The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effectiv.pdf
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The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effective way for plants to metabolize the \"nutrients\" that they receive. Unlike animals, plants find nutrition in the form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and sunlight. There are many variations of the Citric Acid Cycle which help account for differences in sunlight (too much/too little) and Carbon Dioxide (too much/too little). Solution The Citric Acid Cycle is the single most effective way for plants to metabolize the \"nutrients\" that they receive. Unlike animals, plants find nutrition in the form of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and sunlight. There are many variations of the Citric Acid Cycle which help account for differences in sunlight (too much/too little) and Carbon Dioxide (too much/too little)..
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1 ans ErgonomicsDefinition Ergonomics defines from two Greek .pdf
1 ans :
Ergonomics
Definition : Ergonomics defines from two Greek words ergon means work and nomoi means a
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that
work. It is a term thrown around by health professionals and marketing mavens with a cavalier
attitude. For some it has a very specific meaning.
The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods
to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.It is the attempt
to make work better that ergonomics becomes so useful. And that is also where making things
comfortable and efficient comes into play.
Ergonomics is commonly thought of in terms of products. But it can be equally useful in the
design of services or processes.
Implementation
Developing and Implementing an Ergonomics Process and is written from the stand point of the
early stages of initiating a process. The procedure begins with someone identifying the need and
approaching management for support than the champion. Typically, the champion should gather
data to provide management with justification for the project. Some of these topics were
addressed in Section but are reiterated here to provide an overview of the entire strategy or plan
of implementing a process. Once management has agreed to support the project, a sponsor is
selected from upper management. The corporate office sponsor is responsible for writing a
project charter that recognizes the business need for implementing an ergonomics process . The
charter will provide written documentation of management’s commitment to the project, stating
that safety and health is as important as production. Management should identify the appropriate
cost account for the project and give an estimated budget for implementation. Management
should also choose or recruit the project manager early in these stages so he or she may
participate in the planning process. The champion may be assigned the position of project
manager or another candidate may be recruited to fill the position. Depending on the
organizational structure there may also be facility project managers. The charter should also
provide for the formation of a multi-functional ergonomics team. Depending on the size of the
company, there may be a committee at each facility. Management should provide documented
authority to the manager and should authorize time and money expenditures for the committee. It
is the responsibility of the project manager to assign and communicate responsibilities to the
project . The ergonomics initiative is typically part of the health and safety department or the
engineering department. In addition to the creation of the committee, management should outline
its position on ergonomics in other areas.
For example, ergonomics should be a consideration for all new product designs, tools, new
f.
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.When the lactos.pdf
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription.
Solution
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription..
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with .pdf
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining.
Solution
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining..
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that .pdf
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer.
Solution
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer..
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin)- the molecular formula of salbutamo.pdf
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin):- the molecular formula of salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin) is
(C13H21NO3)2 • H2SO4
o Mechanism of action:- It stimulates 2 adrenergic receptors. It has a bronchodilator effect. It
causes the activation of enzyme adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Bronchial smooth relaxes in
the prsence of high level of cyclic AMP by which airway resistance decreases by lowering
intracellular ionic calcium concentrations. Release of bronchoconstrictor mediators such as
histamine, leukotreine from the mast cells in the airway inhibited by the high level of cyclic
AMP.
o side effects/adverse effects :-Its side effects/adverse effects depends on its dosage and route of
administration. The most common side effects of salbutamol is found a fine tremor of skeletal
muscle of hands and nervousness. Palpitation, tachycardia, chest discomfort, headache, muscle
cramps, hypokalemia, difficulty in micturition and paradoxical bronchospasm also caused by
salbutamol.
o potential medication interactions:- It can be given as tablet, syrup, inhaler, nebulizer solution
and intramuscular or intravenous injectable form. The medication of oral salbutamol is 2 to 4 mg
three times a day in adult and 1 to 2 mg three times a day in children. As per the requirement the
One to two puffs (100 to 200 microgram) of salbutamol metered dose inhaler is inhaled. As
nebulizer solution 1 to 2 ml of salbutamol nebulizer solution should be diluted with normal
saline to final volume of 2-4 ml is inhaled from a nebulizer. In severe acute attack, 5 to 10 ml
(each ml contain 50 microgram) of salbutamol injection can be given by intramuscularly or
intravenously.
2.Advair Diskus:- It is a combination of a corticosteroid and a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator.
Mechanism of action:- It contains both fluticasone propionate and salmeterol. They both have
seprate mechanism of action given below:-
For Fluticasone Propionate:- It has anti-inflammatory activity and it is a synthetic trifluorinated
corticosteroid .In vitro it exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Asthma caused by inflammation, Corticosteroids acts on actions on multiple cell types like, mast
cells, etc.
For Salmeterol Xinafoate:- It is is a selective LABA.In vitro, it is 50 times more selective for
beta2-adrenoceptors than albuterol. They are predominant adrenergic receptors found in
bronchial smooth muscle. And in heart beta1-adrenoceptors are predominant, it is comprising
10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs contains
salmeterol, stimulates the intracellular adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Higher level of c-AMP
causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and release of mediators is inhibited by immediate
hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. salmeterol is a potent.
