This document discusses formwork used for concrete structures. It begins with defining formwork as a temporary supporting structure used to form concrete into required shapes and sizes. Formwork is then classified based on the system used, materials, and application. Specific formwork types are described, including conventional timber formwork, proprietary modular systems, aluminum formwork, slip forming, and tunnel forming. Components, uses, and construction processes are outlined for walls, columns, beams, and other concrete elements. Considerations for precast versus cast-in-place formwork are also covered.
The document provides instructions for conducting pull-out tests to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It states that pull-out tests should be confirmed to BS 1881 Part 207 and give a direct tensile strength value. It describes how inserts can be cast into wet concrete or positioned in hardened concrete using an under-reamed groove. When testing, at least four pull-out tests should be performed at each location and a loading rate of 0.5 ± 0.2 kN/s should be used for 25mm diameter inserts. The compressive strength can then be calculated from the direct tensile strength value obtained during testing.
The document discusses water distribution systems. A distribution system receives treated water from pumping stations and delivers it through a network of pipes, valves, meters, pumps, reservoirs and hydrants. There are different types of layouts including dead-end, gridiron and circular systems. Distribution can occur via gravity, pumping or a dual system. Gravity relies on elevation while pumping requires energy. A dual system combines both for reliability and economy. The goal is to convey water at sufficient pressure and quantity to consumers while maintaining quality and providing emergency capacity.
non destructive concrete testing equipment
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Rebound hammer method
Pull out test method
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
Radioactive methods
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This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
This document defines and describes various types and concepts related to prestressed concrete. It discusses:
1) Definitions of prestressing steel types like wires, strands, tendons, and cables. It also defines bonded and unbonded tendons.
2) Advantages of prestressing like increased strength, reduced cracking, and suitability for precast construction.
3) Limitations include needing skilled technology and higher material costs.
4) Types of prestressing based on force source, location, sequence, member shape, and direction. It provides examples of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, internal and external prestressing, and linear and circular prestressing.
This document provides an overview of foundations for civil engineering structures. It defines foundations as the substructure below ground level that supports the superstructure above. Foundations distribute structural loads over a large area of soil to prevent excessive settlement. There are two main types of foundations: shallow foundations, which are less than the width in depth; and deep foundations, which extend deeper. Shallow foundations include isolated footings for columns and combined footings for groups of columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads using friction or bearing on a hard stratum, and pier foundations. Piles can be made of concrete, steel, or timber and installed using methods like driving, jacking, or drilling.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of Cement, sand, aggregates and water.
“Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away from the construction site for delivery to the construction site by the truck in a ready-to-use-condition.”
The document provides instructions for conducting pull-out tests to determine the compressive strength of concrete. It states that pull-out tests should be confirmed to BS 1881 Part 207 and give a direct tensile strength value. It describes how inserts can be cast into wet concrete or positioned in hardened concrete using an under-reamed groove. When testing, at least four pull-out tests should be performed at each location and a loading rate of 0.5 ± 0.2 kN/s should be used for 25mm diameter inserts. The compressive strength can then be calculated from the direct tensile strength value obtained during testing.
The document discusses water distribution systems. A distribution system receives treated water from pumping stations and delivers it through a network of pipes, valves, meters, pumps, reservoirs and hydrants. There are different types of layouts including dead-end, gridiron and circular systems. Distribution can occur via gravity, pumping or a dual system. Gravity relies on elevation while pumping requires energy. A dual system combines both for reliability and economy. The goal is to convey water at sufficient pressure and quantity to consumers while maintaining quality and providing emergency capacity.
non destructive concrete testing equipment
non destructive concrete testing methods
non destructive test Penetration method
Rebound hammer method
Pull out test method
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
Radioactive methods
methods of testing concrete
concrete strength testing methods
types of non destructive testing
non destructive concrete testing equipment
concrete tests pdf
destructive and non destructive testing
concrete testing procedures
non destructive test for concrete
destructive and non destructive testing
non destructive testing pdf
types of non destructive testing
non destructive testing methods
non destructive testing methods ppt
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
This document defines and describes various types and concepts related to prestressed concrete. It discusses:
1) Definitions of prestressing steel types like wires, strands, tendons, and cables. It also defines bonded and unbonded tendons.
2) Advantages of prestressing like increased strength, reduced cracking, and suitability for precast construction.
3) Limitations include needing skilled technology and higher material costs.
4) Types of prestressing based on force source, location, sequence, member shape, and direction. It provides examples of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, internal and external prestressing, and linear and circular prestressing.
This document provides an overview of foundations for civil engineering structures. It defines foundations as the substructure below ground level that supports the superstructure above. Foundations distribute structural loads over a large area of soil to prevent excessive settlement. There are two main types of foundations: shallow foundations, which are less than the width in depth; and deep foundations, which extend deeper. Shallow foundations include isolated footings for columns and combined footings for groups of columns. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads using friction or bearing on a hard stratum, and pier foundations. Piles can be made of concrete, steel, or timber and installed using methods like driving, jacking, or drilling.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of Cement, sand, aggregates and water.
“Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away from the construction site for delivery to the construction site by the truck in a ready-to-use-condition.”
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
Causes of deterioration of concrete structuresKarthi Kavya
The document discusses types of deterioration that can occur in concrete structures. It identifies three main types: distress in concrete, permeability of concrete, and aggressive deterioration agents. Distress can be physical, chemical, or mechanical due to issues like high water-cement ratio, inadequate curing, poor aggregates, overloading, or design deficiencies. Permeability is increased by porosity, microcracks, and dampness/seepage, allowing chemicals to enter. Major agents are chlorides, sulfates, and alkali-silica reaction, which can cause corrosion, cracking, or expansion through carbonation, sulfate attack, or silica gel formation.
Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Confined masonry construction consists of masonry walls reinforced with horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete members. Vertical tie columns and horizontal tie beams confine the masonry walls, enhancing their stability, integrity, and resistance to lateral loads from earthquakes. The construction sequence involves first building masonry walls with tie columns cast in place, then constructing tie beams on top along with the slab. This improves the masonry's performance by reducing brittleness compared to conventional masonry or reinforced concrete frame construction.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
Shotcrete is a process where concrete or mortar is pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. It can be placed using dry or wet mixes through pneumatic guns onto difficult surfaces like vertical walls. Shotcrete provides compaction during placement and is used in tunnels, dams, pools and for repairs. When placing concrete underwater, the tremie method involves placing concrete at the bottom of a form through a pipe to displace water without washing out cement. Choosing the best concrete placement method depends on factors like the job location, size, and amount of concrete needed above, at or below ground.
Caissons are watertight structures used as foundations when construction needs to be done under water or in locations with a high water table. They are constructed out of materials like wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. There are different types of caissons including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons are sunk into position using methods like dredging or compressed air in a pneumatic caisson. Proper construction involves building curbs, plugs, and reinforcement to withstand loads and facilitate controlled sinking. Caissons allow foundations to be constructed in deep underwater locations for structures like bridges, piers, and buildings.
Bituminous penetration macadam base courseAglaia Connect
This document discusses the process of constructing a bituminous penetration macadam base course. Aggregate is first spread and compacted dry, then hot bitumen binder is sprayed over it. Alternatively, a bituminous macadam mix can be prepared in a hot mix plant and transported to the construction site, where it is laid down in layers using a paver and compacted to the specified thickness and level. The base course provides a flexible pavement base for short roads or small projects where a hot mix plant is not available.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Fine aggregates are less than 5mm while coarse aggregates are greater than 5mm. Natural aggregates come from sources like rivers while manufactured aggregates are crushed. Normal weight aggregates have densities from 1520-1680kg/m3 while lightweight aggregates are less than 1120kg/m3. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, durability and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the grading and ensures a range of aggregate sizes are present.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. It also covers compacting equipment like smooth wheel rollers, sheep-foot rollers, and pneumatic tired rollers. Additional equipment covered include pile driving rigs and their uses in transferring surface loads into the ground. The document aims to classify and explain the purpose and functioning of many important pieces of machinery used in construction projects.
This document discusses the four types of resources (4Ms) required for construction projects - Money, Materials, Machinery, and Manpower. It provides details on each type of resource, including how money is managed, the different types of materials used, factors to consider when selecting machinery, and types of labor. Productivity standards for workers and establishing workers' production norms are also covered. The minimum wage laws and other relevant acts for the construction industry are outlined. Finally, common earthmoving equipment used for construction projects is classified and described.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This document provides an overview of ready-mix concrete (RMC). It discusses the history and development of RMC, which originated in Germany in 1903 and was first used in the United States in 1913. The document outlines the objectives, materials, equipment, and processes involved in RMC production. Key points include that RMC is a premixed concrete that uses aggregates, cement, water and sometimes additives. It is produced in batching plants then transported and mixed in transit mixers for delivery. The document also reviews quality checks, specifications, merits and limitations of using RMC.
Patten of collection systems of sanitationlobsang jampa
This document discusses different patterns for collection systems in sanitation. It describes the conservancy system, also called the dry system, and the water-carriage system. The conservancy system collects, conveys, and disposes of refuse and storm water separately. The water-carriage system uses water as the main substance for collection and conveyance. The document then examines various collection patterns including perpendicular, interceptor, radial, fan, and zone patterns - outlining their key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages for sewage collection and treatment.
The document summarizes the analysis and design of a multi-story institutional building with hollow core slabs. It discusses using Staad.Pro software to analyze and design the building's hollow core slabs, beams, columns, footings, and stairs. The production process of hollow core slabs is also outlined, including bed preparation, stressing strands, casting, curing, transport, and erection. Key activities to be performed include calculating loads, designing hollow core slabs, connecting slab panels, designing beams and columns, and designing footings.
