The presented study describes the effectiveness of induced androgenesis in in vitro pepper anther culture. The aim of this study was the establishment of effective technology for induction of embryogenesis in pepper anther culture; development of the embryos into plantlets; successful adaptation and acclimatization of plantlets from sterile to greenhouse conditions, and the breeding process of obtained androgenetic pepper lines in the plastic tunnel conditions. From 19 pepper genotypes under investigation, 12 possessed potential for embryo formation in anther culture. After the acclimatization and adaptation of plantlets, seed material from four pepper genotypes were collected: Piran, Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR and Féherözön. From the collected seed material, breeding processes of androgenetic pepper lines was set up in plastic tunnel (from April-October 2007-2010). The pepper genotypes and androgenetic lines as their products differ among themselves in the length of phonological phases, fruit type and fruit utilization. Detailed study for characterization of morphological and production parameters of the fruits was established that indicate to sort out lines with positive characteristics.
Article Citation:
Liljana Koleva Gudeva and Fidanka Trajkova.
Anther Culture of Pepper: Morphological Charactersitics of Fruits of Androgenetic Pepper Lines (Capsicum Annuum L.).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0028.pdf
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
Anther culture:- the in vitro culturing of anthers containing microspores or immature pollen grains on a nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plantlets.
Culturing anthers for the purpose of obtaining Double Haploid is not easy with many field crop species, particularly with the cereals, cotton, and grain legumes.
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
Haploids and Double haploids are having considerable importance in plant breeding and genetics. Also, the production of haploids through conventional breeding methods is long term efforts. therefore many scientists investigated the production of haploids through anther culture.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Uses of Ganoderma and other Mushrooms as Medicine in Oshana and Ohangwena r...researchagriculture
Basidiomycetes fungi, including
Ganoderma lucidum
, have a variety of uses
such as providing nutrition and medical remedies. The mushroom
G. lucidum
has
been used for a long time to cure liver problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer,
high blood pressure and arthritis. Recently, it has been associated with boosting
immune systems in HIV infected persons. It is for these reasons that the mushroom
has attracted a lot of attention leading to proposals of cultivating to increase supply
to the Southern African market. This study was initiated with the objective of
determining the uses of
Ganoderma
species and other mushrooms by local
communities in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions of northern Namibia. A survey was
conducted in the 10% households of each of the two northern regions of Namibia.
A questionnaire for face
-
to
-
face interviews was designed and applied to the two
Regions. The information survey has revealed that
Ganoderma
species have a variety
of other traditional uses including veterinary applications, while other five species of
mushrooms are used as nerve calming tonics and as treatment of skin infections. The
study found out that those interviewed in Ohangwena Region use more mushrooms
for medicinal purposes than those interviewed in Oshana Region.
Haploids and Double haploids are having considerable importance in plant breeding and genetics. Also, the production of haploids through conventional breeding methods is long term efforts. therefore many scientists investigated the production of haploids through anther culture.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Uses of Ganoderma and other Mushrooms as Medicine in Oshana and Ohangwena r...researchagriculture
Basidiomycetes fungi, including
Ganoderma lucidum
, have a variety of uses
such as providing nutrition and medical remedies. The mushroom
G. lucidum
has
been used for a long time to cure liver problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer,
high blood pressure and arthritis. Recently, it has been associated with boosting
immune systems in HIV infected persons. It is for these reasons that the mushroom
has attracted a lot of attention leading to proposals of cultivating to increase supply
to the Southern African market. This study was initiated with the objective of
determining the uses of
Ganoderma
species and other mushrooms by local
communities in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions of northern Namibia. A survey was
conducted in the 10% households of each of the two northern regions of Namibia.
A questionnaire for face
-
to
-
face interviews was designed and applied to the two
Regions. The information survey has revealed that
Ganoderma
species have a variety
of other traditional uses including veterinary applications, while other five species of
mushrooms are used as nerve calming tonics and as treatment of skin infections. The
study found out that those interviewed in Ohangwena Region use more mushrooms
for medicinal purposes than those interviewed in Oshana Region.
Factors affecting agricultural sustainable activities among wheat producersresearchagriculture
The sustainability of agricultural activities has been emphasized in many
studies. The main objective of this study is to determine the major factors affecting
the adoption of
sustainable activities among wheat producers in Marvdasht county in
Iran. The Survey research was used and the sample consists of 178 farmers that
selected with simple random sampling technique from 10 villages. Findings showed a
positive correlation between educational level, knowledge on sustainability, attending
on educational classes, participation in extension activities, social norms and
conducting sustainable agricultural activities. The regression findings showed that
age, educational level, knowledge on sustainability, agricultural income, total land of
family, attending on educational classes, participation in extension activities, social
norms, controllability of production factors were major variables to explain variability
in adoption of sustainable activities among wheat producers. The study has provided
recommendations to improve of adoption rate in sustainable agricultural activities.
If you are entering the workforce for the first time or considering a career change, completing a Career Assessment is often a logical and informative starting point.
Analysis of adaptation and extent of adaptation to climate variability among ...researchagriculture
The performance of agriculture is influenced by many factors including
climate variability. This factor is gradually being recognized as a key element in
shaping the form, scale, size and time
-
frame of agricultural productivity. Climate
variability is expected to have significant economic, environmental and social impacts
on various sectors of the Kenyan economy. In particular, rural farmers who depend on
major crops like maize and wheat for their livelihoods are likely to bear the brunt of
adverse impacts. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on
the extent of adaptation in response to climate variability. The key question here is,
“Why are wheat farmers in Rongai district facing continued decline in wheat output
despite evidence from both national and continental perspective that farmers have
adapted to climatic variability”. This study seeks to find out whether wheat farmers in
Rongai District have adapted to climate variability, and if that is the case, to what
extent. The study used multistage sampling procedure to select 150 wheat farmers in
Rongai district informed by both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that indeed, farmers in the
area were able to recognize that temperatures have increased and there has been a
reduction in the volume of rainfall as well the vegetation cover. They were also able
to note changes in disease occurrence and pest infestation. The percentage of
farmers who perceived the changes was 62% while those who did not were 38%. The
percentage of farmers who perceived changes in temperature, precipitation and
vegetation cover were all equal. This indicates that the farmers were able to relate all
the three indicators of climate variability similarly.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
morphological and physiological variation of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri...IJEAB
Nine isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri infecting chickpea were collected from major chickpea growing areas of Bangladesh and their cultural, morphological, physiological and pathogenic characteristics were described. The isolates varied significantly in their cultural, morphological and physiological traits, i.e. colony color, shape, margin and texture; mycelial radial growth and spore production. Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effect of different culture media, pH and temperature levels on mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Mycelial radial growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum was maximum for all the isolates at 25°C after seven days of inoculation, which was reduced drastically below 15°C and above 35°C. No growth and sporulation was observed at 5 °C temperature for all the isolates. The most suitable pH level for growth and sporulation of the fungus was at pH 6.0. The fungus grew well on oat meal agar medium among seven culture media tested. No sporulation was observed on WA medium. The highest number of macro spores (3.27 x 105 ml-1) and micro spores (4.06 x 105 ml-1) were produced on PDA. Among the nine tested isolates, only one isolate (FOC-1) found to be highly virulent (HV) type on reaction on chickpea variety BARI Chola –1.
