The document discusses pre-project activities that must be completed before a project's zero date, which includes identifying the product/project, obtaining clearances, arranging materials and technology, conducting financial and market analyses, determining capacity, selecting sites and processes, estimating costs, and finalizing implementation schedules and personnel. It also discusses techniques for project management, selection, execution planning, scheduling, monitoring, cost/productivity control, and communications. Social cost-benefit analysis considers total economic and social impacts, externalities, and contribution to GDP, benefits to society, environment, and efficient use of resources to evaluate public projects that may not be as commercially profitable but have social implications.

1. PRE-PROJECT ACTIVITIES
All the activities,whichmustbe completedbeforezerodate,notonlydefinethe scope of main
projectactivitiesbutenablefixationof performance targetsandhence zerodate,includethe
following:
• Identificationof product/project.
• Obtainingthe requiredclearance fromcompetentauthorities
• Arrangementof rawmaterials,feed-stocketc
• Arrangementof technologyandrelatedknow-how
• Finance arrangement
• Identificationof relevantmarkets
• Determinationof product/patternandplantcapacity.
• Selectionof processlicenser
• Site selection
• Preliminarycapital costestimate
• Investmentdecision
• Technologypackage finalization
• Overall implementationschedule
• Letterof Intent(LOI) forproject
• Recruitmentof keyprojectpersonnel
• Finalizationof strategiesvis-à-vismanpower,fabricationandconstruction,workloadforecast
• Conductingcontoursurveyandbenchmarking
• Conductinginvestigationof groundwater
• Developmentof overall projectplan
• Acquisitionof site
TECHNIQUES FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. ProjectSelectionTechnique
• Costbenefitanalysis
• Riskandsensitivityanalysis

2. 2. ProjectExecutionPlanningTechniques
• Work breakdownstructure (WBS)
• Projectexecutionplan(PEP)
• Projectresponsibilitymatrix
• Projectmanagementmanual
3. ProjectSchedulingandCoordinatingTechniques
• Bar chart
• Projectlife cycle
• Line of balance (LOB)
• Networkingtechniques(PERT/CPM)
4. ProjectMonitoringandProgressingTechniques
• Progressmeasurementtechnique
• Performance monitoringtechnique
• Updating,reviewingandreportingtechnique
5. ProjectCost andProductivityControl Techniques
• Productivitybudgetingtechnique
• Value engineering
• CostcalculationusingWBS
6. ProjectCommunicationsandClean-upTechniques
• Control room
• Computerizedinformationsystems
What is the impact of social cost benefitanalysison project selection?Explain.
The main objective of anindividual,afirmor a companyininvestingona projectisto earnthe
maximumpossible returnsforaninvestmentorcommercial profitabilityof aproject.There
are some projects,whichmaynotbe as attractive withrespectto returnsor profitability,but
still theyare undertakenforsocial cause.Suchpublicprojectslikeroad,railway,bridge,
transport,powerproject,irrigationprojectsetchave social implicationbutmaynothave

3. commercial benefit.
SCBA considersthe total impactthat a projectwill have onan economyalsotakinginto
account the hiddenfactors.SCBA isa methodologyforevaluatingprojectswithinthe planning
frameworkfromsocial pointof view.InSCBA the focusison social costsand benefitsof a
project.These oftentendtodifferfromthe costsincurredinmonetarytermsandbenefits
earnedinmonetarytermsbythe project.
The principal reasonsfordiscrepancyare,whichmayarise duringthe analysisinclude the following:
1. Market imperfections
2. Externalities
3. Taxes
4. Concernfor saving
5. Concernfor redistribution
6. Merit and demeritgoods.
The main objectivesof SCBA are as follows:
• Contributionof the projecttothe GDP (grossdomesticproduct) of the economy.
• Contributionof the projecttoimprove the benefitstothe poorersectionof the society andto
reduce regional imbalance ingrowthanddevelopment.
• Contributionof the projectinprotecting/improvingthe environmentconditions.
• Justificationof the use of scare resourcesof the economybythe project.