This document discusses formwork, which is a mould used to contain and shape concrete until it hardens. Formwork is commonly made from timber or steel. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads without excessive deflection. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, water tightness, accuracy, ease of handling, finish quality, and cost. The document describes formwork requirements and objectives, as well as details for common structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and removal procedures.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
Causes of deterioration of concrete structuresKarthi Kavya
The document discusses types of deterioration that can occur in concrete structures. It identifies three main types: distress in concrete, permeability of concrete, and aggressive deterioration agents. Distress can be physical, chemical, or mechanical due to issues like high water-cement ratio, inadequate curing, poor aggregates, overloading, or design deficiencies. Permeability is increased by porosity, microcracks, and dampness/seepage, allowing chemicals to enter. Major agents are chlorides, sulfates, and alkali-silica reaction, which can cause corrosion, cracking, or expansion through carbonation, sulfate attack, or silica gel formation.
Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Confined masonry construction consists of masonry walls reinforced with horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete members. Vertical tie columns and horizontal tie beams confine the masonry walls, enhancing their stability, integrity, and resistance to lateral loads from earthquakes. The construction sequence involves first building masonry walls with tie columns cast in place, then constructing tie beams on top along with the slab. This improves the masonry's performance by reducing brittleness compared to conventional masonry or reinforced concrete frame construction.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
Shotcrete is a process where concrete or mortar is pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. It can be placed using dry or wet mixes through pneumatic guns onto difficult surfaces like vertical walls. Shotcrete provides compaction during placement and is used in tunnels, dams, pools and for repairs. When placing concrete underwater, the tremie method involves placing concrete at the bottom of a form through a pipe to displace water without washing out cement. Choosing the best concrete placement method depends on factors like the job location, size, and amount of concrete needed above, at or below ground.
Caissons are watertight structures used as foundations when construction needs to be done under water or in locations with a high water table. They are constructed out of materials like wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. There are different types of caissons including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons are sunk into position using methods like dredging or compressed air in a pneumatic caisson. Proper construction involves building curbs, plugs, and reinforcement to withstand loads and facilitate controlled sinking. Caissons allow foundations to be constructed in deep underwater locations for structures like bridges, piers, and buildings.
Bituminous penetration macadam base courseAglaia Connect
This document discusses the process of constructing a bituminous penetration macadam base course. Aggregate is first spread and compacted dry, then hot bitumen binder is sprayed over it. Alternatively, a bituminous macadam mix can be prepared in a hot mix plant and transported to the construction site, where it is laid down in layers using a paver and compacted to the specified thickness and level. The base course provides a flexible pavement base for short roads or small projects where a hot mix plant is not available.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Fine aggregates are less than 5mm while coarse aggregates are greater than 5mm. Natural aggregates come from sources like rivers while manufactured aggregates are crushed. Normal weight aggregates have densities from 1520-1680kg/m3 while lightweight aggregates are less than 1120kg/m3. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, durability and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the grading and ensures a range of aggregate sizes are present.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. It also covers compacting equipment like smooth wheel rollers, sheep-foot rollers, and pneumatic tired rollers. Additional equipment covered include pile driving rigs and their uses in transferring surface loads into the ground. The document aims to classify and explain the purpose and functioning of many important pieces of machinery used in construction projects.
This document discusses the four types of resources (4Ms) required for construction projects - Money, Materials, Machinery, and Manpower. It provides details on each type of resource, including how money is managed, the different types of materials used, factors to consider when selecting machinery, and types of labor. Productivity standards for workers and establishing workers' production norms are also covered. The minimum wage laws and other relevant acts for the construction industry are outlined. Finally, common earthmoving equipment used for construction projects is classified and described.
The document discusses structural steel, including its composition, properties, types, and applications in construction. It describes how steel is made from iron with added elements, and its varying properties based on carbon content. The types discussed are mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Common structural steel applications mentioned include beams, columns, trusses, and framing for buildings like airports and stadiums.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This document provides an overview of ready-mix concrete (RMC). It discusses the history and development of RMC, which originated in Germany in 1903 and was first used in the United States in 1913. The document outlines the objectives, materials, equipment, and processes involved in RMC production. Key points include that RMC is a premixed concrete that uses aggregates, cement, water and sometimes additives. It is produced in batching plants then transported and mixed in transit mixers for delivery. The document also reviews quality checks, specifications, merits and limitations of using RMC.
Patten of collection systems of sanitationlobsang jampa
This document discusses different patterns for collection systems in sanitation. It describes the conservancy system, also called the dry system, and the water-carriage system. The conservancy system collects, conveys, and disposes of refuse and storm water separately. The water-carriage system uses water as the main substance for collection and conveyance. The document then examines various collection patterns including perpendicular, interceptor, radial, fan, and zone patterns - outlining their key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages for sewage collection and treatment.
The document summarizes the analysis and design of a multi-story institutional building with hollow core slabs. It discusses using Staad.Pro software to analyze and design the building's hollow core slabs, beams, columns, footings, and stairs. The production process of hollow core slabs is also outlined, including bed preparation, stressing strands, casting, curing, transport, and erection. Key activities to be performed include calculating loads, designing hollow core slabs, connecting slab panels, designing beams and columns, and designing footings.
This document discusses formwork, which is a mould used to contain and shape concrete until it hardens. Formwork is commonly made from timber or steel. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads without excessive deflection. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, water tightness, accuracy, ease of handling, finish quality, and cost. The document describes formwork requirements and objectives, as well as details for common structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and removal procedures.