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion.pdf
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21
Solution
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21.
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of pop.pdf
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles.
Solution
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles..
1) The first abstract suggest that predator prey relationship outc.pdf
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested that P. fiesteria
species differe in response to fresh fish mucus, algal prey and inorganic nutrient enrichment
depending on funtional type or toxicity status. There are three functional type of P. fiesteria
ToxA, ToxB, NonIND depending upon their toxicity in the presence of fish, zoospore production
and attraction to fish excreta and mucus. So, this study suggest that Non IND strain should not
used for research about environment control on toxic strain of P fiesteria species.
Right environment condition (overencrichment of nutrient (N&P) - P. fiesteria exposed to large
number of finfish- increase toxin production- distroy fish epidermis- once fish dead- reduce its
toxin production- feeds on the fish either as zoospores or other forms
Whenenvironment condition change- finfish few or low in number - P.fiesteria become nontoxic
or dormant
P. fiesteria also effect people learning and reading capacity and couse other symptoms who are
very close to the contaminated water such as fishermen.
P. fiesteria growth is controlled by temperature and water quality.
3) Production of toxin, toxic activity and attraction to fresh fish tissue and excreta are the
responsed that activated by signal in variably toxic strains of P.fiesteria.
4) inorganic nutrient enrichment, presence of fresh fish and algal prey cause the development of
three strains
5) development of toxicity in Pfiesteria is caused by presence of fresh fish tissue and excreta and
its couse death of live fish. ToxA cause maximum killing have strong attraction to live fish
whereas Tox B has intermediate effect, and Non IND has negligible effect becouse have low
attraction to fresh fish and maximum zoospore production capacity.
2) THE symbiotic relationship of bacteria with Pfiesteria control its growth and consumption of
rhodomonas so to increase consumption of itself P.fiesteria adopt a colonization with bacteria.
Solution
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested th.
Recommended
1 ans ErgonomicsDefinition Ergonomics defines from two Greek .pdf
1 ans :
Ergonomics
Definition : Ergonomics defines from two Greek words ergon means work and nomoi means a
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship to that
work. It is a term thrown around by health professionals and marketing mavens with a cavalier
attitude. For some it has a very specific meaning.
The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods
to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.It is the attempt
to make work better that ergonomics becomes so useful. And that is also where making things
comfortable and efficient comes into play.
Ergonomics is commonly thought of in terms of products. But it can be equally useful in the
design of services or processes.
Implementation
Developing and Implementing an Ergonomics Process and is written from the stand point of the
early stages of initiating a process. The procedure begins with someone identifying the need and
approaching management for support than the champion. Typically, the champion should gather
data to provide management with justification for the project. Some of these topics were
addressed in Section but are reiterated here to provide an overview of the entire strategy or plan
of implementing a process. Once management has agreed to support the project, a sponsor is
selected from upper management. The corporate office sponsor is responsible for writing a
project charter that recognizes the business need for implementing an ergonomics process . The
charter will provide written documentation of management’s commitment to the project, stating
that safety and health is as important as production. Management should identify the appropriate
cost account for the project and give an estimated budget for implementation. Management
should also choose or recruit the project manager early in these stages so he or she may
participate in the planning process. The champion may be assigned the position of project
manager or another candidate may be recruited to fill the position. Depending on the
organizational structure there may also be facility project managers. The charter should also
provide for the formation of a multi-functional ergonomics team. Depending on the size of the
company, there may be a committee at each facility. Management should provide documented
authority to the manager and should authorize time and money expenditures for the committee. It
is the responsibility of the project manager to assign and communicate responsibilities to the
project . The ergonomics initiative is typically part of the health and safety department or the
engineering department. In addition to the creation of the committee, management should outline
its position on ergonomics in other areas.
For example, ergonomics should be a consideration for all new product designs, tools, new
f.
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.When the lactos.pdf
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription.
Solution
a) Binds to- dissociate from - operator - promoter.
When the lactose is present it binds to the repressor and forms a confirmation change in it so that
the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. And then RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter region and allows transcription..
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with .pdf
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining.
Solution
A gastric or stomach ulcer is regularly caused by an infection with bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as
ibuprofen and aspirin.
1. To detect an ulcer, first take a consideration of pre-medical history and execute a physical
exam.
2. Laboratory tests for H. pylori :
Blood tests are normally inaccurate and should not be regularly used and the breath test is the
most accurate.
For the breath test, eat or drink something containing radioactive carbon. H. pylori break down
the material in the stomach. Later, blow into a bag, which is then sealed. If infected with H.
pylori, your breath sample will contain the radioactive carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
Endoscopy was used to examine the upper digestive system. During endoscopy, passes a hollow
tube equipped with a lens of endoscope down to throat and into esophagus, stomach and small
intestine. This endoscope had revealed the ulcers in the stomach.
If detects an ulcer, small tissue samples may be removed for examination in a lab for biopsy test.
A biopsy also identify whether H. pylori is in the stomach lining..
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that .pdf
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer.
Solution
A packet is first of all considered to be as trhe unit of data that is shared between end to an end.