References:
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The variability of SSRs patterns were analysed for taxonomical delimitations including intra specific variations in 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from their natural populations. The total amplified produces of 10 SSRs primers were 172 between 50 and 330 bp (average of 17.2 bands per primer), of which 157 bands were polymorphic between Ribes accessions, corresponding to 91.2 % genetic diversity. The number of bands for each SSRs primer varied from 6 to 32. Segregations of Ribes accessions at specific and intraspecific levels were accomplished showing taxonomical and phylogeographical relations. Obtained results can be used as complementary data in characterizations of Ribes gene pool in Anatolia and selection of the germplasms suitable for crop improving.
Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides.
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Assessment of genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated clones of Celastrus pan...iosrjce
Celastrus paniculatus Willd belonging to the family Celastaceae is an endangered Indian medicinal
plant having high pharmaceutical application. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the the
clonal fidelity of in vitro propagated clones of Celastrus paniculatus with the field grown mother plant to
confirm their true to type nature. Micropropagation is an alternative method for the large scale production of
endangered medicinal plants. The genetic stability of in vitro raised clones of celastrus paniculatus were
assessed by using RAPD analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from healthy and fresh leaves of both mother
plant and in vitro raised plants of Celastrus paniculatus by using CTAB method. Based on the reproducibility of
the primers, 15 RAPD primers were selected for the present investigation. The selected primers gave rise to a
total of 75 scorable bands with an average of 5.1 bands ranging from 300-2700 bp. The number of bands varied
from three (OPQ-07, OPA-13) to seven (OPC-20, OPN-16). Randomly selected 10 micropropagated plants
from each culture period was used. Amplification pattern was electrophoresed in 1.5% TBE, revealing that all
the bands produced by micropropagated plants were monomorphic and similar to that of the field grown plant.
No polymorphism was detected by RAPD analysis.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
TEST SENSITIVITY OF SOME POTATO VARIETIES CULTIVATED IN IRAQ TO SOFT ROT DISEASE CAUSED BY PECTOBACTERIUM CAROTOVORUM AND ITS RELATION WITH CONTENTS OF DRY MATTERS, STARCH AND CALCIUM OF TUBERS
Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggpla...ijtsrd
Eggplant is prone to attack by several pests including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects. In this study, we have analyzed phylotype of bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum infection in eggplant plants collected from Bhubaneswar Orissa in India. Bacterial wilt symptomatic five plant samples were collected from brinjal field in Bhubaneswar in 2016. The samples were macerated in sterile distilled water and grown on Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride TZC agar media. Total genomic DNA of the bacterium were extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using the R. solanacearum specific universal primer pair 759 760. An expected single 280 bp fragment amplified in all the samples confirmed the identity of these as Ralstonia. To reconfirmed isolate of bacterium, the amplicon was sequenced in sequencer. In NCBI blast, the nucleotide sequence was 100 similar with Ralstonia solanacearum strain RS lpxC DOB 1 AB910593 and the sequence was submitted in NCBI database under Acc. No. KY393266. To determined phylotype of strain used specific multiplex PCR with phylotype specific primers Nmult 21F1 2, Nmult 22InF, Nmult 23AF, Nmult 22RR revealed that all the five infected samples belonged to phylotype I as a 144 bp amplicon were observed in agarose gel. On the basis of above finding concluded that the bacterial wilt infected eggplant collected from Bhubaneswar was Ralostonia solanacearum, Phylotype I. Rakesh Kumar | Ramachandran, E. | Koteshwar Yadav "Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggplants in Orissa in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21580.pdf
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
biological activity of Calotropis procera against desert locust and migratory...Narimene Kaidi
The treatments based on acetone extracts of Calotropis procera against imagos of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria have been
very convincing due to the speed and efficiency of the action of said plant, on mortality and on haemogram of treated locusts.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Similar to Anther culture of pepper morphological charactersitics of fruits of androgenetic pepper lines (capsicum annuum L.) (20)
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Influence of Long Term Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Biochemist...researchagriculture
As the tea plantation in hilly tracts are located in slopes, the management of
fertilizer regimes is somewhat challengeable due to leaching which in turn affect the
quality of tea soil. In light of this fact the present study was focused to determine the
quality of tea soil in terms of the evaluation of certain physical and biological
characteristics as influenced by various dosage of fertilizer applications. The impact of long
term nitrogen and potassium fertilization on biochemical characteristics and microbial
activities in tea soil has been analyzed in the present study. Different sources and rates of
nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea), and potassium (muriate of potash) were tested
at two soil depths (0
-
10 cm and 10
-
20 cm) and for two seasons (premonsoon and
monsoon). The acidic tea soil was further acidified with nitrogen application and the
extent of acidification varied with the fertilizer type and season. Soil respiration rates were
higher in 0
-
10 cm soils and were positively related to soil nitrogen and potassium
concentrations. Among the soil enzymes analyzed, urease activity exhibited different
trends in the two soil depths at different seasons. Urease activity tended to increase with
increasing potassium application rates, whereas higher cellulase activity was associated
with lower nitrogen application rates. This study clearly indicates that the soil quality
depends on the fertilizer application rates and season.
Anther Culture of Pepper: Morphological Charactersitics of Fruits of Androgen...researchagriculture
The presented study describes the effectiveness of induced androgenesis in
in vitro pepper anther culture. The aim of this study was the establishment of
effective technology for induction of embryogenesis in pepper anther culture;
development of the embryos into plantlets; successful adaptation and acclimatization
of plantlets from sterile to greenhouse conditions, and the breeding process of
obtained androgenetic pepper lines in the plastic tunnel conditions. From 19 pepper
genotypes under investigation, 12 possessed potential for embryo formation in
anther culture. After the acclimatization and adaptation of plantlets, seed material
from four pepper genotypes were collected: Piran, Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal
SR and Féherözön. From the collected seed material, breeding processes of
androgenetic pepper lines was set up in plastic tunnel (from April
-
October
2007
-
2010). The pepper genotypes and androgenetic lines as their products differ
among themselves in the length of phonological phases, fruit type and fruit utilization.
Detailed study for characterization of morphological and production parameters of
the fruits was established that indicate to sort out lines with positive characteristics.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Biodiversity of Butterflies at Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District, Tam...researchagriculture
The present study has been aimed to explore the existing diversity of
butterflies from Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. A total of
19 genera and 23 species belonging to eight families were recorded. Out of these,
Nymphalidae were dominant with 7 species, followed by Papilionidae (5 species),
Pieridae (5 species), Danaidae (3 species), Acraeidae (1 species), Hesperiidae
(1 species), Lycaenidae (1 species), and Satyridae (1 species). Nymphalidae was found
to be the most dominant members with 30.43% followed by Papilionidae (21.74%),
Pieridae (17.39%) and Danaidae (13.04%). The minimum number of species found in
this habitat was from the families such as Acraeidae (4.35%), Hesperiidae (4.35%),
Lycaenidae (4.35%) and Satyridae (4.35%).
