanamivir(Relenza) forflu.They
are mosteffectivewhengivenwithin48hours aftersymptomsstartto appear.These fludrugscan
decrease the durationof the flubyone to two days if usedwithinthisearlytime period.These antivirals
3. are usuallygivenforaperiodof five daysforthe treatmentof flu.Forpreventionof flu,antiviral drugs
may be givenforat least7 days.Insome cases,antiviralsmaybe givenforlongerperiods of time.
Oseltamivirisapprovedfortreatmentinthose over2weeksof age and forpreventioninpeople ages1
and older.
Peramivir,giveninone intravenousdose,isapprovedforpeopleages18andolder.
Zanamivir,aninhaledmedication,isapprovedfor treatmentof people ages7and olderandfor
preventioninpeople ages5andolder.
Are There Side Effects WithAntiviral Drugs?
Side effectsof antiviral drugsmayincludenervousness,poorconcentration,nausea,vomiting,and
diarrhea.Zanamivirisnot recommendedforpeople withahistoryof breathingproblems,suchas
asthma,because itmay worsenbreathing.Discusssideeffectswithyourdoctor.
What Does AntibioticResistance Mean?
Accordingto the CDC, antibioticresistance happenswhenbacteriachangesinsome waytoreduce or
eliminatethe effectivenessof the antibiotic.
Whenbacteriaare exposedtoantibioticsrepeatedly,suchaswhenyoutake the medicationneedlessly
or too frequently,the germsinyourbodystart toevolve.These changescanmake the germsstronger
than before sotheycompletelyresistthe antibiotic.Yourillnessmaylingerwithnosignsof
improvement.Oryourillnessmaysuddenlytake aturnfor the worse,requiringyoutoseekemergency
medical care.You mayhave to be admittedtothe hospital andgetseveral differentantibiotics
intravenously.Sadly,those aroundyoumaygetthe resistantbacteriaandcome downwitha similar
illnessthatisverydifficulttotreat.
But Aren’tAntibioticsQuick Curesfor Illnesses?
Unfortunately,demandfora “quickfix”forwhatailsus has fueledthisresistance crisis.Infact,more
than two-thirdsof the 150 millionantibioticprescriptionswritteneachyearforpatientsoutside of
hospitalsare unnecessary,accordingtoaCDC study.
How Can I Protect my Familyand MyselfFrom AntibioticResistance?
There isa wayto protectyourself andothersfromresistantbacteria,andthatis to respectantibiotics
and take themonlywhennecessaryforabacterial infection.Here are some useful tips:
1. Whenyousee a doctor,don’tdemandantibiotics.Understandthatantibioticsare usedfor
bacterial infections,notsymptomsof acoldor fluvirus.
2. If a doctor prescribesantibiotics,use themasprescribed.Take all of the antibioticsasdirected
and don’tsave some forfuture use.
3. Don’tshare antibioticswithothers.
4. Preventingthe fluinthe firstplace mayhelpyouavoidgettingsickaltogether.Getaflushoteach year.
Also,make sure youwashyour handsfrequentlyandthoroughlytopreventspreadinggerms.Flu
(influenza) isaverycommonviral illness.Inmedical journals,youcanfindinformationthatantibiotics
are notusedto combat influenzaviruses.Antibioticsforfluinfectiondonotreallyexist.Afterall,
antibacterial andbactericidal medicationsare noteffective inthe treatmentof diseasescausedbyviral
infection.
It shouldbe notedthatmany patientsdiagnosedwiththe fludevelopbacterialinfections.Therefore,
antibioticsare prescribedinadditiontoantiviral drugsforinfluenzatreatment.
Bacterial infectionisone of the mostfrequentcomplicationsof severeinfluenza.Therefore,many
people takingantibioticsduringthe treatmentof severeviral infectionare convincedthattheyuse
antibioticsforflutreatment.
Everyyear,millionsof people aroundthe worldtake antibioticsduringinfluenzatreatment.Therefore,
youcan oftenfindstatementsaboutthe use of antibioticsforfluandcold,coughor sore throat on the
forums.
Giventhe fact that antibioticsare notusedfor flutreatment,bactericidal(antibacterial) drugsforsevere
influenzaare calleddrugstotreat flucomplications.The mostseriousanddangerouscomplicationof
influenzaispneumonia.Commonantibioticsforthe treatmentof thisflucomplicationare drugsforthe
treatmentof diseasescausedbypneumococcal,streptococcal orstaphylococcal infection.Itshouldbe
notedthat manysymptomsof bacterial infectionare similartoflusymptoms.Therefore,the use of
antibioticstofightinfluenzacomplicationshelpstoreduce some symptomsof aviral infection.
Antibioticsforflucomplicationscanbe soldat pharmaciesundervariousnames,suchasAmpicillin,
Amoxicillin,Cefazolin,Cefuroxime,Cefotaxime,Ceftazidime,Cefepime,Imipenem, Ertapenem,
Erythromycin,Roxithromycin,Azithromycin,Clarithromycin,Doxycycline,Clindamycin,Ciprofloxacin,
Levofloxacin,Vancomycin,Linezolid.
Each of antibioticsmentionedabove forthe treatmentof bacterial influenzacomplicationscanbe sold
underthe original trade names.Forexample,commonantibiotic –Ciprofloxacinforflucomplicationsis
registeredinthe UKunderthe brand namesCetraxal,Ciloxan,Ciprobay.
Antibioticsforflusymptomsandcomplicationscanbe prescribedbothtoadultsand to children.During
pregnancy,antibioticsforflushouldbe takenwithcaution.
For more informationvisitusourwebsite:http://www.healthinfi.com