The main nature of the packets is generally a lot of information is acquired or transferred like
dfifferent files, graphics, html from one place to another place through internet, so it is not
possible to send those information at a time. It will be divided in to some packets according to
their size which is taken along them will be transferred through packets to the routers and we can
take those informations to our gadjets or anything. It will change to different packets when they
pass through the different layers of network packets.
The packets are delivered from one place to another place by using differnt
protocols like Transfer control protocol and user datagram protocol. These two are responsible
for packet delivery through internet and this is how the information is passed from one work
station to another by using packets. without these it is very difficult to transfer..
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin)- the molecular formula of salbutamo.pdf
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin):- the molecular formula of salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin) is
(C13H21NO3)2 • H2SO4
o Mechanism of action:- It stimulates 2 adrenergic receptors. It has a bronchodilator effect. It
causes the activation of enzyme adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Bronchial smooth relaxes in
the prsence of high level of cyclic AMP by which airway resistance decreases by lowering
intracellular ionic calcium concentrations. Release of bronchoconstrictor mediators such as
histamine, leukotreine from the mast cells in the airway inhibited by the high level of cyclic
AMP.
o side effects/adverse effects :-Its side effects/adverse effects depends on its dosage and route of
administration. The most common side effects of salbutamol is found a fine tremor of skeletal
muscle of hands and nervousness. Palpitation, tachycardia, chest discomfort, headache, muscle
cramps, hypokalemia, difficulty in micturition and paradoxical bronchospasm also caused by
salbutamol.
o potential medication interactions:- It can be given as tablet, syrup, inhaler, nebulizer solution
and intramuscular or intravenous injectable form. The medication of oral salbutamol is 2 to 4 mg
three times a day in adult and 1 to 2 mg three times a day in children. As per the requirement the
One to two puffs (100 to 200 microgram) of salbutamol metered dose inhaler is inhaled. As
nebulizer solution 1 to 2 ml of salbutamol nebulizer solution should be diluted with normal
saline to final volume of 2-4 ml is inhaled from a nebulizer. In severe acute attack, 5 to 10 ml
(each ml contain 50 microgram) of salbutamol injection can be given by intramuscularly or
intravenously.
2.Advair Diskus:- It is a combination of a corticosteroid and a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator.
Mechanism of action:- It contains both fluticasone propionate and salmeterol. They both have
seprate mechanism of action given below:-
For Fluticasone Propionate:- It has anti-inflammatory activity and it is a synthetic trifluorinated
corticosteroid .In vitro it exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Asthma caused by inflammation, Corticosteroids acts on actions on multiple cell types like, mast
cells, etc.
For Salmeterol Xinafoate:- It is is a selective LABA.In vitro, it is 50 times more selective for
beta2-adrenoceptors than albuterol. They are predominant adrenergic receptors found in
bronchial smooth muscle. And in heart beta1-adrenoceptors are predominant, it is comprising
10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs contains
salmeterol, stimulates the intracellular adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Higher level of c-AMP
causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and release of mediators is inhibited by immediate
hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. salmeterol is a potent.
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion.pdf
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21
Solution
Compco Systems Total payout next year = 4.86 billion × 1.087 = $5.28 billion
Equity Value = 5.28 / (12.6% – 8.7%) = $135.46 billion Share price = $135.46 billion / 6.1
billion shares = $22.21.
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of pop.pdf
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles.
Solution
Most scientists suspect that the reason of the dramatic crash of population of the snowshoe hare
is the decline of winer food, an epidemic disease, while swimming hares cannot distinguish the
small lakes and the large lkes, increase in territoriality. An area occupied by a mammal and
defend against the invasion by other members of same species is called territory. In polyandry
the females are larger and colourful than males. So the answer is d. Archaeopteryx is an extint
bird like dinosaur which is an intermediate stage between non avian and reptiles..
1) The first abstract suggest that predator prey relationship outc.pdf
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested that P. fiesteria
species differe in response to fresh fish mucus, algal prey and inorganic nutrient enrichment
depending on funtional type or toxicity status. There are three functional type of P. fiesteria
ToxA, ToxB, NonIND depending upon their toxicity in the presence of fish, zoospore production
and attraction to fish excreta and mucus. So, this study suggest that Non IND strain should not
used for research about environment control on toxic strain of P fiesteria species.
Right environment condition (overencrichment of nutrient (N&P) - P. fiesteria exposed to large
number of finfish- increase toxin production- distroy fish epidermis- once fish dead- reduce its
toxin production- feeds on the fish either as zoospores or other forms
Whenenvironment condition change- finfish few or low in number - P.fiesteria become nontoxic
or dormant
P. fiesteria also effect people learning and reading capacity and couse other symptoms who are
very close to the contaminated water such as fishermen.
P. fiesteria growth is controlled by temperature and water quality.
3) Production of toxin, toxic activity and attraction to fresh fish tissue and excreta are the
responsed that activated by signal in variably toxic strains of P.fiesteria.