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from Sargassum wightii an...researchagriculture
The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of
Sargassum wightii
and
Hypnea
musciformis
were evaluated on the seedling growth and biochemical parameters of
the pulse,
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
(L). The seeds of
C. tetragonoloba
soaked in SLF
performed better when compared to the water soaked controls in terms of growth
and certain biochemical attributes. The seeds were sown in soil and SLF were added
to soil bed in four different concentrations separately (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% w/v).
C.
tetragonoloba
seedlings showed positive response at 0.5% concentration of aqueous
seaweed extracts in almost all the growth parameters studied. Similarly, a significant
increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and biochemical constituents such
as soluble protein and starch was noted. The use of
Sargassum
and
Hypnea
extracts
proved to be effective.
Analysis of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy indicators on agricult...researchagriculture
The research was conducted to determine the effect of monetary and fiscal
policy indicators on Nigeria’s agricultural output. The output considered were mainly
cereals such as maize, sorghum, rice, millet and wheat while the monetary policy
indicators studied were inflation, money supply, interest rate and savings. Budgetary
allocation represents the fiscal component while inflation, savings, interest rate,
money supply represented monetary policy indicators. One of the fundamental
objectives was to examine the relationship between monetary and fiscal policy
indicators on agricultural output. Multiple regression was used as the main analytical
tool, and the result showed that money supply, budgetary allocation, interest rate
were 94%, 54% and 82% significant in the order above i.e. they had significant
relationship with output, while inflation and savings were not significant. The result
also revealed that within the period of study, agriculture contributed 28% to 35% of
the gross domestic product. Forestry and fisheries contributed the least, while crop
and animal sub sectors contributed the highest.
Contamination by trace metals (ETM) assessment of the plants populating the ...researchagriculture
The proportioning of the metal element traces by ICP
-
AES (Inductively
Coupled Plasma
-
Atomic Spectrometry Emission) in the mining residues of the dumps,
and the plants which populate the mine field of Zaida (High Moulouya), allowed to
highlight an important contamination as well as residues of the plants (
Stipa
tenuifolia
,
Reseda phyteuma
and
Matthiola longipetala
).
This contamination is materialized by strong concentrations in ETM (Lead,
Zinc, Copper and Cadmium).On the level of the plants the distribution of these ETM
(Lead, Zinc, Copper and Cadmium) is variable according to the vegetative species and
their bodies.
The simultaneous presence of the various elements as well induces an
increasing toxicity on the flora as on fauna and consequently on the local population.
Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of ...researchagriculture
Pearl millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
) is the most widely grown type of millet in
Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by
drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity
or low pH.
In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and
cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting
season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet
grains in different containers after 0
-
16 months post
-
harvest.
Germination and
viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this
was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden
container ranged between 64
-
50% after 8
-
16 months post
-
harvest compared to
83
-
74% in plastic container and 30
-
12% in wooden container after a similar period of
storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose
for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration
time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose
decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch
and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Extension of grid soil sampling technology: application of extended Technolog...researchagriculture
Grid soil sampling technology is one of the most important information
technologies in agriculture. Application of these technologies is a way to understand
the extent of needed nutrient elements of soil. The purpose of this research is to
investigate the attitude and intention to the extension of grid soil sampling
technologies among agricultural specialists in Iran. A survey was used to collect data
from 249 specialists. The results using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed
that attitude to use is the most important determinant of intention to extension.
Attitude of confidence, observability and triability positively affect intention to
extension of these technologies. Perceived ease of use indirectly influences the
intention to extension through attitude to use.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Effect of elements of communication on effectiveness of poultry technology m...researchagriculture
This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of elements of
communications on effectiveness of poultry technology messages in Delta State,
Nigeria. A sample size of 180 poultry farmers and 46 extension agents were randomly
selected and used for the study. The findings showed that the poultry technology
messages communicated to farmers included climate change adaptation measures,
poultry waste management, bird flu prevention, prevention of predators and exotic
breeds of broiler and layer birds. All the elements of communication such as source
(sender), message, channel, and receiver had positive correlation with effectiveness
of poultry technology messages. There is a need to sustain the use of a combination
of channels, various elements in the communication process should be seriously
considered in message designs, its execution and extension agents. Poultry farmers
should be encouraged to improve on their role performance.
Assessment of aquaculture sediment for agricultural fertilizer supplement an...researchagriculture
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical
Overuse of farmlands for crop production and rising cost of chemical fertilizers have
grossly affected crop yield, production and food availability, and the search for
alternative use of locally available aquaculture
-
waste for fertilizer and soil
improvement can improve crop yield and food availability for the teaming population
of Nigeria and other sub
-
Saharan African countries. This research determined the pH,
Organic Matter, nitrate and phosphate qualities of 10 fishpond sediments for use as
agricultural fertilizer supplement and soil conditioner in Owerri, Nigeria. Samples
were subjected to standard physicochemical analysis. The pH ranged from 8.1
-
7.3,
organic matter from 46.6
-
61.3 g/kg, nitrate from 2.6
-
3.2 g/kg and phosphate from
0.05
-
0.1 g/kg. The higher the organic matter in the sediment samples, the higher the
recorded pH, nitrate and phosphate from the different ponds sediments. Organic
material, nitrate, phosphate and pH variation in the sediments might be due to
nutrients added to pond water from fertilizer, unconsumed feed, fish feaces and
metabolites. The nitrate and phosphate are major plant nutrients; organic matter can
be used as soil conditioner. The pH can determine the soil chemistry and availability
of the nutrients. The fish pond sediment can help to improve soil texture and soil
fertility, which may influence soil aeration, water, and nutrient
-
holding capacity and
root penetration by crops and increased crops growth and yield. It can serve as
alternative uses for fertilizer, soil conditioner, and its application as a waste
management approach in aquaculture for environmental sustainability.
Seed morphometric studies of some Kenaf ( Hibiscus canabinus ) accessions researchagriculture
Fifteen kenaf lines collected from kenaf and Jute Improvement Programme
of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (I.A.R.& T.) were subjected to digital
imaging analysis using USB microscope with digital imaging software (Veho™ UK) and
Vernier caliper to study the seed morphometric of available kenaf accession and the
possibility of using the morphometric data to determine variations between the
accessions. Ten seeds in four replicates of each seed lot were randomly selected and
measurement of the seed length, seed width, seed angle and seed thickness were
taken. The measurements were inputted and saved into Microsoft excel from where
the mean value of each parameters were calculated for each replicates. Data were
subjected to Analysis of variance, correlation analysis, principal component analysis
and clustering analysis. Variation exit among seed of kenaf accessions though they
had similar microscopic appearance features. Seed area, which was a function of seed
length and seed width contributed largely to the variation that exist between the seed
of kenaf accessions. Accession HC
-
583
-
31
2
, clearly distinguished itself from others and
therefore can be used in parent selection during breeding programmes. The inclusion
of this seed morphometrics trait in taxonomic description of kenaf is recommended to
increase the accuracy of morphological classification of kenaf.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Postharvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghanaresearchagriculture
Plantain production and marketing has been done traditionally, as the problem of
food
production shortage during the last decade in Ghana has temporarily been solved
with
import substitute staple like rice.