The document discusses different types of formwork systems used in concrete construction. It begins by explaining what formwork is and its basic functions. It then classifies formwork according to materials used, nature of operation, and other factors. Various modern formwork systems are introduced, such as climbing formwork, tunnel formwork, table forms, gang forms, jump forms, and slipforming. Specific systems like self-climbing formwork and flying formwork are described in more detail. The document emphasizes that innovative formwork technologies can improve construction efficiency, quality, safety and reduce costs.
The document discusses the merits of structural steelwork from the perspective of what clients want from construction projects. It outlines that steel construction can provide value for money, flexibility in design and use, and a fast construction period. Steelwork contractors should communicate these benefits to clients, such as developers, architects, and engineers, to help specify project requirements and demonstrate how steel can meet client needs such as economic construction, continuous technology development, and sustainability.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
Doug Leitch and Dominic Turner for ‘Armtec Engineering’s Top Picks! – Case Studies & Design Review!’ the exciting conclusion to our 2016 webinar program! This will be an in depth look at the design and installation challenges and solutions of major drainage projects.
The projects discussed will feature both Engineered Steel and Surface Trench drainage products and will review the design theory behind the designs as well as the selection criteria and final installation challenges and procedures. Hosted by Professional Engineers, join us to learn why the owners and consultants of the featured projects used the solutions they did!
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVEDr K M SONI
Modern construction technologies provide advantages like faster construction, higher quality, environmental benefits, and ability to overcome lack of skilled workers. Technologies discussed include prefabricated buildings, tunnel formwork, jump formwork, reinforced soil, trenchless techniques, 3D printing, robotics, and more. While technologies increase speed and quality, some have limitations like limited architectural features, difficulty modifying structures, and higher initial costs. Overall, modern techniques can help qualify projects for sustainability and efficiency if the appropriate technology is selected for each project's unique requirements.
The document discusses Mivan aluminum formwork, which is a new construction technology used in India. It provides advantages over traditional formwork like faster construction speed, improved quality, and increased efficiency. The summary describes the key components of Mivan formwork like wall panels, rockers, and deck panels. It also mentions that Mivan formwork is particularly suitable for mass housing and repetitive building layouts due to reduced costs and faster construction.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in reusable molds or "forms" that are then cured in a controlled environment. This allows precast concrete construction to provide several benefits over traditional cast-in-place concrete including time savings, quality assurance, cost effectiveness, durability, aesthetics, and safer construction. However, precast concrete also has some disadvantages such as high initial investment costs, transportation issues, handling difficulties, limitations for modifications, and needing sensitive connection work. Overall, precast concrete can be a good solution for large construction projects where its benefits outweigh its disadvantages.
The document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a G+3 steel-concrete composite building. Key aspects summarized include:
1) The building is 15m x 12m with 3.5m floor heights and will be analyzed and designed using STAAD-Pro software.
2) Composite structures combine the high tensile strength of steel with the high compressive strength of concrete. Shear connectors are critical to transfer forces between the steel and concrete.
3) Analysis of the building found typical bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in the frames. The composite slab, beams, columns, and foundation were then designed.
4) Though initially more costly than RCC, the
This document summarizes a student's report on a site visit to a construction project. The student observed various construction techniques, including different types of formwork used for beams, columns, and slabs. Scaffolding types like independent scaffolding were also discussed. The project involved constructing two residential towers with amenities on a podium structure over basement parking levels. The student learned about construction processes, safety practices, and building materials and was able to see theory applied in practice during the site visit.
Formwork(Shuttering), Importance, Qualities of Formwork,types,Major objectives considered in formwork, Requirements of formwork,Formwork for Wall,Formwork for Column,Formwork for Slabs & beams ,Lintel or Beam Formwork, FORMWORK FOR SLAB,FORMWORK FOR STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR SPIRAL STAIRS,FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS,Removal of formwork,Time of Removal of formwork,Comparison between Steel and Timber Formwork,Cantilever slab,Maintenance of formwork,Cost of formwork,Advantages of steel form work,LOADS ON FORMWORK
This presentation discusses formwork construction techniques. Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and other loads. Common materials for formwork include timber and steel. Proper formwork design considers containment, strength, leakage resistance, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. Formwork is used for walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, chimneys, and other structural elements. Factors that influence when formwork can be removed include cement type, concrete mix ratio, and weather conditions. Maintenance and costs of formwork are also discussed.
This document provides information on formworks, scaffolding, shoring, underpinning, and prefabricated construction components. It discusses the introduction, characteristics, classification, and types of formworks based on materials of construction such as timber, metal, and plastic. It also describes scaffolding and different types used in construction. For underpinning, it explains the conditions that require underpinning and various methods used. Finally, it summarizes prefabricated construction including advantages, classification based on materials and systems, types, and connections used.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in a reusable mold or "form" that is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. Some key advantages of precast concrete are that it provides faster construction, greater quality control, durability, affordability, and design flexibility. Common precast structural elements include slabs, beams, columns, walls, foundations, and stairs. Precast concrete can be classified into large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. While precast concrete has advantages, it also has disadvantages like heavy members and need for connections.