4) inorganic nutrient enrichment, presence of fresh fish and algal prey cause the development of
three strains
5) development of toxicity in Pfiesteria is caused by presence of fresh fish tissue and excreta and
its couse death of live fish. ToxA cause maximum killing have strong attraction to live fish
whereas Tox B has intermediate effect, and Non IND has negligible effect becouse have low
attraction to fresh fish and maximum zoospore production capacity.
2) THE symbiotic relationship of bacteria with Pfiesteria control its growth and consumption of
rhodomonas so to increase consumption of itself P.fiesteria adopt a colonization with bacteria.
Solution
1) The first abstract suggest that predator / prey relationship outcome of P.fiesteria and
rhodomonas is determined by presence and absence of specific bacterium that is a alpha-
proteobacterium which have sequence similarity with roseobactor species present in toxic
dianoflagellete species. In the presence of this bacterial isolate consumption of rhodomonas is
increase that ultimately leads to the growth of Pfiesteria. Molecular analysis of ameboied stages
of toxic culture of clonal P. fiesteria species by verious research group suggested th.
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline.pdf
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid.
Solution
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid..
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in t.pdf
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons).
Solution
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons)..
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblong.pdf
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus.
Solution
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus..
The question is a little unclear. Im going to guess that there are.pdf
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100.
Solution
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100..
The future value of investment is calculated as followsFuture valu.pdf
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%
Solution
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%.
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was t.pdf
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda.
Solution
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda..
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy .pdf
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point.
Solution
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point..
Tested on ubuntu,Linux#include stdio.h #include string.h.pdf
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filename: Person.c PID: 22759
Filename: prime.c PID: 22760
Filename: railCiper.c PID: 22761
Filename: random.c PID: 22762
Filename: readFile.c PID: 22763
Filename: rollercoaster.c PID: 22764
Filename: server.c PID: 22765
Filename: simple-cat.c PID: 22766
Filename: simple-ls.c PID: 22767
Filename: sumRecursion.c PID: 22768
Filename: Tree.c PID: 22769
done!
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 Person.c server.c
Filename: Person.c PID: 22814
Filename: server.c PID: 22815
done!
Thanks a lot
Solution
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filena.
SRP Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (S.pdf
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct.
Solution
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct..
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels areRe.pdf
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels are:
Recording Revenue- In the hospitality industry, revenue recognition is fairly straightforward. For
both restaurants and hotels, revenue is earned when the meal or the hotel stay occurs. It is
important to note that reservations often include a deposit for the first night\'s stay. As this
deposit has not yet been earned, these deposits are not revenue yet. Payments received for
deposits are considered deferred revenue until they are earned.
Costs of Sales- Major costs in the hospitality industry include costs of food and labor. Food
costs, depending on the type of restaurant or resort, can be nearly half of a company\'s expenses.
Costs of sales should be recorded in line with revenue recognized. For example, if a company
serves 2,500 hamburgers in August that cost the company $4,000 and recognized $10,000 in
revenue in August, then the cost of the hamburgers should be recognized in August as well. This
entry would be recorded as a debit to cash and a credit to revenue for $10,000, as well as a debit
to cost of sales and a credit to inventory for $4,000. Food that was unprepared as of the end of
the month remains in inventory on the balance sheet.
Operating Expenses- Non-guest and patron costs of the company are reflected in the company\'s
operating expense accounts. When operating costs are incurred the company will make a debit to
operating expenses and a credit to cash or accounts payable, depending on whether the purchase
was made via cash or credit, respectively. Common operating expenses in the hospitality
industry are rent, insurance and non-client service salary expenses.
Capital Purchases- Serving meals or taking care of hotel guests usually requires a fair amount of
equipment. Industrial linen washers, stove tops, mixers and computers are all viewed as capital
expenditures. These items, which benefit more than one accounting period, are recorded with a
debit to fixed assets and a credit to cash at the time of purchase. Over the useful life of the
equipment the item is depreciated. Depreciation entries are made with a debit to depreciation
expense and a credit to accumulated depreciation. The accumulated depreciation and the fixed
asset account offset each other on the company\'s financial statements, so the equipments\' value
is always reported as cost less accumulated depreciation.
accounting division -the hotel division responsible for keeping track of the many business
transactions that occur in the hotel and managing the hotel\'s finances.
assets - resources available for use by a business, i.e, anything owned by the business that has
monetary value
average daily rate (ADR) - a key rooms department operating ration: rooms revenue divided by
number of rooms sold, Also called average room rate
balance sheet - a financial statement that provide information on the financial position of a hotel
by showing its assets, liabilities and equity on a given date
capture rate - T.
Retroactive interference when you learn some new things this memory.pdf
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots.
Solution
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots..
Ques-7Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonuc.pdf
Ques-7:
Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect
bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages.
Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they
contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the
RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus.
The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher
mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can
rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for
survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium
compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were
observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the
following mechanisms.
Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing)
with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the
cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage
to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate
of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune
system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below.
Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells
& change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase,
ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome
with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions).
For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral
lineages
1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate
followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to
specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny
2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a
variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly.
Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell
integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells.
Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for
viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by
integrating into the host cell followed by vir.
public static E ArrayListE removeDuplicates(ArrayListE list){.pdf
public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){
ArrayList newList = new ArrayList();
for(E x : list){ // iterating over list
if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to
newList
newList.add(x);
}
return newList;
}
Solution
public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){
ArrayList newList = new ArrayList();
for(E x : list){ // iterating over list
if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to
newList
newList.add(x);
}
return newList;
}.
Molality = m = 0.115mFreezing point depression constant of water =.pdf
Molality = m = 0.115m
Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m
Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m
= 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC
Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf
= 0.000 - 0.214
= -0.214oC
Solution
Molality = m = 0.115m
Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m
Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m
= 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC
Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf
= 0.000 - 0.214
= -0.214oC.
Income statement This is the financial statement of a company which.pdf
Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues
earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time.
Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes
in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business.
Differences:
Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non-
cash items like depreciation and amortization.
Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it
is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company.
Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to-
day business operations.
Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing
purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or
other long-term assets.
Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from
financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid.
Solution
Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues
earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time.
Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes
in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business.
Differences:
Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non-
cash items like depreciation and amortization.
Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it
is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company.
Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to-
day business operations.
Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing
purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or
other long-term assets.
Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from
financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid..
ExplanationThe files into which we are writing the date area called.pdf
Explanation:The files into which we are writing the date area called as output files.If we want to
write the result of the program in the user required format we can write in these files.
2.2) When storing and retrieving data, a sequential access file is much like a VCR tapes
In floppy disks and hard disks data retrieval and storing will be done in Random wise.But this is
not possible in case of VCR tapes.this is the disadvante of this.That why now a days we are using
hard disks to store data.
3.3) If you want to add data to an new file, what is the correct operation to perform?
Ans) create a file
4.4) To create an output file object, you would use what kind of type?
Ans)ofstream
Syntax: ofstream myfile;
myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\");
5.5) What do the following statements accomplish?
ofstream theFile;
theFile.open( myFile.txt , ios::app);
Ans) Opens myFile in append mode
ios::app – If we opened a file in this mode,If any content we are writing will be appended to the
end of the file.I.e the new content we are wrinting will be appended to the end of the already
existing content.
6.6) When a file is opened in output mode, the file pointer is positioned at the beginning of the
file.
For input file and output file the pointer will we positioned at the beginning of the file only.
7.7) The is_open function returns what kind of data type?
Ans)bool
If(myfile.is_open) we use this to check whether the file opened successfully or not.
8.8) In general, which of the following contains the least amount of data?
Ans)byte
We can store only a single character or single number or single symbol in this byte.like ‘a’,7,#
9.9) To use an output file, the program must include fstream
Explanation: If we want to use either an input file or an output file we have to include fstream.h
header file. Like #include
10.10) Which of the following is not true about files?
Ans) istream, ostream, and iostream are derived from ifstream, ofstream, and fstream,
respectively.
11.11) Compare and contrast the mode operators ios::in, ios::app, and ios::out. Provide a C++
code segment that illustrates the use of these mode operators.
Ans)
To open a file we have to use this member function.
As a first argument we have to supply the filename.
As a second argument we can supply the mode of opening the file.this is an optional parameter.
Syntax: open(filename,mode);
ios::in – if we want to read the data from the file we have to use this mode.This is used for input
operations.
Code:
ifstream file;
file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\"); or file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\",ios::in);
here we are trying to read the data from the file named bank.txt which is available in D
drive.Here we didn’t specify the mode here.By default the file will be opened in ios::in mode
ios::out - if we want to write the data from to a file we have to use this mode.This is used for
output operations.
Code:
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\"); or myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\", ios::out);
myfile <<”Hell.
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture.pdf
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts
cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells.
Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are
enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth
clearing assay.
Solution
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts
cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells.
Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are
enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth
clearing assay..
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdf
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings130.pdf
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings
130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625
additional investment = 26100
52200 -31320 = add invest
Additional invest = 20880
Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability
= 126585 – 110925
=15660
Solution
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings
130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625
additional investment = 26100
52200 -31320 = add invest
Additional invest = 20880
Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability
= 126585 – 110925
=15660.
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Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline.pdf
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid.
Solution
Sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3- ) is mildly alkaline and it reacts withacids: H+ +
HCO3- =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is unstable inwater and breaks down into water &
Carbon Dioxide : H2CO3(aq) --> H2O(l) + CO2 (g) . Inan open container at atmospheric
pressure, the CO2 escapes, so thereaction is irreversible. Alka Seltzer must contain some
mildacid in solid form, maybe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When placed in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react and fizz(CO2). Bicarbonate is useful in antacids for the same reason- stomach
acid (HCl) reacts with the bicarbonate producing waterand carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide
leaves (burp!) andonly water remains where there once was a strong acid..
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in t.pdf
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons).
Solution
Multiplicity refers to the number of signals in the NMR spectrum that correspond to
a single proton. A proton can be \"split\" by neighboring protons. This means that the nuclear
spin of one proton causes the spin of another to resonate at different frequencies. In the simplest
case, a proton with one neighbor shows up as a doublet (two peaks) instead of one single line.