A survey of marketing and utilisation of plantain in
twenty
-
two urban markets from five regions of Ghana revealed that fruit maturity has
important criteria to all players in the plantain postharvest system.
Unavailable, improper
infrastructure and facilities coupled with unreliable transportation system and poor road
network shorten the shelf
-
life thus causing rapid ripening with subsequent increase in
postharvest losses.
The practiced technology for enhancing ripening of fruits, though
low, was appropriate
and cost effective. The role of market queens in the retailing of
the product had a
negative effect on the rate of returns of the retailers, which
contributed to about 45% of
the traders being seasonal sellers. However with about 60%
of respondents had basic education and their level of record and book keeping was
impressive.
Postharvest systems of selected vegetables in the upper east and west regio...researchagriculture
Every Ghanaian household uses eggplant, okra, onion, pepper and tomato as well
as other leafy vegetables. Its widespread usage had led to wide cultivation using different
soil types. Pockets of spoilage predominate during favourable seasons. Postharvest losses
up to about 50% have been documented for some of these perishables. Interventions in
the postharvest subsector were in the past oriented
towards isolated technical solutions
with subsequent dissemination. In this
survey using a structured questionnaire, the
whole set of operations within the chain from production to consumption was studied
for the two upper regions of
Ghana. Production was basically during the dry season when
there was no major
farming active for the main staples. Tomato and onions had high
premium thus
were the main vegetables grown. Cultivation was done near dams,
waterbeds or
dugout for source of irrigation. The drudgery involved in cultivation
restricted
production to lower acreage and basically men.
Antifungal activity of psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against sugarc...researchagriculture
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Anther culture of pepper morphological charactersitics of fruits of androgenetic pepper lines (capsicum annuum L.)
1. Anther Culture of Pepper: Morphological Charactersitics of Fruits of
Androgenetic Pepper Lines (Capsicum Annuum L.)
Keywords:
Anther culture, embryo induction, fruit parameters, botanic maturation.
ABSTRACT:
The presented study describes the effectiveness of induced androgenesis in
in vitro pepper anther culture. The aim of this study was the establishment of
effective technology for induction of embryogenesis in pepper anther culture;
development of the embryos into plantlets; successful adaptation and acclimatization
of plantlets from sterile to greenhouse conditions, and the breeding process of
obtained androgenetic pepper lines in the plastic tunnel conditions. From 19 pepper
genotypes under investigation, 12 possessed potential for embryo formation in
anther culture. After the acclimatization and adaptation of plantlets, seed material
from four pepper genotypes were collected: Piran, Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal
SR and Féherözön. From the collected seed material, breeding processes of
androgenetic pepper lines was set up in plastic tunnel (from April-October
2007-2010). The pepper genotypes and androgenetic lines as their products differ
among themselves in the length of phonological phases, fruit type and fruit utilization.
Detailed study for characterization of morphological and production parameters of
the fruits was established that indicate to sort out lines with positive characteristics.
136-145 | JRA | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 2
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jagri.info
Journal of Research in
Agriculture
An International Scientific
Research Journal
Authors:
Liljana Koleva Gudevaand
Fidanka Trajkova.
Institution:
University Goce
Delcev - Stip, Faculty of
Agriculture, Krste Misirkov
b.b., P.O. Box 201, 2000
Stip, R. of Macedonia.
Corresponding author:
Liljana Koleva Gudeva.
Phone no:
+389 34 550 627.
Email:
liljana.gudeva@ugd.edu.mk
Web Address:
http://www.jagri.info
documents/AG0028.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 10 Sep 2012 Accepted: 02 Oct 2012 Published: 17 Oct 2012
Article Citation:
Liljana Koleva Gudevaand Fidanka Trajkova.
Anther Culture of Pepper: Morphological Charactersitics of Fruits of Androgenetic
Pepper Lines (Capsicum Annuum L.).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145
Original Research
Journal of Research in Agriculture
JournalofResearchinAgriculture An International Scientific Research Journal
2. INTRODUCTION
Pepper is one of the most important cultures with
a long breeding tradition, but on the other hand, scientists
very often announce decrease of the pepper yield due to
the presence of pathogens and pests. Thus, there is a
need for creation of new, pepper genotypes, resulting
with higher quality and quantity of the yield (Study for
biodiversity in the Republic of Macedonia, 2003). Pepper
anther culture is well developed and used method in
plant biotechnology and plant breeding. The research on
pepper androgenesis was intensive by the end of
twentieth century, and still current: Dolcet-Sanjuan et al.,
(1997); Dumas de Valux et al., (1981); George and
Narayanaswamy (1973); Kim et al., (2008); Kuo et al.,
(1973); Lantos et al., (2009); Mityko et al., (1995);
Mityko and Fari (1997); Özkum and Tipirdamaz (2002) ;
Rodeva et al., (2004, 2006); Wang et al., (1973).
Establishing the effective method of anther culture is an
advance in abounding and improving the genetic
resources of pepper, Koleva-Gudeva et al., (2007, 2009).
Using the method of pepper anther culture, fertile
androgenetic plants from the genotypes of Kurtovska
kapija, Zlaten medal, Piran and Féherözön are created,
and also the comparative study was set up for the
characterization of the androgenetic lines of pepper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Anther-donor plant material and anther culture
conditions
Nineteen pepper genotypes were used as anther-
donor plants (Table 1). Anther-donor plants were grown
under greenhouse conditions. The flower buds were
harvested when the corolla was of the same length as the
calyx or slightly longer (Figure 1a). The developmental
stage of the microspores was determined in microscopic
slides of acetocarmine squashes. Flower buds were
surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for several seconds,
then in 5% calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2 + 2-3 drops
Tween 20 for 10 minutes, and rinsed three times in
sterile distilled water. After the removal of the filaments,
anthers from three flower buds were placed in Petri dish
(6 cm), with the concave face down, touching the
culture medium. The method of Dumas de Valux et al.,
(1981) was used for induction of embryogenesis.