Prefabricated structures are made from prefabricated components like wall panels, columns, beams, and slabs that are constructed in a controlled factory environment and assembled on site. This reduces construction time and improves quality compared to conventional construction. Precast concrete construction generates less waste and has less environmental impact at construction sites.
This document provides an overview of D.S. Brown Company, which manufactures bridge products including expansion joints, bearing assemblies, and specialty bridge components. It describes the company's facilities and capabilities in areas such as steel fabrication, engineering, and product testing. The document also profiles D.S. Brown's portfolio of bridge movement systems, structural bearings, and waterproofing/corrosion protection products.
iDesign Engineering Services provides CAD/CAE engineering solutions using software like ANSYS, ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, and Hypermesh. The company has expertise in structural, mechanical, automotive and aerospace design. Key projects include analysis of automotive and aircraft structures, software development, and analysis of geo-technical projects involving soil, shoring, caissons, and temporary structures. The document provides details on the promoter's qualifications and experience, important projects, individual engineer capabilities, and the services offered in areas like structural engineering, geo-technical engineering, and computer aided engineering.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
3. ― Definition of Formwork
― Classification of formwork
― Scaffolds
― Failure of Formwork
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4. A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 4
DEFINITION OF
FORMWORK
5. Definition of formwork
“Formwork is a complete system of
temporary supporting structures and
mould to create structural elements of
required shape and size out of
concrete when poured into these
moulds”.
“Complete system of temporary
supporting structure which includes the
surface in contact built to contain the
fresh concrete so as to form it to the
required shape and dimensions and to
support it until it hardens sufficiently to
become self supporting”.
- IS 6461 Part 5 - 1972
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6. Requirements of a formwork
• To carry following loads :
Its own load (self load).
Freshly placed concrete till it gains
enough strength to carry its own weight.
Live load during concreting.
Impact load when concrete is placed
from a height such as a skip or a boom
placer.
• Should be easily dismantled / struck with
minimum effort and shall without damage
concrete.
• Arrangement should facilitate easy placing
of concrete.
• Should be water tight to avoid leakage of
cement slurry / grout.
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7. Requirements of a formwork
• Should be re-usable.
• Easy for handling both by men and machine.
• Should be able to retain dimensions without
distortion.
• Minimum sawing and cutting etc.
• Must have safety arrangements for working
areas.
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8. A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 8
CLASSIFICATION OF
FORMWORK
9. Classification of Formwork
Formwork
System adopted Material used Application
• Conventional
• Proprietary or patented
• Modular
• Custom made
• Wood / Timber/ Plywood
• Wooden planks
• Plastic
• Glass fibre reinforced plastic
• Metal
Steel sheets
Aluminium sheets
MS Pipes
• Pre-casting
• In-situ Casting
• Form finish
(Architectural Finish)
• Architectural shapes
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 9
10. Classification of formwork
Formwork may be classified based on :
a. System adopted.
• Conventional
• Proprietary or patented
• Modular
• Custom made
Contd…
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11. Classification of formwork
Formwork may be classified based on :
b. Material used
• Wood / Timber /Plywood
• Wooden planks
• Plastic
• Glass fibre reinforced plastic
Contd…
Contd…
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 11
12. …contd Classification of formwork
Metal
• Steel sheets
• Aluminium sheets
• MS Pipes
Contd…
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 12
13. …contd Classification of formwork
c. Application
• Pre-casting
• In situ Casting
• Form finish (Architectural Finish)
• Architectural shapes
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14. 14
…contd Classification of formwork
Architectural
Shapes
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 14
15. Conventional system
• Built of Timbers or steel props, wooden
planks / plywood, wooden runners
etc.
• Produced at site.
• Custom made each time.
• Time consuming, particularly for large
structures.
• Preferred where the labour cost are
cheap and skills available are limited.
Contd…
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 15
16. Conventional system
• Very flexible and can be used in combination with
modular/ patented system.
• Structural properties of the materials being used not known.
• Quality of finished product could suffer.
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17. Proprietary or Patented
• Mostly modular.
• Made of timber and plywood.
• Factory produced mostly.
• Custom made.
• Preferred for large structures.
• Can be handled easily by men and
machine.
• Designed specifically to carry the
load.
• Quality of the finished concrete high
in terms of line and length and
surface finish.
• Can be used repetitively gaining
high economy
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19. Disposable Column Forms
• A cost effective solution to problems for
forming round columns.
• Great versatility to the architectural
design.
• Provides the contractors an easy means of
achieving the desired quality standard.
• Strong yet light and easy to handle.
• One-use disposable design.
• Supplied to site ready prepared to length.
• Base and top are easily secured.
• No mould oil or release agent required.
• Stripped in seconds.
• Protects finished column from site
damage.
• Available in a wide range of sizes.
• Can be made available within short span
of time.
• Suitable for horizontal void cutting.