The multiplicity of a signal is simply the number of such lines that correspond to a single proton
(or a single set of equivalent protons)..
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblong.pdf
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus.
Solution
Three major parts of brainstem are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Pons is present
between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Medulla controls breathing, blood pressure and heart
rate. Pons has tracks for signals to transfer fron cerebellum to the cerebrum. Mid brain controls
vision and hearing.
The three major parts of diencephalon are thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. Thalamus is
the egg shaped structure. Hypothalamus is called the master gland. Pineal gland is part of
epithalamus..
The question is a little unclear. Im going to guess that there are.pdf
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100.
Solution
The question is a little unclear. I\'m going to guess that there are 50 heads and 50 tails in the box
(same probability of a head or tail), so the number you are looking for is 100..
The future value of investment is calculated as followsFuture valu.pdf
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%
Solution
The future value of investment is calculated as follows
Future value = Present value ( 1+ interest rate) n
$ 18,205 = $ 4500 ( 1+r)10
( 1+r)10 = 4.0456
r = 15%
The annual rate of return to earn on this investment = 15%.
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was t.pdf
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda.
Solution
The patient is susceptive to pneumococcal bacteremia while she was taking amoxicillin from
starting. It is showing that patient has acquired an immunity against any bacteria; if the acquire
immunity is coming from mother. May be her mother was treated against bacterium
Corynebacterium diphtheriae for Diphtheria for that an immunity against the antibiotic penicillin
or erythromycin may be developed in the bacterium. That can be happened by high dose or break
of dose or long term dose. That resistivity for bacteria is retained in mother immune system;
through suggesting penicillin or erythromycin as an antigen for body. Such immunity then
carried through mother to her and now after some time even in normal doses the susceptibility
has developed for pneumococcus bacterium in Wanda..
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy .pdf
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point.
Solution
The Enthalpy of fusion, or heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from the addition or
removal of heat from 1 mol of substance to change its state from a solid to liquid ( i.e.
MELTING process).
It is also called the latent heat of fusion, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the
Melting point..
Tested on ubuntu,Linux#include stdio.h #include string.h.pdf
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filename: Person.c PID: 22759
Filename: prime.c PID: 22760
Filename: railCiper.c PID: 22761
Filename: random.c PID: 22762
Filename: readFile.c PID: 22763
Filename: rollercoaster.c PID: 22764
Filename: server.c PID: 22765
Filename: simple-cat.c PID: 22766
Filename: simple-ls.c PID: 22767
Filename: sumRecursion.c PID: 22768
Filename: Tree.c PID: 22769
done!
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 Person.c server.c
Filename: Person.c PID: 22814
Filename: server.c PID: 22815
done!
Thanks a lot
Solution
//Tested on ubuntu,Linux
#include
#include
#include
#include //for getpid()
#include //for wait
/*Main function start*/
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid;//storing process id
int i;
int status = 0;
/*Start for loop*/
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
pid=fork();//forking process
if (pid == 0)// child process
{
/*Printing file name and process Id*/
printf(\"Filename: %s PID: %d\ \",argv[i],getpid());
return;
}else{
pid = wait(&status);//waiting for child process to complete
}
}/*End for loop*/
printf(\"done!\ \");
}
/*Main function End*/
/************output**************/
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ gcc fork.c -o program2
gopal@gopal:~/Desktop/chegg$ ./program2 *.c
Filename: Calculator.c PID: 22742
Filename: char2dArray.c PID: 22743
Filename: client.c PID: 22744
Filename: commandLine.c PID: 22745
Filename: directory.c PID: 22746
Filename: dLinkedList.c PID: 22747
Filename: duplicateArrayRemove.c PID: 22748
Filename: fileReading.c PID: 22749
Filename: fork.c PID: 22750
Filename: hailstone.c PID: 22751
Filename: hello.c PID: 22752
Filename: interest.c PID: 22753
Filename: inventory.c PID: 22754
Filename: largeNumber.c PID: 22755
Filename: lscat.c PID: 22756
Filename: main.c PID: 22757
Filename: nestedLoop.c PID: 22758
Filena.
SRP Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (S.pdf
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct.
Solution
SRP: Signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic,
universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets
specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in
prokaryotes (Walter, 1981). So this is notan example of a gated channel or membrane pore. So
the option ( C ) is correct..
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels areRe.pdf
Some of the various financial position found in most hotels are:
Recording Revenue- In the hospitality industry, revenue recognition is fairly straightforward. For
both restaurants and hotels, revenue is earned when the meal or the hotel stay occurs. It is
important to note that reservations often include a deposit for the first night\'s stay. As this
deposit has not yet been earned, these deposits are not revenue yet. Payments received for
deposits are considered deferred revenue until they are earned.
Costs of Sales- Major costs in the hospitality industry include costs of food and labor. Food
costs, depending on the type of restaurant or resort, can be nearly half of a company\'s expenses.
Costs of sales should be recorded in line with revenue recognized. For example, if a company
serves 2,500 hamburgers in August that cost the company $4,000 and recognized $10,000 in
revenue in August, then the cost of the hamburgers should be recognized in August as well. This
entry would be recorded as a debit to cash and a credit to revenue for $10,000, as well as a debit
to cost of sales and a credit to inventory for $4,000. Food that was unprepared as of the end of
the month remains in inventory on the balance sheet.