137 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
Table 1. Embryo induction from anthers of different pepper genotypes
Pepper genotype
Total nr. of
anthers
Embryogenic
anthers (%)
Embryos
per 100 anthers
Embryogenic
response
Féherözön 1502 17.39 a 32.60 bc Excellent
Tura 300 17.05 a 17.05 ab Good
Pritavit F1 330 9.23 abc 9.39 abc Fair
California wonder 151 6.67 abc 5.67 c Fair
Zlaten medal SR 1031 6.12 abc 8.97 bc Fair
Majori 330 5.83 abc 6.73 c Fair
Piran 823 5.03 abc 34.05 ab Poor
Zlaten medal ŠT 723 4.29 bc 18.57 bc Poor
Tomato shaped sweet 360 4.17 bc 4.54 c Poor
Kurtovska kapija BG 620 2.90 bc 50.55 a Poor
Kurtovska kapija SR 875 2.73 bc 10.20 bc Poor
Slatko luta 140 2.43 bc 3.33 c Poor
Feferona 79 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Vezena luta 83 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Sivrija 104 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Rotund 109 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Kurtovska kapija TU 236 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Kurtovska kapija MK 122 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Bonbona 270 0.00 c 0.00 c No
Mean within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05
according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
3. The anthers were cultivated on CP medium
+ 0.01 mg L-1
KIN + 0.01 mg L-1
2.4-D with incubation
of eight days in darkness at 35±2ºC, the following four
days the anthers were transferred to clime chamber at
25±2ºC with photoperiod of 12h light/12h dark.
Afterwards, the anthers were subcultured on R1 medium
+ 0.01 mg L-1
KIN and placed in clime chamber at
25±2ºC with photoperiodic 12h light/12h dark. Young
shoots emerging from the anthers were transferred onto
hormone free V3 media for rooting. Plantlets were
planted on sterile mixture of perlite : peat : sand (1:1:1)
and acclimatized in clime chamber, and afterwards
placed in greenhouse under cover in order to prevent
crosspollination (Figure 1 b, c, d).
Field conditions
Different androgenetic pepper lines from the
genotypes Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR, Piran
and Féherözön, obtained by the regeneration of embryos,
using the method of anther culture, were fertile and
produce seed material. Seeds collected from the fertile
androgenetic plants were used for their characterization
in the plastic tunnels in 2007. The collected seeds from
the peppers cultivated in 2007, 2008 and 2009 were used
for characterization in the experimental year 2008, 2009
and 2010, respectively. The same genotypes Kurtovska
kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR, Piran and Féherözön were
used as control plants (KKk, ZMk, Pk, Fk).
During the four year of the field investigation
(from April – October, 2007-2010), a total number of
36 pepper lines from four pepper genotypes Kurtovska
kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR, Piran and Féherözön (KK,
ZM, P, F) were subject of study. Experiments were
performed at the fields of Faculty of Agriculture, Goce
Delcev University in Strumica in plastic tunnel (Figure 2,
Walter clime diagrams). In blossom stage, plants were
covered with agrill to prevent the foreign pollination
between different genotypes (Figure 1e).
Estimation of morphological and production
characteristic of fruits
Ten pepper fruits in the stage of botanical
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145 138
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
a b c
d e f
Figure 1. a) Morphological characteristics of pepper anther buds when microspores
are in uninucleate phase; b, c) Development of the embryos into plantlets on
V3 medium; d Fully developed plants on acclimatization in climate chamber;
e) breeding of androgenic pepper lines in plastic tunnel conditions; f) Caryotype of
root tip meristem cells of dihaploid plant obtained via androgenesis 2n=24 (x 1250).
4. maturation were taken as sampled from each pepper line,
and the controls, for analyze of fruit: length, width, total
weight, fruit weight without handle and seeds, pericarp
thickness, number of fruit locules, weight of dry seed per
fruit, number of seeds per fruit, and dry matter according
to Ipgri, Avrdc and Catie (1995).
Estimation of number of chromosomes
The number of chromosomes was counted in root
tip meristems. The tissue was prepared according to
Tjio and Levan (1950) cytological technique, as well as
standard “squash” method. The plant material after
germination in Petri dishes was pretreated with
8-hydrohyquinoline 0,002 M for 12-24 hours, fixed in
aceto- alcohol (1:3), hydrolysed with HCl 1N at 60o
C for
9 minutes and stained with 1-1,5% Gomori’s
hematoxylin by Konstantinov et al., (1985), Figure 1f.
Data analysis
All data on percentage of embryogenic anthers
and number of embryos per 100 anthers were subjected
to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the mean values
were evaluated at the p < 0.05 level of significance using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Data statistical analyses,
concerning morphological and production characteristics
of fruits, are done with the software SPSS.10, One-way
ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, with the level of
significance 0.05% are carried out.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Not all genotypes under investigation were able
to produce embryos (Table 1). After the induction period
on CP medium for 12 days the anthers were subcultured
on R1 medium, where since the beginning the embryos
showed totipotency, progression in development, growth
and shoot formation (Figure 1b). The shoots continued
the development on V3 medium where in absence of
plant growth regulators young plants were formed
(Figure 1c). The rooting was performed on V3 medium
and well rooted shoots were transferred on sterile
139 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
Walter climte diagram - Strumica, 2008
0
25
50
IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Months
Temperature(oС)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Precipitation(mm)
temperature
precipitation
Walter climte diagram - Strumica, 2009
0
30
60
IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Months
Temperature(oС)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Precipitation(mm)
temperature
precipitation
Walter climte diagram - Strumica, 2010
0
50
100
IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Months
Temperature(oС)
0
100
200
Precipitation(mm)
temperature
precipitation
Figure 2. Walter climate diagram for pepper vegetation period in Strumica: a) 2007; b) 2008; c) 2009;
d) 2010.
Walter climte diagram - Strumica, 2007
0
35
70
IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Months
Temperature(oС)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Precipitation(mm)
temperature
precipitation
a b
c d
Precipitation(mm)
Precipitation(mm)
Precipitation(mm)Precipitation(mm)
Temperature(°C)Temperature(°C)
Temperature(°C)Temperature(°C)
Months
Months
Months
Months
5. mixture of sand : perlite : peat in the ratio of 1:1:1. In
this stage the plants were ready for adaptation and
acclimatization (Figure 1d). Seed material from four
androgenetic pepper genotypes was collected: Kurtovska
kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR, Piran and Féherözön, and
were used for breeding process and for investigation of
morphological characteristics of fruits in plastic tunnel
conditions 2007 – 2010 (Table 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Climate conditions (Figure 2) in the vegetation
period, IV - X month, were favorable for the cultivation
of pepper fruits. Figure 2 b shows that 2008 was a
drought year, but with proper irrigation it did not
reflected unfavorably in the cultivation of the studied
genotypes of pepper.
The results from the characterization of the
androgenetic lines of pepper during 2007 are shown in
Table 2. The results showed that line KK3 has significant
differences from the control variety Kurtovska kapija for
the fruit weight and the fruit weight without handle and
seeds. Lines P3 and P4 showed significant differences
compared to the control variety Piran for fruit length,
total fruit weight, fruit weight without handle, seeds and
pericarp thickness. Results for the lines ZM1 and ZM2
compared with the control variety Zlaten medal, showed
that line ZM1 does not differ from the control, but the
line ZM2 has lower values for the majority of the
analyzed characteristics. One of the characteristics for
the androgenetic lines obtained from the variety
Féherözön is that line F8 did not give fertile fruits as
compared to the other lines from the variety Féherözön.