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20. Formwork liners
• Elastomeric form liner
• Rigid
• Fibre glass reinforced
• Foam polyurethane
• Expanded polystyrene
• Rubber
• Vacuum liners (treatment) very expensive
• Absorption liners (cotton cloth paper)
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21. How are pre-cast formwork different from cast-in-
situ formwork.
• Pre-cast moulds are subject to much more
repetitions.
• Have to be sturdy and strong.
• Have to be designed to take external vibrations
on the mould.
• Dimensional accuracy is very important.
• Mould bottoms are normally stationary and the
sides removable.
• Must have sufficient chamfers and batter.
• Preferable to mount the moulds on rubber pads
for vibration.
• Absence of elaborate supporting system.
• Economy of scale
• Controlled quality.
• Slip form is similar to extrusion.
• Used to build high rise structures very quickly.
• Should be designed to normally carry ultimate
design but also erection loads.
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22. Components of Aluminium Formwork
RockerBeam Side Panel Deck Prop Length Deck Beam Bar External CornerProp head for Soffit
beam
Beam Soffit-panel Beam Soffit bulk head Deck Mid-beam
Internal Soffit
Corner
Internal Corners Kicker
Deck Panel Deck Prop Soffit Length
External Soffit
Corner
Wall Panel Stub Pin
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24. Flying forms
• Flying forms are a system of formwork.
• They are called ‘flying forms’ since they
are literally flown from one place to
another.
• They are assembled on ground.
• They are placed in the location.
• Suitable for typical slabs of high rise
building.
• Suitable for large slabs.
• Slabs – Flat slabs / flat plates, high numbers
of repetition.
• High productivity.
• Suitable only when cranes are there.
Contd…
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 24
25. Flying forms
Limitations
• Requires large open space for assembling.
• Crane required to remove and erect.
• Requires elaborate planning.
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26. Tunnel forms (slabs)
Limitations
• High capital cost.
• Requires very good spacing.
• Architectural limitations
• Crane dependent,
• Limited in terms of changes to
the structural configuration.
• Economy can be achieved only
when there is large repetition to
get ROI. (South city, Bangalore)
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27. Tunnel forms (slabs)
• For use of repetition cellular structures.
• Can construct both horizontal and vertical
elements.
• Suitable for both high and low rise
buildings.
• High quality finishes.
• Dimensional accuracy.
• Savings upto 25% in Time and 15% in Cost.
• Work possible in all weather.
• An excellent structural solution.
• The formwork is available for purchase or
rent.
• Suppliers / contractors provide full design
and technical support.
• Supplier’s site training quickly brings them
up to speed.
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28. Typical Tunnel Formwork Cycle
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29. Tunnel formwork in housing project
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30. Slip forms
How does it work :
• The forms more either vertically or horizontally.
• Concrete is shaped in the design profile as the form moves
up.
• Forms use the set concrete for gripping and moving.
• The movement is normally slow to allow the concrete to set.
• The concrete would be strong enough to carry the weight of
the shutters.
• Designed to carry the concrete load as well as the wind
load.
Most suited for :
• Chimneys.
• Silos.
• Water towers.
• Telecommunications towers.
• Bridge piers.
• Pylons.
• Elevator shaft lines.
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31. Other forms
• Fibre forms
• Lost forms
• Pre-cast planks
• Sand wash
• ‘Roladeck’ forms for slabs
• Column mounted shoring system
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32. System comparison for various features
Features Conventional system Proprietary / patented Modular formwork system
Flexibility It has high flexibility.
It has reasonably good
flexibility.
The system brings in
standardization and makes
entire formwork operation very
easy.
Reuse
Values
Limited reuse value.
Nailing renders
materials unusable
after a few uses.
The system has high
reuse value.
A large number of repetitions
(reuse) of modular formwork
are
Making
involved at
site
There is large making
of formwork involved
at site.
There is very little making
of formwork involved at
site.
Very less making at site, only
assembly of standard
components required
Expertise
required at
site
Considerable expert
carpentry effort is
required.
These can be assembled
and dismantled easily with
unskilled/semiskilled labour.
The work can be
accomplished
even by the less skilled worker.
Contd…
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 32
33. System comparison for various features
Features Conventional system Proprietary / patented Modular formwork system
Assembling at site
Considerable effort is
required for assembly at
site
Uses features and
accessories developed over
many to save time and
labour and gives higher
productivity.
Assembled very quickly at site.
Considerable reduction in the
erection time. The installation
process is also simple
Quality of
concrete surface
The quality of formwork
and productivity varies
depending on the skill of
labour.
Uniform quality
The quality of concrete
surface
obtained is extremely good
Productivity Low High Higher
Cost
Not economical for
large Projects
Very economical compared
to conventional formwork
for large projects.
Cost of formwork being
considerably on a lower side.
Planning
requirement
Planning is difficult. The
indiscriminate cutting of
timber is difficult to be
controlled.
Preplanning is easy and
effective and also
contributes to the efficiency
of work at site.
The standardization offers ease
in planning.
