Antibiotics are medications that destroy or slow down bacterial growth. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. While antibiotics have helped treat bacterial infections, their overuse and misuse has led to increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This occurs as bacteria mutate and evolve in response to antibiotic use, becoming "superbugs" that are difficult or impossible to treat. Recent research focuses on developing new antibiotics and combination therapies to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance and ensure we continue to have effective treatments for bacterial infections.

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By: Ahmed Sameh
Antibiotics

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Outlines
Antibiotics: definition
Antibiotics: history and evolution
Antibiotics: use
Antibiotics: misuse
Antimicrobial resistance: definition and causes
Precautions: avoiding potential infections
Recent researches: fighting antimicrobial resistance

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• Antibiotics, also known as antibacterials, are
medications that destroy or slow down the growth of
bacteria, if used properly.
• They include a range of powerful drugs and are used
to treat diseases caused by bacteria.
I. Antibiotics Definition
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II. Antibiotics history and evolution
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin,
the first natural antibiotic, in 1928.
• Howard Florey and Ernst Chain shared the
1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Alexander
Fleming for their role in creating the first
mass-produced antibiotic.
• Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic
resistance.

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III. Antibiotics use
• Before bacteria can multiply and
cause symptoms, the immune
system can typically kill them.
• Sometimes, however, the number
of harmful bacteria is excessive,
and the immune system cannot fight
them all. Antibiotics are useful in
this scenario.

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Antibiotics fight bacteria in a variety of ways :
In general, Antibiotics work by disrupting something bacterial cells
need but human cells don’t.
• Like many other antibiotics, Penicillin prevents bacteria
from synthesizing peptidoglycan which is a molecule in
the bacterial cell wall that provides the wall with the
strength it needs to survive in the human body.
• Other antibiotics prevent successful DNA replication or
repair in bacteria.
• Some antibiotics including Tetracycline inhibit bacteria
from building proteins they need to survive.
Without penicillin
With penicillin

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IV. Antibiotics misuse
• Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic
abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the
misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially
serious effects on health.
• It is a contributing factor to the development of
antibiotic resistance.
• Antibiotics are good at killing bacteria, which
means antibiotics may also kill your body’s
healthy, native bacteria.

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V. Antimicrobial resistance definition and causes
Antimicrobial resistance definition
microorganism's resistance to an
antimicrobial drug that was once able to
treat an infection by that microorganism.
A person cannot become resistant to antibiotics.
Resistance is a property of the microbe, not a
person or other organism infected by a microbe.
Those drug resistant microbes are called Superbugs.

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Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance.
‘‘ Alexander Fleming, speaking in his Nobel
Prize acceptance speech in 1945.

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Antimicrobial resistance causes
1. Poor hygiene and poor infection prevention and control.
 provide more opportunity for resistant
bacteria and other germs to spread.
 make more people sick and increase the
need for antibiotics.

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2. Antibiotics overuse
The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic
use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die
but resistant bacteria can survive and even
multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant
bacteria more common.
The more we use antibiotics, the more chances
bacteria have to become resistant to them. This
means that antibiotics won’t work when we need
them in the future.

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3. Bacterial DNA mutations
• Bacteria reproduce spontaneously by
binary fission rapidly where mutations
can arise easily.
• By using antibiotics we kill the weakest
bacteria leaving the strongest ones
and mutations can arise easily
producing generations of strong
superbugs as MRSA.

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Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health
challenges of our time.
Each year in the U.S., at least 2.8 million
people get an antibiotic-resistant
infection, and more than 35,000 people
die.
If left unchecked, antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) could cause as many as 10 million
deaths per year by 2050.

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VI. Precautions: preventing bacterial infections
There are many steps you can take to help prevent infection from bacteria:
• Practice good hygiene, such as frequent hand
washing.
• Fortify your immune system with healthy foods
such as fruits and vegetables.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick with
a contagious infection from bacteria.
• only take antibiotics when needed to avoid
developing resistance to antibiotics in the future.

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VII. Recent researches: fighting antimicrobial resistance
AMR is life-threatening and some superbugs cause incurable diseases
but science always provides lots of potential solutions.
• Immunotherapy for deadly bacteria shows early promise.
• Combination antibiotic therapy against Multi Drug Resistant bacterial
pathogens (MRA).
• Teixobactin which is a new antibiotic, killing "without detectable
resistance“, It inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the production of
the peptidoglycan layer “as mentioned before” , leading to lysis of
vulnerable bacteria.

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Thank You