Results from the second experimental year
(2008) are shown in the Table 3. The highest value of
the fruit width, total fruit weight, fruit weight without
handle and seeds, weight of dry seeds and number of
seeds per fruit show the line KK1/1 which significantly
differ from the results for the other lines and the control.
Androgenetic lines obtained from the variety Zlaten
medal have significant differences in the value of the
weight of dry seeds per fruit, where the seeds from the
fruits of line ZM1/3 has the highest value of 1.18 g.
Androgenetic line F6/8 has the highest value for the dry
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145 140
KKk 11.50a 4.78a 60.01b 53.73b 0.35a 2.50a 0.49a 66.50a 10.48a
КК1 11.54a 4.77a 67.73ab 60.30ab 0.35a 2.50a 0.39a 54.25a 10.12a
КК3 12.65a 5.12a 86.94a 76.81a 0.38a 2.25a 0.66a 65.75a 9.55a
Pk 12.77b 4.41a 60.23a 52.16a 0.34a 2.20a 0.78a 103.40a 9.96a
Р3 10.97b 3.55b 48.22a 38.66b 0.22b 2.50a 0.52a 71.90a 8.62a
Р4 16.99a 3.65b 57.40a 47.71ab 0.24b 2.60a 0.98a 103.50a 8.48a
ZMk 12.93a 4.35a 62.26a 52.40a 0.35a 2.20b 0.66a 82.80a 9.96a
ZM1 13.44a 4.30a 62.04a 53.68a 0.32a 2.20b 0.32b 67.80ab 9.62a
ZM2 10.74b 3.18b 31.22b 28.66b 0.26b 3.20a 0.21b 27.00b 8.48b
Fk 7.79b 5.60ab 66.16c 51.84b 0.46ab 4.00a 0.20a 161.80a 5.120b
F5 6.46c 6.35a 84.39b 76.77a 0.50a 3.18bc 0.31a 59.80c 9.491a
F6 9.97a 5.99a 94.24a 85.22a 0.39bc 2.70c 0.47a 91.10b 9.200a
F8 4.76d 4.91b 35.916d 33.80c 0.35c 3.70ab / / 9.480a
Table 2. Morphological and production characteristics of fruits in different pepper genotypes in botanical
maturation grown in plastic tunnel in 2007
Mean within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Genotypecode
Fruitlength(cm)
Fruitwidth(cm)
Totalfruitweightg)
Fruitweightwithout
handleandseeds(g)
Pericarp
thickness(cm)
Numberoffruit
locules
Wightofdryseeds/
fruit(g)
Numberofseeds/
fruit
Drymatter(%)
6. matter (7.30%) as compared to the other Féherözön lines
and the control variety Féherözön.
Results from the third experimental year (2009)
are given in Table 4. Characterization of the
androgenetic lines from the variety Kurtovska kapija and
the control show significant differences only for weight
of dry seeds per fruit. The total fruit weight of the control
Piran and the weight of the fruit without seeds and
handle are the lowest values, as compared to the same
parameters of the other androgenetic lines. Regarding
results of fruit characteristics of the control and the
androgenetic lines of the variety Zlaten medal, there are
significant difference for and pericarp thickness.
Results from the fourth experimental year (2010)
are given in Table 5. The fruits of line KK3/1 were the
longest and with the highest value for fruit weight
without seeds and handle as compared to the fruits from
the other Kurtovska kapija androgenetic lines and the
control. The Piran androgenetic lines and the control
significantly differ in the fruit length and the pericarp
thickness. The analysis of fruit parameters for
Féherözön control and androgenetic lines showed that
there is significant difference for the fruit width, total
fruit weight, fruit weight without handle and seeds,
pericarp thickness, number of fruit locules, weight of dry
seeds per fruit and number of seeds per fruit.
Slightest differences in the fruit morphology of
androgenetic lines and the mother line are present at
variety Zlaten medal SR during the three year
investigation period, while the biggest differences are
noticed at lines of Féherözön in the first experimental
year and lines of Kurtovska kapija in the second
experimental year. Although Féherözön genotype
showed the highest degree of formation of embryos
141 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
KKk 13.55b 6.50b 89.70c 72.53c 0.38c 2.00c 1.49b 258.80ab 7.30a
КК1/1 14.49ab 7.63a 167.30a 142.90a 0.42bc 2.20c 2.19a 297.60a 7.70a
КК1/8 15.15a 6.59b 138.31b 117.60b 0.42abc 2.40bc 1.45b 198.60b 7.30a
КК3/2 13.87b 6.22b 129.30b 107.80b 0.46ab 3.00a 1.67ab 215.40b 7.20a
КК3/4 14.33ab 6.43b 135.60b 114.95b 0.50a 2.80ab 1.86ab 222.60ab 7.40a
Pк 15.90b 3.58c 46.70c 38.60c 0.28b 3.00a 0.30c 80.80b 8.8ab
Р3/3 17.74ab 4.77a 70.00ab 55.73ab 0.42a 2.00b 1.57a 186.80a 7.20b
Р3/8 17.70ab 4.58a 74.70a 59.95a 0.24b 2.60ab 1.09b 158.40a 7.80ab
Р4/1 18.25ab 3.81bc 58.00bc 48.42b 0.31b 2.40ab 0.53c 61.80b 9.10a
Р4/7 20.67a 4.39ab 79.80a 62.83a 0.26b 2.80ab 1.78a 200.40a 8.10ab
ZMk 13.47a 4.99a 88.00a 70.30a 0.39a 2.20a 0.80b 131.80a 6.60a
ZM1/2 14.61a 4.98a 80.99a 66.92a 0.41a 2.40a 0.79b 164.00a 7.20a
ZM1/3 13.30a 5.34a 94.50a 73.53a 0.48a 2.80a 1.18a 190.60a 7.50a
Fk 8.12b 7.18ab 123.50a 98.23a 0.40b 3.80a 1.35a 222.40a 6.40b
F5/2 6.89bc 7.24ab 111.00a 87.85a 0.43ab 3.00b 1.55a 239.80a 5.40d
F5/9 6.59c 7.74a 129.10a 122.50a 0.46ab 3.40ab 1.41a 214.80a 5.60cd
F6/3 10.20a 6.82b 126.20a 104.60a 0.49a 3.20ab 0.71a 114.00a 6.20bc
F6/8 10.55a 6.77b 134.90a 109.90a 0.50a 3.60ab 1.01a 197.20a 7.30a
Table 3. Morphological and production characteristics of fruits in different pepper genotypes in botanical
maturation grown in plastic tunnel in 2008
Mean within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Genotypecode
Fruitlength(cm)
Fruitwidth(cm)
Totalfruitweightg)
Fruitweightwithout
handleandseeds(g)
Pericarp
thickness(cm)
Numberoffruit
locules
Wightofdryseeds/
fruit(g)
Numberofseeds/
fruit
Drymatter(%)
7. (32.60 numbers of embryos per 100 anthers, Table 1),
the domestic varieties Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten
medal SR and Piran showed priority in the selection
process.