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34. PROCESS OF FORMWORK
CONSTRUCTION & STRUCTURING
Columns, Walls, Slabs
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35. PROCESS OF FORMWORK
CONSTRUCTION
FORMWORK FOR VARIOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Construction of formwork:
This normally involves the following operations:
1. Propping and centering
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and surface treatment
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36. It consists of
• Timber sheeting
• Vertical posts
• Horizontal members
• Rackers
• Stakes
• Wedges
After completing one side of formwork
reinforcement is provided at the place then the
second side formwork is provided.
FORMWORK FOR WALL
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37. Wall Formworks and its components
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38. FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
• It consists of the following
– Side & End Planks
– Yoke
– Nut & Bolts
• Two end & two side planks are
joined by the yokes and bolts.
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39. Erection sequence for a column
Prior to positioning column formwork check that steel for the column
has been inspected and cleared for casting.
• Position formwork for the column from predetermined grids.
• Plumb formwork both ways and securely support using adjustable
steel props.
• The propping angle should be 45° to the floor.
• Ensure the steel props are safely secured to the column formwork
and the floor, and that adjustment for pushing and pulling is
operational.
• Set out the positions of column clamps from a storey rod.
• Transfer the column clamp positions from the storey rod onto
column formwork.
• Use nails to support the arms of column clamps while wedging.
• Position and wedge the bottom, middle and top clamps sets.
• Check the formwork at the top for square.
• Position and wedge the remainder of the column clamps.
• Using a plumb bob suspended from a gauge block plumb the
column.
When all the column formwork is securely propped a final check must
be made for plumb and column alignment before and immediately
after the concrete has been poured and vibrated.
Column clamps are created to give extra
external support to the formwork from
avoiding circularing of the column
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40. A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 40
41. CIRCULAR AND OCTAGONAL COLUMNS
• Circular column formwork
• Fabricated steel, usually two piece, and
often with a hinge.
• Fibre cement pipes which are left in place
as permanent formwork.
• Timber sheathing tied with standard column
clamps. Corners need to have infill pieces.
Alternatively, metal strap can be used
without the need for corner infills.
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42. Column formwork bracing performs two functions:
• It must maintain the accuracy of the column form position and plumb so that it is
within tolerance.
• Withstand results of forces acting on either the column formwork or the bracing.
The forces may be wind or impact. These impact forces can occur from the
collision of concrete buckets or cranes hoisting materials
COLUMN BRACING FORMWORK
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43. FORMWORK FOR BEAM
• Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood.
• Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards, with studs (cleats)
at 500 to 600mm centre.
• Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walkers and ties.
• Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint where possible.
• Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or
falsework.
Erection sequence for constructing beam formwork includes
• Position of sole plates;
• Marking out and setting heights for falseworks;
• Assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks, falseworks,
bearers and Spreaders;
• Construct and erect side walls and beam soffit.
• Position of sole plates
43
44. FORMWORK FOR STAIRCASE
Points to consider when designing stair form work :
• Stair formwork must support the weight of concrete.
The weight of the throat of the stair and the steps will
have to be supported.
• Because of the slope of the stair, some of the force is
transmitted sideways. All formwork must be well tied
together to prevent sideway movement.
• Consider the finish of the stair treads and type of
nosing. Space may have to be left for purpose made
nosing.
44
45. SUSPENDED SLABS
Suspended floor slabs can be constructed using cast in‐
situ, precast units or a combination of both.
Whichever method is used, it is important to support the
proposed method of construction using a combination
of timber or steel bearers and adjustable shoring.
The spacing and type of support system required is
determined by the load imposed during the
construction process.
Manufacturers provide tables to assist in the selection
and spacing of adjustable shoring systems. The erection sequence for constructing
a suspended floor slab includes:
• Determining the bearer spacing;
• Erecting bearers and joists;
• Fixing the sheeting;
• Preparation for concrete.
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46. SOLE PLATE
The purpose of a sole plate is to transfer vertical load from
one vertical support member to the foundation
• The vertical support requires a base plate fitted to help
distribute the load to the sole plate, which is usually a
sleeper.
• If the sole plate is positioned on natural ground, it is
important the ground is graded and consolidated to a
level surface.
• The objective is to achieve maximum bearing beneath
sole plate. Once sole plates are positioned and firmly
bedded they should be checked for level.
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 46
47. Screw Anchor Screw Anchor Bolt Hair Pin Anchor
Loop Anchor
A She-bolt
Pig Tail Anchor
Patented Tie
Systems
Formwork Accessories
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48. A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 48
SCAFFOLDS
49. Scaffolds
Classification of scaffolds
• Platform scaffolds
• Tower scaffolds
• Cantilever type
• Suspended type / cradle
Cantilever
scaffolds
Tower scaffolds
Platform scaffolds
suspended scaffolds
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Contd…
50. Scaffolds
Classification of scaffolds
• Based on material – timber and metal
• Based on type of construction
• Out log scaffolds or single pole
• Double pole / independent scaffolds
Individual
Component
Type
Unit Frame
Type
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51. Plan of formwork
arrangement using shoring
towers
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51
52. Arrangement of shoring
towers in plan for slab and
beam formwork
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52
53. Sectional view of formwork
arrangement using shoring
towers
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54. Sectional view of shoring
towers for slab and beam
formwork
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55. Beam formwork supported on
shoring tower
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56. Scaffolds
Possible causes for collapse of scaffold
systems.