Operating Expenses- Non-guest and patron costs of the company are reflected in the company\'s
operating expense accounts. When operating costs are incurred the company will make a debit to
operating expenses and a credit to cash or accounts payable, depending on whether the purchase
was made via cash or credit, respectively. Common operating expenses in the hospitality
industry are rent, insurance and non-client service salary expenses.
Capital Purchases- Serving meals or taking care of hotel guests usually requires a fair amount of
equipment. Industrial linen washers, stove tops, mixers and computers are all viewed as capital
expenditures. These items, which benefit more than one accounting period, are recorded with a
debit to fixed assets and a credit to cash at the time of purchase. Over the useful life of the
equipment the item is depreciated. Depreciation entries are made with a debit to depreciation
expense and a credit to accumulated depreciation. The accumulated depreciation and the fixed
asset account offset each other on the company\'s financial statements, so the equipments\' value
is always reported as cost less accumulated depreciation.
accounting division -the hotel division responsible for keeping track of the many business
transactions that occur in the hotel and managing the hotel\'s finances.
assets - resources available for use by a business, i.e, anything owned by the business that has
monetary value
average daily rate (ADR) - a key rooms department operating ration: rooms revenue divided by
number of rooms sold, Also called average room rate
balance sheet - a financial statement that provide information on the financial position of a hotel
by showing its assets, liabilities and equity on a given date
capture rate - T.
Retroactive interference when you learn some new things this memory.pdf
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots.
Solution
Retroactive interference: when you learn some new things this memory sometimes makes you to
forget you old memories. Same like in the above case, after seeing the criminals directly they
forgot the criminals they have seen in mugshots..
Ques-7Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonuc.pdf
Ques-7:
Viruses contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic
material, and they reproduce in the host cells. Bacteriophage is a type of virus that can infect
bacteria and inject its genome into the host, the bacteria then produces dozens of viral lineages.
Retrovirus such as HIV (human immune deficiency virus) reproduces in a different way, as they
contain reverse transcriptase enzyme. In this, a complementary DNA is transcribed from the
RNA genome, and it is called as DNA provirus.
The rate of evolution in RNA-based viruses (microcosm), like HIV-1 has million times higher
mutation rate when compared to that of DNA-based organisms (bacteria humans etc). It can
rapidly changes its genome components under biological conditions to acquire adaptations for
survival (resistance against drugs, immune components) in the biological host cell medium
compared to the DNA based organisms in which lower rate of evolutionary adaptations were
observed. This property of high genomic mutation rate in HIV-1 retrovirus is due to the
following mechanisms.
Viral genome transcribe via reverse transcription finally proved HIV-1 mRNA (after splicing)
with Rev 350 nucleotide sequences. These Rev produced once the viral mRNA transferred to the
cytoplasm from the nucleus for translation. Virulence is the factor of causing extensive damage
to the host cell and infecting new host cell in which pathogen is going to undergo extensive rate
of reproduction & phase variation along with genome modification to defend host immune
system. This is the main basis of evolution and an example ahs described below.
Several mutated viral lineages are produced due to the nucleotide integration into the host cells
& change their genome finally code for the enzymatic proteins such as reverse transcriptase,
ribonuclease, and integrase in order to promote severe multiplication of integrated host genome
with viral protein predominanlty result in several lineages (multiple capies of virions).
For example: Viral evolution mechanism with new genome & producetion of several viral
lineages
1. After viral particle entry, viral genome integrates into the host cell genome and replicate
followed by expression. Later the novel synthesized viral proteins are going to be transported to
specific sites for assembly into progeny virus thereby-----> more assembly/progeny
2. Even though viral assembly is going to takes place in the host cell plasma membrane, but a
variety of viral genomes initiate assembly in intracellular organelles or nucleus predominantly.
Thereby further particle/plaque forming units associate with exocytosis of the viral and host cell
integrated genome after lysis. Finally again mature viral lineages are going to target new cells.
Reverse transcriptase induced complementary DNA synthesis followed by mRNA synthesis for
viral protein -coding repoitre. This enzyme enables to produce more viral genome particle by
integrating into the host cell followed by vir.
public static E ArrayListE removeDuplicates(ArrayListE list){.pdf
public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){
ArrayList newList = new ArrayList();
for(E x : list){ // iterating over list
if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to
newList
newList.add(x);
}
return newList;
}
Solution
public static ArrayList removeDuplicates(ArrayList list){
ArrayList newList = new ArrayList();
for(E x : list){ // iterating over list
if(!newList.contains(x)) // if current element of list is not in newList, then add it to
newList
newList.add(x);
}
return newList;
}.
Molality = m = 0.115mFreezing point depression constant of water =.pdf
Molality = m = 0.115m
Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m
Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m
= 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC
Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf
= 0.000 - 0.214
= -0.214oC
Solution
Molality = m = 0.115m
Freezing point depression constant of water = Kf = 1.86 oC/m
Freezing point depression = Tf = Kf x m
= 1.86 x 0.115 = 0.214 oC
Freezing point of solution = freezing point of water - Tf
= 0.000 - 0.214
= -0.214oC.