There are several factors affecting androgenesis
in many species, such as genotypes (Mityko et al., 1995;
Rodeva et al., 2004), growth of donor plants,
pre-treatments of anthers (Özkum and Tripirdamaz,
2002; Koleva-Gudeva, 2003; Ashok Kumar et al., 2003),
composition of medium (Irikova and Rodeva, 2004;
Koleva-Gudeva and Spasenoski, 2007; Dolcet-Sanjuan
et al., 1997) and the source of plant material. The
mechanism of cold and heat-shock treatment for
induction of somatic embryogenesis has been explored
and discussed by many authors (Dolcet-Sanjuan et al.,
1997; Dumas de Valux et al., 1981). The studies on
somatic embryogenesis of pepper (C. annuum L.) are in
the domain of androgensis: George and Narayanaswamy
(1973), Dumas de Valux et al. (1981), Mityko et al.,
(1995), Dolcet-Sanjuan et al., (1997) and Rodeva et al.,
(2004). According to the literature, the heat thermal
stress (+35o
C) has greater effect than the cold one (+7o
C)
in the process of stimulation of macrospore division of
pepper (Kim et al., 2008). These findings are in
agreement with the results obtained in the present study.
From all pepper genotypes under investigation,
12 possessed potential for formation of embryos. The hot
genotypes Feferona, Vezena luta, Sivrija and Bonbona
and the sweet genotypes Rotund, Kurtovska kapija TU
and Kurtovska kapija MK did not show androgenetic
potential, i.e. in anther culture did not form embryos
shoots (Table 1). The experiment showed that the
effectiveness of androgenesis process depends on pepper
genotype and the conditions for anther culture
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145 142
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
Table 4. Morphological and production characteristics of fruits in different pepper genotypes in botanical
maturation grown in plastic tunnel in 2009
KKk 13.62a 5.31a 84.78a 71.17a 0.37b 2.00a 0.25b 55.80b 8.50a
КК1/8/1 13.27a 5.71a 77.54a 91.60a 0.402ab 2.00a 0.76a 128.75a 6.00c
КК3/4/5 12.61a 5.56a 95.50a 78.96a 0.44ab 2.40a 0.29b 57.33b 6.50c
КК3/4/3 12.84a 5.29a 83.71a 71.06a 0.44ab 2.20a 0.09b 28.00b 7.50b
Pk 15.08a 3.07a 34.85b 29.31b 0.24b 2.40ab 0.18b 40.0b 6.60a
P3/3/1 15.66a 3.41a 54.04a 43.28a 0.23b 2.00b 0.97b 40.0b 6.00ab
Р3/3/3 14.41a 3.62a 49.90a 41.08a 0.34a 2.40ab 0.52b 66.80ab 6.10a
Р4/7/3 15.51a 3.47a 51.45a 40.75a 0.26b 2.80a 0.41b 119.40ab 6.50a
Р4/7/1 16.29a 3.84a 55.39a 41.62a 0.25b 2.00b 1.12a 138.60a 4.80b
ZMk 14.77a 5.35a 100.61a 73.13a 0.48a 2.60a 0.56a 96.80a 6.10b
ZM1/2/4 15.49a 5.18a 90.46a 75.69a 0.51a 2.60a 0.65a 159.80a 8.10a
ZM1/2/5 13.37a 5.35a 94.30a 92.05a 0.39b 2.60a 0.82a 164.80a 7.60a
Fk 9.67a 7.57a 140.43a 103.32a 0.51a 3.08ab 0.59a 100.20a 5.00a
F6/3/1 10.55a 6.59a 113.82a 90.83ab 0.40b 3.40bc 0.40a 73.60a 5.20a
F6/3/5 10.51a 7.12a 126.27a 97.03ab 0.50a 3.40bc 0.34a 56.60a 5.30a
F5/2/2 7.50b 7.67a 123.10a 92.99ab 0.498a 3.00c 0.85a 143.60a 5.50a
F5/2/3 5.91c 7.30a 109.39a 79.45b 0.514a 4.00a 0.76a 118.80a 5.00a
Mean within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to
Duncan’s multiple range test.
Genotypecode
Fruitlength(cm)
Fruitwidth(cm)
Totalfruitweightg)
Fruitweightwithout
handleandseeds(g)
Pericarp
thickness(cm)
Numberoffruit
locules
Wightofdryseeds/
fruit(g)
Numberofseeds/
fruit
Drymatter(%)
8. maintenance. The embryogenesis resulted in embryo
formation that developed into plantlets which were
acclimatized in climate chamber and greenhouse
conditions. Mityko and Fari (1997) concluded that
bell-shape varieties have the highest androgenic ability,
while the rest showed very low or no androgenic activity,
which is consistent with our results, where the bellshape
varieties Féherözön and California Wonder showed a
higher potential for embryogenesis compared to the hot
and the sweet ones. The anthers of Féherözön variety
showed low callus formation, but the androgenic ability
was the highest on the same medium. In general, once
the callus was initiated, the induction of somatic embryos
did not occur, which is similar with the results reported
by Binzel et al., (1996). After successful acclimatization
of the regenerated plant, seed material from four pepper
genotypes was collected: Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten
medal SR, Piran and Féherözön, and were used for
characterization and breeding process in plastic tunnel
conditions 2007 - 2010. The characterization of different
androgenic lines compared to the mother genotype
showed that there is great variability in some pepper
yield-related characteristics from certain lines
(Thul et al., 2009). The lines that showed such potential
can be used as starting material for future pepper
breeding (Portis et al., 2004; Rodeva et al., 2007).
CONCLUSION
From 19 pepper genotypes under investigation,
12 possessed potential for embryo formation. The hot
genotypes Feferona, Vezena luta, Sivrija and Bonbona
and the sweet genotypes Rotund, Kurtovska kapija TU
and Kurtovska kapija MK did not show androgenetic
potential. According to the classification of Mityko and
143 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
KKk 11.694ab 4.74a 63.99b 51.73b 0.45b 2.22a 0.43a 69.00a 7.80b
КК1/2 10.294c 5.37a 53.72b 43.22b 0.46b 2.23a 0.28a 45.20a 7.00c
КК3/1 12.691a 5.43a 91.92a 75.72a 0.54a 2.40a 0.45a 38.80a 8.70a
КК4/2 11.074bc 5.21a 61.01b 54.15b 0.48ab 2.41a 0.65a 103.80a 7.80b
Pk 14.763b 3.68a 59.62a 50.33a 0.52a 3.00a 0.17b 27.33b 7.60a
P1/3 17.80a 3.48a 59.89a 48.56a 0.41b 2.40a 0.62ab 69.60ab 7.60a
Р2/3 15.01b 3.17a 49.77a 40.41a 0.36b 2.61a 0.29b 31.60b 7.60a
Р4/3 17.75a 3.34a 56.29a 44.71a 0.36b 2.40a 0.84a 96.80a 8.00a
Fk 7.93b 6.94b 109.91b 80.38bc 0.51c 3.83a 0.94c 144.00c 7.20ab
F1/2 11.40a 7.73ab 119.64b 95.84b 0.57bc 3.00bc 0.94c 231.00b 6.30cd
F2/5 10.40a 5.79c 81.48c 64.17c 0.53c 2.60c 0.56c 97.40c 6.80bc
F3/3 8.47b 8.39a 154.74a 119.80a 0.89a 3.40ab 1.42b 325.20a 7.90a
F4/5 7.72b 7.02b 109.53b 78.80bc 0.64b 3.20ab 0.59c 86.00c 5.90d
ZMk 15.81a 5.45a 96.98a 90.22a 0.44a 2.60a 0.84a 117.80a 5.80b
ZM2/2 14.01a 3.88b 58.58b 46.63b 0.35b 2.67a 0.64b 124.30a 6.20a
Table 5. Morphological and production characteristics of fruits in different pepper genotypes in botanical
maturation grown in plastic tunnel in 2010
Mean separation in columns by Duncan’s multiple range test. In each column, values followed by the same
letter do not differ significantly at P<0.05 for all genotypes except ZMk and ZM2/2.