• Construction load exceeding the critical
load of the scaffold system.
• Horizontal instability
• Diagonal bracing not being used in the
scaffold.
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57. Scaffolds Safety
• Scaffold should be braced by means of
longitudinal and transverse bracing systems so as
to form a rigid and stable structure.
• Install additional ties to the scaffold to prevent
overturning and collapse.
• Guide rails and toe boards must be provided.
• All working platforms should be fully covered to
prevent materials falling.
• Safety nets and other screens should be
provided.
• Care should be taken to see that no uninsulated
wire exists within 3 m of the working platforms
gangways etc.
• Men should not be allowed on scaffolds during
storms and high winds.
• Grease, mud, paint etc should be removed from
the scaffolds.
• All projecting nails from the platforms or other
members should be removed.
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58. A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 58
FAILURE OF
FORMWORK
59. Reasons for failure of Formwork
• Not designed for specific purpose.
• Improper stripping or shoring removal (cantilever).
• Not designed for horizontal thrust.
• Damaged elements .(span weld, broken u clamps
• Inadequate bracing.
• Vibration (passing traffic).
• Unstable soil under the props, Sole plates.
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 59
60. Failure of Formwork
• The problem with formwork is that it is
‘temporary’
• The word temporary is associated with
lack of need for :
• Design
• Planning
• Care
• Strength
• Safety
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. 60
61. Reasons for failure of Formwork
• Shoring not plumb.
• Rate of concreting.
• On site modifications due to site conditions.
• When formwork is not at fault.
• Ingress of water
• Removal of wedges by workers.
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62. Cantilever
Place concrete into the beams first and the
more towards the free end
Strike / de-shutter in the direction opposite
to that of concreting
De-shuttering
Concrete
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63. Sequence of Beams and Slabs
Beam and Slab
• Start with beams.
• After beams start from beam more towards centre of
slab.
Precautions:
• Don’t store large quantities of concrete at one
place.
• Spread concrete immediately.
• Make sure that the scaffolding / staging is designed
to take horizontal movement of the pipe.
• Place from the centre and go towards the beams /
supports.
De-Shuttering
Beams
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64. Sloping Slab Shuttering
Double Shuttering
• IS 1200 Part 5, Classification 5.1.D.ii.
• Top shutter not payable.
>300
Spacer
Bottom Shutter
Top Shutter
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65. Method of Measurement – IS 1200
• Method of measurement of
building and Civil Engineering
works – Part V Formwork : IS 1200
(Part V) 1982.
• Code of practices for steel tubular
scaffolding – II IS 4014 (Part 2) 1967.
• Building and other construction
workers (BOCW) act (Regulation of
employment and conditions of
service) Act 1996.
Beam
Column
Depth of
beam
Beam
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66. Specification writing for formwork
66
Points to be noted :
• The loads and the lateral pressure, the maximum permitted
deflection.
• Instructions on formwork detailing and fabrication and guidelines on
the required dimensions, the plumb, and the joints.
• Instructions on supervision of the formwork activities.
• Instruction on delivery, storage, protection and handling of the
formwork materials. Acceptance criteria of the formwork materials.
• Prior to commencement of the work, existing dimensions, elevations,
locations and conditions applicable to the work shall be field
verified.
• Instruction on the time allowed between erection of the forms and
placing of the concrete for the various trades to properly install their
work.
• Instruction on application of load on recently cast concrete.
• Specifications for lumber, sheathing material, and shoring.
Instruction on fabrication of form panels in conformity with the
approved submittals.
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
Contd…
67. Specification writing for formwork
Points to be noted :
• Specifications for formwork accessories, such as form ties, hangers,
clamps, lugs, cones, washers, form liners or other devices.
• Specifications for triangular fillets if applicable.
• Instructions for cleaning and maintaining the form work materials.
• Instruction on inspections for cleanliness and accuracy of the
alignment prior to the placement of the concrete.
• Instruction on location, snugness and tightness of joints.
• Instruction on level of horizontal joints and plumb of vertical joints.
• Location size and construction of openings.
• Specification on expansion joint material, water stops, and other
embedded items to be built in to the forms and the instructions on
their placement and support against displacement.
• Filling of voids in sleeves, inserts and anchor slots.
Contd…
67A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
68. Specification writing for formwork
68
Points to be noted :
• Setting up of edge forms or bulkheads and intermediate screed
strips for the slabs to obtain required elevations and contours in the
finished slab surface.
• Supervision for checking deviations from desired elevation,
alignment, plumb and camber at the time of concreting.
• Guidelines for taking remedial measures in case at the time of
casting, weakness develops and the formwork shows settlement,
deflection or distortion.
• Specification on form coating material and instruction for their
application.
• Re-shoring, permissible loading on re-shores, timing of placement of
re-shores, instruction on tightening of re-shores.
• Guidelines for removal of forms, form ties and bracings to insure
complete safety to the structure.
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69. Thank You
69
A. N. PRAKASH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.