Income statement This is the financial statement of a company which.pdf
Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues
earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time.
Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes
in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business.
Differences:
Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non-
cash items like depreciation and amortization.
Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it
is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company.
Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to-
day business operations.
Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing
purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or
other long-term assets.
Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from
financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid.
Solution
Income statement: This is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues
earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time.
Statement of Cash Flows: This is one of the basic financial statements which shows the changes
in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of a business.
Differences:
Cash flow statement records only cash items but income statement records both cash and non-
cash items like depreciation and amortization.
Cash flow statement shows the exact cash generated from the activities of the business and so it
is regarded as the statement which shows the sharp image of the company.
Cash from Operating Activities : Thes activites show the amount of cash generated from day-to-
day business operations.
Cash from Investing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash used for investing
purposes like assets, or cash received or paid from the sale of other businesses, equipment, or
other long-term assets.
Cash from Financing Activities: These activities show the amount of cash paid or received from
financing sactivites from issuing and borrowing of financial instruments and dividends paid..
ExplanationThe files into which we are writing the date area called.pdf
Explanation:The files into which we are writing the date area called as output files.If we want to
write the result of the program in the user required format we can write in these files.
2.2) When storing and retrieving data, a sequential access file is much like a VCR tapes
In floppy disks and hard disks data retrieval and storing will be done in Random wise.But this is
not possible in case of VCR tapes.this is the disadvante of this.That why now a days we are using
hard disks to store data.
3.3) If you want to add data to an new file, what is the correct operation to perform?
Ans) create a file
4.4) To create an output file object, you would use what kind of type?
Ans)ofstream
Syntax: ofstream myfile;
myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\");
5.5) What do the following statements accomplish?
ofstream theFile;
theFile.open( myFile.txt , ios::app);
Ans) Opens myFile in append mode
ios::app – If we opened a file in this mode,If any content we are writing will be appended to the
end of the file.I.e the new content we are wrinting will be appended to the end of the already
existing content.
6.6) When a file is opened in output mode, the file pointer is positioned at the beginning of the
file.
For input file and output file the pointer will we positioned at the beginning of the file only.
7.7) The is_open function returns what kind of data type?
Ans)bool
If(myfile.is_open) we use this to check whether the file opened successfully or not.
8.8) In general, which of the following contains the least amount of data?
Ans)byte
We can store only a single character or single number or single symbol in this byte.like ‘a’,7,#
9.9) To use an output file, the program must include fstream
Explanation: If we want to use either an input file or an output file we have to include fstream.h
header file. Like #include
10.10) Which of the following is not true about files?
Ans) istream, ostream, and iostream are derived from ifstream, ofstream, and fstream,
respectively.
11.11) Compare and contrast the mode operators ios::in, ios::app, and ios::out. Provide a C++
code segment that illustrates the use of these mode operators.
Ans)
To open a file we have to use this member function.
As a first argument we have to supply the filename.
As a second argument we can supply the mode of opening the file.this is an optional parameter.
Syntax: open(filename,mode);
ios::in – if we want to read the data from the file we have to use this mode.This is used for input
operations.
Code:
ifstream file;
file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\"); or file.open(\"D:\\\\bank.txt\",ios::in);
here we are trying to read the data from the file named bank.txt which is available in D
drive.Here we didn’t specify the mode here.By default the file will be opened in ios::in mode
ios::out - if we want to write the data from to a file we have to use this mode.This is used for
output operations.
Code:
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\"); or myfile.open (\"D:\\\\bankbal.txt\", ios::out);
myfile <<”Hell.
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture.pdf
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts
cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells.
Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are
enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth
clearing assay.
Solution
E.coli is the most suitable host for developing a pure phage culture. Phages infect the hosts
cellular machinery , multiply and lyse the cell to infect other healthy cells.
Pure culture is prepared by isolating them from natural sources. Next Steps involved are
enrichment , filtaration and bacteriophage titration . It is followed by plaque assy and broth
clearing assay..
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdf
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings130.pdf
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings
130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625
additional investment = 26100
52200 -31320 = add invest
Additional invest = 20880
Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability
= 126585 – 110925
=15660
Solution
d) Total revenue - total expense – dividend = retained earnings
130500 – 71775 – retained earnings = 32625
additional investment = 26100
52200 -31320 = add invest
Additional invest = 20880
Total stockholders equity = total assets – total liability
= 126585 – 110925
=15660.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI funded books
Wednesday 22 May 2024, 14:00-15:00.
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Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Event Link:-
https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-exploring-gemini-ai-and-integration-with-mulesoft/
Agenda
● Java 17 Upgrade Overview
● Why and by when do customers need to upgrade to Java 17?
● Is there any immediate impact to upgrading to Mule Runtime 4.6 and beyond?
● Which MuleSoft products are in scope?
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/
YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Shyam Raj Prasad-
https://www.linkedin.com/in/shyam-raj-prasad/
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The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
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Wednesday 22 May 2024, 14:00-15:00.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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