Genotypecode
Fruitlength(cm)
Fruitwidth(cm)
Totalfruitweightg)
Fruitweightwith-
outhandleandseeds
(g)
Pericarp
thickness(cm)
Numberoffruit
locules
Wightofdryseeds/
fruit(g)
Numberofseeds/
fruit
Drymatter(%)
9. Fari (1997) for identification of androgenetic potential,
based on percentage of anthers that give embryos, in our
research twelve genotypes showed ability for embryo
formation: 1 genotype with excellent androgenetic
potential: Féherözön; 1 genotype with good androgenetic
potential: Tura; 4 genotypes with fair androgenetic
potential: Pritavit F1, Californian wonder, Zlaten medal
SR and Majori; 6 genotypes with poor androgenetic
potential: Piran, Zlaten medal ŠT, Tomato shaped sweet,
Kurtovska kapija BG, Kurtovska kapija SR and Slatko
luta; 7 genotypes do not possess androgenetic potential:
Feferona, Vezena Luta, Sivrija, Rotund, Kurtovska
kapija TU, Kurtovska kapija MK and Bonbona.
Collected material will lead to creation of new and
improved pepper genotypes, created for specific
agroecological conditions. Generally, the further process
of selection from all 19 pepper genotypes should be done
towards the improvement of domestic genotypes
Kurtovska kapija SR, Zlaten medal SR and Piran.
REFERENCES
Binzel ML, Sankhla N, Joshi S, Sankhla D. 1996.
Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis and plant
regeneration in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell
Rep., 15:536-540.
Dolcet-Sanjuan R, Claveira E, Huerta A. 1997.
Androgenesis in pepper Effects of carbohydrate and
carbon dioxide enrichment. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 122(4):
468-475.
Dumas de Valux R, Chambonnet D, Pochard E. 1981.
In vitro culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Anthers: high rate plant production from different
genotypes by +35ºC treatments. Agronomie
1(10):859-864.
George L and Narayanaswamy S. 1973. Haploid
capsicum through experimental androgenesis.
Protoplasma 78:467-470.
Ipgri, Avrdc and Catie. 1995. Descriptors for Capsicum
(Capsicum spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources
Institute, Rome, Italy.
Study for biodiversity in the Republic of Macedonia.
2003. First national report, Ministry of environment and
physical planning, Skopje 1-217.
Kim M, Jang LC, Kim EJ, Park M, Yoon M. 2008.
Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of hot pepper
trough isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell Report
27:425-434.
Koleva-Gudeva L, Spasenoski M, Trajkova F. 2007.
Somatic embryogenesis in pepper anther culture: The
effects of incubation treatments and different media.
Scientia Horticulturae 111:114-119.
Koleva-Gudeva L, Trajkova F, Dimeska G,
Spasenoski M. 2009. Androgenesis efficiency in anther
culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Hort.
(ISHS). 830:183-190.
Konstantinov GH, Belcheva RG, Goranov AK. 1985.
Rykovodstvo za prakticheski zanaytiy po genetika. Sofia.
Kuo JS, Wang ZZ, Chein NF, Ku SJ, Kung ML, Hsu
HC. 1973. Investigation of the anther culture in vitro of
Nicotiana and Capsicum annuum L. Acta Bot. Sin.
15:43-47.
Lantos C, Juhasz GS, Somogyi KO, Vagi P, Mihaly
R, Kristof Z, Somogyi N, Pank J. 2009. Improvment of
isolated microspore culture (Capsicum annuum L.) via
co-culture with ovary tissue culture of pepper or maze.
Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 97:285-293.
Mityko J, Andrasfalvy G, Csillery G, Fari M. 1995.
Anther culture response in different genotypes and F1
hybrids of pepper. Plant Breeding 114:78-80.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145 144
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
10. Mityko J and Fari M. 1997. Problems and results of
doubled haploid plant production in pepper via anther
and microspore culture. Acta Hort., 447:281-287.
Özkum D, Tipirdamaz R. 2002. The effects of cold
treatment and charcoal on the in vitro androgenesis of
pepper (Capiscum annuum L.). Turk. J. Bot.,
26:131-139.
Rodeva V, Irikova T, Todorova J. 2004. Anther culture
of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Comparative study of
effects of the genotype. Biotech and Bitechnol Eq.
18(3):34-38.
Rodeva V, Grozeva S, Todorova V. 2006. In vitro
answer of Bulgarian pepper Capiscum annuum L.
genotypes. Genetica (Serbia) 38(2):129-136.
Rodeva V, Koleva-Gudeva L, Grozdeva S, Trajkova
F. 2007. Obtaining of haploids in anther culture of
pepper Capsicum annuum L. and their including in the
breeding process. Yearbook 7, Goce Delcev University,
Stip, Faculty of Agriculture, 7-17.
Tjio JH, Levan A. 1950. The use of oxuquinoline in
chromosomes analysis. Anal. Extac. Exp. Aula Dei,
2(1):21-64
Thul ST, Lal RK, Shasany AK, Darokar MP, Gupta
AK, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Khanuja SPS 2009.
Estimation of phenotypic divergence in a collection of
Capsicum species for yield-related traits. Euphytica
168:189-196.
Portis E, Acquadro A, Comino C, Sergio L. 2004.
Effect of farmers’ seed selection on genetic variation of a
landrace population of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.),
grown in North-West Italy. Genetic Resources and Crop
Evolution 51:581-590.
Wang JJ, Sun CS, Wang CC, Chein NF. 1973. The
induction of pollen plantlets Capsicum annuum from
anther culture. Sci. Sinica 16(1):147-151.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 136-145 145
Gudeva and Trajkova, 2012
Submit your articles online at www.jagri.info
Advantages
Easy online submission
Complete Peer review
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing
You retain your copyright
submit@jagri.info
www.jagri.info/Sumit.php.